Βαθμοημέρες

BUILDING ENERGY MANAGEMENT
BUILDING ENERGY MANAGEMENT
M.S. in Energy
6: ESTIMATING ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Dr D.J. Harris
TEI OF PIRAEUS
Ch 6
Contents
ESTIMATING ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Estimating energy consumption

Basic calculation
What do we mean by a base temperature?
Degree-day method
How are degree-days used to calculate the annual heating
energy consumption?
Assessing the total heat loss coefficient (TLC) by monitoring
Costas A. Balaras, Ph.D.

Mechanical Engineer, Research Director
costas@noa.gr
GRoup Energy Conservation (GR.E.C.)
Heat lost though exhaust air or flues

Building software
www.energycon.org
INSTITUTE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH & SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (IERSD)
www.noa.gr
NATIONAL OBSERVATORY OF ATHENS (NOA)
www.meteo.noa.gr
Chapter 6
ESTIMATING ENERGY
CONSUMPTION
Data from energy bills (i.e. thermal & electrical energy

consumption). At least a full year, or longer averages three years, if possible
Difficult to desegregate data for different end-uses (e.g. space heating, service hot
water, cooling, lighting, appliances & equipment) A difficult task and not commonly
available, unless there is a BMS available that monitors energy consumption.
Calculate the buildings overall thermal performance &

estimate annual energy consumption using simulation
models or other calculation methods
HEATING DEGREE HOURS (HDH)

HEATING DEGREE DAYS (HDD)
Basic Heating Energy Demand Calculations

()
& ()

balance temperature
18oC 15oC ( base temperature).

, .

Need building plans and specifications.
( . - )
Calculate annual energy consumption by monitoring

indoor & outdoor temperature and corresponding
energy consumption over a short period
,
.
Chapter 6

Chapter 6

BASE TEMPERATURE
INCIDENTAL GAINS may increase the indoor air temperature by

2-6oC, depending on the use of the building, the size and the
value of the heat gains
Internal Heat Gains:
- Occupants
- Lighting
Free heat gains
- Equipment
Solar Radiation
Instead of needing to heat up the building to 20oC, we only need to heat it to 202=18oC or 20-6=14oC, and incidental gains will cover the remaining loads. For an
average of 5oC the base temperature would be 15oC, above which no heating is
required.
Chapter 6
. ()
Chapter 6

Heating Degree Hour (Degrees hours)
The difference between a base temperature and the average ambient air
temperature for the hour. If the average ambient air temperature for the
hour falls below the base temperature, the degree hour is recorded as a
heating degree hour.
Heating Degree Day (Degrees days)

The difference between a base temperature and the average ambient air
temperature for the day. If the average ambient air temperature for the
day falls below the base temperature, the degree day is recorded as a
heating degree day.
Chapter 6

()

()
.

.

(i) , 1 ,
:
N
10 ,
( 20)
.
<
, ,
() ()
( ) .
O

() ( 18C 15oC)
(m) 24.
(i) =
(T
i 1
N
(i) =
m >
(i) =
>
(i) = 0
i 1
N
i 1
Tm ,i )
(T T ,i )
2
(T T ,i )
(T ,i T )
4
m 24 [C] ,
,
m = ( - ) / 2
Chapter 6
Chapter 6

()
: 600 - 1100 18 C
: 1101 - 1600 18 C
: 1601 - 2200 18 C
: >2200 18 C
o
,

,

..... 20701-3/2010
Chapter 6
Chapter 6

()
For estimations www.degreedays.net
HEATING ENERGY DEMAND
Daily & Monthly Heating Energy Demand

using thermal transmittance and heating degree days
E = (U A) HDD
E: monthly or seasonal heating energy demand [kJ], U: thermal

transmittance [W/m2.K], : external building surface [m2], HDD: heating
degree days [Degrees Days]
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
Degree Days for other locations &

Comparing Benchmarks

,
y-
,

( 18C).
,
,
.
,
, .
A typical naturally ventilated open plan office in the UK (2462 HDD15 C) has an
Energy Use Index (EUI) of 230 kWh/m2 per year.
o
In Lisbon, this would be 230 X 380/2462 = 35.5
kWh/m2 per
year

Chapter 6
Chapter 6


(),
,
( )
3

1, 698
1, 698
ln(e
(i) () = m N 2
2
e
3,396
m [oC],
(i)
.
m = 1,45 0,0290 Ti 0,0664 yr
(T Ti )
m N
yr
1
12
12
(T
T yr )
i 1

(U A)
(U A) = Q / (Tin - Tout)
Q [kW] , in
[K], out
[K]
E (kJ) =
Q(kW ) 24h / day 3600s / h HDD( Degrees days)

(Tin Tout ) degrees
, yr
[oC], T yr [C]
Ti
Ref: K. Papakostas and N. Kyriakis, Heating and cooling degree-hours for Athens and Thessaloniki, Greece, Renewable Energy, Vol. 30, No 12, p. 1873-1880, 2005.
Chapter 6

(..... 20701-1/2010
& 20701-3/2010)
()
U-value for an element: Heat exchange between inside and outside environments
over a 1 m2 area, for a temperature difference of 1 K.
Overall heat loss through a wall of A [m2] and with a temperature difference T
between inside and outside = (U A)wall [W]
U = 1 / [(1/h1) + (L/k) + (1/h2)]
Overall heat loss for the building

Qh = (UA)
= (Uwalls Awalls) + (Uwindows Awindows) + (Uroof Aroof) + (Ugroundfloor Agroundfloor)
Thermal transmittance or U-value, W/(m2.K) Property of a structure that determines how much heat is transferred from the air space on the
hot side of a structure, to the air space on the cold side. Whereas "thermal conductivity" and "thermal resistance" refer to heat flow through
homogeneous materials, "thermal transmittance" takes into account all three modes of heat transfer through structures that may have many
materials and complex heat flows. It also accounts for the heat transfer between the surrounding air and the structure's outer surfaces.
"Thermal Transmittance" would be used to describe heat transfer through building components such as windows, doors, walls and roofs.
Chapter 6
x=L
qx
T ,1
T,1
T,2
T ,2
T ,1 , h 1
Will elaborate more in Ch.2

www.builddesk.co.uk/our+software/builddesk+u
Chapter 6
T ,2 , h 2
T ,1
o
qx
T,1
o
1
h1 A
T ,2
o
T,2
o
L
kA
1
h2 A

Ventilation loads: The amount of heat required depends on the rate at

Ventilation loads: The amount of heat required depends on the rate at
which air enters the space, its specific heat and the temperature through which it
needs to be raised.
which air enters the space, its specific heat and the temperature through which it
need to be raised.
Qv = m Cp
[W]
m = mass flow rate of air [kg/s], Cp = specific heat at constant pressure [J/kg.K]
which is a measure of the heat energy required to raise the temperature of a given
amount of a substance by one degree, = temperature difference between indoor
and outdoor air [K]
Qv = (3.35 10-4 ACH V) 1005 = 0.33 ACH V T [W]

Typical infiltration values:
Very Tight building:
Tight building:
Average building:
Leaky old building:
m = Density x Velocity x FlowArea = v A = VolumeFlowRate = 1.205 [kg/m3] VFR [m3/s]

= 1.205 [kg/m3] ACH [1/h] V [m3] 1/3600 [h/s] = 3.35 10-4 ACH V [kg/s]
Qv = (3.35 10-4 ACH V) 1005 = 0.33 ACH V T [W]
Chapter 6
Chapter 6

Annual Heating Load (Energy Demand)
using thermal transmittance, ventilation loads and HDD
Total Heat Loss (TLC) accounting for the difference between the air and
the mean radiant temperature as a result of the heat exchange between the indoor air
and the space surfaces, and radiative exchanges between surfaces
Q = UA (Tei Tao) + 0.33 ACH V (Tai Tao)

Tei = indoor environmental temperature = 1/3 Tai + 2/3 Tm
Tai = indoor air temperature
Tm = mean radiant temperature (mean temperature of the space surfaces)
Tao = outdoor air temperature
AHL = (UA + 0.33 ACH V) i=1

annual(Tbase Tmo)
Tbase = base temperature, Tmo = mean outdoor air temperature
[W days]
Q [W] (UA + 0.33 ACH V) (Tai Tao)

Chapter 6
E (kJ) =
Q(kW ) 24h / day 3600s / h HDD( Degrees days)

(Tin Tout ) degrees
[W/K])
[K Days]
AHL = 0.024 (UA + 0.33 ACH V) HDDannual
Design indoor & outdoor temperature

for heating power demand
,
17 kW.
(-5oC)
20oC.
kWh (264
HDD).
m2 ] +
AHL [W days] * 24 h/day * kW / 1000 W = AHL * 0.024 [kWh]
[kWh]
Chapter 6
= ([W/m2.K
To convert to energy units
For a properly thermally insulated building, Tei Tai

Account for system efficiencies ()
0.15-0.3 ACH
0.5-0.8 ACH
1.0-1.2 ACH
2.0-3.0 ACH
(total heat
loss coefficient) 350 W/K.
kWh (1100 HDD).
AHL= 0.024 (UA + 0.33 ACH V) HDDannual [kWh]
= 0.024
350
1100
= 9240 kWh/yr
Assuming constant heating over the heating season.
= [17 24 3600 264] / [20 - (-5)] = 15.51 106 kJ

= 4308.8 kWh
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
Correction Factors
Intermittent heating will result to lower energy demand, but
simply multiplying by the number of occupied hours introduces
errors since it does not account for heating-up times and
building thermal storage
Heavyweight buildings take longer to heat up and cool down
than lightweight ones

Correction Factors
Working week
7day
5day
Light Building
1.00
0.75
Type of Heating
Continuous
Intermittent
responsive plant
Intermittent
plant with long
time lag
Light Building
1.00
0.55
Medium Building
1.00
0.70
Heavy Building
1.00
0.85
0.70
0.85
0.95
Chapter 6
Chapter 6

Correction Factors
Occupancy (hrs)
4
8
12
16
Light Building
0.68
1.00
1.25
1.40
HEATING ENERGY CONSUMPTION
Annual Heating Energy Consumption (AHEC)
Account for the efficiency of the heating system
Heavy Building
0.96
1.00
1.02
1.03
Then the amount of fuel used would be equivalent to

AHEC = AHL /
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
Annual Heating Energy Consumption (AHEC)
(1100 HDD)
(total heat loss coefficient) 350 W/K.
75%.
.

= 0.024
350
1100 = 9240 kWh/yr
Chapter 6
Primary Energy Consumption
Primary Energy Units (PEU) accounting for energy consumption to

process the fuel and transport it to the user.
Oil
Thermal efficiency of heat production unit. About 75-80% for old boilers, 90% for new boilers and 95%
for condensing boilers. Thus, to supply 1 kWh of heat to the user, the amount of energy used in PEU is
1.33-1.25 kWh, 1.11 kWh and 1.05 kWh, respectively.
Natural Gas
AHEC = 9240 / 0.75 = 12320 kWh/yr

= 12320 * 3.6 = 44352 MJ/yr
Calorific value of fuel ( ) = 44
Amount of gas used = 44352 / 44 = 1008 m3
Heavy Building
1.00
0.85
About 5% of the energy value supplied to the user to account for energy consumption for pressurization
and pumping. Thus, to supply 1 kWh of gas to the user, the amount of energy used in PEU is 1.05 kWh
MJ/m3
Electricity
Electricity production depending on the fuel used, power generating technology, heat losses to cooling
towers and flue gases. Thus, to produce 1 kWh of electricity to the customer, approximately 2.8 kWh
worth of primary energy has to be used. This depends on the fuel mix used to generate electricity.
Chapter 6
Primary Energy Consumption
Annual Heating Energy Consumption
(120 m2, 1100 HDD)

(total heat loss coefficient) 350 W/K.
75%.

.

= 0.024
350
1100 = 9240 kWh/yr
AHEC = 9240 / 0.75 = 12320 kWh/yr
Per unit floor area = 12320 / 120 = 102.7 kWh/m2.yr
PEU = 12320 * 1.05 = 12936 kWh/yr or 107.8 kWh/m2.yr PEU
..... 20701-1/2010
Chapter 6
ASSESSING TOTAL HEAT LOSS

COEFFICIENT BY MONITORING
Assuming a long monitoring period, the average
values of indoor and outdoor temperature and solar
radiation levels approximate to the steady-state
Qin = Qout
Steady state heat balance:
UA (Tai Tao) + m Cp (Tai Tao) = Total heat input to the

building = Qin = Qaux + Qsol + Qint
Tai = indoor air temperature, Tao = outdoor air temperature, Qaux= heat input from the
heating system, Qsol = solar heat gains, Qint = internal heat gains
Total heat loss coefficient including ventilation or infiltration
Chapter 6

For better accuracy, monitoring period can be arranged
while building is unoccupied (but heated) => Qint = 0
TLC = Qaux / + Qsol / => Qsol / = TLC - Qaux /
Monitor Qaux = heat input from the heating system, Qsol = solar heat gains, T
Plot Qaux / vs Qsol / => The intercept gives the value of TLC and the slope
gives the effective solar aperture (average value of buildings openings that solar radiation enters, which is a
fraction of the window area)
IF Qsol and Qint are constant => temperatures and energy

consumption may be averaged over the measuring period =>
TLC () = (UA + m Cp ) = Qaux + Qsol + Qint

Chapter 6

Measurements must all be taken over the heating
season
As decreases, accuracy decreases
When the Total heat Loss Coefficient (TLC) is known
then calculate the annual heating energy
consumption using the HDD method
Chapter 6
TLC = Qaux /
Chapter 6
EXAMPLES
A building located in Athens (1100 HDD) has a heat loss coefficient
(including infiltration) of 12 kW/K. It is continuously heated (24 hrs per day,
7 days per week) during the heating season. Calculate the annual heating
energy consumption using a gas boiler with 65% efficiency, the amount of
gas used (calorific value 44 MJ/m3) and the annual heating cost (Gas cost
0.05Euro/kWh)
Annual heating energy demand
= 0.024
12000
1100 = 316800 kWh/yr
Annual heating energy consumption
AHEC = 316800 / 0.65 = 487385 kWh/yr
= 487385 * 3.6 = 1754586 MJ/yr
Annual gas consumption
Annual gas consumption = 1754586 / 44 = 39877 m3
Annual heating cost = 487385 * 0.05 = 24370 Euro
Chapter 6
EXAMPLES
EXAMPLES
The same building (located in Athens with a total heat loss coefficient of 12
kW/K) has initially a roof area of 400 m2 and a U-value=1.8 W/m2.K The
roof will be refurbished to a new U-value of 0.5 W/m2.K Calculate the
annual energy consumption, gas consumption and heating cost.
Uroof,old = 1.8 400 = 720 W/K old construction
Uroof,new = 0.5 400 = 200 W/K new construction
= 0.024 (12000-720+200) 1100 = 303072 kWh/yr
Annual heating energy consumption
AHEC = 303072 / 0.65 = 466265 kWh/yr
= 466265 * 3.6 = 1678554 MJ/yr
Annual gas consumption
Annual gas consumption = 1678554 / 44 = 38149 m3
Annual heating cost = 466265 * 0.05 = 23313 Euro
For the same building, after refurbishment, calculate the percent cost
reduction and the simple payback period if the cost of thermal insulation is
18Euro/m2
% Cost reduction = 100* (24370 23313) / 24370 = 4.34%

Cost of thermal insulation material = 400 m2 * 18 Euro/m2 = 7200 Euro
SPBP = 7200 / (24370 23313) = 6.8 years
Chapter 6
Chapter 6
EXAMPLES
COOLING DEGREE DAYS (CDD)

B ()
The same building (located in Athens with a total heat loss coefficient of 12
kW/K with a volume of 6000 m3) originally has an infiltration rate of 2.5
ACH, and draughtstripping and repairs to windows, etc reduce the
infiltration rate to 1.0 ACH, at a cost of 7500 Euro. The building has a gas
boiler with 65% efficiency (gas cost 0.05Euro/kWh). Calculate the change
in energy consumption, percent annual energy savings and the SPBP.
Change in infiltration rate = 2.5 1.0 = 1.5 ACH
AHL (originally) = 0.024 12000
1100 = 316800 kWh/yr
Change in demand
Change in annual energy demand after draughtstripping =
78408 kWh/yr
= 0.024 (0.33 1.5 6000) 1100 = 78408 kWh/yr
AHL (draughtstripping)= 0.024 (12000-(0.33 2.5 6000)+(0.33 1 6000)) 1100 = 238392 kWh/yr
Annual heating energy consumption savings = 78408 / 0.65 = 120628 kWh/yr

Percent annual energy savings = [120628 / (316800/0.65)] 100 = 24.7%
Annual energy cost savings = 120628 * 0.05 = 6031 Euro
SPBP= 7500/6031=1.7 years

26oC (
).

,
.

,
.
Chapter 6

B ()

(i) , 1
, :
N
>
(i) =
m ,i
i 1
N
(i) =
m <
(i) =
<
(i) = 0
i 1
N
i 1
(T ,i T )
2
(T ,i T )
(T T ,i )
4

B ()
20
20,5
21
21,5
22
22,5
139
222
210
113
684
124
205
194
101
624
113
192
180
90
576
102
177
166
80
524
91
162
151
71
475
81
148
138
62
429
114
186
174
84
558
103
172
160
74
510
93
158
147
66
464
83
145
134
58
420
74
132
121
51
378
65
120
110
44
339
(C)
23 23,5 24 24,5
71
63
55
47
135 122 110
98
124 112 100
89
54
47
41
35
385 344 305 270
57
50
43
37
108
98
87
78
99
88
79
70
38
33
28
23
303 269 237 208
25
25,5
26
26,5
27
27,5
41
88
79
29
237
35
79
70
25
210
29
69
61
21
180
25
61
53
17
156
20
54
46
14
133
17
47
39
11
114
32
69
61
19
181
27
60
54
16
157
23
53
47
13
135
19
46
40
10
115
15
39
34
8
97
12
33
29
7
81
m 24,
,
m = ( - ) / 2
For estimations www.degreedays.net/
Ref: K. Papakostas and N. Kyriakis, Heating and cooling degree-hours for Athens and Thessaloniki, Greece, Renewable Energy, Vol. 30, No 12, p. 1873-1880, 2005.
COOLING DEGREE HOURS (CDH)

B ()
More information
A. Androutsopoulos, D. Aravantinos, C.A. Balaras, A. Gaglia, G. Giannakidis, et al
Analytic National Specifications of Parameters for the Calculation of the Energy Performance of Buildings and the Energy
Performance Certificate
Technical Guideline of the Technical Chamber of Greece 20701-1/2010, 146 p., First edition, Athens, July (2010).
A. Androutsopoulos, D. Aravantinos, Th. Theodosiou, E. Labropoulou, K. Laskos, E. Tsikaloudaki
Thermophysical Properties of Building Materials & Adequacy Control of Thermal Insulation of Buildings
A. Argiriou, A. Gaglia, E. Dascalaki, P. Zacharias, D. Katsanos, S. Kontogiannidis, G. Ladopoulos, I. Ladopoulos
Climatic Data of Hellenic Locations
K. Papakostas, T. Mavromatis, N. Kyriakis
Impact of the ambient temperature rise on the energy consumption for heating and cooling in residential buildings of Greece
Renewable Energy, Volume 35, Issue 7, July 2010, Pages 1376-1379
K.T. Papakostas, A.K. Michopoulos, N.A. Kyriakis
Equivalent full-load hours for estimating heating and cooling energy requirements in buildings: Greece case study
Applied Energy, Volume 86, Issue 5, May 2009, Pages 757-761
K. Papakostas, N. Kyriakis
Heating and cooling degree-hours for Athens and Thessaloniki, Greece
Renewable Energy, Volume 30, Issue 12, October 2005, Pages 1873-1880
..... 20701-3/2010
Chapter 6

Βαθμοημέρες

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Βαθμοημέρες

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

BUILDING ENERGY MANAGEMENT

BUILDING ENERGY MANAGEMENT

6: ESTIMATING ENERGY CONSUMPTION

ESTIMATING ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Estimating energy consumption

Costas A. Balaras, Ph.D.

GRoup Energy Conservation (GR.E.C.)

Heat lost though exhaust air or flues

NATIONAL OBSERVATORY OF ATHENS (NOA)

Data from energy bills (i.e. thermal & electrical energy

Calculate the buildings overall thermal performance &

HEATING DEGREE HOURS (HDH)

Basic Heating Energy Demand Calculations

Need building plans and specifications.

Calculate annual energy consumption by monitoring

HEATING DEGREE HOURS (HDH)

Basic Heating Energy Demand Calculations

INCIDENTAL GAINS may increase the indoor air temperature by

HEATING DEGREE HOURS (HDH)

Heating Degree Day (Degrees days)

HEATING DEGREE DAYS (HDD)

Basic Heating Energy Demand Calculations

HEATING DEGREE DAYS (HDD)

Basic Heating Energy Demand Calculations

HEATING DEGREE DAYS (HDD)

HEATING DEGREE DAYS (HDD)

HEATING ENERGY DEMAND

Daily & Monthly Heating Energy Demand

E: monthly or seasonal heating energy demand [kJ], U: thermal

HEATING ENERGY DEMAND

Daily & Monthly Heating Energy Demand

HEATING ENERGY DEMAND

using thermal transmittance and heating degree days

Degree Days for other locations &

In Lisbon, this would be 230 X 380/2462 = 35.5

HEATING ENERGY DEMAND

HEATING ENERGY DEMAND

Daily & Monthly Heating Energy Demand

Daily & Monthly Heating Energy Demand

Q(kW ) 24h / day 3600s / h HDD( Degrees days)

HEATING ENERGY DEMAND

HEATING ENERGY DEMAND

Daily & Monthly Heating Energy Demand

Overall heat loss for the building

Will elaborate more in Ch.2

HEATING ENERGY DEMAND

HEATING ENERGY DEMAND

Daily & Monthly Heating Energy Demand

Daily & Monthly Heating Energy Demand

Qv = (3.35 10-4 ACH V) 1005 = 0.33 ACH V T [W]

m = Density x Velocity x FlowArea = v A = VolumeFlowRate = 1.205 [kg/m3] VFR [m3/s]

HEATING ENERGY DEMAND

Daily & Monthly Heating Energy Demand

HEATING ENERGY DEMAND

using thermal transmittance, ventilation loads and HDD

Q = UA (Tei Tao) + 0.33 ACH V (Tai Tao)

AHL = (UA + 0.33 ACH V) i=1

Q [W] (UA + 0.33 ACH V) (Tai Tao)

Daily & Monthly Heating Energy Demand

Q(kW ) 24h / day 3600s / h HDD( Degrees days)

AHL = 0.024 (UA + 0.33 ACH V) HDDannual

Design indoor & outdoor temperature

AHL [W days] * 24 h/day * kW / 1000 W = AHL * 0.024 [kWh]

HEATING ENERGY DEMAND