The document describes wind tunnel testing of an arrow-head vertical axis wind turbine model. The testing analyzed the effects of blade section type (rectangular or aerfoil), blade angle, attack angle, blade length ratio, and tip-speed ratio on the turbine's power and torque coefficients. Results showed that the rectangular blade section produced higher power and torque coefficients compared to the aerfoil section. Coefficients increased with decreasing blade angle and blade length ratio, and increasing attack angle. The power coefficient increased to a maximum with higher tip-speed ratios before decreasing again, while the torque coefficient directly decreased with increasing tip-speed ratio. The arrow-head turbine performed best with a rectangular blade section, 12° blade angle, 0.75
The document describes wind tunnel testing of an arrow-head vertical axis wind turbine model. The testing analyzed the effects of blade section type (rectangular or aerfoil), blade angle, attack angle, blade length ratio, and tip-speed ratio on the turbine's power and torque coefficients. Results showed that the rectangular blade section produced higher power and torque coefficients compared to the aerfoil section. Coefficients increased with decreasing blade angle and blade length ratio, and increasing attack angle. The power coefficient increased to a maximum with higher tip-speed ratios before decreasing again, while the torque coefficient directly decreased with increasing tip-speed ratio. The arrow-head turbine performed best with a rectangular blade section, 12° blade angle, 0.75
The document describes wind tunnel testing of an arrow-head vertical axis wind turbine model. The testing analyzed the effects of blade section type (rectangular or aerfoil), blade angle, attack angle, blade length ratio, and tip-speed ratio on the turbine's power and torque coefficients. Results showed that the rectangular blade section produced higher power and torque coefficients compared to the aerfoil section. Coefficients increased with decreasing blade angle and blade length ratio, and increasing attack angle. The power coefficient increased to a maximum with higher tip-speed ratios before decreasing again, while the torque coefficient directly decreased with increasing tip-speed ratio. The arrow-head turbine performed best with a rectangular blade section, 12° blade angle, 0.75
C0pyr 19ht 1996 E ~ e ~ 5de nc e L ~ Fr 1~{d ~ 6 ~ 8r1ta1n. A11 r19h~ ~ e 5 ~ d P 1 1 : 50960--1481 (96)00001--8 0960-1481~6 $1~00+~00 7 E5 7 1 N6 0 F AN ARR0 W- HEAD VER7 1 CAL- AX15 W1 ND 7 UR8 1 NE M0 DEL V. H. M0 RC0 5 and 0. M. E. A8DEL- HAFE2 Mecha~ca1 En~n~ef1n9 Depa~ment, A5~ut U~ v ~ f f , A551ut, E9ypt (Rece1ved 10 June 1995; accepted 20 January 199~ A65traCt---A vert 1c~-a~5 w1nd tur61ne ( VAW7) w1th an ar r 0w- head r 0t 0r wa5 te5ted 1n the ~60r a t 0r y at w1nd t unn~ 5peed5 0f 16.3, 18.05 and 19.75 m/ 5. 7he p0wer and t 0r 4ue c0eff1~ent5 were ~ud1ed a5 funct10n5 0f t he 61ade 5ect10n ~ect an9u1ar and aer0f0~ 6~de 5ect10n~, t he 6~de a n~e 0 (12, 55 and 90), t he a~ack a n~e ~ (0, 30 and 90), t he 61ade4en9t h rat10 L/L~a~ (0.50, 0.75 and 1.0) and f1na11y the t1p-5peed rat10 U/V. 7he a n~y~5 0f t he exper1menta1 re5u1~ 5h0wed t hat the p0wer and t 0r 4ue c0eff1~ent5 0f t he r ect an9u~r 6~de 5ect10n were h19her t han th05e 0f t he aer0f0H 61ade 5ect10n and t hey 1ncrea5ed w1th a decrea5e 1n t he 6~de a n ~e and the 61ade4en9t h rat10. 7he y 1ncrea5ed w1th an 1ncrea5e 1n t he at t ack an91e. 7he p0wer c0eff1~ent 1ncrea5ed t0 a ma ~ mu m v~Ue and t hen decrea5ed a 9~n w1th an 1ncrea5e 1n t he t1p-5peed rat10, wh1~ t he t 0r 4ue c0eff1~ent decrea5ed d1rect1y w1th an 1ncrea5e 1n t he t1p-5peed rat10. 7he ar r 0w- head w1nd tur61ne per- f 0r med 6e5t w1th the r e~an9u1ar 6~de 5ect10n w1th a 61ade a n~e 0f 12 , 6 1 a d ~ n 9 t h rat10 0f 0. 75 and a~ack a n~e 0f 30 . C0pYr19ht 1996 E~e ~e r 5~ence Ltd. 1 N 7 R 0 D U C 7 1 0 N W1nd tur61ne5 may 6e an attract1ve a1ternat1ve 1n area5 Where f u d 15 u5ua11y expenNve and w1nd re91me5 are part1cu1ar1y fav0ra61e. 7he5e c0nd1t10n5 are f1k~y 10 0ccur 1n p1ace5 wh1ch are r em0t e and have weak aut 0n0m0u5 p0wer 5y5mm5. A vert1ca1-ax15 w1nd tur61ne ( VAW7) ha5 a r 0t 0r wh1ch rev01ve5 a60ut 1~ vert1cN ax15. C0mpar ed t0 t he m0r e c0nvent10na1 h0r120nta1-ax15 w1nd tur61ne, th15 Nve5 5evera1 advanta9e5, 5uch a5 t he a61f1ty t 0 accept w1nd f r 0m any d1rect10n, t he a65ence 0f 9rav1ty- 1nduced reverNn9 5~e55 at the r 00t 0f t he 61ade5, and t he p0tent1N f 0r p1a~n9 m05t 0f the heavy p0wer tra1n and p0wer 9enerat1n9 mach1nery at 9r 0und ~ve1 r at her t han at the t 0p 0f the t 0wer [1-N. 7he de vd0pme nt 0f the vert1ca1-a~5 var1a61e 9e0met r y w1nd tur61ne ( VAV6 W7 ) ha5 ext ended 0ver 20 year5, emp10f1n9 the pat ent ed arr0w-head c0nf19urat10n. 1t reduce5 the 61ade 10ad1n9 and 5hed5 the exce55 p0wer at h19h w1nd 5peed5. A5 a re5u1L the pract1ca1 ran9e 0f w1nd 5peed5 15 ext ended 1n the upper w1nd ran9e. 7he t0tM am0unt 0f ener9y capt ur ed and 9ener a~d 15 1ncrea5ed, thu5 1mpr 0~n9 the 0veraH c05t-eff1~ency 0f the mach1ne [4- 2 . 223 224 V. H. M0 RC0 5 and 0. M. E. A8 DE~ HAF E2 7he pre5ent w0r k ~ u ~ exper 1ment N~ t he effect 0f r 0t 0r de~9n (61ade 5ect10n5 and an91e5, at t ack an91e5 and Ma d e 4 e n ~h rat 10~ and t he 0p~at 1n9 c0n~t 10n5 (t1p-5peed rat 10~ 0n the p 0 w~ and t he t 0r 4ue c0eff1dent5 0f an a ~0w- he a d VAW7. ~ERF0RMANCE ANALY515 7he t 0 t ~ p0wer 0f a w1nd ~ a m 15 e 4 u ~ t0 t he r at e 0f the ~c0m1n9 ~net 1c ener9y 0f t h ~ ~ a m Pw = 0.5P Av ~. (1) 7he me c h a ~ c ~ p0wer pr 0duced 6y t he w1nd t urMne 15 me a 5 u ~d dur1n9 t he expef 1men~ ~nd ~ e 4 u ~ t0 P = 2~NrF/60. (2) 7he p0wer c0eff1~ent 0f a w1nd t u r ~ n e 15 def1ned a5 t he me c h a ~ c ~ p0wer def1vered 6y t hat t u r ~ n e ~ d e d 6y t he t 0 t ~ p0wer ava11aMe ~ the c r 0 ~ e c f 1 0 n ~ ar ea 0f t he w1nd 5Weam 5u6t ended 6y t he w1nd t ur ~ne . Cp = P/ 0. 5pA V ~. (3) 7he t 0r 4ue c0eff1~ent 15 def1ned a5 t he me c h a ~ c ~ t 0r 4ue def1vered 6y the t u r ~ n e r 0t 0r ~d e d 6y t he ~net 1c ener9y 0f the w1nd ~ a m ~ CQ = C9/ (U/ V). ( 4 ) EXPER1MEN7AL W0RK 7he t e ~ r19 5h0wn 1n F19. 1 c0n~5~ 0f t w0 m~ n pan5, the a ~0w- he a d r 0t 0r w1th 1t5 acce550~e5, and the w1nd tunne1. 7he a ~0w- he a d r 0t 0r 15 made 0f 6eech w00d. 1t c 0 n ~ 5 0f a hu6 (60 mm ~ ~ a m~ e r and 50 mm ~9 h ) w1th t w0 h0r120nt ~ arm5 (170 mm 30 mm 20 mm) c0nnect ed t0 1t. F0ur Made5 w1th ~ a n 9 ~ a r (165 mm 30 mm 10 mm) 0r 5ymm~f 1c ~ aer 0f 0~ ( NACA 0012 w1th L ~ = 165 mm and a ch0r d 0f 30 mm) 5ect10n5 are ~n 9 e d t0 the end5 0f t he arm5. Each 6 ~d e 15 5upp0~ed at a ~n 9 e d p ~ n t ~0 n 9 1~ ~n9t h, 6y mean5 0f a 5~ut. Ch a n ~ n 9 t he ~r u t ~n 9 e p0~t 10n 0n the a r m vaf1e5 the Made a n ~e 0 (12, 55 and 90). 7he ~n 9 e d Made5 and t he 5~ut p051t10n a1~w t he r 0t 0r t0 have an ~a~0w- head~ c0nf19urat10n. 7he r 0t 0r r0t at e5 a60ut t he vert1ca1 a~5 0f a v~f 1c ~ c ~ u mn t hr 0u9h a 6a11 6eaf 1n9. 7he vert 1c~ ~ 0 ~ mn ~ 0 0 mm ~ 9 h and ~0 mm ~ ~ a m~ e 0 6a5e 15 f1xed t0 t he f100r. 7 0 me a 5 u ~ t he p0wer d ~ e r e d 6y t he r0t 0r, a p0ny 6r ake d y n a n 0 m~ e r pf 1n~p~ 15 u5ed. 7he ~ f f e ~ n c e 6~we e n t he dead w~9ht and t he 5pf1n9 5c~e ~ a ~ n 9 5 pr0duce5 the t an9ent 1~ f0rce act1n9 0n the pu11ey. ~he r 0t 0r rev01ut10n5 duf1n9 a ~ e ~ n t1me a~e c0unt ed t0 9et t he r 0t 0r 5peed N. 7he 6 ~ d ~ n 9 t h rat10 L / L ~ ~ vaf1ed ~ 0 m 1.0 t0 0.50, c 0 ~ p 0 n ~ n 9 t0 6 1 a d ~ n ~ h - t 0 ~ 0 t 0 ~ r a ~ u 5 rat105, L/ R, 0f 0.825 and 0.413, ~5pect 1v~y. A150, t he h1n9ed Made5 are f1xed t0 t he end5 0f t he arm5 1n t hree p0~t10n5 t0 ~v e t hree f f e ~nt at t ack an~e5 0, 30 and 90 . 7he 5wept area5 0f t he r 0t 0r f0r t he rect an9u1ar and aer 0f 0~ 61ade 5ect10n5 and f0r a11 an~e5 0f a ~a c k ~ 0 m 0 t0 90 are ~ v e n ~ 7aMe 1 a5 funct10n5 0f the 61ade a n9~ 0 and t he Ma d ~ n 9 t h rat10 L / L ~ . An arr0w-head vert1ca1-ax15 w1nd tur61ne m0 d d I 5pdn9 5ca1e 1 Pu11ey ~ ~ D e a d 60~ ~ A ~ ~ 3 ~ Rect. 61ade - - - ~ - - Aer0.61ade 5ec. A--A C01umn p1an v1ew / / / ~ / / 1 / / / / / / / / / / 1 / / ~ / y a 5 e F19. 1. 7he ~5t f19 (a11 ~ me n ~ 0 ~ ~ mm). 225 7 h e w1nd t unne1 (8 m 500 mmx 500 mm) 15 ma d e 0 f w00d. 1t 15 e4u1pped w1th t hr ee 610wer5 a r r a n9e d 1n par ~1e1. 1t 15 t1Med w1th a 5~a 19h~ne r ne a r 1t5 ex1t 54uar e 5ect10n t 0 06t a1n a un1f 0r m w1nd 5peed. 5f1de 9ate5 ar e u5ed at t he ex1t 5ect10n5 0 f t he 610wer5 t 0 c ha n9e t he w1nd 5peed ~ 0 m 7. 4 t 0 19.75 m/ 5, c0r r e5p0nd1n9 t 0 w1nd p0we r denf1f1e5 0 f 2 4 3 a nd 4622 W/ m 2, r e5pect 1vd~ 7 h e a r r 0 w- h e a d r 0t 0r 15 cent er ed 1n ~ 0 n t 0 f t he w1nd tunne1 ex1t 5ect10n t 0 accept t he w1nd ener 9y. 7 h e u p p e r w1nd 5peed r an9e 0 f 1 ~3 - 1 %7 5 m/ 5 15 u5ed dur1n9 t he exper1ment 5 t 0 ut11~e t he advant a9e5 0 f t he VAV6 W7 . 7a61e 1. 5wept area5 0f the r0t 0r f0r rectan9u1ar and aer0f0f1 61ade 5ect10n5 and f0r a11 an91e5 0f attack fr0m 0 t0 90 L/Lm~x L/R 90 55 12 1.00 0.825 0.1320 0.0854 0.0180 0.75 0.619 0.0990 0.0683 0.0167 0.50 0.413 0.0660 0.0462 0.0130 (2~0x/8 = 0.825). 226 V.H. M0RC05 ~d 0. M. E. A8DE~HAFE2 RE5UL75 AND D15CU5510N F19ure5 2 and 3 5h0w the var1at10n5 0f C v w1th U/V f0r three d1fferent 6hde an~e5 0f 12, 55 and 90 and tw0 d1fferent 61ade 5ect10n5 #ectan9u1ar and aer0f011) at a c0n~ant a~ack an~e ~ = 0 and tw0 d1fferent 61ade-~n9th rat105 L/Lm~ 0f 1 and 0.5, re5pect1v~y. 7he f19ure5 5h0w that Cv 1ncrea5e5 t0 a ma ~mum v~ue and then decrea5e5 a9~n w1th an 1ncrea5e 1n U/V. 7he rectan9u1ar 61ade 5ect10n 15 6e~er than the aer0f0f1 61ade 5ect10n, ~x~ ,00. , 0 16 1 ~ -~ ~ , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : ~ 1 ~ ~ 0 ~ ~ 1 ~ 0 ~5 030 ~15 020 ~25 U1V F~. 2. Var1at10n 0f ~ ~ ~ V ~r ~nt N~e ~N~ and ~cf10n5 ~ = 1 and ~ = 0~. 2~X10 ~ Rect. 61Qde ~ 16 ~ ~ ~ 2 ~ " ~ ~ 8 55"
0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 ~ 5 030 ~ 5 ~20 0.25 U1V ~ 9 . 3. Vadaf 10n 0 f ~ ~ t h ~ V ~ r ~ m Made an~e5 and 5ccE0n5 ( U L ~ = 0 5 0 and ~ = 0 ) , An a ~ 0 w~ d ~ 5 a ~ 5 ~ n d mr ~ m0dd 227 6ecau5e 1t ~ve5 a h19her p0wer c0eff1~ent f 0r t he 5ame t1p-5peed rat10, 6ut t he aer0f011 61ade 5ect10n ma y 0per at e at a w1der r an9e 0f t1p-5peed rat105, wh1ch aH0w5 m0r e p e ~ f 0r mance 5ta61f1ty. A150, t he f19ure5 5h0w t hat t he 61ade a n ~ e 0 = 12 15 t he 6e5t, 6ecau5e 1t ~ve5 the h19he~ p0wer c0eff1dent. 7he ma ~ mu m v~ue5 0f Cp r an9e f r 0m 3 10 -4 t0 24 10 -4 ~0r r e5p0nd1n9 t 0 p0wer denf1ty ran9e5 0f 1.4 and 11.1 W/ m 2, re5pect1vdy) and 0ccur 1n a t1p-5peed rat10 r an9e 0f 0. 15~). 20. F19ure 4 5h0w5 the var1at10n5 0f Cp w1th U/Vf0r t w0 d1fferent 61ade 5ect10n5 ~ect an9u1ar and aer0f011) and t w0 d1fferent 6 1 a d ~ n 9 t h rat105 L/Lm,x 0f 0.50 and 1.0 at a c0n5t ant 61ade a n ~ e 0 0f 55 and c 0n~a nt a ~a c k a n ~e ~ 0f 90 . 7he f19ure 5h0w5 t hat the var1at10n5 0f C v w1th U/Vhave t he 5ame ~nde nc y a5 th05e 0f F195 2 and 3, a1th0u9h t he a ~a c k a n ~ e 15 chan9ed f r 0m 0 t0 90 . A150, the f19ure 5h0w5 t hat decreaf1n9 the 6 h d ~ n 9 t h rat10 L/Lmax f r 0m 1 t0 0.50 1ncrea5e5 t he p0wer c0eff1~ent 6y a ma ~ mu m v ~u e 0f 65% f0r 1he rect an9u1ar 61ade 5ect10n. F19ure 5 5h0w5 t he var1at10n5 0f Cp w1th U V f0r t w0 d1fferent 61ade an~e5 0f 12 and , 0 x 8 0 _ - - R e c t . 6 1 a d e x ~ . . . . A e r 0 . 6 1 a d e ~ 1 1 1 1 ~ ~5 0.10 0~5 ~20 025 ~30 ~35 U 1 Y F1~ Var1at10n 0f Cp w1th U/Vf0r d1fferent 61ade 5ect10n5 and L/L~ax rat105 (0 = 55 and ~ = 90~. -4 24X10 , , ~ L1Lm~ x = 0 . 5 ~ 0 16 ~ ~ e = 1 2 ~12 / / 1 ~ , ~ / ~ ~ 0 1 1 1 ~ 1 0~5 0.10 ~15 0.20 ~25 U1V ~9. 5. V ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ V ~r ~ ~ade an~e5 and ~ ~ 5 ~e~an9U~r 6~de and ~ = 03. 228 V. H. M0 RC0 5 and 0. M. E. A8DEL- HAFE2 3 6 X ~ ~ = 3 ~
12 / N / ~ 55" /e ~ 0 8 1 0 ~9. 6. Var1at10n 0f ~ ~ t h f ~ 0 5 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 ~30 U1V U/V f0r d1fferent 61ade and attack an91e5 (rectan9u1ar 61ade and L / ~ a ~ = 1 ) . 90 and t w0 d1fferent 61ade4en9t h rat105 0f 0.50 and 1.0 f 0r t he rect an9u1ar Made 5ect10n at c0n5t ant at t ack an91e 0f 0 . 1t 15 06v10u5 t hat f0r t he 5ame U/V and 0, t he p0wer c0eff1dent 1ncrea5e5 6y decrea51n9 t he 61ade- ~n9t h rat10 L/Lm~. F19ure5 6- 8 5h0w t he var1at10n5 0f Cp w1th U/V f 0r t hree d1fferent 61ade an91e5 and t w0 d1fferent at t ack an91e5 ~ 0f 0 and 30 f0r t he rect an9u1ar Made 5ect10n and t hree d1fferent 61adeAen9th rat105 L/ Lma x 0 f 1, 0.75 and 0.5, re5peCt1Ve~. 7he f19Ure5 5h0W t hat t he p0Wer C0eff1dent5 at an at t ack an91e 0f 30 are h19her t han th05e W1th an at t ack an91e 0f 0 . 7he d1fference 6etWeen t he p0Wer C0eff1~ent at t he at t ack an91e 0f 30 and t hat 0f the at t ack an91e 0f 0 1nCrea5e5 n0t1Cea61y W1th a decrea5e 1n t he Made an91e ~ 0 m 90 t0 12 . F19Ure 7 5h0W5 t hat C v reache5 t he h19he~ vMUe 0f a60Ut 40 x 10 -4 ~0rre5p0nd1n9 t0 a p0Wer den~t y 0f 18.50 W/ m~ f 0r t he rectan9U1ar Made 5eCt10n at 61ade an91e 0 0f 12 , an at t ack a n n e 4 0f 30 and a 61adeAen9th rat10 L/Lmax 0f 0.75. F19Ure 9 5h0W5 t he Var1at10n5 0f t0r4Ue C0eff1dent W1th t 1p~peed rat10 f0r d1fferent Made and at t ack an91e5 f0r the rectan9U1ar Made 5eCt10n and 61ade- ~n9t h rat10 0f 0.75. 7he f19Ure 5h0W5 t hat C 0 decrea5e5 W1th an 1nCrea5e 1n U/V and 0. 1t 1nCrea5e5 w1th 1nCrea5e 1n 4. F0r the max1mUm Cp 0f 39 X 10 -4 (F19. 7), t he t 0r 4ue C0eff1dent reache5 233 X 10 -4, C0rre5p0nd1n9 t0 a t0r4Ue 0f 0.018 J (0r 1.09 J / m~. 7he Var1at10n5 0f C 0 W1th the 0t her va1Ue5 0f t he par amet er 5 have t he 5ame t endency a5 t he var1at10n5 0f C 0 1n F19. 9. F0r a11 the exper1ment5, t he effect 0f w1nd 5peed5 0f 16.3, 18.05 and 19.75 m/5 0n the An a~0w-head vert1ca1~5 w1nd tur~ne m0dd 229 - 4 4 0 X1 0 ~ = 3 ~ ~ - - - =~ 36 32 28 24 ~0 ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ 6 ~ ~ / ~ ~ / ~ ~ ~ 0 1 0 ~0 5 ~10 ~ 5 0. 20 ~ 2 5 0 3 0 U1 ~9. 7. Vadaf10n 0f ~ ~t h ~ V ~r ~ ~ade and attack an~e5 ~ecmn9~ar ~ade and ~ = 0.75). p0wer and ~r 4ue c0eff1dent5 wa5 ~ 5 ~ f 1 c a m f0r the Made an~e5 0f 90 and 55 , 6ut f0r the 61ade an~e 0f 12 1t wa5 50mewh~ n0t1ceaMe. C0NCLU~0N5 7N5 w0rk ~d t0 the f0H0w1n9 c0nduN0n5. (1) 7he p0w~ c0eff1dem 0f 1he ~ a n 9 ~ a r Made ~cf10n 15 N9her than t h~ 0f the aer0f0f1 Made 5ect10n, ad~n9 t0 t h~ the pr0duct10n ~mp11d~ 0f t he ~ a n 9 Ma r Made ~ct10n5. (11) 7he p0wer c0eff1dent ~cr ea5~ ~y dec reaMn9 the Ma d ~ n ~ h rat10 L/Ln~a~ and the 6Nde anne 0. ~D 7he p0wer c0eff10ent ~cr ea5~ 6y 1ncreaMn9 the a~ack an~e ~. 0 ~ 7he 6e5t r0t0r w1th the M9h~t p0wer c0eff1~ent 15 that u~n9 the ~ a n 9 Ma r Made ~ct10n, w1th an a~ack anne 0f 30 , 61ade anne 0f 12 and Ma d ~ n ~ h rat10 0f 0.75 ~) . 7he t0r4ue c0eff10ent decrea5e5 w1th an ~crea5e 1n the t1p- 5peed rat10, 6Nde anne and Ma d ~ n ~ h rat10.1t ~ e a 5 ~ w1th an 1ncrea5e 1n the attack an~e. 230 V.H. M0RC05 ~d 0. M. E. A8DE~HAFE2 36 X10 32 20 1 6 ~= 30" ~ 282~ ~ = ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ / ~ ~ ~ ~ / ~ ~ 2 / 55" ~ 1 1 ~ 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 ~0 5 040 0~5 0. 20 ~25 ~30 U1 V ~9. 8. Var1at10n 0f ~ ~t h ~V ~r ~ 61ade and a~ack an~e5 ~n9~ 61ade and ~L~ = 0.5~. - 4 300X10 ~ 0 10C . . . . *:~f 2 ~N e =1
a~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 41 0~5 0.10 ~5 0.20 0,25 0~0 U1V F19. 9. Var1at10n 0f CQ w1th U/ V f0r d1fferent 61ade and a~ack an91e5 (rectan9u1ar 61ade and L/Lma x = 0.75). An a ~ 0 w~ d ~ c ~ 5 ~ n d mr ~ne m0dd A F L ~ L ~ N P r R U ~v V N0MENCLA7URE ~ 0 ~ e c ~ 0 n ~ area 0f the w1nd ~ a m 5u6~nded 6y ~e w1nd ~ r ~ n e (m~ ~ r ~ n e p0w~ c0eff1~e~ t ur ~ne t0r4ue c0eff1~e~ ~n9enf1~ ~ e act1n9 0n ~ e p ~ y ( N) ~ a d e ~ n ~ h (m) ma~mum ~ade 1en~h = ~165 m ~ade-1en~h rat10 r0t0r ~eed ~pm) m~ h a ~ c ~ p0w~ pr 0du~d 6y ~ e w1nd ~ r ~ n e (W) w1nd p0w~ ~ ~ e u p ~ a m w1nd c0vef1n9 ~e p r ~ d ~e a 0f ~e r 0 ~r (W) pu11ey ra~u5 = 0.01 m ~ r ~ n e ~ u 5 (m) f1~5p~d = ~R (m/5) f 1 ~ d mf10 = f1p~pee~w1nd ~ d w1nd ~eed (m/5) 6reek 5ym60~ 0 ~ade an~e (de9ree~ p ~r den~ty at the 0perat1n9 c0n~f10n5 (k9/m~ ~ ~mck an~e (de9ree5) ~ w1nd tur61ne an9~ar v ~ 0 d ~ ~ad/ ~. 231 REFERENCE5 1. P. J. M~ 0 v e , W1nd ener9y c0nverf10n : recent Pr09re55 and ~ t u r e pr05pect5. 50L W1nd 7echn0L 4, 3 7 4 9 ( 198~. 2. N. H. ~ p ma n , P. J. Mu 5 ~ 0 v e and 6 . W. P0nf1n ( Ed~, W1nd Ener9yf0r ~e E19ht1e5. Pe Er P~e 9 f 1 n ~, L0nd0n ( 198~. 3. R. E. W~ 0 n and R. W. 7hr e5heL ~ t r 1 c ~ ener9y f f 0m the w1nd. Mechan1ca1 En91n- eer1n9, J anuar y, 60-69 ( 198~. 4. 1. P. ~ n e ~ 7he VAW7 and R5 p0wer ~ n def19n. CME, Ap ~ , 34-39 (1987). 5. P. J . Mu5~0ve , 7he var1a61e 9e0met r y vert1ca1 ax15 w1ndm1H. ~t. 5ymp. 0n W1ndEner9y 5y5~m~ 7- 9 5 e p ~ m6 ~ ( 197~. 6. 1. D. May5 and H. Rh0de ~ P r 0 9 ~ w1~ ~ e UK v~f 1c ~ a~5 w1nd ~ r ~ n e p r 0 ~ a mme . Pr0c. Eur0pean W1nd Ener9y C0nf, Ha m6 u ~ , 22-26 0 ~ 0 6 ~ ( 198~.
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