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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUPPLIERS
Apex Locations

5-7

BOLTING DIMENSIONS
Bolting Dimensions for ANSI Flanges, all Sizes
Standard Cast Iron Companion Flanges and Bolts
Extra Heavy Cast Iron Companion Flanges and Bolts
Wafer Butterfly Valve Stud & Capscrew Sizes
Suggested Assembly Torque Values to Produce Corresponding Bolt Loads

9-12
13
13
14
15-18

PIPE DATA
Pipe Fitting, Flange & Valve Compatibility Chart
Design Properties and Allowable Working Pressures for Piping
Commercial Pipe Sizes and Wall Thicknesses
ASTM Carbon Steel Pipe and Flange Specifications
Standard Pipe Data
Barlows Formula
Pipe and Water Weight Per Line Foot
Weight Per Foot of Seamless Brass and Copper Pipe
Heat Losses From Horizontal Bare Steel Pipe
Total Thermal Expansion of Piping Material in Inches
Carbon Steel Tubing Data
Copper Tubing Data
Stainless Steel Tubing Data

19
20-21
22-23
24
25
25
26
26
27
27
28-29
29
30

FACE-TO-FACE DIMENSIONS
Face-to-Face and End-to-End Dimensions of Ferrous Valves
Steel Valves with Ring Joint Flanges
Class 125 Cast & 150 Steel
Class 250 Cast & 300 Steel
Class 800 Cast & 600 Steel
Class 900 Steel
Class 1500 Steel
Class 2500 Steel
Wafer Type Valves
Dimensions of Flanged Valves Having Various Flange Facings
API-6D Operational & Dimensional Characteristics
Butterfly Valve Dimensions

31-32
31
34-35
36-37
38-39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46

STANDARD CONVERSIONS
Hardness Conversion Numbers
Hydraulic Conversions
Unit Conversions Temperature
Temperature Conversions
Unit Conversions Flow, Power, Mass, Pressure
Standard Conversions
Metric Conversions
Flow Conversions
2

47
48
49
50-51
52
53
54-59
60-61

FORMULAS
Formula Calculations
Formulas
Fluid Power Formulae

63
64-65
66-67

CASING & TUBING & SUCKER RODS

API Flange & Ring Joint Dimensions
API Tubing Table
Casing Data
Sucker Rods

69-71
72-73
74-77
78-86

PIPE FITTER
How to Cut Odd-Angle Elbows
Alignment of Pipe
Tap & Drill Sizes
Coated Arc Welding Electrodes (types or styles)
Physical Properties Values
Trouble-Shooting Arc Welding Equipment
Basic Welding Symbols - Arc and Gas Welding
Symbols for Pipe Fittings

87-88
89-90
91
92
93
94-96
97
98-102

MISCELLANEOUS
Material Selection
Electric Motor Specifications
Wire Selection
Pumpjack Engine Specifications Chart
Temperature Data
Specific Gravity
Metals
Water
Wire Rope
Hydraulic Troubleshooting
Common Pipe Clamps

103
104-105
106-107
108
109
110
111
112-113
114-118
119-120
121

DEFINITIONS & ABBREVIATIONS

Useful Definitions
List of Abbreviations

123-125
126-127

WELD FITTING & FLANGES

Welding Fittings and Dimensions
Flanges
Ring Joint Dimensions
Lap Joint Stub Ends
Ring Joint Flanges - Ring Numbers
Pressure - Temperature Ratings
Pipeline Nomenclature
Tensile Requirements
Tolerances
Compliance Factor
Limits for Heat

129-131
132-134
135-139
140-141
142
143
144-145
146
147
148
149

 NOTICE OF DISCLAIMER OF LIABILITY

Every precaution has been taken to ensure the accuracy
of this data. However, due to the innumerable
calculations and conversions, users are advised to use
discretion. Where extremely detailed data is required,
suppliers of A.P.I. Specifications should be consulted.
The information contained in this booklet is provided as
a service to assist uers. Apex Distribution Inc. will not be
liable for any damages resulting from the use or misuse
of any information contained in this booklet. Each user
must assume full responsibility and liability for the use
of information in this booklet.

Alsike - 10
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Hinton - 29
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Regina - 55
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Rocky Mountain House - 33
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Three Hills - 18
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Weyburn - 56
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Larry Paterson
Whitecourt - 46
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Actuation

Service and Repair

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Red Deer - 77
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2km North on Weberville Rd
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Updated and
Revised
September 1997

BOLTING DIMENSIONS
FOR ANSI FLANGES
ALL SIZES AS PER
ANSI B16.5-1988

10

11

12

13

WAFER BUTTERFLY VALVE STUD

& CAPSCREW SIZES
150 lb. Threaded Lug Type

Valve Size
2
2 1/2
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20

No. of
Capscrews
4
4
4
16
16
16
16
24
24
24
32
32
40

Capscrew
Diam.
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
3/4
3/4
3/4
7/8
7/8
1
1
1 1/8
1 1/8

Length of
Capscrews
1 1/4
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 3/4
1 3/4
1 3/4
2
2 1/4
2 1/4
2 1/2
3
3
3

150 lb. Wafer Type

Valve Size
1
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
4
5
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24
30
36
42
48

14

No. of Studs
4
4
4
4
4
8
8
8
8
12
12
12
16
16
24
24
32
36
40
52

Stud Diam.
1/2
1/2
5/8
5/8
5/8
5/8
3/4
3/4
3/4
7/8
7/8
1
1
1 1/8
1 1/8
1 1/4
1 1/4
1 1/2
1 1/2
1 1/2

Length of Stud
3 1/2
4
4 1/2
5
5 1/2
5 1/2
6
6
6 1/2
7
7 1/2
8
9
10
11
13
14
16
19
20

15

16

17

18

19

SA-234 WP-1

SA-234 WP-12

SA-234 WP-11

SA-234 WP-22

SA-234 WP-5

SA-234 WP-7

SA-234 WP-9

SA-335 P-1

SA-335 P-12

SA-335 P-11

SA-335 P-22

SA-335 P-5

SA-335 P-7

SA-335 P-9

*Note: T-304 and T-316 are available in BLC grades

SA-182 F-9

SA-182 F-7

SA-182 F-5

SA-182 F-22

SA-182 F-11

SA-182 F-12

SA-182 F-1

SA-182 F-9

SA-182 F-7

SA-182 F-5

SA-182 F-22

SA-182 F-11

SA-182 F-12

SA-182 F-1

SA-350 LF-3

SA-420 WPL-3

SA-333 Gr. 3

SA-350 LF-3

SA-350 LF 1 & 2

SA-182 F-316

SA-182 F-304

SA-105 Gr. N SA-181 Gr. 1 or 2

SA-105-71, SA-181 Gr. 1 or 2

Flanges

SA-333 Gr. 1/6 SA-420 WPL 1 & 6 SA-350 LF 1 & 2

SA-182 F-316

SA-105 Gr. N

SA-312 T316* SA-403 WP-316

SA-234 WPB

SA-106B

SA-105, SA-105-71

SA-182 F-304

SA-234 WPB

SA-53

Screwed &
Socket Fittings

SA-312 T304* SA-403 WP-304

Weld Fittings

Pipe

This chart shows you how to match up pipe, fittings, flanges, and valves

Pipe Fitting, Flange & Valve Compatibility Chart

SA-217 C-12

SA-182 F-7 SA-217 C-12

SA-182 F-5 SA-217 C-5

SA-182 F-22 SA-217 WC-9

SA-182 F-11 SA-217 WC-6

SA-217 WC-6

SA-217 WC-1 SA-182 F-1

SA-350 LF-3 SA-352 LC-3

SA-350 LF 1 & 2 SA-352 LCB

SA-182 F-316 CF8M

SA-182 F-304 CF-8

SA-105 SA-216 WCB

SA-105 SA-216 WCB

Valves

20

21

COMMERCIAL PIPE SIZES

The following table lists the pipe sizes ans wall thicknesses currently established
as standard, or specifically:
1. The traditionalstandard weight, extra strong, and double extra strong pipe.
2. The pipe wall thickness schedules listed in American Standard B36.10, which
are applicable to carbon steel.

NOMINAL
PIPE
SIZE

OUTSIDE
DIAM.

SCHED.
5S*

SCHED.
10S*

SCHED.
10

SCHED.
20

NOMINAL WALL
SCHED. STAN30
ARD

1/8
1/4

0.405
0.540

0.409
0.065

0.068
0.088

3/8
1/2

0.675
0.840

0.065

0.065
0.083

0.091
0.109

3/4
1

1.050
1.315

0.065
0.065

0.083
0.109

0.113
0.133

1 1/4
1 1/2

1.660
1.900

0.065
0.065

0.109
0.190

0.140
0.145

2
2 1/2

2.375
2.875

0.065
0.083

0.109
0.120

0.154
0.203

3
3 1/2

3.500
4.000

0.083
0.083

0.120
0.120

0.216
0.226

4
5

4.500
5.563

0.083
0.109

0.120
0.134

0.237
0.258

6
8

6.625
8.625

0.109
0.109

0.134
0.148

0.250

0.277

0.280
0.322

10
12

10.750
12.750

0.134
0.156

0.165
0.180

0.250
0.250

0.307
0.330

0.365
0.375

14 O.D.
16 O.D.

14.000
16.000

0.156
0.165

0.188
0.188

0.250
0.250

0.312
0.312

0.375
0.375

0.375
0.375

18 O.D.
20 O.D.

18.000
20.000

0.165
0.188

0.188
0.218

0.250
0.250

0.312
0.375

0.438
0.500

0.375
0.375

22 O.D.
24 O.D.

22.000
24.000

0.188
0.218

0.218
-

0.250
0.250

0.375
0.375

0.500
0.562

0.375
0.375

26 O.D.
28 O.D.

26.000
28.000

0.312
0.312

0.500
0.500

0.625

0.375
0.375

30 O.D.
32 O.D.

30.000
32.000

0.250
-

0.312
-

0.312
0.312

0.500
0.500

0.625
0.625

0.375
0.375

34 O.D.
36 O.D.

34.000
36.000

0.312
0.312

0.500
0.500

0.625
0.625

0.375
0.375

42 O.D.

42.000

0.375

All dimensions are given in inches.

The decimal thicknesses listed for the respective pipe sizes represent their nominal
or average wall dimensions. The actual thicknesses may be as much as 12.5% under the
nominal thickness because of mill tolerance. Thicknesses shown in light face for
Schedule 60 and heavier pipe are not currently supplied by the mills, unless a certain
minimum tonnage is ordered.

22

AND WALL THICKNESSES

3. The pipe wall thickness schedules listed in American Standard B36.19, and
ASTM Specification A409, which are applicable only to corrosion resistant materials.
(NOTE: Schedule 10S is also available in carbon steel in sizes 12 and smaller.
ASA-B36.10 and B36.19
THICKNESS FOR
SCHED. SCHED.
EXTRA
40
60
STRONG

SCHED.
80

SCHED.
100

SCHED.
120

SCHED.
140

SCHED.
160

XX
STRONG

0.068
0.088

0.095
0.119

0.095
0.119

0.091
0.109

0.126
0.147

0.126
0.147

0.188

0.294

0.113
0.133

0.154
0.179

0.154
0.179

0.219
0.250

0.308
0.358

0.140
0.145

0.191
0.200

0.191
0.200

0.250
0.281

0.382
0.400

0.154
0.203

0.218
0.276

0.218
0.276

0.344
0.375

0.436
0.552

0.216
0.226

0.300
0.318

0.300
0.318

0.438
-

0.600
-

0.237
0.258

0.337
0.375

0.337
0.375

0.438
0.500

0.531
0.625

0.674
0.750

0.280
0.322

0.406

0.432
0.500

0.432
0.500

0.594

0.562
0.719

0.812

0.719
0.906

0.864
0.875

0.365
0.406

0.500
0.562

0.500
0.500

0.594
0.688

0.719
0.844

0.844
1.000

1.000
1.125

1.125
1.312

1.000
1.000

0.438
0.500

0.594
0.656

0.500
0.500

0.750
0.844

0.938
1.031

1.094
1.219

1.250
1.438

1.406
1.594

0.562
0.594

0.750
0.812

0.500
0.500

0.938
1.031

1.156
1.281

1.375
1.500

1.562
1.750

1.781
1.969

0.688

0.875
0.969

0.500
0.500

1.125
1.218

1.375
1.531

1.625
1.812

1.875
2.062

2.125
2.344

0.500
0.500
0.500

0.688
0.688
0.750

0.500
0.500
0.500

0.500

* Schedules 5S and 10S are available in corrosion resistant materials and

Schedule 10S is also available in carbon steel.
Thicknesses shown in italics are available also in stainless steel, under the
designation Schedule 40S.
Thicknesses shown in italics are available also in stainless steel, under the
designation Schedule 80S.

23

24

25

PIPE AND WATER WEIGHT PER LINE FOOT

NOM.
PIPE SIZE

WEIGHT OF:
STD. PIPE

WEIGHT OF:

WATER

XS PIPE

WATER

1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4

.851
1.131
1.679
2.273

.132
.231
.374
.648

1.088
1.474
2.172
2.997

.101
.187
.311
.555

2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4

3.653
5.794
7.580
9.110
10.790

1.453
2.073
3.200
4.280
5.510

5.022
7.662
10.250
12.510
14.990

1.278
1.835
2.860
3.850
4.980

5
6
8
10
12

14.620
18.980
28.560
40.500
49.600

8.660
12.510
21.680
34.100
49.000

20.780
28.580
43.400
54.700
65.400

7.880
11.290
19.800
32.300
47.000

14
16
18
20

54.600
62.600
70.600
78.600

59.700
79.100
101.200
126.00

72.100
82.800
93.500
104.100

57.500
76.500
98.300
122.800

24
30

94.600
118.700

183.800
291.000

125.500
157.600

179.900
286.000

WEIGHT PER FOOT OF

SEAMLESS BRASS AND COPPER PIPE
NOM.
PIPE
SIZE

YELLOW
BRASS

RED
BRASS

COPPER

YELLOW
BRASS

RED
BRASS

COPPER

1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4

0.91
1.23
1.73
2.56

0.93
1.27
1.78
2.63

0.96
1.30
1.82
2.69

1.19
1.62
2.39
3.29

1.23
1.67
2.46
3.39

1.25
1.71
2.51
3.46

1 1/2
2

3.04
4.01

3.13
4.12

3.20
4.22

3.99
5.51

4.10
5.67

4.19
5.80

26

HEAT LOSSES FROM HORIZONTAL

BARE STEEL PIPE
(BTU per hour per linear foot at 70F room temperature)
NOM.
PIPE
SIZE

STEAM
5 PSIG
(20 PSIA)

HOT WATER
(180F)

1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2

60
73
90
112
126

96
118
144
179
202

2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4

155
185
221
244
279

248
296
355
401
448

TOTAL THERMAL EXPANSION OF PIPING

MATERIAL IN INCHES PER 100 FT. ABOVE 32F.
TEMPERATURE
F

CARBON AND
CARBON MOLY
STEEL

CAST
IRON

COPPER

BRASS
AND
BRONZE

WROUGHT
IRON

32
100
150
200
250

0
0.5
0.8
1.2
1.7

0
0.5
0.8
1.2
1.5

0
0.8
1.4
2.0
2.7

0
0.8
1.4
2.0
2.6

0
0.5
0.9
1.3
1.7

300
350
400
450
500

2.0
2.5
5.9
3.4
3.8

1.9
2.3
2.7
3.1
3.5

3.3
4.0
4.7
5.3
6.0

3.2
3.9
4.6
5.2
5.9

2.2
2.6
3.1
3.6
4.1

550
600
650
700
750

4.3
4.8
5.3
5.9
6.4

3.9
4.4
4.8
5.3
5.8

6.7
7.4
8.2
9.0

6.5
7.2
7.9
8.5

4.6
5.2
5.6
6.1
6.7

800
850
900
950
1000

7.0
7.4
8.0
8.5
9.1

6.3

7.2

27

Carbon Steel Tubing Data

Steel tubing is called out by outside diameter and wall thickness. For hydraulic plumbing a low
carbon seamless steel tubing should be used which can be bent an flared without cracking. Order
hydraulic grade tubing.
Pressure ratings in this table are based on a tubing with tensile strength of 55,000 PSI, and were
calculated by Barlows formula: P = 2t x S O, in which P = burst strength in PSI, t = wall thickness,
S = tensile strength in PSI, and O = outside diameter. This formula may be used to calculate tubing
sizes not listed. All dimensions in the table are in inches.
For hydraulic plumbing, a safety factor of at least 6 should be used and ratings for this factor are
shown in the table. For pressure rating at other safety factors, take burst PSI and divide by desired
safety factor.

28

Copper Tubing Data

Burst pressures are calculate by Barlows formula: P = 2t x S O in which P is burst
pressure PSI; t is tubing wall thickness; S is ultiate strength of material (32,000 PSI for
copper); O is outside diameter of tubing.

29

STAINLESS STEEL TUBING DATA

Stainless steel tubing is sometimes employed either to handle corrosive fuids, or higher
pressures. If assembled with flare-type fittings, great care must be used not to crack the
tubing while flaring.
Pressure ratings are based on an ultimate strength of 75,000 PSI, typical of Types 302,
303, 304, 309, 310, 316, 321, and 416. Types 202 and 440C have 100,000 PSI while Types
410 and 430 have only 60,000 PSI ultimate.
In hydraulic systems a safety factor of at least 6 should be used if there is likely to be any
shock in the system. To calculate working pressure at any safety factor, take burst strength
and divide by desired safety factor.
Pressure ratings were calculated by Barlows formula: P = 2t x S O in which P is burst
pressure in PS, t is tubing wall thickness, S is ultiate strength of tube material in PSI, O is
tube O.D. All dimensions are in inches.

30

Face-to-Face and End-to End

Dimensions of Ferrous Valves
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD FACE-TO-FACE AND END-TO-END
DIMENSIONS OF FERROUS VALVES
ANSI B 16 10-1973
2.0 SIZE
2.1 The size of the valves in the following
tables is indicated by the corresponding normal
valve size. Ventum valves have a size
designation using normal valve sizes for each end
with a normal seat port for a third size in between
the two end sizes.
3.0

FACE-TO-FACE DIMENSIONS FOR

REGULAR STANDARD FACINGS*
3.1 The face-to-face dimension for flanged
valves is the distance between the faces of the
connecting end flanges upon which the gaskets
are actually compressed. This is sometimes called
contact surface-to-contact surface dimension.
Dimensions for angle valves are center-toface which is the distance between the centerline
of the port to the face of the connecting end
flange upon which the gasket is actually
compressed. This is sometimes called center-tocontact surface dimension.
3.2 Flanges for cast-iron Class 125 valves are
plain flat faced
The flanges of cast-iron Class 250 and steel
Class 150 and 300 valves have 1/16 in. raised
faces, which are included in the face-to-face
dimensions. When Class 150 and 300 valves are
required with plain faces, either the full thickness
of flange or the thickness with 1/16 in. raised face
removed may be furnished unless otherwise
specified by the customer. Users are reminded that
removing the 1/16 in. raised faces will make the
face-to-face dimensions nonstandard.
The flanges of cast-iron Class 800 hydraulic
and steel Class 400 and higher pressure valves
have 1/4 in. raised faces which are included in the
face-to-face dimensions.
4.0 END-TO-END DIMENSIONS **
4.1 The end-to-end dimension for buttwelding
end steel valves is the distance between the root
faces of the welding lips.
4.2 The end-to-end dimensions of bolted bonnet
welding end steel valves, except Class 150 gate
valves, Class 300 plug valves, Class 400 and 600
round port full bore plug valves, and control
valves are the same as the face-to-face dimensions
given for flanged end raised face steel valves.
Pressure seal or flangelss bonnet welding end
valves may be made to these dimensions or have
shorter end-to-end dimensions as given in Tables
4, 5, 6, and 7 at manufacturers option.

5.0

APPLYING OTHER STANDARD OR

SPECIAL FACINGS*
5.1 The basic flange-edge to flange-edge
dimension is the distance between the surfaces
from which the basic flange thickness is
determined.
5.2 Ring Joints. The X dimensions given in
Table 8 include the depth of grooves which are
added to the basic flange-edge to flange-edge
dimensions to establish the face-to-face
dimension. For approximate distances between
flanges with ring joints when rings are
compressed, see dimension S, Table 8. For
calculating the laying length of valves with ring
joints, the S dimension given in Table 8 must be
added.
5.3 When it is desired to provide for a special
facing on a flanged valve, the basic flange-edge to
flange-edge dimensions must be determined and
facing heigth or depth added to it to establish the
new face-to-face.
When a special facing is applied to a valve
having a plain face, or a 1/16 in. raised face, no
deductions are made from the dimensions in the
tables. The additions for the special facing are
applied directly to the table dimensions. 1/16 in.
raised faces are cut from the basic flange
thicknesses and therefore, face-to-face and basic
flange-edge to flange-edge is the same dimension.
When a special facing is applied to a valve
having 1/4 in. raised face, the hight of the two
raised faces (1/2 in.) must be deducted from the
dimensions given in the tables. The additions for
the special facing are added to this dimension
(basic flange-edge to flange-edge), to determine
the new face-to-face dimension.
6.0 TOLERANCE
6.1 A plus or minus tolerance of 1/16 in. shall
be allowed on all face-to-face and end-to-end
dimensions of valves 10 in. and smaller and a plus
or minus tolerance of 1/8 in. for sizes 12 in. and
larger.
6.2 The tolerances on center-to-face dimensions
of angel valves are one-half (1/2) of those listed
in Par 6.1.

* See Fig 1.
** See Fig 2.

31

* Example of Special Facing

A 10 Class 900 steel gate valve is desired with a recessed bevel 3/8
deep to accommodate a lens gasket.
From Table 5 Column 2 is found the face-to-face dimension of 33 for a
10 Class 900 gate valve having regular stock facing of 1/4 raised face.
In accordance with Paragraph 5, the 1/4 is deducted from both flanges,
resulting in a basic flange-edge to flange-edge dimension of 32 1/2.
The 3/8 deep recessed bevel is added for each flange to the basic flangeedge to flange-edge dimension resulting in a new face-to-face dimension of
33 1/4.

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

USEFUL HYDRAULIC CONSTANTS AND

CONVERSIONS
VOLUME AND DENSITY
Barrel
Barrel
Gallon (US)
Gallon (IMP)
Gallon (US)
Cubic foot
Cubic foot
Cubic meter

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

42 (U.S.) Gallons = 5.6146 cubic feet = 9702 cubic inches

.1590 cubic meters = 159 litres
.1337 cubic foot - 231 cubic inches = .833 gallon (IMP)
1.200 gallon (US) = .1604 cubic foot = 277.2 cubic inches
3.785 litre = .003785 cubic meters
7.4805 gallons (US) = 6.231 gallons (IMP) = .1781 Barrels
.028317 cubic meters = 28.317 litres
6.29 barrels

CONTENTS OF PIPELINES
Gallons (US) per 1000 ft
Barrels per 1000 ft
Gallons (US) per mile
Barrels per mile
Cubic meters per Kilometer

=
=
=
=
=

40.8 x (inch ID)2

.9714 x (inch ID)2
215.42 x (inch ID)2
5.129 x (inch ID)2
.0007854 x (mm ID)2

VELOCITY IN PIPES
Feet per second
Feet per second
Feet per second
Meters per second

=
=
=
=

ft3 / hr x .0509 (inch ID)2

bbl / hr x .2859 (inch ID)2
gallon (US) / min x .4085 (inch ID)2
M3 / hr x 353.68 (inch ID)2

RATES OF FLOW
Gallons per min
Gallons per day

48

=
=

.02917 x Barrels/day
1008 x Barrels/hour

UNIT CONVERSIONS
TEMPERATURE
C

= (F-32) x 5/9

VOLUME
1 gal. (U.S.)

= 128 fl. oz. (U.S.)

= 231 cu. in.
= 0.833 gal. (Brit.)

1 cu. ft.

= 7.48 gal. (U.S.)

WEIGHT OF WATER
1 cu. ft. at 50F. weighs 62.41 lb.
1 gal. at 50F. weighs 8.34 lb.
1 cu. ft. of ice weighs 57.2 lb.
Water is at its greatest density at 39.2F.
1 cu. ft. at 39.2F. weighs 62.43 lb.

WEIGHT OF LIQUID
1 gal. (U.S.)
1 cu. ft.
1 lb.

= 8.34 lb. x sp. gr.

= 62.3 lb x sp. gr.
= 0.12 U.S. gal. sp. gr.
= 0.016 cu. ft. sp. gr.

WORK
1 Btu (mean)

= 778 ft. lb.

= 0.293 watt hr.
= 1/180 of heat required to change
temp of 1 lb. water from 32F
to 212F

1 hp-hr

= 2545 Btu (mean)

= 0.746 kwhr

1 Kwhr

= 3413 Btu (mean)

= 1.34 hp-hr

49

50

51

UNIT CONVERSIONS
FLOW
1 gpm
500 lb. per hr.
1 cu. ft. per min. (cfm)

= 0.134 cu. ft. per min.

= 500 lb per hr. x sp. gr.
= 1 gpm sp. gr.
= 448.8 gal. per hr. (gph)
POWER

1 Btu per hr.

1 ton refrigeration (U.S.)

1 hp

1 boiler hp

1 kw.

= 0.293 watt
= 12.96 ft. lb. per min.
= 0.00039 hp
= 288,000 Btu per 24 hr.
=12,000 Btu per hr.
= 200 Btu per min.
= 83.33 lb. ice melted per hr.
from and at 32F
= 550 ft. lb. per sec.
= 746 watt
= 2545 Btu per hr.
= 33,480 Btu per hr.
= 34.5 lb. water evap. per hour.
from and at 212F
= 9.8 kw.
= 3413 Btu per hr.
MASS

1 lb. (avoir.)
1 ton (short)
1 ton (long)

= 16 oz. (avoir.)
= 7000 grain
= 2000 lb.
= 2240 lb.
PRESSURE

1 lb. per sq. in.

1 ft. water at 60F
1 in. Hg at 60F
lb. per sq. in.
Absolute (psia)

52

= 2.31 ft. water at 60F

= 2.04 in. hg at 60F
= 0.433 lb. per sq. in.
= 0.844 in. hg at 60F
= 0.49 lb. per sq. in.
= 1.13 ft. water at 60F
= lb. per sq. in. gauge (psig)
+14.7

STANDARD CONVERSIONS
TO CHANGE

TO

MULTIPLY BY

Inches ........................................Feet .................................. 0.0833

Inches ........................................Millimeters .......................... 25.4
Feet ............................................Inches...................................... 12
Feet ............................................Yards................................ 0.3333
Yards ..........................................Feet .......................................... 3
Square inches ............................Square feet .................... 0.00694
Square feet ................................Square inches........................ 144
Square feet ................................Square yards .................. 0.11111
Square yards ..............................Square feet................................ 9
Cubic inches ..............................Cubic feet ...................... 0.00058
Cubic feet ..................................Cubic inches ...................... 1728
Cubic feet ..................................Cubic yards.................... 0.03703
Cubic yards ................................Cubic Feet .............................. 27
Cubic inches ..............................Gallons .......................... 0.00433
Cubic feet ..................................Gallons ................................ 7.48
Gallons ......................................Cubic inches ........................ 231
Gallons ......................................Cubic feet ........................ 0.1337
Gallons ......................................Pounds of water .................. 8.33
Pounds of water ........................Gallons .......................... 0.12004
Ounces........................................Pounds ............................ 0.0625
Pounds........................................Ounces .................................... 16
Inches of water ..........................Pounds per square inch .. 0.0361
Inches of water ..........................Inches of mercury............ 0.0735
Inches of water ..........................Ounces per square inch .... 0.578
Inches of water ..........................Pounds per square foot .......... 5.2
Inches of mercury ......................Inches of water .................... 13.6
Inches of mercury ......................Feet of water.................... 1.1333
Inches of mercury ......................Pounds per square inch .. 0.4914
Ounces per square inch ..............Inches of mercury.............. 0.127
Ounces per square inch ..............Inches of water .................. 1.733
Ounces per square inch ..............Inches of water .................. 27.72
Ounces per square inch ..............Feet of water...................... 2.310
Ounces per square inch ..............Inches of mercury................ 2.04
Ounces per square inch ..............Atmospheres.................... 0.0681
Feet of water ..............................Pounds per square inch .... 0.434
Feet of water ..............................Pounds per square foot ........ 62.5
Feet of water ..............................Inches of mercury............ 0.8824
Atmospheres ..............................Pounds per square inch .. 14.696
Atmospheres ..............................Inches of mercury.............. 29.92
Atmospheres ..............................Feet of water .......................... 34
Long tons ..................................Pounds ................................ 2240
Short tons ..................................Pounds ................................ 2000
Short tons ..................................Long tons ...................... 0.89285

53

54

55

56

57

58

Imp. Gallons

US Gallons

7.48

1 million

325,850

27,154

220

6.24

264.1

10

160

Chains2

Rods2

Cubic Metres

107,639

43,560

Feet2

62.4

2200

10.00

8.33

Pounds (water)

Volume (Flow)

4,840

Yards2

Area

Conversion Factors

1
12

43,650

Acre Inches

10,000

4047

Metres2

3,630

35.31

.1337

Cubic Feet

2,471

Acres

3.07

1/12

Acre Feet

.4047

Hectares

59

372.7

1
26.71

948.2

.0027

2,545

950,000

H.P.
1.341

M3

.0036

FT3

Power and Energy

12

3,413

.433

4.0

GJ

2.98

Inches

Water Column

BTU

1
6.89

.145

KPA

PSI

Pressure (Head)

2.31

.34

Feet

278

.746

KW

FLOW CONVERSION CHART

The accompanying chart provides fast answers to many problems that

may confront the pipe fitter. Procedure for using the chart are as follows:
Note that there are three sets of figures shown in connection with the
extreme left-hand column A. The column marked 1 in. standard gives the
internal diameter of standard pipe (somewhat greater than 1 for 1 in.
standard pipe). The column marked 2 exact gives the exact diameter. The
column marked 3 extra heavy gives the internal diameter of extra heavy
pipe.
EXAMPLE: How much water is passing through a pipe having an I.D. of
exactly 1 in., the velocity of the water being 3 F.P.S.? To apply the chart
to the problem locate 1 in. in column A over the word exact and run a
straight line from the point through the 3 in column C. From the
intersection of this line with column B, run a straight line horizontally to
column G. The intersection of this line at columns D, E and F gives the
following information:
Column D shows the cubic feet/minute flowing through the pipe; column
E shows the volume of flow in gallons/minute; column F gives the weight
of the water in pounds/minute. (For liquids other than water, multiply the
value of column F by the specific gravity of the liquid for accurate weight
conversion.) See chart page 31.
If a quantity in columns D, E or F is known then velocity may be
determined by reversing the procedure. Draw a horizontal line from the
known point to column G. From this intersection draw a line to the exact
I.D. of the pipe in column A and extend this line to cross column C. The
intersection with column C gives the velocity in feet/second.
The chart can be used as a conversion chart to determine the number of
gallons in a certain number of cubic feet of liquid. The horizontal line
already drawn to determine answers in columns C and D will provide the
answer to the conversion in column E.
A little practice will prove this chart to be a real time-saver.

60

61

NOTES:

62

FORMULAS TO BE PROVIDED TO OPERATORS

FOR CALCULATIONS

1.
2.
3.
4.

H.P. = RPM x Torque (ft/lbs) / 5252

Torque (ft/lbs) = (H.P. X 5252) / RPM
H.P. = [ (Volts x Amps x 1.73 x Power factor (p.f.) x motor efficiency)
/1000] / .746
Drive Sheave RPM x Drive Sheave Diameter = Motor Sheave RPM x
Motor Sheave Diameter
**ignoring belt slippage

5.

Polish Rod RPM = Motor Sheave RPM x Motor Sheave Diameter

Dry Sheave Diameter
**ignoring belt slippage

FIND STROKES PER MINUTE (SPM)

RPM divided by Gear Ratio divided by Big Sheave multiplied by Small
Sheave equals Strokes per Minute.
FIND SMALL SHEAVE
SPM multiplied by Gear Ratio multiplied by Big Sheave divided by RPM
equals Small Sheave.
FIND BIG SHEAVE
RPM divided by Gear Ratio divided by SPM multiplied by Small Sheave
equals Big Sheave.
FIND BELT SIZE
Big Sheave plus Little Sheave multiplied by 1.57 plus 2 times the distance
from shaft centre to shaft centre equals Belt Size.
**Estimate Only

63

64

65

66

67

NOTES:

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

NORRIS SUCKER RODS SPECIFICATIONS

Maximum Recommended Torque
For Norris Sucker Rods & Pony Rods
All torque values are ft. lbs.

Rod
Size

Grade D
Grade D
Grade D
Special
Carbon (54) Alloy (78) Special Alloy Service
(75)
(96)

Special
Service
(97)

3/4

430

460

470

500

500

7/8

675

735

750

800

800

1,010

1,100

1,110

1,200

1,200

1 1/8

N.A.

1,570

1,590

N.A.

1,700

*1 1/4

N.A.

2,000

2,100

N.A.

2,500

Exclusive to Alberta Oil Tool. A non-API drive rod specifically designed

for torsional application.

Alberta Oil Tool recommends the use of a larger diameter rod to increase
the allowable torque, rather than the next higher grade.

1 Rods (Grade 78 & 75) with 7/8 connections have the same torque
rating as conventional 1 rods.

No derating factor for slimhole couplings.

Values based on actual torsion test results.

Maximum Allowable Torque

For Norris Polished Rods
All torque values are ft. lbs.

Rod Size

Piston
(C1045)

Norloy
(8620)

431 SS

4140 Alloy

1 1/4

1,800

1,800

1,800

1,800

1 1/2

2,800

2,800

2,800

2,800

SPECIFICATIONS ARE SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT NOTICE

78

NORRIS SUCKER RODS CARE AND HANDLING

Maximum Recommended Weight
Indicator Pull on a Sucker Rod String
The following calculates the maximum rig weight indicator pull on a stuck
rod string. The calculations are based on 90% of the minimum yield strength,
converted into pounds, for a rod string in like new condition. The
maximum load should be reached by a straight, steady pull and not a shock
load.
For a tapered string, calculate the total weight in pounds of all rods above
the bottom section. Add to this weight the values in the table below for the
rod type and size of the bottom section. This is the maximum load that
should be pulled on a rod string, the table values are the maximum pull.

ADDITIONAL WEIGHT INDICATOR

Rod Type

Size

Load in Pounds

Type 30 & 40

1
7/8
3/4
5/8

42,4000
32,475
23,850
16,560

Types 54, 75 & 78

1 1/4
1 1/8
1
7/8
3/4
5/8

99,400
80,500
63,625
48,700
35,780
24,850

Type 96 & 97

1 1/4
1 1/8
1
7/8
3/4

127,000
102,880
81,250
62,200
45,750

79

80

81

82

Nickel Moly Alloy

S-59
Blue
5
Blue
K
Blue
40
Blue
K65
Blue
K
Blue

API GRADE K
Axelson
LTV
National-Oilwell
Norris
Trico
Tenaris

1. Information Sources

90/105
75/85
70/85
70/80
75/85
60

90/105
60/75
60/75
68/80
60/75
60

Yield
strength
1,000 psi

100/115
88/105
85/105
90/100
90/110
90/115

100/115
90/105
90/105
100/110
90/115
90/115

Tensile
strength
1,000 psi

55-65
60-70
60-70
60-70
60-70

55-65
55-66
53-68
45-65
50-65

Reduction
of area, %

207-235
182-217
182-217
175-207
180-220

207-235
187-217
185-217
210-230
190-205

Brinel
hardness

MN = Minimum

Mx = Maximum

T = Typical

Quenched & Tempered

Normalized & Tempered
Heat Treated
Normalized & Tempered
Normalized & Tempered
Normalized

Quenched & Tempered

Normalized
Heat Treated
Normalized
Normalized
Normalized & Tempered

Heat
Treatment

2. Color codes according to API Specification 11B, 24th Edition

Grade C White
Grade K Blue
Grade D Carbon Steel, Brown
Chrome-Moly, Yellow
Special, Orange

13-20
16-25
16-25
14-18
16Mn

13-20
18-25
19-24
18-23
18-23

Elongation
8", %

M or MD = Modified

API Specification 11B. 24th Edition

LTV Sucker Rod Brochure P111, 10M-8/84
National-Oilwell Sucker Rod Bulletin 155, Rev. 111, 5/90 SL
Norris Sucker Rod Brochure, Dec. 1, 1989
Trico Sucker Rod Brochure, TB-170/2-86
World Oil Sucker Rod Tables, March 1987

Carbon Steel
S-60
White
1
White
C
White
30
White
C11
White
C
White

API GRADE C
Axelson
LTV
National-Oilwell
Norris
Trico
Tenaris

NOTES:

Type

Color
Code

Manufacturer

Based on API Specification 11B

SUCKER ROD COMPARISON CHART

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES (E. & O.E.)

83

M or MD = Modified

MN = Minimum

MISCELLANEOUS/SPECIAL SERVICE
Axelson
S-88
Red
National-Oilwell
EL
Norris
97
Tenaris
Plus
Tenaris
UHS-NR
Tenaris
Special
140/150
140/160
140-160
140-160

115/125
115
115
115
Mx = Maximum

140/155

130/145

13-18

11/17

11/17
12/17
10-13
12-16
10-13
14-18
14-18
13-18
14-18
10-15
14Mn

Elongation
8", %

T = Typical

Carbon Steel, Chrome-Moly Alloy and Special Alloy

S-67
Brown
110/125
120/135
S-87
Orange
115-130
125/140
3
Yellow
95/110
115/135
10
Orange
90Mn
115Mn
D
Yellow
95/110
115/135
Kd
Orange
90Mn
115Mn
54
Brown
90/110
120/135
78
Yellow
100/110
120/140
90
Orange
90/100
115/125
D61
Yellow
90/100
115/140
D63
Orange
95Mn
115Mn
D
Brown
85
115-140
D
Yellow
85
115-140
KD
Orange
85
115-140

Tensile
strength
1,000 psi

API GRADE D
Axelson
Axelson
LTV
LTV
National-Oilwell
National-Oilwell
Norris
Norris
Norris
Trico
Trico
Tenaris
Tenaris
Tenaris

Yield
strength
1,000 psi

Type

Color
Code

Manufacturer

Based on API Specification 11B

45-55

50-65

55-65
55-65
50-60
50-60
50-60
50-60
45-60
45-60
40-60
50-65
50-60

Reduction
of area, %

SUCKER ROD COMPARISON CHART

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES (E. & O.E.)

295-311

285-311

248-277
248-280
235-270
227-247
235-280
227Mn
250-280
250-290
240-260
241-280
227-260

Brinel
hardness

Quenched & Tempered

Induction case hardened
Normalized & Tempered
Normalized & Superf. Tempered
Normalized & Tempered
Normalized & Tempered

Quenched & Tempered

Quenched & Tempered
Normalized & Tempered
Normalized & Tempered
Heat Treated
Heat Treated
Normalized & Tempered
Normalized & Tempered
Normalized & Tempered
Normalized & Tempered
Normalized & Tempered
Normalized & Forced Cooling
Normalized & Tempered
Normalized & Tempered

Heat
Treatment

84

Carbon Steel
S-60 1029Md
1
1536
C
1536
30
C-1536M
C11
1536
C
1530M

Nickel Moly Alloy

S-59 46XX
5
4623Md
K
4621Md
40
A-4621M
K65
4623
K
4621M

API GRADE D
Axelson
LTV
National-Oilwell
Norris
Trico
Tenaris

API GRADE K
Axelson
LTV
National-Oilwell
Norris
Trico
Tenaris
.14-.21
.20-.25
.20-.25
.20-.25
.20-.25
.18-.25

.22-.29
.30-.37
.33-.43
.34-.39
.30-.37
.31-.36

%
Carbon

1. Information Sources

NOTES:

.025Mx
.04Mx
.03Mx
.035Mx
.04Mx
.025Mx

.025Mx
.04Mx
.04Mx
.04Mx
.04Mx
.025Mx

%
Phos.

.035MX
.04Mx
.04Mx
.035MX
.04Mx
.025Mx

.04Mx
.05Mx
.05Mx
.04Mx
.05Mx
.025Mx

%
Sulpher

.15-.35
.20-.35
.15-.30
.20-.30
.15-.30
.25-.30

.15-.30
.15-.30
.15-.30
.20-.30
.20-.30
.25-.40

%
Silicon

.20Mx

.15Mx

0.2Mx

.03Mx
.20MX

.30Mx

.35Mx

1.65-2.00
1.65-2.00
1.65-2.00
1.65-2.00
1.65-2.00
1.65-2.00

.20Mx

M or MD = Modified

MN = Minimum

.35 Cu Mn

%
Other

Mx = Maximum

T = Typical

.04-.07VA, .35MxCU

.04-.07Va, .35MxCu

2. Color codes according to API Specification 11B, 24th Edition

Grade C White
Grade K Blue
Grade D Carbon Steel, Brown
Chrome-Moly, Yellow
Special, Orange

.20-.30
.20-.30
.20-.30
.15-.25
.20-.30
.20-.30

.05Mx

.06Mx

.05Mx

%
%
Chromium Moly

.15Mx

%
Nickel

**Any composition which can be effectively heat treated to the minimum ultimate tensile strength

.55-.75
.75-1.00
.75-1.00
.60-.80
.75-1.00
.70-1.00

1.00-1.32
1.20-1.50
1.20-1.65
1.15-1.45
1.20-1.50
1.40-1.60

%
Mang.

API Specification 11B. 24th Edition

LTV Sucker Rod Brochure P111, 10M-8/84
National-Oilwell Sucker Rod Bulletin 155, Rev. 111, 5/90 SL
Norris Sucker Rod Brochure, Dec. 1, 1989
Trico Sucker Rod Brochure, TB-170/2-86
World Oil Sucker Rod Tables, March 1987

*Generally manufactured from, but not restricted to AISI 1536

Type

Manufacturer

Steel
Type

Based on API Specification 11B

SUCKER ROD COMPARISON CHART

CHEMICAL ANALYSES (E. & O.E.)

85

%
Phos.

M or MD = Modified

.70-1.00
1.45-1.75
1.65-2.00
.15Mx
1.65-2.00
.30Mx
MN = Minimum

.15-.35
.15-.35
.20-.35
.25-.40
.15-.35
.20-.40

.05Mx
.20-.30
.20-.30
.05Mx
.20-.30
.25-.35

.05Mx
.05Mx
.20-.30
.22-.30
.15-.30
.20-.30
.06Mx
.15-.25
.20-.30
.15-.25
.20-.30
.05Mx
.15-.25
.20-.30

Mx = Maximum

.41-.65
.80-1.00
.70-.90
.20Mx
.80-1.00
.60-.80

.20Mx
.41-.65
.75-1.20
.80-1.05
.75-1.20
.60-1.05
.30Mx
.90-1.00
.70-.90
.80-1.10
.60-.90
.20Mx
.80-1.10
.70-.90

%
%
Chromium Moly

**Any composition which can be effectively heat treated to the minimum ultimate tensile strength

.35Mx
.035Mx
.040Mx
.25Mx
.25Mx
.25Mx

1.20-1.50
.15Mx
.25Mx
1.15-1.50

.90-1.50
.35Mx
.45Mx
1.15-1.50

.90-1.50

.15Mx
.70-1.00

%
Nickel

*Generally manufactured from, but not restricted to AISI 1536

.025Mx
.025Mx
.035Mx
.25Mx
.25Mx
.25Mx

.15-.30
.15-.35
.50-.30
.15-.30
.50-.35
.15-.35
.20-.30
.20-.30
.20-.30
.20-.30
.15-.30
.25-.40
.15-.35
.15-.35

%
Silicon

.71-1.00
.75-.95
.70-.90
1.40-1.60
.70-.95
1.10-1.40

.04Mx
.035Mx
.04Mx
.04Mx
.05Mx
.04Mx
.030Mx
.035Mx
.025Mx
.04Mx
.04Mx
.25Mx
.25Mx
.25Mx

%
Sulpher

MISCELLANEOUS/SPECIAL SERVICE
Axelson
S-88 3130Md
.22-.29
National-Oilwell
EL
Special
.35-.39
Norris
97
A-4340Sp .38-.43
Tenaris
Plus
1530M
.31-.36
UHS-NR 4330M
.30-.35
Tenaris
Tenaris
Special 4138M
.38-.43

Carbon Steel, Chrome-Moly Alloy and Special Alloy

S-67 1029Md
.22-.29
1.00-1.32
.025Mx
S-87 3130Md
.22-.29
.71-1.00
.025Mx
3
4142H
.39-.46
.65-1.00
.04Mx
10
Special
.17-.22
.80-1.00
.35Mx
D
4142Md
.39-.46
.65-1.00
.04Mx
Kd
Special
.18-.25
.60-1.05
.04Mx
54
C-1541Vm .40-.45
1.35-1.55
.025Mx
78
A-4142M .40-.45
.80-1.00
.035Mx
90
A-4320M .18-.23
.80-1.00
.025Mx
D61
4142
.40-.45
.75-1.00
.04Mx
D63
Special
.22-.28
.65-.95
.04Mx
D-CAR 1530M
.31-.36
1.40-1.60
.25Mx
D-AL 4142M
.40-.45
.75-1.00
.25Mx
K-DE 4320M
.18-.24
.80-1.00
.25Mx

%
Mang.

API GRADE D
Axelson
Axelson
LTV
LTV
National-Oilwell
National-Oilwell
Norris
Norris
Norris
Trico
Trico
Tenaris
Tenaris
Tenaris

%
Carbon

Type

Manufacturer

Steel
Type

Based on API Specification 11B

SUCKER ROD COMPARISON CHART

CHEMICAL ANALYSES (E. & O.E.)

T = Typical

.35CuMx
.03-.05Va
.04-.07Va, .35MxCu

.40-.70Cu

.07-.08Va, .35MxCu
.02-.03Cb,.35MxCu
.05-.07VA, 35MxCu

.02-.03Va, .40-.60Cu

.35CuMx
.35CuMx

%
Other

86

87

88

89

90

91

COATED ARC WELDING ELECTRODES

Types or Styles
A.W.S.
Classification
E 60 10

DIRECT CURRENT, REVERSE POLARITY, ALL POSITIONS.

All purpose. Moderately smooth finish. Good penetration.
This is the electrode used for most carbon steel pipe welding.

E 60 11

ALTERNATING CURRENT, ALL POSITIONS.

All purpose. Moderately smooth finish. Good penetration.

E 60 12

DIRECT CURRENT, STRAIGHT POLARITY, ALL POSITIONS.

High bead. Smooth, Fast. Cold rod.

E 60 13

ALTERNATING CURRENT, ALL POSITIONS.

High bead. Smooth, Fast. Cold rod.

E 60 15

DIRECT CURRENT, REVERSE POLARITY, ALL POSITIONS.

Low hydrogen electrode.

E 60 16

DIRECT CURRENT, OR ALTERNATING CURRENT, ALL

POSITIONS.
Low hydrogen electrode.

E 60 18

DIRECT CURRENT, ALL POSITIONS.

Low hydrogen iron powder electrodes.

E 60 20

DIRECT CURRENT, STRAIGHT POLARITY, FLAT POSITION

ONLY.
Flat bead, Smooth. Fast. Deep penetration.
Can be used with A.C. also. Hot rod.

E 60 24

DIRECT CURRENT, STRAIGHT POLARITY OR ALTERNATING

CURRENT, FLAT POSITION ONLY.
Flat bead. Smooth, Fast. Deep penetration. Iron powder electrodes.

and

E 60 27
NOTE:

This information also applies to E 70, E 80, and E 100 Series.

The last two numbers (in bold type) designate the types or styles and the first two
numbers the minimum specified tensile strength in 1000 psi of the weld deposit as
welded.

92

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
E60 AND E70 SERIES ELECTRODES

AWS-ASTM
ELECTRODE

TENS.
STRENGTH

YIELD
STRENGTH

ELONGATION

RED.
IN AREA
MIN.%

22 to 28%

35

17-22%

25

TYPICAL VALUES
E6010

62,000-70,000

52,000-58,000

E6011

62,000-73,000

52,000-61,000

E6012

68,000-78,000

55,000-65,000

MINIMUM VALUES
E7010

70,000

57,000

22

E7011

70,000

57,000

22

E7015

70,000

57,000

22

E7016

70,000

57,000

22

E7020

70,000

52,000

25

WELDING AND BRAZING TEMPERATURES

Carbon Steel Welding

2700-2790F

Stainless Steel Welding

2490-2730F

Cast Iron Welding

1920-2500F

Copper Welding and Brazing

1980F

Brazing Copper-Silicon with Phosphor-Bronze

1850-1900F

Brazing Naval Bronze with Manganese Bronze

1600-1700F

Silver Solder

1175-1600F

Low Temperature Brazing

1175-1530F

Soft Solder

200-730F

Wrought Iron

2700-2750F

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

WEIGHTS OF METALS

MATERIAL

CHEMICAL
SYMBOL

WEIGHT, IN POUNDS WEIGHT, IN POUNDS

PER CUBIC INCH
PER CUBIC FOOT

Aluminum
Antimony
Brass
Bronze
Chromium

Al
Sb

Cr

.093
.2422
.303
.320
.2348

160
418
524
552
406

Copper
Gold
Iron (cast)
Iron (wrought)
Lead

Cu
Au
Fe
Fe
Pb

.323
.6975
.260
.2834
.4105

558
1205
450
490
710

Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Monel
Platinum

Mn
Hg
Mo

Pt

.2679
.491
.309
.318
.818

463
849
534
550
1413

Steel (mild)
Steel (stainless)
Tin
Titanium
Zinc

Sn
Ti
Zn

.2816
.277
.265
.1278
.258

490
484
459
221
446

COLORS AND APPROXIMATE TEMPERATURE

FOR CARBON STEEL
Black Red ..................................................................................................................990F
Dark Blood Red ........................................................................................................1050
Dark Cherry Red ......................................................................................................1175
Medium Cherry Red ................................................................................................1250
Full Cherry Red ......................................................................................................1375
Light Cherry, Scaling................................................................................................1550
Salmon, Free Scaling................................................................................................1650
Light Salmon ............................................................................................................1725
Yellow ......................................................................................................................1825
Light Yellow ............................................................................................................1975
White ........................................................................................................................2220

111

112

113

WIRE ROPE

Wire rope has largely displaced manila rope in hauling and

hoisting heavy loads. As with manila rope, the care of wire rope has
a direct bearing on its safe use.
Some of the reasons responsible for the use of wire rope in place
of manila are:
1. Greater strength for equal diameter and weight.
2. Equal strength either wet or dry.
3. Constant length regardless of weather conditions.
4. Greater uniformity in strength throughout.
5. Greater number of types for various uses.
6. Lower cost per unit of strength.
7. Greater durability, with equal care in use.
Strength of wire ropes vary, depending on the material from
which the individual strands are made and the method used in
forming the cable, ranging from between 30 and 100 tons per square
inch.
Primarily, there are 3 classes of wire rope: (1) iron, (2) cast steel,
and (3) plow steel.
Iron wire is soft and of low tensile strength, around 30 to 40 tons
per square inch. Commonly used for drum type elevator cables and
to some extent for derrick guys; being replaced by low-carbon steel
wire in these uses.
Cast steel may have a tensile strength up to 90 tons per square
inch and because of its greater strength is generally used for hoisting
purposes. To check quickly whether a piece of wire is iron or steel,
bend it. Iron will bend easily and take a long time to regain its
original shape, while cast steel will be harder to bend and will snap
back to its original shape very quickly.
114

Plow steel wire rope is made from high grade, open hearth
furnace steel and has an average tensile strength of 110 tons per
square inch. This is the best and safest wire rope for cranes,
derricks, dredges and slings or straps for heavy loads.

Lubrication Wire Rope

All wire rope, whether used indoors or out, should in the course
of regular work be considered as a group of moving wires
constantly rubbing against one another, with friction resulting. This
friction causes incessant wear on the moving parts of the wire rope
or cable and will shorten its life very rapidly unless lubricants are
used to overcome the friction.
Cable or cable wire shoud be treated at regular intervals with a
lubricant to prevent rusting and to overcome the friction.
Lubricating intervals depend on the types and the amount of work
encountered. Under average conditions, of worked stadily on
equipment, wire rope or cable will require lubrication once every 3
weeks. Where heavy abrasive dusts exist, more frequent lubrication
is in order. Rusty ropes may break without warning.

Sheaves
The life of wire rope or cable is directly affected by the
condition and size of the sheaves over which it is used. Sheaves
should be at least 16 x the diameter of the rope or cable that is used
over them. In passing over a sheave, the inside porion of the cable,
which is against the sheave, is shortened and compression is
developed in that section of the cable. The outside portion (away
fron the sheave) is lengthened or stretched, causing tension in that
section. These compressive and tensional

115

stresses combine to create bending stresses which increase rapidly

as the diameter of the sheaves decrease. As these bending stresses
cause much undue wear and directly shorten the safe working life of
the rope or cable, the ratio mention between sheaves and rope
should be maintained.
New wire rope may be badly injured and will not work properly
in the sheaves that have become worn or in theich the grooves have
become irregular in shape. When sheaves are worn or damaged, it is
more economical to renew the sheaves rather than to allow
excessive wear on the cable.
One cause of very sever wear in wire rope or cables is reverse
bending, which will shorten the life of the rope by approximately
1/2. Reverse bending refers to the bending of a cable or rope over
sheaves, first in one direction then in another.
Another cause of severe rope wear is twisting of the fall rope.
When the fall rope is twisted and a hoist is made, the wear produced
is equal to more than that resulting from weeks of normal use. The
man in charge of lifting operations should guard against twisting of
the fall rope and should anot allow a lift to be made if the fall rope
is twisted.

Handling Cable or Wire Rope

Cable or wire rope cannot and must not be coiled or uncoiled
like manila rope. Cable or wire rope must be taken off the reel in a
streaight line, avoiding kinking. The reel may be mounted on a
heavy pipe or roller to facilitate unwinding. If space is limited, the
cable as it comes off the reel may be layed out in a figure 8, after
which it can be reeved into the line for which it is intended.

116

117

118

119

120

121

NOTES:

122

USEFUL DEFINITIONS
ALLOY STEEL: A steel which owes its distinctive properties to
elements other than carbon.
AREA OF A CIRCLE: The measurement of the surface within a
circle. To find the area of a circle, multiply the product of the
radius times the radius by Pi (3.142). Commonly written A =
r 2 .
BRAZE WELD OR BRAZING: A process

of joining metals using a

nonferrous filler metal or alloy, the melting point of which is
higher than 800F but lower than that of the metals to be
joined.
BUTT WELD: A circumferential weld in pipe fusing the
abutting pipe walls completely from inside wall to outside
wall.
CARBON STEEL: A steel which owes its distinctive properties
chiefly to the various percentages of carbon (as distinguished
from the other elements) which it contains.
CIRCUMFERENCE OF A CIRCLE:

The measurement around the

perimeter of a circle. To find the circumference, multiply Pi
(3.142) by the diameter. (Commonly written as d).

COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION: A number indicating the degree

of expansion or contraction of a substance

The coefficient of expansion is not constant and varies with

changes in temperature. For linear expansion it is expressed
as the change in length of one unit of length of a substance
having one degree rise in temperature.
CORROSION:

The gradual destruction or alteration of a metal

or alloy caused by direct chemical attack or by
electrochemical reaction.
CREEP:

The plastic flow of pipe within a system; the

permanent set in metal caused by stresses at high
temperatures. Generally associated with a time rate of
deformation.

123

USEFUL DEFINITIONS
DIAMETER OF A CIRCLE: A staight

line drawn down through

the center of a circle from one extreme edge to the other.
Equal to twice the radius.

DUCTILITY: The property of elongation, above the elastic

limit, but under the tensile strength.

A measure of ductility is the percentage of elongation of the

fractured piece over its original length.
ELASTIC LIMIT: The greatest stress which a material can
withstand without a permanent deformation after the relief of
stress.
EROSION:

The gradual destruction of metal or other material

by the abrasive action of liquids, gases, solids or mixtures
thereof.
RADIUS OF A CIRCLE: A straight

line drawn from the center to

the extreme edge of a circle.

SOCKET FITTING: A fitting

used to join pipe in which the pipe

is inserted into the fitting. A fillet weld is then made around
the edge of the fitting and the outside wall of the pipe.

SOLDERING: A method

of joining metals using fusable alloys,

usually tin and lead, having melting points under 700F

STRAIN:

Change of shape or size of a body produced by the

action of a stress.

STRESS:

The intensity of the internal, distributed forces which

resist a change in the form of a body. When external forces
act on a body they are resisted by reactions within the body
which are termed stresses.

124

DEFINITIONS (Continued)
TENSILE STRENGTH:

One that resists a force tending to pull a

body apart.
COMPRESSIVE STRESS:

One that resists a force tending to

crush a body.
TORSIONAL STRESS:

One that resists forces tending to twist a

body.
TENSILE STRENGTH:

The maximum tensile stress which a

material will develop. The tensile strength is usually
considered to be the load in pounds per square inch at which
a test specimen ruptures.

TURBULENSE: Any

deviation from parallel flow in a pipe due

to rough inner walls, obstructions or directional changes.

VELOCITY:

Time rate of motion in a given direction and

sense, usually expressed in feet per second.

VOLUME OF A PIPE:

The measurement of the space withing the

walls of the pipe. To find the volume of a pipe, multiply the
length (or height) of the pipe by the product of the inside
radius times the inside radius by Pi (3.142). Commonly
written V = h r 2 .

WELDING: A process

of joining metals by heating until they

are fused together, or by heating and applying pressure until
there is a plastic joining action. Filler metal may or may not
be used.

YIELD STRENGTH: The stress at which a material exhibits a

specified limiting permanent set.

125

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Abbreviations conform to the practice of the American

Standard Abbreviations for Scientific and Engineering terms,
ASA Z10.1.
abs ......................................................................................................Absolute
AGA........................................................................American Gas Association
AISI..............................................................American Iron and Steel Institute
Amer Std ............................................................................American Standard
API ......................................................................American Petroleum Institue
ASA ..............................................................American Standards Association
ASHVE ....................American Society of Heating and Ventilating Engineers
ASME ..........................................American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM ................................................American Society for Testing Materials
AWWA ....................................................American Water Works Association
B & S ..........................................Bell and spigot or Brown & Sharpe (gauge)
bbl ............................................................................................................Barrel
Btu ....................................................................................British thermal units
C ......................................................................................................Centigrade
cfm ..................................................................................Cubic feet per minute
cfs....................................................................................Cubic feet per second
CI ........................................................................................................Cast iron
CS ......................................................................................................Cast steel
Comp ..............................................................................................Companion
C to F ..........................................................................................Center to face
C........................................................................................Degrees Centigrade
F ..........................................................................................Degrees Farenheit
diam ....................................................................................................Diameter
dwg ......................................................................................................Drawing
ex-hy ..............................................................................................Extra-heavy
F&D ......................................................................................Faced and drilled
F ..........................................................................................................Farenheit
F to F ..............................................................................................Face to face
flg ..........................................................................................Flange or flanges

126

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

(Continued)

flgd ........................................................................................................Flanged
g..................................................................................................Gage or gauge
hex ....................................................................................................Hexagonal
hg ..........................................................................................................mercury
IBBM......................................................Iron body bronze (or brass) mounted
ID ..............................................................................................Inside diameter
kw ....................................................................................................Kilowatt(s)
MI ..............................................................................................Malleable iron
max....................................................................................................Maximum
min ....................................................................................................Minimum
mtd ......................................................................................................Mounted
MSS ..............................................Manufacturers Standardization Society (of
Valve and Fittings Industry)
NEWWA ............................................New England Water Works Association
NPS ................................Nominal pipe size (formerly IPS for iron pipe size)
OD ..........................................................................................Outside diameter
OS&Y..........................................................................Outside screw and yoke
OWG ..........................................................................................................psig
Pounds per square inch, gage
red ......................................................................................................Reducing
sch or sched ........................................................................................Schedule
scd ......................................................................................................Screwsed
SF..................................................................................................Semifinished
Spec ..............................................................................................Specification
SSP................................................................................Steam service pressure
SSU ........................................................................Seconds Saybolt Universal
Std........................................................................................................Standard
Trans ..........................................................................................Transportation
WOG ......................................................................Water, oil, gas (see OWG)
WWP ..........................................................................Working water pressure
XS ..................................................................................................Extra strong
XXS ..................................................................................Double extra strong

127

NOTES:

128

WELDING FITTINGS

129

DIMENSIONS

130

WELDING FITTINGS

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

ANSI TO PN PRESSURE CHART

ANSI RATING
150
300
400
600
900
1500
2500

142

PN RATING
20
50
68
100
150
250
420

ANSI TO PN PRESSURE CHART

ANSI RATING
150
300
400
600
900
1500
2500

142

PN RATING
20
50
68
100
150
250
420

TABLES 2
PRESSURE - TEMPERATURE RATINGS FOR
GROUPS 1.1 THROUGH 3.16 MATERIALS

143

Appendix A
Pipeline Component Size Nomenclature
Note: This Appendix is not a mandatory part of this Standard

TABLE A1
REFERENCE TABLE
Pipeline Component Size Nomenclature
Nominal size of
fitting
NPS 1/2
NPS 3/4
NPS 1
NPS 1 1/4
NPS 1 1/2
NPS 2
NPS 2 1/2
NPS 3
NPS 3 1/2
NPS 4
NPS 5
NPS 6
NPS 8
NPS 10
NPS 12
NPS 14
NPS 16
NPS 18
NPS 20
NPS 22
NPS 24
NPS 26
NPS 28
NPS 30
NPS 32
NPS 34
NPS 36
NPS 38
NPS 40
NPS 42
NPS 44
NPS 46
NPS 48
NPS 50
NPS 52
NPS 54
NPS 56
NPS 58
NPS 60
144

Matching steel line pipe

size OD, mm
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN
DN

15
20
25
32
40
50
65
80
90
100
125
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000
1050
1100
1150
1200
1250
1300
1350
1400
1450
1500

21.3
26.7
3.4
42.2
48.3
60.3
73.0
88.9
101.6
114.3
141.3
168.3
219.1
273.1
323.9
355.6
406.4
457
508
559
610
660
711
762
813
864
914
965
1016
1067
1118
1168
1219
1270
1321
1372
1422
1473
1524

Appendix B
Nominal Pressure Class Nomenclature
Note: This Appendix in not a mandatory part of this Standard

TABLE B1
REFERENCE TABLE
Nominal Pressure Class Nomenclature
ANSI class designation
150
300
400
600
900
1500
2500

Nominal pressure class

PN
20
PN
50
PN
68
PN 100
PN 150
PN 250
PN 420

Notes:
(1) ANSI class designations are designations given to flanges to indicate the
manufacturing dimensions and maximum allowable non-shock working
pressure considering the material utilized and the operating temperature.
(2) PN means pressure nominal and the PN system of nominal pressure
class designation is contained in standards prepared by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO). The numerical part of the
designation approximates the maximum cold working pressure rating in bars
(100 kPa).

145

TABLE 1.1
Tensile Requirements
Minimum yield
strength, MPa
248
290
317
359
386
414
448
483

Grade
248
290
317
359
386
414
448
483

Minimum tensile
strength, MPa
414
414
434
455
490
517
531
565

Minimum
elongation in
50.8 mm, %
20
20
20
20
20
20
18
16

Note: the tensile requirements for intermediate grades shall be obtained by

interpolation between those specified for standard grades.
TABLE 1.2
Nominal Pressure Class Nomenclature
Nominal pressure
class
PN
20
PN
50
PN
68
PN 100
PN 150
PN 250
PN 420

Maximum cold working

pressure rating, KPa
1 900
4 960
6 620
9 930
14 890
24 820
41 370

Notes:
(1) PN means pressure nominal and the PN system of nominal pressure
class designation is contained in standards prepared by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO). The numerical part of the
designation approximates the maximum cold working pressure rating in bars
(100 kPa).
(2) Pressure ratings are for temperatures up to and including 120C.

146

147

TABLE 7.2
Compliance Factor (F) Carbon Equivalent Formula
Carbon (%)

Compliance
factor
Carbon

Compliance
factor

Carbon (%)

Compliance
factor

<0.06
0.06
0.07
0.08
0.09
0.10

0.53
0.54
0.56
0.58
0.62
0.66

0.70
0.75
0.80
0.85
0.88
0.92

0.17
0.18
0.19
0.20
0.21
>0.21

0.94
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1.00

0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16

TABLE 9.1
Location of Test Samples and Frequency of Testing for Bends
Manufacturing procedure

Test locations

Cold bends
Hot bends, ower than Grade 290
Hot bends, Grade 290 or higher

Outer radius, weld seam, tangent

Outer radius, weld seam, tangent
Outer radius, inner radius, weld seam
neutral axis, tangent

Notes:
(1) New sets of tests, as described in Clause 9.1.4, are required for changes
in grade, wall thickness, outside diameter, or heat number.
(2) Where a post-bend heat treatment is done, the bends represented by a set
of tests shall be
(a) heat treated in the same charge as the test samples; or
(b) heat treated in the same manner as the test samples; however, in one or
more furnaces that are surveyed at least annually, controlled within a range
of 30C, and equipped with recording sensors that are calibrated at least
quarterly.
(3) Testing of tangents is not required if a post-bend heat treatment is not
performed.
(4) Testing of weld seams is not required for welds made without the addition
of extraneous metal.

148

TABLE 7.1
Chemical Composition Limits for Heat and Product Analysis
Grades
Grade 290
and higher

Element
Carbon
Manganese
Phosphorus
Sulphur
Silicon
Copper
Nickel
Chromium
Molybdenum
Vanadium
Niobium
Boron

Maximum carbon equivalent*, %

0.50
Maximum permitted, %
Lower than Grade 290
heat analysis
0.35
1.35
0.05
0.06
0.35
-

Grade 290 or higher

product analysis
0.30
1.60
0.05
0.06
0.50
1.50
1.00
0.25
0.25
0.13
0.10
0.001

*The carbon equivalent shall be determined from the product analysis by

using the following formula:

where F is a compliance factor that is dependent on carbon content and is

given in Table 7.2.
Notes:
(1) The chemical requirements of this Table are not intended to represent the
composition of any heat of steel but to record the maximum permissible
amounts of individual elements.
(2) Niobium is also known as columbium.

149

NOTES:

150