Political Law

1
2
POLITICAL LAW
(1987
2006)
Edited and Arranged by:
Atty. Janette Laggui-Icao
and Atty. Alex Andrew P.
Icao
(Silliman University College of
Law)Jly 26! 200"
U#$ate$
%y&
Romualdo L. Seeris II, LLB.
'#ril 19! 2007
(rom t)e '*S+,-S ./ 0'- ,1'23*'.3/*
4U,S.3/*Sin 5/L3.3C'L L'+ %y t)eUP LAW
COMPLEX an$
PHILIPPINE ASSOCIATION OF LAW SCHOOLS
F O R W A R D
Tis wor! is not intended "or sale or commerce. Tis wor! is "reeware. It may #e
"reely co$ied and distri#uted. It is $rimarily intended "or all tose wo desire to a%e
a dee$er understanding o" te issues touced #y te Pili$$ine Bar &xaminations and
its trend. It is s$ecially intended "or law students "rom te $ro%inces wo, %ery o"ten,
are reci$ients o" deli#erately distorted notes "rom oter unscru$ulous law scools and
students. Sare to oters tis wor! and you will #e ricly rewarded #y 'od in
ea%en. It is also %ery good !arma.
(e would li!e to see! te indulgence o" te reader "or some Bar )uestions wic are
im$ro$erly classi"ied under a to$ic and "or some to$ics wic are im$ro$erly or
ignorantly $rased, "or te autors are *ust Bar Re%iewees wo a%e $re$ared tis
wor! wile re%iewing "or te Bar &xams under time constraints and witin teir
limited !nowledge o" te law. (e would li!e to see! te reader+s indulgence "or a lot
o" ty$ogra$ical errors in tis wor!.
Te Autors
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE PHILIPPINES .......................................................................... ,-
Phil Con 87; New Features (1991)............................................................................................. ,-
Phil Con 87; People Power (1987)............................................................................................. ,-
Phil Con 87; People Power (2000)............................................................................................ ,.
Phil Con 87; People Power (2003)............................................................................................ ,.
Nature of the Constitution: Constitutional Suprea!" (200#) .............................................. ,.
$o%ernent Presi&ential For %s' Parliaentar" For (()*200)).................................... ,.
ARTICLE I Nationa Territory.................................................................................................. ,/
+r!hipela,i! -o!trine (1989)...................................................................................................... ,/
Conti,uous .one %s' /0!lusi%e /!onoi! .one (200#)................................................. ,/
/0!lusi%e /!onoi! .one; 1i,hts of the Coastal State (199#)..................................... ,/
/0!lusi%e /!onoi! .one; 1i,hts of the Coastal State ((1*2002) .................................. ,0
Fla, State %s' Fla, of Con%enien!e (200#) ...................................................................... ,0
3erritor" 4 $o%ernent (199))........................................................................................... ,0
3erritorial Sea %s' 5nternal 6aters (200#)......................................................................... ,0
ARTICLE II !e"aration o# Prin"i$e% and State Poi"ie%.......................................... ,1
+re& For!es; Ser%ant of the People (2003)................................................................... ,1
-o!trine of 5n!orporation; Constitutional 7aw (1997)...................................................... ,1
-o!trine of 5n!orporation; Pa!ta Sunt Ser%an&a (2000)................................................. ,1
Free&o fro Nu!lear 6eapons; Forei,n 8ilitar" 9ases (1988)................................. ,1
Philippine Fla, ((#*200)).................................................................................................... ,2
Prin!iple of Ci%ilian Suprea!" (()*200)).......................................................................... ,2
State 5unit" fro Suit (1991)........................................................................................... ,2
State 5unit" fro Suit (199))............................................................................................. 34
State 5unit" fro Suit (1989).............................................................................................. 34
State 5unit" fro Suit (199#)............................................................................................ 3,
State 5unit" fro Suit (1992)........................................................................................... 3,
State 5unit" fro Suit (1999).............................................................................................. 33
State 5unit" fro Suit (1999)........................................................................................... 33
State 5unit" fro Suit (1987).................................................................................................... 33
State 5unit" %s' 6ai%er of 5unit" (1997) ................................................................. 33
State 5unit" fro Suit (1993)........................................................................................... 35
State Prin!iples 4 Poli!ies (199#)...................................................................................... 35
3ransparen!"; 8atters of Pu:li! 5nterest (1989).............................................................. 3-
3ransparen!"; 8atters of Pu:li! 5nterest (2000).............................................................. 3.
ARTICLE III &i o# Rig't% ...................................................................................................... 3.
9ill of +ttain&er (1987)................................................................................................................. 3.
9ill of +ttain&er (1990).......................................................................................................... 3/
Custo&ial 5n%esti,ation; /0tra;u&i!ial Confession (2001) ............................................... 3/
Custo&ial 5n%esti,ation; /0tra;u&i!ial Confession; Poli!e 7ine*<p (199#) ................... 3/
Custo&ial 5n%esti,ation; Poli!e 7ine*<p (1997)................................................................ 30
Custo&ial 5n%esti,ation; 1i,ht to Counsel (1988) ............................................................ 30
Custo&ial 5n%esti,ation; 1i,ht to Counsel; 1e!eipt of Propert" Sei=e& (2002)........... 31
Custo&ial 5n%esti,ation; 1i,hts (1990)............................................................................... 32
Custo&ial 5n%esti,ation; 1i,hts (1993)............................................................................... 32
Custo&ial 5n%esti,ation; 1i,hts (199)).......................................................................................... 54
-ou:le >eopar&" (1988) ...................................................................................................... 54
-ou:le >eopar&" (1993) ...................................................................................................... 5,
-ou:le >eopar&" (1997) ...................................................................................................... 5,
-ou:le >eopar&" (1999) ...................................................................................................... 53
-ou:le >eopar&" (1999) ...................................................................................................... 53
-ou:le >eopar&" (2000) ...................................................................................................... 53
-ou:le >eopar&" (2001) ...................................................................................................... 53
-ou:le >eopar&" (2002) ...................................................................................................... 55
-ou:le >eopar&"; 1e?uisites (1999) ................................................................................. 55
-ue Pro!ess; +:sen!e of -enial (1999)........................................................................... 55
-ue Pro!ess; -eportation (199#)....................................................................................... 5-
-ue Pro!ess; Forfeiture Pro!ee&in,s (1993)................................................................... 5.
-ue Pro!ess; 8e&ia Co%era,e &urin, @earin, (199))................................................... 5.
-ue Pro!ess; 8eetin, %s' @earin, (1999)........................................................................ 5.
-ue Pro!ess; Noti!e :" Pu:li!ation (1988)...................................................................... 5.
-ue Pro!ess; Perit to Carr" Firear Autsi&e 1esi&en!e (()*200))........................ 5/
-ue Pro!ess; PP+*Pilots (2001) ........................................................................................ 5/
-ue Pro!ess; Pro!e&ural %s' Su:stanti%e (1999)............................................................ 50
-ue Pro!ess; Pro%isional Ar&er (1991) ............................................................................ 50
-ue Pro!ess; Pu:li! S!hool 3ea!hers (2002) ................................................................. 50
-ue Pro!ess; 1a&io Station (1987) ................................................................................... 51
-ue Pro!ess; 1epresente& :" a Non*7aw"er (1988) ..................................................... 51
-ue Pro!ess; Su:stanti%e (2003) ...................................................................................... 51
-ue Pro!ess; Suspension of -ri%erBs 7i!ense (1992)..................................................... 51
-ue Pro!ess; <r,ent Pu:li! Nee& (1987)......................................................................... 52
/inent -oain; $arnishent (199#).............................................................................. 52
/inent -oain; $arnishent (1998).............................................................................. -4
/inent -oain; iunit" fro suit (2001) .................................................................... -4
/inent -oain; 5n&ire!t Pu:li! 9enefit (1990).............................................................. -4
/inent -oain; >ust Copensation (1988) .................................................................. -4
/inent -oain; >ust Copensation (1989) .................................................................. -,
/inent -oain; >ust Copensation (1998) .................................................................. -,
/inent -oain; 7e,al 5nterest (1993) ............................................................................ -,
/inent -oain; Non*o:ser%an!e of the poli!" of Call or noneC (2000)...................... -3
/inent -oain; Power to /0er!ise (2002) .................................................................... -3
/inent -oain; Pu:li! <se (1987).................................................................................. -3
/inent -oain; So!iali=e& @ousin, (199))................................................................... -5
/inent -oain; 6rit of Possession (1993).................................................................... -5
/?ual Prote!tion; +lien /plo"ent (1989)..................................................................... --
/?ual Prote!tion; 5n%i&ious -is!riination (1987)........................................................... --
/?ual Prote!tion; 5n%i&ious -is!riination (1987)........................................................... -.
/?ual Prote!tion; Poli!e Power (2000).............................................................................. -.
/?ual Prote!tion; 1i,ht to /&u!ation (199#) .................................................................... -.
/?ual Prote!tion; Su:si&iar" 5prisonent (1989)......................................................... -.
Free&o of /0pression; Censorship (2003)..................................................................... -/
Free&o of /0pression; Prior 1estraint (1988) ............................................................... -/
Free&o of 1eli,ion; Con%i!te& Prisoners (1989) .......................................................... -/
Free&o of 1eli,ion; Fla, Salute (1997).......................................................................... -0
Free&o of 1eli,ion; Fla, Salute (2003).......................................................................... -1
Free&o of 1eli,ion; Non*/sta:lishent Clause (1988)............................................... -1
Free&o of 1eli,ion; Non*/sta:lishent Clause (1992)...................................................... -1
BAR Q&A (as arranged by Topics) POLITICAL LAW (19!"#$$%)
Free&o of 1eli,ion; Non*/sta:lishent Clause (1997)............................................... -2
Free&o of Spee!h; 9an on 3o:a!!o +- (1992) ........................................................... -2
Free&o of the Press; +!tual 8ali!e (200#).................................................................... .4
Free&o of the Press; 6artie Censorship (1987)........................................................ .4
5pairent Clause; 9asi! @uan 1i,hts (1992) ............................................................ .,
5n%oluntar" Ser%itu&e (1993)............................................................................................... .,
7i:ert" of +:o&e; 7iitations (1998).................................................................................. .,
7i:ert" of +:o&e; 3eporar" (199)).................................................................................. .3
Non*5prisonent for Non*Pa"ent of -e:t (1993) ...................................................... .3
Poli!e Power; +:ateent of Nuisan!e (200#) ................................................................. .3
Poli!e Power; 9an on 3o:a!!o +- (1992) ....................................................................... .3
Poli!e Power; .onin, Ar&inan!e %s' Non*5pairent of Contra!ts (1989) ................ .5
Poli!e Power; .onin, Ar&inan!e %s' Non*5pairent of Contra!ts (2001) ................ .5
Pri%a!" of Couni!ation (2001)...................................................................................... .5
Pri%a!" of Correspon&en!e (1998) .................................................................................... .-
Pri%a!" of Correspon&en!e; >ail (1989)............................................................................ .-
1i,ht to +sse:l"; Perit +ppli!ation; Free&o ParDs ((2*200)).............................. .-
1i,ht to +sse:l"; Perit 1e?uireents (1992) ........................................................... ..
1i,ht to +sse:l"; Pu:li! 3ea!hers (2000) ..................................................................... ..
1i,ht to +sse:l"; Pu:li! 3ea!hers (2002) ..................................................................... ./
1i,ht to 3ra%el; Ar&er of +rrest (1991).............................................................................. ./
1i,hts of the +!!use&; Counsel of his Choi!e ((8*2002).............................................. ./
1i,hts of the +!!use&; Presuption of 5nno!en!e %s' Presuption of 3heft (200#) .0
1i,hts of the +!!use&; 1i,ht to 9ail (1993)...................................................................... .0
1i,hts of the +!!use&; 1i,ht to 9ail; Capital Affense ((#*200)) ................................. .1
1i,hts of the +!!use&; 1i,ht to 9ail; -eportation Case (1989) .................................... .1
1i,hts of the +!!use&; 1i,ht to 9ail; 8atter of 1i,ht or a 8atter of -is!retion ((7*
2002)....................................................................................................................................... .1
1i,hts of the +!!use&; 1i,ht to Spee&" 3rial (2000)...................................................... .2
1i,hts of the +!!use&; Self*5n!riination (1988) ............................................................ .2
1i,hts of the +!!use&; Self*5n!riination (1990) ............................................................ .2
1i,hts of the +!!use&; Self*5n!riination (1992) ............................................................ /4
1i,hts of the +!!use&; Self*5n!riination (2000) ............................................................ /4
1i,hts of the +!!use&; Self*5n!riination ((7*200))...................................................... /,
Sear!hes an& Sei=ure; Pri%ate 5n&i%i&uals ((8*2002)................................................... /,
Sear!hes an& Sei=ures; +liens (2001).............................................................................. /,
Sear!hes an& Sei=ures; 9reathal"=er 3est (1992).......................................................... /3
Sear!hes an& Sei=ures; 5e&iate Control (1987) ........................................................ /3
Sear!hes an& Sei=ures; 5n!i&ental to Eali& Sear!h (1990) ........................................... /3
Sear!hes an& Sei=ures; Pla!e of Sear!h (2001)............................................................. /5
Sear!hes an& Sei=ures; sear!h a&e :" a pri%ate !iti=en (1993)................................ /5
Sear!hes an& Sei=ures; sear!h a&e :" a pri%ate !iti=en (2002)................................ /-
Sear!hes an& Sei=ures; Eali& 6arrantless Sear!h (2000)............................................ /-
Sear!hes an& Sei=ures; Eisual Sear!h (1992) ................................................................ /.
Sear!hes an& Sei=ures; 6ai%er of Consent (1989)........................................................ /.
Sear!hes an& Sei=ures; 6arrantless +rrests (1993)...................................................... //
Sear!hes an& Sei=ures; 6arrants of +rrest (1991) .............................................................. //
ARTICLE I( Citi)en%'i$ ..................................................................................................... //
+!tion for Can!ellation; Pres!ription 4 /ffe!t of -eath (199#)...................................... //
Citi=enship; /le!te& Affi!ial (1993)........................................................................................ /0
-ual +lle,ian!e %s' -ual Citi=enship (1987) ............................................................................... /0
-ual +lle,ian!e %s' -ual Citi=enship (1988) .................................................................... /1
-ual Citi=enship (199#)........................................................................................................ /1
/ffe!t of 8arria,e; Filipino (1989)..................................................................................... /2
/ffe!t of Aath of +lle,ian!e (200#).................................................................................... /2
/ffe!t of 1epatriation (1999) ............................................................................................... 04
/ffe!ts of 8arria,es (1999)................................................................................................. 04
/ffe!ts of Philippine 9ill of 1902 (2001) ............................................................................ 0,
/le!te& Affi!ial (1992).......................................................................................................... 0,
/le!tin, Philippine Citi=enship ((8*200)) ........................................................................ 0,
/le!tin, Philippine Citi=enship; 6hen Proper ((8*200))............................................... 03
Natural 9orn Filipino (1989) ................................................................................................ 03
Natural 9orn Filipino (1998) ................................................................................................ 03
Natural*9orn Filipino(1993) ................................................................................................. 05
Naturali=ation; Can!ellation of Citi=enship (1998)........................................................... 05
1esi&en!" 1e?uireents; /le!ti%e Affi!ial ((9*2002).................................................... 05
Status; 5lle,itiate Chil& (1990).......................................................................................... 0-
Status; 5lle,itiate Chil&; -ual Citi=enship (199)) .......................................................... 0-
Status; 7e,itiate Chil& (2003) .......................................................................................... 0-
6a"s of 1ea!?uirin, Citi=enship (2000).................................................................................. 0.
ARTICLE (I Legi%ati*e !e$art+ent .............................................................................. 0.
+ppropriation of Pu:li! Fun&s (1988)................................................................................ 0.
+ppropriation of Pu:li! Fun&s; -e:t Ser%i!in, (1992).................................................... 0.
+ppropriation of Pu:li! Fun&s; Pu:li! Purposes (1988)................................................. 0.
Coission on +ppointents (2002) ............................................................................... 0/
-ele,ation of Powers (2002) .............................................................................................. 0/
-ele,ation of Powers; (()*2002)....................................................................................... 0/
-ele,ation of Powers; Copleteness 3est; Suffi!ient Stan&ar& 3est (()*2002) ...... 00
-is!ipline; 8o&es of 1eo%al (1993)............................................................................... 00
-is!ipline; Suspension of a 8e:er of the Con,ress (2002) ....................................... 00
/le!te& Affi!ial; -e Fa!to Affi!er (200#) .......................................................................... 01
/le!toral 3ri:unal; @1/3 8e:ersF 1i,ht 4 1esponsi:ilities (2002) .......................... 01
/le!toral 3ri:unal; Senate; >uris&i!tion (1990) ................................................................ 02
Forei,n +ffairs; 1ole of @ouse of 1ep (199)).................................................................. 02
Forei,n +ffairs; 1ole of Senate (199#).............................................................................. 02
5n%esti,ations in +i& of 7e,islation (1992) ........................................................................... 02
7aw 8aDin,; Pro!ess 4 Pu:li!ation (1993).......................................................................... 14
7aw*8aDin,; +ppropriation 9ill (199)) ................................................................................. 14
7aw*8aDin,; +ppropriation 7aw; +utoati! 1enewal 4 Power of +u,entation
(1998)................................................................................................................................................. 14
7aw*8aDin,; +ppropriation 7aw; 1i&er Pro%ision (2001) .................................................. 1,
7aw*8aDin,; Forei,n +ffairs; 3reaties (199))..................................................................... 1,
7aw*8aDin,; A%erri&in, the Presi&ential Eeto (1991) ...................................................... 1,
7aw*8aDin,; Passa,e of a 7aw (1988)............................................................................. 13
7e,islati%e Power; Pres' +?uinoFs 3ie (1990) ............................................................... 13
7e,islati%e Powers (1989) ................................................................................................... 13
7oans /0ten&e& to 8e:ers of Con,ress (1991)............................................................. 13
8ulti*Part" S"ste (1999)............................................................................................................. 15
Non*7e,islati%e Powers (1988) ............................................................................................ 15
Non*7e,islati%e Powers; /er,en!" Powers; 1e?uisites (1997)............................................ 15
Prohi:itions an& 5nhi:itions of Pu:li! Affi!e (200#)......................................................... 15
(ualifi!ations; Con,ressen (1988) ................................................................................. 1-
(ualifi!ations; Con,ressen; (1993) ................................................................................ 1-
(ualifi!ations; Con,ressen; (1999) ................................................................................ 1.
Separation of Powers (1988) .............................................................................................. 1.
Separation of Powers (2003) .............................................................................................. 1.
3hree*3er 7iit: Con,ressen (199))........................................................................... 1/
3hree*3er 7iit; Con,ressen (2001).................................................................................. 1/
ARTICLE (II E,e"-ti*e !e$art+ent ................................................................................ 1/
+ppointin, Power; +!tin, %s' Peranent +ppointent (2003) ..................................... 1/
+ppointin, Power; a& interi appointents (1991) ........................................................ 1/
+ppointin, Power; +& 5nteri +ppointents (199#) ....................................................... 10
+ppointin, Power; +ppointents 1e?uirin, Confiration; 1+ )972*<n!onstitutional
(2002)...................................................................................................................................... 10
+ppointin, Power; Cate,ories of Affi!ials (1999)............................................................ 11
+ppointin, Power; Gin&s of +ppointents (199#)........................................................... 11
+ppointin, Power; 7iitations on Presi&ential +ppointents (1997)........................... 12
+ppointin, Powers; +& 5nteri +ppointents ((#*2002) .............................................. 24
Ca:inet 8e:ers; liitation on a!!eptin, a&&itional &uties (199)) ............................. 24
Callin,*out Power; Presi&ent ((1*200)) ........................................................................... 2,
-e!laration; State of Calait"; 7e,al /ffe!ts ((1*2002)................................................ 2,
-e!laration; State of National /er,en!" ((1*200)) ...................................................... 2,
/nter into Contra!t or $uarantee Forei,n 7oans (199#)................................................... 2,
/nter into Contra!t or $uarantee Forei,n 7oans (1999).................................................. 23
/nter into /0e!uti%e +,reeents (2003) .......................................................................... 23
5pose 3ariff 1atesH 5port an& /0port (uotas (1999).................................................. 23
8artial 7aw 4 Suspension of 6rit of @a:eas Corpus (1987) ........................................ 23
8artial 7aw; 7iitations (2000).......................................................................................... 25
8artial 7aw; Suffi!ien!" of the Fa!tual 9asis ((3*200))................................................ 2-
Par&onin, Power; +nest" (1993).................................................................................... 2.
Par&onin, Power; +nest" (1992).................................................................................... 2.
Par&onin, Power; 9rea!h of Con&ition; 1e%o!ation ((2*2002).................................... 2.
Par&onin, Power; /0e! Cleen!"; Par&on (1992)......................................................... 2.
Par&onin, Power; /0e!uti%e Cleen!" (1997) ............................................................... 2/
Par&onin, Power; /0e!uti%e Cleen!" (1999) ............................................................... 2/
Par&onin, Power; Gin&s (1988).......................................................................................... 2/
Par&onin, Power; Par&onH Con&itional (1997) ................................................................ 20
Presi&ent; Parti!ipation; 7e,islati%e Pro!ess (199))....................................................... 20
Presi&ential 5unit" fro Suit (1997) ............................................................................. 20
Prohi:ition +,ainst 8ultiple Positions 4 +&&itional Copensation (2002) ................. 20
Prohi:ition a,ainst 8ultiple Positions :" $o%Ft Affi!ials (1987) .................................... 21
Suspension of 6rit of @a:eas Corpus (1997)............................................................................. 22
ARTICLE (III .-di"ia !e$art+ent .................................................................................... 22
Cases to :e @ear& /n 9an!; Supree Court (1999)...................................................... 22
Contept Powers (199))..................................................................................................... 22
Finalit" of Eoi& >u&,ents (1993)...................................................................................... 22
Fis!al +utono" (1999)..................................................................................................... ,44
Fun!tion; Continuin, Constitutional Con%ention (2000) ............................................... ,44
5ssuan!e of 1estrainin, Ar&ers an& 5n;un!tions (1992) ............................................... ,44
>u&i!ial 4 9ar Coun!il (1988)............................................................................................ ,4,
>u&i!ial 4 9ar Coun!il (1999)....................................................................................................... ,4,
>u&i!ial -epartent; 6rit of +paro (1991) .................................................................. ,4,
>u&i!ial 5n&epen&en!e; Safe,uar& (2000)...................................................................... ,4,
>u&i!ial Power (1989)......................................................................................................... ,43
>u&i!ial Power (1992)......................................................................................................... ,43
>u&i!ial Power (1998)......................................................................................................... ,45
>u&i!ial Power; S!ope (199#) ........................................................................................... ,45
>u&i!ial 1e%iew; 7o!us Stan&i (1992).............................................................................. ,4-
>u&i!ial 1e%iew; 1e?uisites (199#).................................................................................. ,4-
>uris&i!tion of @7<19 (1993) ........................................................................................... ,4-
8an&ator" Perio& For -e!i&in, Cases (1989)............................................................... ,4.
Politi!al (uestion (1992).................................................................................................... ,4.
Politi!al (uestion -o!trine (1997).................................................................................... ,4.
Politi!al (uestion: Separation of Powers (200#) ........................................................... ,4/
Politi!al (uestion; 3o Settle +!tual Contro%ersies (200#) ........................................... ,4/
Politi!al (uestions (1988).................................................................................................. ,4/ Pro
@a! Ei!e Cases (1999)............................................................................................... ,40 1eo%al
of 7ower Court >u&,es (1993) ......................................................................... ,40 1e%iew
/0e!uti%e +!ts (199)).......................................................................................... ,40 Super%ision;
Courts 4 its Personnel ((2*2002)............................................................. ,41 3a0pa"erBs Suit;
7o!us Stan&i (1992).............................................................................. ,41 3er of Affi!e;
>usti!es (199)) ........................................................................................ ,41 Eotes re?uire& for
&e!larin, a law un!onstitutional (199)).......................................... ,42 ARTICLE I/
Con%tit-tiona Co++i%%ion% .................................................................. ,42 1otational
S!hee (1999)................................................................................................. ,42 Constitutional
Coissions 4 Coun!il ((7*200)) ........................................................ ,42 ARTICLE I/ Ci*i
Ser*i"e Co++i%%ion........................................................................ ,42 Career Ser%i!e;
Chara!teristi!s (1999) ........................................................................... ,42 Ci%il Ser%i!e
Coission %s' CA+ (200#) ..................................................................... ,42 Fun!tion of CSC
(199#) ..................................................................................................... ,,4 $ACCs 6ithout
Ari,inal Charter %s' $ACCs 6ith Ari,inal Charter (1998)............. ,,4 >uris&i!tion o%er the
$ACCs (1999)................................................................................ ,,, >uris&i!tion o%er the
$ACCs (2003)................................................................................ ,,, 8o&es of 1eo%al fro
Affi!e (1993) ............................................................................ ,,, 1e!ei%in, of 5n&ire!t
Copensation (1997) ................................................................... ,,, Se!urit" of 3enure
(1988).................................................................................................. ,,3 Se!urit" of 3enure ((2*
2002) ........................................................................................... ,,3 Se!urit" of 3enure; 8eanin,
(1999) ................................................................................ ,,5 ARTICLE I/ CO0ELEC
.................................................................................................... ,,5 /le!toral 3ri:unal; Fun!tions
4 Coposition ((2*200)).............................................. ,,5 Fair /le!tion; /?ual Spa!e 4 3ie
in 8e&ia (1989) ..................................................... ,,5 $rant of Par&on in /le!tion Affenses
(1991) ................................................................. ,,- >u&i!ial 1e%iew of -e!isions
(2001)................................................................................ ,,- 1eo%al fro Affi!e;
Coissioners (1998) ................................................................ ,,- 1i,ht to Eote; >uris&i!tion
(2001) ..................................................................................... ,,- Ee"tion La1%
........................................................................................................................ ,,- 2n& Pla!er 1ule
(2003)..................................................................................................... ,,- 2n& Pla!er 1ule
(1990)...................................................................................................... ,,. 2n& Pla!er 1ule; in
(uo 6arranto Cases (1992).......................................................... ,,. 2n& Pla!er 1ule; 1ule of
Su!!ession (199)) ................................................................ ,,. +ppre!iation of 9allots
(199#)........................................................................................... ,,/ -is?ualifi!ation; $roun&s
(1991)...................................................................................... ,,/
-isualifi!ations (1999)........................................................................................................ ,,/
/ffe!t of Filin, of Certifi!ate of Can&i&a!"; +ppointi%e Affi!er %s /le!ti%e Affi!er
(2002).................................................................................................................................... ,,/
/ffe!t of Filin, of Certifi!ate of Can&i&a!"; Fair /le!tion +!t (2003).......................... ,,0
/le!tion Affenses; Conspira!" to 9ri:e Eoters (1991) ................................................. ,,0
/le!tion Protest (1990) ...................................................................................................... ,,0
/le!tion Protest %s' (uo 6arranto (2001)...................................................................... ,,1
/le!tion Protest %s' (uo 6arranto ((2*200)) ............................................................... ,,1
/le!tion Protest; >uris&i!tion (199)) ................................................................................ ,,1
/0piration of ter :ars ser%i!e thereof (2000)............................................................... ,,1
Petition to -e!lare Failure of /le!tions; 1e?uisites 4 /ffe!ts (1992)......................... ,,1
Pre*Pro!laation Contest (1987)..................................................................................... ,,2
Pre*Pro!laation Contest (1988)..................................................................................... ,,2
Pre*Pro!laation Contest %s' /le!tion Contests (1997) .............................................. ,34
Pre*Pro!laation Contest; Proper 5ssues (199)).......................................................... ,3,
Pro!ess; 5lliterate Eoters (1987) ....................................................................................... ,3,
Pro!ess; Prin!iple of 5&e Sonans (199#) ..................................................................... ,3,
Pro!ess; Stra" 9allot (199#) ............................................................................................. ,3,
1e!all (2002) ....................................................................................................................... ,33
3hree*3er 7iit 1ule (2001) .......................................................................................... ,33
3hree*3er 7iit; fro 8uni!ipalit" to Newl"*Create& Cit" ((9*2002).................... ,33
Ea!an!"; /ffe!t of Ei!e*8a"or +!tin, +s 8a"or (2002)............................................... ,35
Ea!an!"; 1ule of Su!!ession (1992)............................................................................... ,35
Ea!an!"; S9; 1ule on Su!!ession (2002)...................................................................... ,3-
ARTICLE I/ Co++i%%ion on A-dit ............................................................................... ,3-
CA+; >uris&i!tion (2001).................................................................................................... ,3- CA+;
8one" Clais (1998) .............................................................................................. ,3-
ARTICLE / Lo"a 2o*ern+ent ..................................................................................... ,3.
+ppointent of 9u&,et Affi!er; !ontrol %s super%ision (1999) .................................... ,3.
9oun&ar" -ispute 1esolution; 7$<; 13CFs >uris&i!tion ((10*2002)........................ ,3/
9oun&ar" -ispute Settleent; +uthorit"; >uris&i!tion (1999) ...................................... ,3/
Creation of New 7o!al $o%ernent <nits; Ple:is!ite 1e?uireent (200#) .............. ,3/ -e
Fa!to Pu:li! Corporations; /ffe!t (200#).................................................................. ,3/
-e%olution of Power (1999)............................................................................................... ,3/
Fran!hise; prior appro%al of 7$< ne!essar" (1988) ..................................................... ,3/ 7aw
fi0in, the ters of lo!al ele!ti%e offi!ials ((#*200)) ............................................. ,30
Ar&inan!e; <se 4 7ease of Properties; Pu:li! <se (1997).......................................... ,30
Ar&inan!e; Eali&it"; Closure or 7ease of Properties for Pu:li! <se (2003) .............. ,30
Ar&inan!e; Eali&it"; Copensation; 3ortuous +!t of an /plo"ee (199#) ............... ,30
Ar&inan!e; Eali&it"; 7o!al 3a0ation %s' Spe!ial +ssessent (1987) ......................... ,31
Ar&inan!e; Eali&it"; Pre%entin, 5oralit" (1987) ........................................................ ,31
Ar&inan!e; Eali&it"; <tili=ation 4 -e%elopent; National 6ealth (1991) .................. ,31
Ar&inan!es; Eali&it"; +en&in, NatFl 7aws (1988) ....................................................... ,31
Ar&inan!es; Eali&it"; $a:lin, Prohi:ition (1992)........................................................ ,32
Ar&inan!es; Eali&it"; 7iitation of Penalties (1991) ..................................................... ,32
Ar&inan!es; Eeto Power (199)) ....................................................................................... ,32
Poli!e Power; 77-+ (1992)............................................................................................... ,54
Power to 5ssue Su:poena 4 Cite For Contept (1993) ............................................... ,54
Power; /inent -oain; 7$<; 1i,ht to /0er!ise ((10*2002).................................... ,5,
Powers of 9aran,a" +sse:l" (2003)............................................................................ ,5,
Powers; 7i,a n, ,a 9aran,a" (2003)........................................................................... ,5,
1e?uisites; Contra!ts 5n%ol%in, 7$< (1991) .................................................................. ,5,
1e?uisites; Contra!ts in%ol%in, 7$< (1992) .................................................................. ,53
3a0ation; $ACC 7ia:ilit" For 1eal /state 3a0 (1999).................................................. ,53
3a0ation; Sour!es of 1e%enue (1999)............................................................................. ,53
6ith&rawal of Pu:li! Propert" fro Pu:li! <se (1990)................................................. ,53
ARTICLE /I A""o-ntabiity o# P-bi" O##i"er%........................................................... ,55
+:an&onent of Affi!e (2000).......................................................................................... ,55
-is!ipline; Cleen!"; -o!trine of Con&onation (2000)................................................ ,55
-is!ipline; /ffe!t of Par&on $rante& in Fa%or of Pu:li! Affi!ers (1999).................... ,5-
-is!ipline; Pre%enti%e Suspension 4 +ppeal; entitleent to salar" pen&ente (2001)
............................................................................................................................................... ,5-
-is!ipline; Pre%enti%e Suspension (1990) ...................................................................... ,5-
-is!ipline; Pre%enti%e Suspension (2002) ...................................................................... ,5.
/le!ti%e an& +ppointi%e Affi!ials: &is!iplinar" authorit" (200#) ................................... ,5.
/le!ti%e Pu:li! Affi!er; -e Fa!to Affi!er (2000) ............................................................ ,5.
/le!ti%e Pu:li! Affi!ers; -e Fa!to Affi!er; effe!ts (200#) ............................................ ,5/ $raft
an& Corruption; Pres!ription of Crie (2002) ...................................................... ,5/
5pea!hent; Cron"is (2000) ....................................................................................... ,50
5pea!hent; $roun&s (1999)......................................................................................... ,50
5pea!hent; Nature; $roun&s; P- 1)0) (1988)......................................................... ,50 7aw
of Pu:li! Affi!ers; Ne0t*in*1anD 1ule (199#)......................................................... ,50 7ia:ilit"
For -aa,es in Perforan!e of Affi!ial Fun!tions (1990) ........................... ,51 7o!al
/le!ti%e Affi!ials; 7iitations An +&&itional -uties (1992) ............................... ,52
A:u&san: Power to Suspen&; Pre%enti%e Suspension (200#) ............................. ,52
A:u&san; Power to 5n%esti,ate (2003) ..................................................................... ,52
A:u&san; Power to Suspen&; Pre%enti%e Suspension (199)) ............................. ,-4
Power to 5ssue Su:poena; %ali&it" of &ele,ation (1989) .............................................. ,-4
Prohi:ition An /le!ti%e Affi!er to @ol& Pu:li! Affi!e (2002)........................................ ,-4
Pu:li! Affi!e; Pu:li! 3rust (1998)..................................................................................... ,-4
1etireent 9enefits (199)) ............................................................................................... ,-,
ARTICLE /II Nationa E"ono+y and Patri+ony......................................................... ,-3
+!?uisition an& 7ease of Pu:li! 7an&s (1998)............................................................... ,-3
+!?uisition of 7an&s (1987)............................................................................................... ,-3
+!?uisition of 7an&s (2000)............................................................................................... ,-5
+!?uisition of 7an&s :" @ere&itar" Su!!ession (2002) ................................................ ,-5
+!?uisition of 7an&s; Citi=enship issue (1989) .............................................................. ,-5
+!?uisition of 7an&s; Citi=enship issue (199#) .............................................................. ,--
+!?uisition of 7an&s; Citi=enship issue (1992) .............................................................. ,--
+!?uisition of 7an&s; Prohi:ition; a!?uisition of pri%ate lan&s :" aliens (199#) ....... ,-.
Citi=enship 1e?uireent in 8ana,eent of +&%ertisin, 5n&ustr" (1989) ................. ,-.
/n,a,eent in 9usiness 4 /0er!ise of Profession (1987).......................................... ,-.
/0ploration an& -e%elopent of 8inerals (199#) ......................................................... ,-/
/0propriation of Pu:li! <tilities (1992) ............................................................................ ,-/
7ease of Pri%ate +,ri!ultural 7an&s (2001) .................................................................... ,-/
National /!ono" 4 Patrion"; Constitutional Prohi:ition (200#)............................. ,-0
National Patrion"; &efinition (1999) .............................................................................. ,-0
Nationali=e& +!ti%ities (199#)............................................................................................ ,-0
Awnership 1e?uireent of 8ass 8e&ia (1989) ............................................................ ,-1
Chinese !iti=ens; en,a,in, in retail tra&e ((#*200)).................................................... ,-1
/0plorationH &e%elopentH an& utili=ation of natural resour!es ((#*200)) ............... ,-1
ARTICLE /III So"ia .-%ti"e and H-+an Rig't% ......................................................... ,-1
+,rarian 1efor 7aw; Co%era,e (1992) ......................................................................... ,-1
Coission on @uan 1i,hts; Power to in%esti,ate (1992) ...................................... ,-2
Coission on @uan 1i,hts; Power to issue 31A (1997) ...................................... ,-2
Coission on @uan 1i,hts; Power to issue 31A (2001) ...................................... ,-2
Coission on @uan 1i,hts; Power; 7iitations ((#*2002)................................... ,.4
7a:or; 1i,ht to Self*Ar,ani=ation (1988) ........................................................................ ,.,
7a:or; 1i,ht to StriDe (1988)............................................................................................. ,.,
7a:or; 1i,ht to StriDe (1993)............................................................................................. ,.,
So!ial >usti!e un&er the Present Constitution (1992)................................................... ,.3
6oen (2000)..................................................................................................................... ,.3
ARTICLE /I( Ed-"ation3 S"ien"e and Te"'noogy3 Art% ......................................... ,.5
/&u!ation; +!a&ei! Free&o (1987)............................................................................ ,.5
/&u!ation; +!a&ei! Free&o (1989)............................................................................ ,.5
/&u!ation; +!a&ei! Free&o (1993)............................................................................ ,.5
/&u!ation; +!a&ei! Free&o; /0tent (1999) .............................................................. ,.-
/&u!ation; +lien /nrollees 4 -onors (1999).................................................................. ,.-
/&u!ation; -uties of State in 1e /&u!ation (1999)....................................................... ,.-
/&u!ation; Fla, Salute (1987) .......................................................................................... ,..
/&u!ation; 1i,ht to Choose Profession (2000).............................................................. ,..
/&u!ation; 1i,ht to (ualit" /&u!ation (2003) ................................................................ ,./
/&u!ation; 3ea!hin, of 1eli,ion (1999).......................................................................... ,./
/&u!ation; Eali&it" of +!a&ei! 1e?uireents (199#) ................................................ ,./
ARTICLE /(I 2enera Pro*i%ion% .................................................................................. ,./
$eneral Pro%isions; 7o!al -iale!t (1987)........................................................................ ,./ +FP;
liitation on a!!eptin, a&&itional &uties (199))................................................... ,.0 ARTICLE
/(II A+end+ent% or Re*i%ion% .................................................................... ,.0 PeopleFs
5nitiati%e (200#) ................................................................................................... ,.0 +en&ents
an& 1e%isions; 8o&es (1997) .................................................................. ,.0 1/F/1/N-<8 %s'
5N535+35E/ ((1*2002).................................................................... ,.0 ARTICLE /(III
Tran%itory Pro*i%ion%.............................................................................. ,.1 3ransitor"
Pro%isions; Forei,n 8ilitar" 9ases (199)) ................................................... ,.1 3ransitor"
Pro%isions; Forei,n 8ilitar" 9ases (1988) ................................................... ,.1 PU&LIC
INTERNATIONAL LA4 ........................................................................................ ,.1 9asi!
Prin!iples in Pu:li! 5ntFl 7aw (1991) ...................................................................... ,.1
Constituti%e 3heor" %s' -e!larator" 3heor" (200#)....................................................... ,/4
Conti,uous .one %s' /0!lusi%e /!onoi! .one (200#).............................................. ,/4
-iploati! 5unit" (2000) .............................................................................................. ,/4
-iploati! 5unit" (2001) .............................................................................................. ,/4
-iploati! 5unit" (2003) .............................................................................................. ,/,
-iploati! 5unit" (200#) .............................................................................................. ,/,
-iploati! 5unit"; +:assa&or ((3*2002) ............................................................... ,/3
-iploati! 5unit"; +:assa&ors (1990).................................................................... ,/3
-iploati! 5unit"; Co%era,e ((3*2002) .................................................................... ,/5
-iploati! 5unit"; -iploati! /n%o" an& Consular Affi!ers (1992)...................... ,/-
-iploati! 5unit"; -iploati! /n%o" an& Consular Affi!ers (1997)...................... ,/.
/0!lusi%e /!onoi! .one (2000)..................................................................................... ,/.
/0e!uti%e +,reeents; 9in&in, /ffe!t (2003)................................................................ ,/.
/0tra&ition %s' -eportation (1993).................................................................................... ,//
/0tra&ition; -o!trine of Spe!ialt" (1993)......................................................................... ,//
/0tra&ition; /ffe!ti%it" of treat" (199))............................................................................. ,//
/0tra&ition; $roun&s (2002).............................................................................................. ,/0
/0tra&ition; 1etroa!ti%e +ppli!ation ((2*2002).............................................................. ,/0
Fla, State %s' Fla, of Con%enien!e (200#).................................................................. ,/1
$eno!i&e (1988) ................................................................................................................. ,/1
@uan 1i,hts (1999) ......................................................................................................... ,/1
@uan 1i,hts; Ci%il an& Politi!al 1i,hts (1992) ............................................................ ,/1
@uan 1i,hts; Ci%il an& Politi!al 1i,hts (199)) ............................................................ ,/2
5ntFl Court of >usti!e; >uris&i!tion A%er States................................................................ ,04 5ntFl
Court of >usti!e; >uris&i!tion A%er States (199#)................................................... ,04 5ntFl
Court of >usti!e; 7iitations An >uris&i!tion (1999) .............................................. ,04 5ntFl
Court of >usti!e; Parties; Plea&in,s an& Aral +r,uent (199#).......................... ,04
5nternational Con%ention; 7aw of the Sea (200#) .......................................................... ,0,
5nternational Court of >usti!e ((9*200))......................................................................... ,0,
5nternational 7aw %s' 8uni!ipal 7aw; 3erritorial Prin!iple; 5nternational Cries ((2*
2002)..................................................................................................................................... ,0,
8an&ates an& 3rust 3erritories (2003)............................................................................ ,03
8uni!ipal 7aw %s' 5nternational 7aw (2003) ................................................................... ,05
Neutralit" of States (1988)................................................................................................. ,05
Auter Spa!e; >uris&i!tion (2003)...................................................................................... ,0-
Prin!iple of +uto*7iitation ((10*200)).......................................................................... ,0-
1e!ipro!it" %' Prin!iple of +uto*7iitation ((10*200))................................................. ,0-
1e!o,nition of States; -e Fa!to %s' -e >ure 1e!o,nition (1998) .............................. ,0-
1eparations +,reeent; Eali&it" (1992) ......................................................................... ,0.
1i,ht to 5nno!ent Passa,e (1999).................................................................................... ,0.
1i,ht to 3ransit an& 5nno!ent Passa,e (200#) .............................................................. ,0/
1i,hts an& A:li,ation un&er <N Charter (1991)............................................................ ,0/
Sour!es of 5nternational 7aw; Priar" 4 Su:si&iar" Sour!es (2003) ........................ ,00
So%erei,n 5unit" of States; +:solute %s' 1estri!ti%e (1998) .................................. ,00
So%erei,nt" of States; Natural <se of 3erritor" (1989)................................................. ,01
So%erei,nt"; -efinition; Nature ((10*200)) ................................................................... ,01
State 7ia:ilities (1992)........................................................................................................ ,02
State So%erei,nt"; /ffe!ti%e A!!upation; 3erra Nullius (2000) ................................... ,02
Stateless Persons; /ffe!ts; Status; 1i,hts (1992)......................................................... ,02
3erritorial Sea %s' 5nternal 6aters (200#)....................................................................... ,14
<se of For!e; /0!eptions (2003)...................................................................................... ,14
<se of For!e; Prin!iple of Non*5nter%ention (199#)....................................................... ,1,
<se of For!e; 1i,ht of Self*&efense (2002).................................................................... ,13
<se of For!e; Self*-efense; 6a,in, 6ar (1998).......................................................... ,13
<se of For!e; 6hen allowe& (1988) ................................................................................ ,15
6ar; Co:atantsI Prisoners of 6ar %s' 8er!enaries (1993)...................................... ,15
6ilson &o!trine %s' /stra&a &o!trine (200#)................................................................... ,1-
A!0INISTRATI(E LA4....................................................................................................... ,1-
+&in 7aw; /0haustion of +&inistrati%e 1ee&ies (1991)....................................... ,1-
+&in 7aw; /0haustion of +&inistrati%e 1ee&ies (2000)....................................... ,1-
+&in 7aw; /0haustion of +&inistrati%e 1ee&ies %s -o!trine of Priar" >uris&i!tion
(199)) .............................................................................................................. ,1. +&in 7aw;
/0haustion of +&inistrati%e 1ee&ies; /0!eptions (1991) ................. ,1. +&in 7aw;
>u&i!ial 1e%iew of +&inistrati%e +!tion (2001)...................................... ,1/ +&in 7aw;
>u&i!ial 1e%iew of +&inistrati%e -e!isions (1988)................................ ,1/ +&in 7aw;
8eanin, of J$o%ernent of the PhilippinesK (1997) ............................... ,10 +&in 7aw;
Power of the Presi&ent to 1eor,ani=e +&inistrati%e Stru!ture (2003)
............................................................................................................................................... ,10
+&in 7aw; 1ules an& 1e,ulations; -ue Pro!ess (2000) ........................................... ,10
$o%ernent +,en!" %s' $o%ernent 5nstruentalit" ((7*2002)............................... ,11
(uasi*>u&i!ial 9o&" or +,en!" ((2*200)) ..................................................................... ,11
1987 CONSTITUTION OF THE
PHILIPPINES P'i Con 875 Ne1
Feat-re% 619917
No 1: @ow is the 9ill of 1i,hts stren,thene& in
the 1987 ConstitutionL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3here are se%eral wa"s in whi!h the 9ill of 1i,hts
is stren,thene& in the 1987 Constitution'
1 New ri,hts are ,i%en e0pli!it re!o,nition su!h
asH the prohi:ition a,ainst &etention :" reason of
politi!al :eliefs an& aspirations' 3he wai%er of 8iran&a
ri,hts is now re?uire& to :e a&e in writin, with the
assistan!e of !ounsel' 3he use of solitar"H
in!ouni!a&o an& se!ret &etention pla!es is
prohi:ite&H while the e0isten!e of su:stan&ar& an&
ina&e?uate penal fa!ilities is a&e the !on!ern of
le,islation'
2 3here is also re!o,nition of the ri,ht of
e0pressionH an e0press prohi:ition a,ainst the use of
tortureH a an&ate to the State to pro%i&e !opensation
an& reha:ilitation for %i!tis of torture an& their
failies'
3 Soe ri,hts ha%e :een e0pan&e&' For
instan!eH free a!!ess to !ourts now in!lu&es a!!ess to
?uasi*;u&i!ial :o&ies an& to a&e?uate le,al assistan!e'
# 3he re?uireents for interferin, with soe
ri,hts ha%e :een a&e ore stri!t' For instan!eH onl"
;u&,es !an now issue sear!h warrants or warrants of
arrest' 3here ust :e a law authori=in, the /0e!uti%e
-epartent to interfere with the pri%a!" of
!ouni!ationH the li:ert" of a:o&eH an& the ri,ht to
tra%el :efore these ri,hts a" :e ipaire& or !urtaile&'
2 3he Constitution now pro%i&es that the
suspension of the pri%ile,e of the writ of ha:eas !orpus
&oes not suspen& the ri,ht to :ailH thus resol%in, a
&o!trinal &ispute of lon, stan&in,'
) 3he suspension of the pri%ile,e of the writ of
ha:eas !orpus an& the pro!laation of artial law
ha%e :een liite& to si0t" ()0) &a"s an& are now
su:;e!t to the power of Con,ress to re%oDe' 5n
a&&itionH the Supree Court is ,i%en the ;uris&i!tionH
upon the petition of an" !iti=en to &eterine the
suffi!ien!" of the fa!tual :asis of the suspension of the
pri%ile,e of the writ of ha:eas !orpus an& the
pro!laation of artial law'
7' 3he Supree Court is epowere& to
a&opt rules for the prote!tion an& enfor!eent of
!onstitutional ri,hts'
8' +rt' 55' Se!' 11 !oits the State to a
poli!" whi!h pla!es %alue on the &i,nit" of e%er"
huan person an& ,uarantees full respe!t for
huan ri,hts'
9' + Coission on @uan 1i,hts is
!reate&'
10' <n&er +rti!le ME5' Se!' 2(2) the State is
an&ate& to proote respe!t for the peopleBs
ri,hts aon, the e:ers of the ilitar" in the
perforan!e of their &ut"'
3
P'i Con 875 Peo$e Po1er 619877
No' ME555: 3he fraers of the 1987 Constitution
an& the people who ratifie& it a&e sure that
pro%isions institutionali=in, people power were
in!orporate& in the fun&aental lawH 9riefl"
&is!uss at least two su!h pro%isions'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+rt' E5H Se!' 1H while %estin, in Con,ress the
le,islati%e powerH nonetheless states that su!h
!onferent of power shall :e su:;e!t to the
reser%ation a&e in fa%or of the people :"
pro%isions on initiati%es an& referen&u' For this
purposeH Con,ress is re?uire&H as earl" as
possi:leH to pro%i&e for a s"ste of initiati%e of
referen&u where:" the people !an &ire!tl"
propose an& ena!t laws or appro%e or re;e!t an
a!t or law or part thereof passe& :" the Con,ress
or the le,islati%e :o&ies after the re,istration of a
petition thereforH si,ne& :" at least 10N of the
total nu:er of re,istere& %otersH of whi!h e%er"
le,islati%e &istri!t ust :e represente& :" at least
3N of the re,istere& %oters' (5&'H se!' 32) 3he
Constitution also pro%i&es that throu,h initiati%eH
upon a petition of at least 12N of the total
nu:ers of re,istere& %otersH of whi!h e%er"
3N of the re,istere& %oters thereinH aen&ents
to the Constitution a" :e &ire!tl" propose& :"
the people'
+rtH M555H se!' 12 states that the state shall respe!t
the role of in&epen&ent peopleBs or,ani=ation to
ena:le the to pursue an& prote!tH within the
&eo!rati! fraeworDH their le,itiate an&
!olle!ti%e interests an& aspirations throu,h
pea!eful lawful eans' For this purposeH the
Constitution ,uarantees to su!h or,ani=ations the
ri,ht to parti!ipate at all le%els of so!ialH politi!al
an& e!onoi! &e!ision*aDin, an& the state is
re?uire& to %ali&ate the
esta:lishent of a&e?uate e!hanis for this
purpose' (5&'H se!H 1))
P'i Con 875 Peo$e Po1er 689997
No 5M' 5s the !on!ept of People Power re!o,ni=e&
in the ConstitutionL -is!uss :riefl"' (3N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
OesH the !on!ept of People Power is re!o,ni=e& in
the Constitution' <n&er Se!tion 32' +rti!le E5 of the
ConstitutionH throu,h initiati%e an& referen&uH the
people !an &ire!tl" propose an& ena!t laws or
appro%e or re;e!t an" a!t or law or part thereof
passe& :" the Con,ress or lo!al le,islati%e :o&"
after the re,istration of a petition therefor si,ne& :"
at least ten per !entu of the total nu:er of
re,istere& %otersH of whi!h e%er" le,islati%e &istri!t
ust :e represente& :" at least three per !entu
of the re,istere& %oters thereof' <n&er Se!tion 1)H
+rti!le M555 of the ConstitutionH the ri,ht of the
people an& their or,ani=ations to effe!ti%e an&
reasona:le parti!ipation at all le%els of so!ialH
politi!al an& e!onoi! &e!ision*aDin, shall not :e
a:ri&,e&' 3he State shallH :" law fa!ilitate the
esta:lishent of a&e?uate !onsultation
e!haniss' <n&er Se!tion 2' +rti!le ME55 of the
ConstitutionH the people a" &ire!tl" propose
aen&ents to the Constitution throu,h initiati%e
upon a petition of at least twel%e per !entu of the
three per !entu of the re,istere& %oters therein'
P'i Con 875 Peo$e Po1er 6899:7
No 5 *5s Cpeople powerC re!o,ni=e& :" the 1987
ConstitutionL /0plain full"'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
CPeople powerC is re!o,ni=e& in the Constitution'
+rti!le 555H Se!tion # of the 1987 Constitution
,uarantees the ri,ht of the people pea!ea:le to
asse:le an& petition the ,o%ernent for re&ress
of ,rie%an!es'
+rti!le E5H Se!tion 32 of the 1987 Constitution
re?uires Con,ress to pass a law allowin, the
people to &ire!tl" propose an& ena!t laws
throu,h initiati%e an& to appro%e or re;e!t an" a!t
or law or part of it passe& :" Con,ress or a lo!al
le,islati%e :o&"'
+rti!le M555H Se!tion 1) of the 1987 Constitution
pro%i&es that the ri,ht of the people an& their
or,ani=ations to parti!ipate at all le%els of so!ialH
politi!alH an& e!onoi! &e!ision*aDin, shall not
:e a:ri&,e& an& that the State shallH :" lawH
fa!ilitate the esta:lishent of a&e?uate
!onsultation e!haniss'
+rti!le ME55H Se!tion 2 of the 1987 Constitution
pro%i&es that su:;e!t to the ena!tent of an
ipleentin, lawH the people a" &ire!tl"
propose aen&ents to the Constitution throu,h
initiati%e'
Nat-re o# t'e Con%tit-tion: Con%tit-tiona
S-$re+a"y 6899;7
619<a7 9NN 1epu:li! has a &efense treat" with
/E+ Fe&eration' +!!or&in, to the 1epu:li!Bs
Se!retar" of -efenseH the treat" allows teporar"
:asin, of frien&l" forei,n troops in !ase of trainin,
e0er!ises for the war on terroris' 3he 8a;orit"
7ea&er of the Senate !onten&s that whether
teporar" or notH the :asin, of forei,n troops
howe%er frien&l" is prohi:ite& :" the Constitution
of 9NN whi!h pro%i&es thatH CNo forei,n ilitar"
:ases shall :e allowe& in 9NN territor"'C 5n !ase
there is in&ee& an irre!on!ila:le !onfli!t :etween
a pro%ision of the treat" an& a pro%ision of the
ConstitutionH in a ;uris&i!tion an& le,al s"ste liDe
oursH whi!h shoul& pre%ail: the pro%ision of the
treat" or of the ConstitutionL 6h"L /0plain with
reasonsH :riefl"' (2N) SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: 5n
!ase of !onfli!t :etween a pro%ision of a treat"
an& a pro%ision of the ConstitutionH the pro%ision
of the Constitution shoul& pre%ail' Se!tion 2(2)(a)H
+rti!le E555 of the 1987 Constitution authori=es the
nullifi!ation of a treat" when it !onfli!ts with the
Constitution' ($on=ales %' @e!hano%aH 9 SC1+
230 P19)3Q)'
2o*ern+ent Pre%identia For+ *%= Paria<
+entary For+ 6>?<899?7
1' a) 6hat is the prin!ipal i&entif"in, feature of
a presi&ential for of ,o%ernentL /0plain'
(2'2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he prin!ipal i&entif"in, feature of a presi&ential
for of ,o%ernent is e:o&ie& in the separation
of powers &o!trine' /a!h &epartent of
,o%ernent e0er!ises powers ,rante& to it :" the
Constitution an& a" not !ontrolH interfere with or
en!roa!h upon the a!ts &one within the
!onstitutional !opeten!e of the others' @owe%erH
the Constitution also ,i%es ea!h &epartent !ertain
powers :" whi!h it
a" &efinitel" restrain the others fro ipro%i&ent
a!tionH there:" aintainin, a s"ste of !he!Ds
an& :alan!es aon, theH thusH preser%in, the
will of the so%erei,n e0presse& in the Constitution'
:) 6hat are the essential !hara!teristi!s of a
parliaentar" for of ,o%ernentL (2'2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he essential !hara!teristi!s of a parliaentar"
for of ,o%ernent are: the fusion of the le,islati%e
an& e0e!uti%e :ran!hes in parliaent; the prie
inisterH who is the hea& of ,o%ernentH an& the
e:ers of the !a:inetH are !hosen fro aon,
the e:ers of parliaent an& as su!h are
a!!ounta:le to the latter; an& the prie inister
a" :e reo%e& fro offi!e :" a %ote of loss of
!onfi&en!e of parliaent' 3here a" :e a hea& of
state who a" or a" not :e ele!te&'
ARTICLE I Nationa
TerritoryAr"'i$eagi" !o"trine 619897
No' 20: 6hat &o "ou un&erstan& :" the
ar!hipela,i! &o!trineL 5s this refle!te& in the 1987
ConstitutionL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he +1C@5P/7+$5C -AC315N/ ephasi=es
the unit" of lan& an& waters :" &efinin, an
ar!hipela,o either as a ,roup of islan&s
surroun&e& :" waters or a :o&" of waters
stu&&e& with islan&s' For this purposeH it re?uires
that :aselines :e &rawn :" !onne!tin, the
appropriate points of the Couterost islan&s to
en!ir!le the islan&s within the ar!hipela,o' 3he
waters on the lan&war& si&e of the :aselines
re,ar&less of :rea&th or &iensions are erel"
internal waters'
OesH the ar!hipela,i! &o!trine is refle!te& in the
1987 Constitution' +rti!le 5H Se!tion 1 pro%i&es
that the national territor" of the Philippines
in!lu&es the Philippine ar!hipela,oH with all the
islan&s an& waters e:ra!e& therein; an& the
waters aroun&H :etweenH an& !onne!tin, the
islan&s of the ar!hipela,oH re,ar&less of their
:rea&th an& &iensionsH for part of the internal
waters of the Philippines'
Contig-o-% @one *%= E,"-%i*e E"ono+i"
@one 6899;7
(2*a*2) -istin,uish: 3he !onti,uous =one an& the
e0!lusi%e e!onoi! =one' SU22ESTE!
ANS4ER: CAN35$<A<S .AN/ is a =one
!onti,uous to the territorial sea an& e0ten&s up
to 12 nauti!al iles fro the territorial sea an&
o%er whi!h the !oastal state a" e0er!ise
!ontrol ne!essar" to
pre%ent infrin,eent of its !ustosH fis!alH
ii,ration or sanitar" laws an& re,ulations
within its territor" or territorial sea' (+rti!le 33 of
the Con%ention on the 7aw of the Sea')
3he /MC7<S5E/ /CANA85C .AN/ is a =one
e0ten&in, up to 200 nauti!al iles fro the
:aselines of a state o%er whi!h the !oastal state
has so%erei,n ri,hts for the purpose of e0plorin,
an& e0ploitin,H !onser%in, an& ana,in, the
natural resour!esH whether li%in, or nonli%in,H of
the waters super;a!ent to the sea:e& an& of the
sea:e& an& su:soilH an& with re,ar& to other
a!ti%ities for the e!onoi! e0ploitation an&
e0ploration of the =one' (+rti!les 2) an& 27 of the
Con%ention on the 7aw of the Sea')
E,"-%i*e E"ono+i" @one5 Rig't% o# t'e
Coa%ta State 6199;7
No' 11: 5n the &esire to ipro%e the fishin,
etho&s of the fisherenH the 9ureau of
FisheriesH with the appro%al of the Presi&entH
entere& into a eoran&u of a,reeent to
allow 3hai fisheren to fish within 200 iles fro
the Philippine sea !oasts on the !on&ition that
Filipino fisheren :e allowe& to use 3hai fishin,
e?uipent an& %esselsH an& to learn o&ern
te!hnolo," in fishin, an& !annin,'
1) 5s the a,reeent %ali&L
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1) No' the Presi&ent !annot authori=e the 9ureau
of Fisheries to enter into a eoran&u of
a,reeent allowin, 3hai fisheren to fish within
the e0!lusi%e e!onoi! =one of the PhilippinesH
:e!ause the Constitution reser%es to Filipino
!iti=ens the use an& en;o"ent of the e0!lusi%e
e!onoi! =one of the Philippines'
Se!tion 2' +rti!le M55 of the Constitution pro%i&es:
J3he State shall prote!t the nationBs arine part in
its ar!hipela,i! watersH territorial seaH an&
e0!lusi%e e!onoi! =oneH an& reser%e its use an&
en;o"ent to Filipino !iti=ens'C
Se!tion 7H +rti!le M555 of the Constitution pro%i&es:
C3he State shall prote!t the ri,hts of su:sisten!e
fisherenH espe!iall" of lo!al !ounitiesH to the
preferential use of the !ounal arine an&
fishin, resour!esH :oth inlan& an& offshore' 5t shall
pro%i&e support to su!h fisheren throu,h
appropriate te!hnolo," an& resear!hH a&e?uate
finan!ialH pro&u!tionH an& arDetin, assistan!eH
an& other ser%i!es' 3he State shall also prote!tH
&e%elopH an& !onser%e su!h resour!es' 3he
prote!tion shall e0ten& to offshore fishin, ,roun&s
of
su:sisten!e fisheren a,ainst forei,n intrusion'
FishworDers shall re!ei%e a ;ust share fro their
la:or in the utili=ation of arine an& fishin,
resour!es'
E,"-%i*e E"ono+i" @one5 Rig't% o# t'e
Coa%ta State 6>1<899A7
(!) /nuerate the ri,hts of the !oastal state in
the e0!lusi%e e!onoi! =one' (3N)
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
5n the /MC7<S5E/ /CANA85C .AN/H the
!oastal State has so%erei,n ri,hts for the purpose
of e0plorin, an& e0ploitin,H !onser%in, an&
ana,in, the natural resour!esH whether li%in, or
non*li%in,H of the waters super;a!ent to the sea:e&
an& of the sea:e& an& its su:soilH an& with re,ar&
to other a!ti%ities for the e!onoi! e0ploitation
an& e0ploration of the =oneH su!h as the
pro&u!tion of ener," fro the waterH !urrents an&
win&s in an area not e0ten&in, ore than 200
nauti!al iles :e"on& the :aseline fro whi!h the
territorial sea is easure&' Ather ri,hts in!lu&e
the pro&u!tion of ener," fro the waterH !urrents
an& win&sH the esta:lishent an& use of artifi!ial
islan&sH installations an& stru!turesH arine
s!ientifi! resear!h an& the prote!tion an&
preser%ation of the arine en%ironent' (+rt' 2)H
<'N' Con%ention on the 7aw of the Sea)
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
SAE/1/5$N 15$@3S R for the purpose of
e0plorin, an& e0ploitin,H !onser%in, an&
ana,in, the natural resour!esH whether li%in, or
non*li%in,H of the sea:e& an& su:soil an& the
super;a!ent watersH an& with re,ar& to other
a!ti%ities su!h as the pro&u!tion of ener," fro
the waterH !urrents an& win&s in an area not
e0ten&in, ore than 200 nauti!al iles :e"on&
the :aseline fro whi!h the territorial sea is
easure&' (See +rt' 2)H <NC7AS) >uris&i!tionH
inter aliaH with re,ar& to:
(1) the esta:lishent an& use of artifi!ial
islan&sH installations an& stru!tures;
(2) arine s!ientifi! resear!h;
an& (3) the prote!tion an& preser%ation of the
arine en%ironent'
Fag State *%= Fag o# Con*enien"e 6899;7
(2*a*3) -istin,uish: 3he fla, state an& the fla,
of !on%enien!e' SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: F7+$
S3+3/ eans a ship has the nationalit" of the
fla, of the state it fliesH :ut there ust :e a
,enuine linD :etween the state an& the ship'
(+rti!le 91 of the Con%ention on the 7aw of the Sea')
F7+$ AF CANE/N5/NC/ refers to a state with whi!h a
%essel is re,istere& for %arious reasons
su!h as low or non*e0istent ta0ation or low
operatin, !osts althou,h the ship has no ,enuine
linD with that state' (@arrisH Cases an&
8aterials on 5nternational 7awH 2th e&'H 1998H p' #22')
Territory B 2o*ern+ent 6199?7
No' 8: + law was passe& &i%i&in, the Philippines
into three re,ions (7u=onH Eisa"asH an& 8in&anao)H
ea!h !onstitutin, an in&epen&ent state e0!ept on
atters of forei,n relationsH national &efense an&
national ta0ationH whi!h are %este& in the Central
,o%ernent' 5s the law %ali&L /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he law &i%i&in, the Philippines into three
re,ionsH ea!h !onstitutin, an in&epen&ent state
an& %estin, in a !entral ,o%ernent atters of
forei,n relationsH national &efenseH an& national
ta0ationH is un!onstitutional'
FirstH it %iolates +rti!le 5H whi!h ,uarantees the
inte,rit" of the national territor" of the Philippines
:e!ause it &i%i&e& the Philippines into three
states'
Se!on&H it %iolates Se!tion 1H +rti!le 55 of the
ConstitutionH whi!h pro%i&es for the esta:lishent
of &eo!rati! an& repu:li! States :" repla!in, it
with three States or,ani=e& as a !onfe&eration'
3hir&H it %iolates Se!tion 22H +rti!le 55 of the
ConstitutionH whi!hH while re!o,ni=in, an&
prootin, the ri,hts of in&i,enous !ultural
!ounitiesH pro%i&es for national unit" an&
&e%elopent'
FourthH it %iolates Se!tion 12H +rti!le M of the
ConstitutionH whi!hH pro%i&es for autonoous
re,ions in 8usli 8in&anao an& in the Cor&illeras
within the fraeworD of national so%erei,nt" as
well as territorial inte,rit" of the 1epu:li! of the
Philippines'
FifthH it %iolates the so%erei,nt" of the 1epu:li!
of the Philippines'
Territoria Sea *%= Interna 4ater% 6899;7
(2*a*1) -istin,uish: 3he territorial sea an& the
internal waters of the Philippines' SU22ESTE!
ANS4ER: 3/1153A15+7 S/+ is an a&;a!ent
:elt of sea with a :rea&th of 12 nauti!al iles
easure& fro the :aselines of a state an& o%er
whi!h the state has so%erei,nt"' (+rti!les 2 an& 3
of the Con%ention on the 7aw of the Sea') Ship of
all states en;o" the ri,ht of inno!ent passa,e
throu,h the territorial sea' (+rti!le 1# of the
<n&er Se!tion 1H +rti!le 5 of the 1987 ConstitutionH
the 5N3/1N+7 6+3/1S of the Philippines
!onsist of the waters aroun&H :etween an&
!onne!tin, the islan&s of the Philippine
+r!hipela,oH re,ar&less of their :rea&th an&
&iensionsH in!lu&in, the waters in :a"sH ri%ers
an& laDes' No ri,ht of inno!ent passa,e for
forei,n %essels e0ists in the !ase of internal
waters' (@arrisH Cases an& 8aterials on
5nternational 7awH 2th e&'H 1998H p' #07') 5nternal
waters are the waters on the lan&war& si&e of
:aselines fro whi!h the :rea&th of the territorial
sea is !al!ulate&' (Bro&n'ie( Princip'es o) P*b'ic
In+erna+iona' La&( ,+- ed.( 199$( p. 1#$.)
ARTICLE II !e"aration o#
Prin"i$e% and State Poi"ie%
Ar+ed For"e%5 Ser*ant o# t'e Peo$e 6899:7
No 5 * +rti!le 55' Se!tion 3H of the 1987
Constitution e0pressesH in partH that the C+re&
For!es of the Philippines is the prote!tor of the
people an& (of) the State'C -es!ri:e :riefl" what
this pro%ision eans' 5s the Philippine National
Poli!e !o%ere& :" the sae an&ateL
FIRST ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
+rti!le 55H Se!tion 3 of the 1987 Constitution
eans that the +re& For!es of the Philippines
shoul& not ser%e the interest of the Presi&ent :ut
of the people an& shoul& not !oit a:uses
a,ainst the people' (1e!or& of the Constitutional
CoissionH Eol' EH p' 133') 3his pro%ision is
spe!ifi!all" a&&resse& to the +re& For!es of the
Philippines an& not to the Philippine National
Poli!eH :e!ause the latter is separate an& &istin!t
fro the forer' (1e!or& of the Constitutional
CoissionH Eol' EH p' 29); 8analo %' Sisto=a' 312
SC1 + 239 P1999Q')
SECON! ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
+rti!le 55H Se!tion 3 of the 1987 Constitution !an
:e interprete& to ean that the +re& For!es of
the Philippines !an :e a le,itiate instruent for
the o%erthrow of the !i%ilian ,o%ernent if it has
!ease& to :e the ser%ant of the people' (9ernasH
3he 1987 Constitution of the Philippines: +
Coentar"H 2003 e&'H p' ))') 3his pro%ision &oes
not appl" to the Philippine National Poli!eH
:e!ause it is separate an& &istin!t fro the
+re& For!es of the Philippines' (1e!or& of the
Constitutional CoissionH Eol' EH p' 29)H 8analo %'
Sisto=a' 312 SC1+ 239 P1999Q')
!o"trine o# In"or$oration5 Con%tit-tiona La1
619977
No' 1; 6hat &o "ou un&erstan& :" the C-o!trine
of 5n!orporationC in Constitutional 7awL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he -AC315N/ AF 5NCA1PA1+35AN eans
that the rules of 5nternational law for part of the
law of the lan& an& no le,islati%e a!tion is
re?uire& to aDe the appli!a:le to a !ountr"'
3he Philippines follows this &o!trineH :e!ause
Se!tion 2' +rti!le 55 of the Constitution states that
the Philippines a&opts the ,enerall" a!!epte&
prin!iples of international law as part of the law of
the lan&'
!o"trine o# In"or$oration5 Pa"ta S-nt
Ser*anda 689997
No M' 3he Philippines has :e!oe a e:er of
the 6orl& 3ra&e Ar,ani=ation (63A) an&
resultantl" a,ree& that it Cshall ensure the
!onforit" of its lawsH re,ulations an&
a&inistrati%e pro!e&ures with its o:li,ations as
pro%i&e& in the anne0e& +,reeents'C 3his is
assaile& as un!onstitutional :e!ause this
un&ertaDin, un&ul" liitsH restri!ts an& ipairs
Philippine so%erei,nt" an& eans aon, others
that Con,ress !oul& not pass le,islation that will
:e ,oo& for our national interest an& ,eneral
welfare if su!h le,islation will not !onfor with the
63A +,reeents' 1efute this ar,uent' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+!!or&in, to 3ana&a %' +n,araH 272 SC1+ 18
(1997)H the so%erei,nt" of the Philippines is
su:;e!t to restri!tion :" its e:ership in the
fail" of nations an& the liitations ipose& of
treat" liitations' Se!tion 2' +rti!le 55 of the
Constitution a&opts the ,enerall" a!!epte&
prin!iples of international law as part of the law of
the lan&' Ane of su!h prin!iples is pa!ta sunt
ser%an&a' 3he Constitution &i& not en%ision a
herit*liDe isolation of the !ountr" fro the rest of
the worl&'
Freedo+ #ro+ N-"ear 4ea$on%5 Foreign
0iitary &a%e% 619887
No' 22: 3he Se!retar" of >usti!e ha& re!entl" rule&
that the Presi&ent a" ne,otiate for a o&ifi!ation
or e0tension of ilitar" :ases a,reeent with the
<nite& States re,ar&less of the Cno nuDesC
pro%isions in the 1987 Constitution' 3he Presi&ent
forthwith announ!e& that she fin&s the sae opinion
Ca!!epta:leC an& will a&opt it' 3he Senators on the
other han&H le& :" the Senate Presi&entH are
sDepti!alH an& ha& e%en warne& that no treat" or
international a,reeent a" ,o into effe!t without
the !on!urren!e of two*thir&s of all e:ers of the
Senate'
+ forer senator ha& sai&H Cit is !opletel"
wron,H if not erroneousHC an& Cis an aen&ent
of the Constitution :" isinterpretation'C Soe
e:ers of the 7ower @ouse a,ree with
Se!retar" Ar&one=H while others laent the
latterBs opinion as C?uestiona:leH unfortunateH an&
without an" :asis at all'C -o "ou or &o "ou not
a,ree with the aforeentione& rulin, of the
-epartent of >usti!eL 6h"L
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
No' 3he Constitution pro%i&es that if forei,n
ilitar" :asesH troops or fa!ilities are to :e
allowe& after the e0piration of the present
Philippine*+eri!an 8ilitar" 9ases +,reeent in
1991H it ust :e Cun&er a treat" &ul" !on!urre& in
:" the Senate an&H when the Con,ress so
re?uiresH ratifie& :" a a;orit" of the %otes !ast :"
the people in a national referen&u'C (+rt' ME555H
se!' 22) + ere a,reeentH thereforeH not a
treat"H without the !on!urren!e of at least 2I3 of
all the e:ers of the Senate will not :e %ali&
(+rt' E55H se!' 21H +rt' ME555H se!' #)' 6ith respe!t
to the pro%ision allowin, nu!lear weapons within
the :asesH the Constitution appears to :an su!h
weapons fro the Philippine territor"' 5t &e!lares
as a state poli!" that Cthe PhilippinesH !onsistent
with the national interestH a&opts an& pursues a
poli!" of free&o fro nu!lear weapons in its
territor"'C (+rtH 55H se!' 8) @owe%erH the
&eli:erations of the Constitutional Coission
woul& see to in&i!ate that this pro%ision of the
Constitution is Cnot soethin, a:solute nor 100
per!ent without e0!eption'C 5t a" therefore :e
that !ir!ustan!es a" ;ustif" a pro%ision on
nu!lear weapons'
P'ii$$ine Fag 6>;<899?7
State whether or not the law is !onstitutional'
/0plain :riefl"'
1' + law !han,in, the &esi,n of the
Philippine fla,' (2N)
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
3he law is in%ali& !onsi&erin, that un&er +rti!le
ME5H Se!tion 1 of the 1987 ConstitutionH the fla,
of the Philippines shall :e re&H whiteH an& :lueH
with a sun an& three starsH as !onse!rate& an&
honore& :" the people an& re!o,ni=e& :" law'
Sin!e the Constitution itself pres!ri:es the
&esi,nH it !an onl" :e !han,e& :" !onstitutional
aen&ent'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
3he law is %ali&H pro%i&e& that the new &esi,n
&oes not !han,e the eleents an& !olor s!hee
of the fla, as state& in the ConstitutionH an& the
fla, is !onse!rate& an& honore& :" the people'
Sin!e the Constitution itself states that
the fla, ust :e re!o,ni=e& :" lawH it iplies
that !ertain aspe!ts of the fla, are su:;e!t to
!han,e throu,h le,islati%e a!tion'
Prin"i$e o# Ci*iian S-$re+a"y 6>?<899?7
2' 6hat Constitutional pro%isions institutionali=e
the prin!iple of !i%ilian suprea!"L (2'2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he followin, !onstitutional pro%isions
institutionali=e the prin!iple of !i%ilian suprea!":
1 Ci%ilian authorit" is at all ties supree
o%er the ilitar"' P+rti!le 55H Se!tion 3Q
2 3he installation of the Presi&entH the
hi,hest !i%ilian authorit"H as the Coan&er*in*
Chief of the ilitar"' P+rti!le E55H Se!tion 18Q
3 3he re?uireent that e:ers of the +FP
swear to uphol& an& &efen& the ConstitutionH whi!h
is the fun&aental law of the !i%il ,o%ernent'
P+rti!le ME5H Se!tion 2(1)Q
# 3he re?uireent that e:ers of the +FP
shall ha%e respe!t for peopleBs ri,hts in the
perforan!e of their &ut"' P+rti!le ME5H Se!tion
2(2)Q
2 Professionalis in the are& for!es'
) 5nsulation of the +FP fro partisan politi!s'
7 Prohi:ition a,ainst the appointent of an
+FP e:er in the a!ti%e ser%i!e to a !i%ilian
position' P+rti!le ME5H Se!tion 2(#)Q
8 Copulsor" retireent of offi!ers without
e0tension of ser%i!e' P+rti!le ME5H Se!tion 2(2)Q
9 1e?uireent of proportional re!ruitent
fro all pro%in!es an& !itiesH so as to a%oi& an"
re,ional !li?ue fro forin, within the +FP' P+rti!le
ME5H Se!tion 2(7)Q
10 + 3*"ear liitation on the tour of &ut" of the
Chief of StaffH whi!h althou,h e0ten&i:le in !ase of
eer,en!" :" the Presi&entH &epen&s on
Con,ressional &e!laration of eer,en!"' P+rti!le
ME5H Se!tion 2())Q
3he esta:lishent of a poli!e for!e that is not
onl" !i%ilian in !hara!ter :ut also un&er the lo!al
e0e!uti%es' P+rti!le ME5H Se!tion 2(7)Q
State I++-nity #ro+ S-it 619917
No' 13; 5n Fe:ruar" 1990H the 8inistr" of the
+r"' 1epu:li! of 5n&onesiaH in%ite& :i&s for the
suppl" of 200H000 pairs of !o:at :oots for the
use of the 5n&onesian +r"' 3he 8ariDina Shoe
CorporationH a Philippine !orporationH whi!h has
no :ran!h offi!e an& no assets in 5n&onesiaH
su:itte& a :i& to suppl" 200H000 pairs of
!o:at :oots at <'S' S30 per pair &eli%ere& in
>aDarta on or :efore 30 A!to:er 1990' 3he
!ontra!t was awar&e& :" the 8inistr" of the +r"
to 8ariDina Shoe Corporation an& was si,ne& :"
the parties in >aDarta' 8ariDina Shoe Corporation
was a:le to &eli%er onl" 200H000 pairs of !o:at
:oots in >aDarta :" 30 A!to:er 1990 an& it
re!ei%e& pa"ent for 100H000 pairs or a total of
<'S' S3H000H000'00' 3he 8inistr" of the +r"
proise& to pa" for the other 100H000 pairs
alrea&" &eli%ere& as soon as the reainin,
300H000 pairs of !o:at :oots are &eli%ere&H at
whi!h tie the sai& 300H000 pairs will also :e pai&
for' 8ariDina Shoe Corporation faile& to &eli%er
an" ore !o:at :oots'
An 1 >une 1991H the 1epu:li! of 5n&onesia file&
an a!tion :efore the 1e,ional 3rial Court of Pasi,'
1i=alH to !opel 8ariDina Shoe Corporation to
perfor the :alan!e of its o:li,ations un&er the
!ontra!t an& for &aa,es' 5n its +nswerH 8ariDina
Shoe Corporation sets up a !ounter!lai for <'S'
S3H000H000'00 representin, the pa"ent for the
100H000 pairs of !o:at :oots alrea&" &eli%ere&
:ut unpai&' 5n&onesia o%e& to &isiss the
!ounter!laiH assertin, that it is entitle& to
so%erei,n 5unit" fro suit' 3he trial !ourt
&enie& the otion to &isiss an& issue& two writs
of ,arnishent upon 5n&onesian $o%ernent
fun&s &eposite& in the Philippine National 9anD
an& Far /ast 9anD' 5n&onesia went to the Court of
+ppeals on a petition for !ertiorari un&er 1ule )2
of the 1ules of Court' @ow woul& the Court of
+ppeals &e!i&e the !aseL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he Court of +ppeals shoul& &isiss the petition
insofar as it seeDs to annul the or&er &en"in, the
otion of the $o%ernent of 5n&onesia to &isiss
the !ounter!lai' 3he !ounter!lai in this !ase is
a !opulsor" !ounter!lai sin!e it arises fro
the sae !ontra!t in%ol%e& in the !oplaint' +s
su!h it ust :e set up otherwise it will :e :arre&'
+:o%e allH as hel& in Froilan %s' Pan Ariental
Shippin, Co'H 92 Phil' 902H :" filin, a !oplaintH
the state of 5n&onesia wai%e& its iunit" fro
suit' 5t is not ri,ht that it !an sue in the !ourts :ut
it !annot :e sue&' 3he &efen&ant therefore
a!?uires the ri,ht to set up a !opulsor"
!ounter!lai a,ainst it'
@owe%erH the Court of +ppeals shoul& ,rant the
petition of the 5n&onesian ,o%ernent insofar as
it sou,ht to annul the ,arnishent of the fun&s of
5n&onesia whi!h were &eposite& in the Philippine
National 9anD an& Far /ast 9anD'
Consent to the e0er!ise of ;uris&i!tion of a forei,n
!ourt &oes not in!lu&e wai%er of the separate
iunit" fro e0e!ution' (9rownlieH Prin!iples of
Pu:li! 5nternational 7awH #th e&'H p' 3##') 3husH in
-e0ter %s' Carpenter %s' Gun,li,
>arn%a,sst"relsenH #3 Fe& 702H it was hel& the
!onsent to :e sue& &oes not ,i%e !onsent to the
atta!hent of the propert" of a so%erei,n
,o%ernent'
State I++-nity #ro+ S-it 6199?7
No' ); 3he 1epu:li! of the 9alau (forerl" Palau
5slan&s) opene& an& operate& in 8anila an offi!e
en,a,e& in tra&in, 9alau pro&u!ts with Philippine
pro&u!ts' 5n one transa!tionH the lo!al :u"er
!oplaine& that the 9alau ,oo&s &eli%ere& to hi
were su:stan&ar& an& he sue& the 1epu:li! of
9alauH :efore the 1e,ional 3rial Court of Pasi,H
for &aa,es' a) @ow !an the 1epu:li! of 9alau
in%oDe its so%erei,n iunit"L /0plain' :) 6ill
su!h &efense of so%erei,n iunit" prosperL
/0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+) 3he 1epu:li! of 9alau !an in%oDe its
so%erei,n 5unit" :" filin, a otion to &isiss
in a!!or&an!e with Se!tion l(a)H 1ule 1) of the
1ules of Court on the ,roun& that the !ourt has
no ;uris&i!tion o%er its person'
+!!or&in, to the @ol" See %s' 1osarioH 238 SC1+
22#H in Pu:li! 5nternational 7awH when a State
wishes to plea& so%erei,n iunit" in a forei,n
!ourtH it re?uests the Forei,n Affi!e of the State
where it is :ein, sue& to !on%e" to the !ourt that it
is entitle& to iunit"' 5n the PhilippinesH the
pra!ti!e is for the forei,n ,o%ernent to first
se!ure an e0e!uti%e en&orseent of its !lai of
so%erei,n iunit"' 5n soe !asesH the &efense
of so%erei,n iunit" is su:itte& &ire!tl" to the
lo!al !ourt :" the forei,n ,o%ernent throu,h
!ounsel :" filin, a otion to &isiss on the
,roun& that the !ourt has no >uris&i!tion o%er its
person'
:) NoH the &efense of so%erei,n 5unit" will not
prosper' 3he sale of 9alau pro&u!ts is a !ontra!t
in%ol%in, a !oer!ial a!ti%it"' 5n <nite& States %s'
1ui=H 13)SC1+#87 an& <nite& States %s' $uintoH
182 SC1+ )##H it was state& that a forei,n State
!annot in%oDe 5unit" fro suit if it enters into a
!oer!ial !ontra!t' 3he Philippines a&heres to
1/S315C35E/ SAE/1/5$N 588<N53O'
No' 13: + propert" owner file& an a!tion &ire!tl"
in !ourt a,ainst the 1epu:li! of the Philippines
seeDin, pa"ent for a par!el of lan& whi!h the
national ,o%ernent utili=e& for a roa& wi&enin,
pro;e!t'
(1) Can the ,o%ernent in%oDe the &o!trine of
non*suita:ilit" of the stateL
(2) 5n !onne!tion with the pre!e&in,
?uestionH !an the propert" owner ,arnish pu:li!
fun&s to satisf" his !lai for pa"entL /0plain
"our answers'
4
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(1) NoH the ,o%ernent !annot in%oDe the &o!trine
of state of iunit" fro suit' +s hel& in 8inisterio
%s' Court of First 5nstan!e of Ce:uH #0 SC1+ #)#H
when the ,o%ernent e0propriates propert" for
pu:li! use without pa"in, ;ust !opensationH it
!annot in%oDe its iunit" fro the suit'
AtherwiseH the ri,ht ,uarantee& in Se!tion 9H
+rti!le 555 of the 1987 Constitution that pri%ate
propert" shall not :e taDen for pu:li! use without
;ust !opensation will :e ren&ere& nu,ator"'
(2) NoH the owner !annot ,arnish pu:li! fun&s to
satisf" his !lai for pa"entH Se!tion 7 of +!t No'
3083 prohi:its e0e!ution upon an" ;u&,ent
a,ainst the ,o%ernent' +s hel& in 1epu:li! %s'
Pala!ioH 23 SC1+ 899H e%en if the ,o%ernent
a" :e sue&H it &oes not follow that its properties
a" :e sei=e& un&er e0e!ution'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
(2) NoH fun&s of the ,o%ernent on &eposit in
the :anD !annot :e ,arnishe& for two reasons:
1 <n&er +rt' 55H Se!' 29 (1) pu:li! fun&s !annot :e
spent e0!ept in pursuan!e of an appropriation a&e :"
lawH an&
2 essential pu:li! ser%i!es will :e ipaire& if fun&s
of the ,o%ernent were su:;e!t to e0e!utionH
(Coissioner of Pu:li! @i,hwa"s %s' San -ie,oH 31
SC1+ )1) (1970))' 3he ree&" of the pre%ailin, part" is
to ha%e the ;u&,ent !re&it in his fa%or in!lu&e& in the
,eneral appropriations law for the ne0t "ear'
State I++-nity #ro+ S-it 6199;7
No' ); >ohnn" was eplo"e& as a &ri%er :" the
8uni!ipalit" of CalupitH 9ula!an' 6hile &ri%in,
re!Dlessl" a uni!ipal &up tru!D with its loa& of
san& for the repair of uni!ipal streetsH >ohnn"
hit a ;eepne"' 3wo passen,ers of the ;eepne"
were Dille&'
3he San,,unian, 9a"an passe& an or&inan!e
appropriatin, P300H000 as !opensation for the
heirs of the %i!tis' 1) 5s the uni!ipalit" lia:le
for the ne,li,en!e
of >ohnn"L 2) 5s the uni!ipal
or&inan!e %ali&L
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1) OesH the 8uni!ipalit" of Calupit is lia:le for
the ne,li,en!e of its &ri%er >ohnn"' <n&er
Se!tion 2# of the 7o!al $o%ernent Co&eH lo!al
,o%ernent units are not e0ept fro lia:ilit" for
&eath or in;ur" to persons or &aa,e to propert"'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
NoH the uni!ipalit" is not lia:le for the ne,li,en!e
of >ohnn"H the pre%ailin, rule in the law of
uni!ipal !orporations is that a uni!ipalit" is not
lia:le for the torts !oitte& :" its re,ular
eplo"ees in the &is!har,e of ,o%ernental
fun!tions' 3he uni!ipalit" is answera:le onl"
when it is a!tin, in a proprietar" !apa!it"'
5n the !ase at :arH >ohnn" was a re,ular
eplo"ee of the 8uni!ipalit" of Calupit as
&ri%er of its &up tru!D; he !oitte& a tortious
a!t while &is!har,in, a ,o%ernental fun!tion for
the uni!ipalit"H ie'H &ri%in, re!Dlessl" the sai&
tru!D loa&e& with san& for the repair of uni!ipal
streets' <n&ou:te&l" thenH >ohnn" as &ri%er of
the &up tru!D was perforin, a &ut" or tasD
pertainin, to his offi!e' 3he !onstru!tion or
aintenan!e of pu:li! streets are a&itte&l"
,o%ernental a!ti%ities' +t the tie of the
a!!i&entH >ohnn" was en,a,e& in the &is!har,e
of ,o%ernental fun!tions'
@en!eH the &eath of the two passen,ers of the
;eepne" *tra,i! an& &eplora:le thou,h it a" :e
* ipose& on the uni!ipalit" no &ut" to pa"
onetar" !opensationH as hel& in 8uni!ipalit"
of San' Fernan&o %' FireH 192 SC1+ )92'
No' 9: 3he Northern 7u=on 5rri,ation +uthorit"
(N75+) was esta:lishe& :" a le,islati%e !harter to
stren,then the irri,ation s"stes that suppl"
water to fars an& !oer!ial ,rowers in the
area' 6hile the N75+ is a:le to ,enerate
re%enues throu,h its operationsH it re!ei%es an
annual appropriation fro Con,ress' 3he N75+ is
authori=e& to Ce0er!ise all the powers of a
!orporation un&er the Corporation Co&e'C
-ue to a is!al!ulation :" soe of its
eplo"eesH there was a assi%e irri,ation
o%erflow !ausin, a flash floo& in 9arrio .an;era' +
!hil& &rowne& in the in!i&ent an& his parents now
file suit a,ainst 3he N75+ for &aa,es'
8a" the N75+ %ali&l" in%oDe the iunit" of the
State fro suitL -is!uss thorou,hl"'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
NoH the Northern 7u=on 5rri,ation +uthorit" a"
not in%oDe the iunit" of the State fro suitH
:e!auseH as hel& in Fontanilla %s' 8aliaanH 179
SC1+ )82 an& 19# SC1+ #8)H irri,ation is a
proprietar" fun!tion' 9esi&esH the Northern 7u=on
5rri,ation +uthorit" has a ;uri&i!al personalit"
separate an& &istin!t fro the ,o%ernentH a suit
a,ainst it is not a suit a,ainst the State' Sin!e the
wai%er of the iunit" fro suit is without
?ualifi!ationH as hel& in 1a"o %s' Court of First
5nstan!e of 9ula!anH 110 SC1+ #2)H the wai%er
in!lu&es an a!tion :ase& on a ?uasi*&eli!t'
+' 1') 6hat &o "ou un&erstan& :" state iunit"
fro suitL /0plain' (2N)
2') @ow a" !onsent of the state to :e sue& :e
,i%enL /0plain' (2N) SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1') S3+3/ 588<N53O F1A8 S<53 eans that
the State !annot :e sue& without its !onsent' +
!orollar" of su!h prin!iple is that properties use&
:" the State in the perforan!e of its
,o%ernental fun!tions !annot :e su:;e!t to
;u&i!ial e0e!ution'
2') Consent of the State to :e sue& a" :e a&e
e0pressl" as in the !ase of a spe!ifi!H e0press
pro%ision of law as wai%er of State iunit" fro
suit is not inferre& li,htl" (e',' C'+' 327 as aen&e&
:" P- 1##2T or iplie&l" as when the State
en,a,es in proprietar" fun!tions (<'S'
%' 1ui=H <'S' %' $uinto) or when it files a suit in whi!h
!ase the a&%erse part" a" file a !ounter!lai
(Froilan %' Pan Ariental Shippin,) or when the &o!trine
woul& in effe!t :e use& to perpetuate an in;usti!e
(+i,a:le %' Cuen!aH #3
SC1+ 3)0)'
No E5 * 9' 3he eplo"ees of the Philippine
3o:a!!o +&inistration (P3+) sue& to re!o%er
o%ertie pa"' 5n resistin, su!h !laiH the P3+
theori=e& that it is perforin, ,o%ernental
fun!tions' -e!i&e an& e0plain' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+s hel& in Philippine Eir,inia 3o:a!!o
+&inistration %' Court of 5n&ustrial 1elationsH )2
SC1+ #1)H the Philippine 3o:a!!o +&inistration
is not lia:le for o%ertie pa"H sin!e it is perforin,
,o%ernental fun!tions' +on, its purposes are
to proote the effe!ti%e er!han&isin, of to:a!!o
so that those en,a,e& in the to:a!!o in&ustr" will
ha%e e!onoi! se!urit"H to sta:ili=e the pri!e of
to:a!!oH an& to ipro%e the li%in, an&
e!onoi! !on&itions of those en,a,e& in the
to:a!!o in&ustr"'
(a) CMC file& a !ase a,ainst the 1epu:li! of the
Philippines for &aa,es !ause& his "a!htH whi!h
was rae& :" a na%" %essel'
(:) CMC also sue& in another !ase the
Se!retar" of Pu:li! 6orDs an& the 1epu:li! of the
Philippines for pa"ent of the !opensation of
the %alue of his lan&H whi!h was use& as part of
the tara! of the Ce:u 5nternational +irportH
without prior e0propriation pro!ee&in,s'
5
3he Soli!itor $eneral o%e& to &isiss the two
!ases in%oDin, state iunit" fro suit -e!i&e'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(a) 3he ,o%ernent !annot :e sue& for &aa,es
!onsi&erin, that the a,en!" whi!h !ause& the
&aa,es was the Philippine Na%"' <n&er +rt'
2180 of the Ci%il Co&eH the state !onsents to :e
sue& for a ?uasi*&eli!t onl" when the &aa,e is
!ause& :" its spe!ial a,ents' @en!eH the Soli!itor
$eneralBs otion shoul& :e ,rante& an& the suit
:rou,ht :" CMC :e &isisse&'
(:) 9ut the ,o%ernent C+NNA3 5NEAG/ the
stateBs iunit" fro suit' +s hel& in 8inisterio
%' Court of First 5nstan!e' #0 SC1+ #)# (1971)H
whi!h also in%ol%e& the taDin, of pri%ate propert"
without the :enefit of e0propriation pro!ee&in,H
C3he &o!trine of ,o%ernental iunit" fro suit
!annot ser%e as an instruent for perpetratin, an
in;usti!e on a !iti=en' ' ' ' 6hen the ,o%ernent
taDes an" propert" for pu:li! useH whi!h is
!on&itional upon the pa"ent of ;ust
!opensationH to :e ;u&i!iall" as!ertaine&H it
aDes anifest that it su:its to the ;uris&i!tion
of the !ourt'C 3he Soli!itor $eneralBs otion to
&isiss shoul&H thereforeH :e &enie&'
State I++-nity *%= 4ai*er o# I++-nity 619977
NoH ): 5t is sai& that Cwai%er of iunit" :" the
State &oes not ean a !on!ession of its lia:ilit"C'
6hat are the ipli!ations of this phraseL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he phrase that wai%er of iunit" :" the State
&oes not ean a !on!ession of lia:ilit" eans
that :" !onsentin, to :e sue&H the State &oes not
ne!essaril" a&it it is lia:le' +s state& in
Philippine 1o!D 5n&ustriesH 5n!' %s' 9oar& of
7i?ui&atorsH 180 SC1+ 171H in su!h a !ase the
State is erel" ,i%in, the plaintiff a !han!e to
pro%e that the State is lia:le :ut the State retains
the ri,ht to raise all lawful &efenses'
State I++-nity #ro+ S-it 6199:7
No 19: -e%i is the owner of a pie!e of lan&'
6ithout prior e0propriation or ne,otiate& saleH the
national ,o%ernent use& a portion thereof for the
wi&enin, of the national hi,hwa"' -e%i file& a
one" !lai with the Coission on +u&it whi!h
was &enie&' 7eft with no other re!ourseH -e%i file&
a !oplaint for re!o%er" of propert" an&Ior
&aa,es a,ainst the Se!retar" of Pu:li! 6orDs
an& @i,hwa"s an& the 1epu:li! of the PhilippinesH
3he &efen&ant o%e& for &isissal of the
!oplaint !onten&in, that the ,o%ernent !annot
:e sue& without its !onsent' 3he 13C &isisse&
the !oplaint' An appealH how woul& "ou &e!i&e
the !ase'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he or&er &isissin, the !oplaint shoul& :e
re%erse&' 5n 8inisterio %' Court of First 5nstan!e of
Ce:uH #0 SC1+ #)#H it was hel& that when the
,o%ernent taDes propert" fro a pri%ate
lan&owner without prior e0propriation or
ne,otiate& saleH the lan&owner a" aintain a
suit a,ainst the ,o%ernent without %iolatin, the
&o!trine of ,o%ernent 5unit" fro suit' 3he
,o%ernent shoul& :e &eee& to ha%e wai%e&
iplie&l" its iunit" fro suit' AtherwiseH the
!onstitutional ,uarantee that pri%ate propert" shall
not :e taDen for pu:li! use without ;ust
!opensation will :e ren&ere& nu,ator"'
State Prin"i$e% B Poi"ie% 6199;7
No' 1; 6hat is the state poli!" on:
a) worDin, woenL :) e!olo,"L
!) the s":ols of statehoo&L &)
!ultural inoritiesL e) s!ien!e an&
te!hnolo,"L
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
a) Se!tion 1#H +rti!le M555 of the Constitution
pro%i&es: C3he State shall prote!t 4ORCIN2
4O0EN :" pro%i&in, safe an& healthful worDin,
!on&itionsH taDin, into a!!ount their aternal
fun!tionsH an& su!h fa!ilities an& opportunities
that will enhan!e their welfare an& ena:le the to
reali=e their full potential in the ser%i!e of the
nation'C
:) Se!tion 1)H +rti!le 55 of the Constitution
pro%i&es: 3he State shall prote!t an& a&%an!e
the ri,ht of the people an& their posterit" to a
:alan!e& an& healthful ECOLO2D in a!!or& with
the rh"th an& haron" of nature'C
!) Se!tion 1H +rti!le ME55 of the Constitution
pro%i&es: C3he FLA2 OF THE PHILIPPINES
shall :e re&H whiteH an& :lueH with a sun an&
three starsH as !onse!rate& an& honore& :" the
people an& re!o,ni=e& :" law'C
Se!tion 2H +rti!le ME5 of the Constitution states:
3he Con,ress a" :" lawH a&opt a new nae for
the !ountr"H a national antheH or a national sealH
whi!h shall all :e trul" refle!ti%e an& s":oli! of
the i&ealsH histor"H an& tra&itions of the people'
Su!h law shall taDe effe!t onl" upon its
ratifi!ation :" the people in a national
referen&u'C
&) Se!tion 22H +rti!le 55 of the Constitution
pro%i&es: 3he State re!o,ni=es an& prootes the
ri,hts of IN!I2ENOUS CULTURAL
CO00UNITIES within the fraeworD of national
unit" an& &e%elopent'C
Se!tion 2H +rti!le M55 of the Constitution rea&s: 3he
StateH su:;e!t to the pro%isions of this Constitution
an& national &e%elopent poli!ies an& pro,rasH
shall prote!t the ri,hts of in&i,enous !ultural
!ounities to their an!estral lan&s to ensure
their e!onoi!H so!ial an& !ultural well*:ein,'
3he Con,ress a" pro%i&e for the appli!a:ilit" of
!ustoar" laws ,o%ernin, propert" ri,hts or
relations in &eterinin, the ownership an& e0tent
of the an!estral &oains'C
Se!tion )H +rt' M555 of the Constitution pro%i&es: 3he
State shall appl" the prin!iples of A2RARIAN
REFOR0 or stewar&shipH whene%er appli!a:le in
a!!or&an!e with lawH in the &isposition or utili=ation
of other natural resour!esH in!lu&in, lan&s of the
pu:li! &oain un&er lease or !on!ession suita:le
to a,ri!ultureH su:;e!t to prior ri,htsH hoestea&
ri,hts of sall settlersH an& the ri,hts of in&i,enous
!ounities to their an!estral lan&s'
3he State a" resettle lan&less farers an& far
worDers in its own a,ri!ultural estates whi!h shall
:e &istri:ute& to the in the anner pro%i&e& :"
law'C
Se!tion 17' +rti!le M5E of the Constitution states:
C3he State shall re!o,ni=eH respe!t an& prote!t
the ri,hts of in&i,enous !ultural !ounities to
preser%e an& &e%elop their !ulturesH tra&itionsH
an& institutions' 5t shall
!onsi&er these ri,hts in the forulation of
national plans an& poli!ies'C
e) Se!tion 17H +rti!le 55 of the Constitution
pro%i&es: C3he State shall ,i%e priorit" to
E!UCATION3 SCIENCE an& TECHNOLO2D3
ARTS3 CULTURE3 an& SPORTS to foster
patriotis an& nationalisH a!!elerate so!ial
pro,ressH an& proote total huan li:eration an&
&e%elopent'C
Se!tion 1#H +rti!le M55 of the Constitution rea&s in
part: C3he sustaine& &e%elopent of a reser%oir of
NATIONAL TALENTS !onsistin, of Filipino
s!ientistsH entrepreneursH professionalsH
ana,ersH hi,h*le%el te!hni!al anpower an&
sDille& worDers an& !raftsen shall :e proote&
:" the StateH 3he State shall en!oura,e
appropriate te!hnolo," an& re,ulate 5ts transfer
for the national :enefit'
Su:*se!tion 2H Se!tion 3' +rti!le M5E of the
Constitution states: C3he" (E!UCATIONAL
INSTITUTIONS) shall in!ul!ate patriotis an&
nationalisH foster lo%e of huanit"H respe!t for
huan ri,htsH appre!iation of the role of national
heroes in the histori!al &e%elopent of the
!ountr"H tea!h the ri,hts an& &uties of !iti=enshipH
stren,then ethi!al an& spiritual %aluesH &e%elop
oral !hara!ter an& personal &is!iplineH
en!oura,e !riti!al an& !reati%e thinDin,H :roa&en
s!ientifi! an& te!hnolo,i!al Dnowle&,eH an&
proote %o!ational effi!ien!"'C
Se!tion 10' +rti!le M5E of the Constitution &e!lares:
CSCIENCE an& TECHNOLO2D are essential for
national &e%elopent an& pro,ress' 3he State shall
,i%e priorit" to resear!h an& &e%elopentH
in%entionH inno%ationH an& their utili=ation; an& to
s!ien!e an& te!hnolo," e&u!ationH trainin,H
ser%i!es' 5t shall support in&i,enousH appropriateH
an& self*reliant s!ientifi! an& !ultural !apa:ilitiesH
an& their appli!ation to the !ountr"Bs pro&u!ti%e
s"stes an& national life'C
Se!tion 11H +rti!le M5E of the Constitution pro%i&es:
C3he Con,ress a" pro%i&e for in!enti%esH
in!lu&in, TA/ !E!UCTIONSH to en!oura,e
pri%ate parti!ipation in pro,ras of :asi! an&
applie& s!ientifi! resear!h' S!holarshipsH ,rants*in*
ai& or other fors of 5n!enti%es shall :e pro%i&e& to
&eser%in, s!ien!e stu&entsH resear!hersH
s!ientistsH in%estorsH te!hnolo,istsH an& spe!iall"
,ifte& !iti=ens'C
Se!tion 12H +rti!le M5E of the Constitution rea&s:
3he State shall re,ulate the transfer an& proote
the a&aptation of te!hnolo," fro all sour!es for
the national :enefit' 5t shall en!oura,e wi&est
parti!ipation of pri%ate ,roupsH lo!al ,o%ernentsH
an& !ounit"*:ase& or,ani=ations in the
,eneration an& utili=ation of s!ien!e an&
te!hnolo,"'C
NOTE: 5t is su,,este& that if an e0ainee ,a%e a su:stanti%e
answer without ,i%in, the e0a!t pro%isions of the ConstitutionH
then he shoul& :e ,i%en full !re&it' FurtherH one pro%ision
?uote&I&is!usse& :" the e0ainee shoul& :e suffi!ient for hi
to :e ,i%en full !re&it'
Tran%$aren"y5 0atter% o# P-bi" Intere%t
619897
No' 3: -oes the 1987 Constitution pro%i&e for a
poli!" of transparen!" in atters of pu:li!
interestL /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
OesH the 1987 Constitution pro%i&es for a poli!"
of transparen!" in atters of pu:li! interest'
Se!tion 28H +rti!le 55 of the 1987 Constitution
pro%i&es:
1 CSu:;e!t to reasona:le !on&itions
pres!ri:e& :" lawH the State a&opts an& ipleents
a poli!" of full &is!losure of all its transa!tions
in%ol%in, pu:li! interestHC
2 Se!tion 7H +rti!le 555 of the 1987 Constitution
states: C3he ri,ht of the people to inforation on
atters of pu:li! !on!ern shall :e re!o,ni=e&H
+!!ess to offi!ial re!or&sH an& to &o!uentsH an&
papers pertainin, to offi!ial a!tsH transa!tionsH or
&e!isionsH as well as to ,o%ernent resear!h &ata
use& as :asis for poli!" &e%elopentH shall :e
affor&e& the !iti=enH su:;e!t to su!h liitations as
a" :e pro%i&e& :" law'C
3 Se!tion 20H +rti!le E5 of the 1987
Constitution rea&s: C3he re!or&s an& :ooDs of
a!!ount of the Con,ress shall :e preser%e& an& :e
open to the pu:li! in a!!or&an!e with lawH an& su!h
:ooDs shall :e au&ite& :" the Coission on +u&it
whi!h shall pu:lish annuall" an itei=e& list of
aounts pai& to an& e0penses in!urre& for ea!h
e:er'C
# <n&er Se!tion 17H +rti!le M5 of the 1987
ConstitutionH the sworn stateent of assetsH
lia:ilities an& net worth of the Presi&entH the Ei!e*
Presi&entH the 8e:ers of the Ca:inetH the
Con,ressH the Supree CourtH the Constitutional
Coission an& other !onstitutional offi!esH an&
offi!ers of the
are& for!es with ,eneral or fla, ranD file&
upon their assuption of offi!e shall :e
&is!lose& to the pu:li! in the anner pro%i&e&
:" law'
1 Se!tion 21H +rti!le M55 of the Constitution
&e!lares: C5nforation on forei,n loans o:taine& or
,uarantee& :" the ,o%ernent shall :e a&e a%aila:le
to the pu:li!'C
2 +s hel& in Ealonte %s' 9elonteH $'1' No'
7#930H Fe:' 13H 1989H these pro%isions on pu:li!
&is!losures are inten&e& to enhan!e the role of the
!iti=enr" in ,o%ernental &e!ision*aDin, as well as in
!he!Din, a:use in ,o%ernent'
6
Tran%$aren"y5 0atter% o# P-bi" Intere%t
689997
No E' State at least three !onstitutional pro%isions
refle!tin, the State poli!" on transparen!" in
atters of pu:li! interest' 6hat is the purpose of
sai& poli!"L (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he followin, are the !onstitutional pro%isions
refle!tin, the State poli!" on transparen!" in
atters of pu:li! interest:
1' CSu:;e!t to reasona:le !on&itions pres!ri:e&
:" lawH the State a&opts an& 5pleents a poli!"
of full pu:li! &is!losure of all its transa!tions
in%ol%in, pu:li! interest'C (Se!tion 28H +rti!le 55)
2' 3he ri,ht of the people to inforation on
atters of pu:li! !on!ern shall :e re!o,ni=e&'
+!!ess to offi!ial re!or&sH an& to &o!uentsH an&
papers pertainin, to offi!ial a!tsH transa!tionsH or
&e!isionsH as well as to ,o%ernent resear!h &ata
use& as :asis for poli!" &e%elopentH shall :e
affor&e& to !iti=enH su:;e!t to su!h liitations as
a" :e pro%i&e& :" law'C (Se!tion 7H +rti!le 555)
3' 3he re!or&s an& :ooDs of a!!ounts of the
Con,ress shall :e preser%e& an& :e open to the
pu:li! in a!!or&an!e with lawH an& su!h :ooDs
shall :e au&ite& :" the Coission on +u&it
whi!h shall pu:lish annuall" an itei=e& list of
aounts pai& to an& e0penses in!urre& for ea!h
8e:er'C (Se!tion 20' +rti!le E5)
#' 3he Affi!e of the A:u&san shall ha%e the
followin, powersH fun!tionsH an& &uties: MMM
MMM
()) Pu:li!i=e atters !o%ere& :" its
in%esti,ation when !ir!ustan!es so
warrant an& with &ue pru&en!eHC (Se!tion
12H +rti!le M5)
2' C+ pu:li! offi!er or eplo"ee shallH upon
assuption of offi!eH an& as often as thereafter
a" :e re?uire& :" lawH su:it a &e!laration
un&er oath of his assetsH lia:ilitiesH an& net worth'
5n the !ase of the Presi&entH the Ei!e Presi&entH
the 8e:ers of the Ca:inetH the Con,ressH the
Supree CourtH the Constitutional Coissions
an& other !onstitutional offi!esH an& offi!ers of the
are& for!es with ,eneral or fla, ranDH the
&e!laration shall :e &is!lose& to the pu:li! in the
anner pro%i&e& :" law'C (Se!tion 17H +rti!le M5)
)' C5nforation on forei,n loans o:taine& or
,uarantee& :" the $o%ernent shall :e a&e
a%aila:le to the pu:li!'C (Se!tion 21 +rti!le M55)
+s e0plaine& 5n Ealonte %' 9elonteH
170 SC1+ 22) (1989)H the purpose of the
poli!" is to prote!t the people fro a:use
of ,o%ernental power' 5f a!!ess to
inforation of pu:li! !on!ern is &enie&H
the postulate Cpu:li! offi!e is a pu:li!
trustC woul& :e ere ept" wor&s' UNote:
3he e0ainee shoul& :e ,i%en full !re&it if
he ,i%es an" three of the a:o%e*
entione& pro%isions'T
ARTICLE III &i o# Rig't%
&i o# Attainder 619877
No' M5: Con,ress passe& a law relatin, to
offi!ials an& eplo"ees who ha& ser%e& in the
$o%ernent for the perio& fro Septe:er 21H
1972 up to Fe:ruar" 22H 198)'
(a) Ane pro%ision of the law &e!lare& all
offi!ials fro the ranD of assistant hea& of a
&epartentH :ureauH offi!e or a,en!" C<nfitC for
!ontinue& ser%i!e in the ,o%ernent an& &e!lare&
their respe!ti%e positions %a!ant'
(:) +nother pro%ision re?uire& all the other
offi!ials an& eplo"ees to taDe an oath of lo"alt"
to the fla, an& ,o%ernent as a !on&ition for
their !ontinue& eplo"ent' +re the two
pro%isions %ali&L 6h"L
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(a) 3he law is a :ill of attain&er :" whi!h
Con,ressH :" assuin, ;u&i!ial a,istra!"H in
effe!t &e!lares all offi!ials an& eplo"ees &urin,
artial law (Septe:er 21H 1972Fe:ruar" 22H
198)) as &islo"al an&H on this :asisH reo%es
soe while su:;e!tin, others to a lo"alt" test'
6ith respe!t to the pro%ision &e!larin, positions
%a!antH e%en the power to reor,ani=e !an not
:e in%oDe& :e!ause un&er the Free&o
Constitution su!h power !an :e e0er!ise& onl" :"
the Presi&ent an& onl" up to Fe:ruar" 22H 1987'
Sin!e the law un&er ?uestion was presua:l"
passe& after Fe:ruar" 22H 1987 an& :" Con,ressH
it is un!onstitutional'
(:) 6ith respe!t to the pro%ision re?uirin, the
lo"alt" testH lo"alt" as a ,eneral rule is a rele%ant
!onsi&eration in assessin, eplo"eesB fitness'
@owe%erH the re?uireent in this !ase is not a
,eneral re?uireent :ut sin,les out Cartial lawC
eplo"ees an& therefore is a&inistere& in a
&is!riinator" anner' 7o"alt"H thereforeH while a
rele%ant !onsi&eration in other !ir!ustan!esH is
:ein, eplo"e& in this !ase for an un!onstitutional
purpose'
&i o# Attainder 619997
No' 1; /0e!uti%e Ar&ers Nos' 1 an& 2 issue& :"
Presi&ent Cora=on C' +?uino !reate& the
Presi&ential Coission on $oo& $o%ernent
(PC$$) an& epowere& it to se?uester an"
propert" shown pria fa!ie to :e ill*,otten wealth
of the late Presi&ent 8ar!osH his relati%es an&
!ronies' /0e!uti%e Ar&er No' 1# %ests on the
San&i,an:a"an ;uris&i!tion to tr" hi&&en wealth
!ases' An +pril 1#H 198)H after an in%esti,ationH
the PC$$ se?uestere& the assets of M
CorporationH 5n!'
(1) M CorporationH 5n!' !laie& that Presi&ent
+?uinoH as Presi&entH !oul& not lawfull" issue
/0e!uti%e Ar&ers Nos' 1H 2 an& 1#H whi!h ha%e
the for!e of lawH on the ,roun& that le,islation is
a fun!tion of Con,ress' -e!i&e'
(2) Sai& !orporation also ?uestione& the
%ali&it" of the three e0e!uti%e or&ers on the
,roun& that the" are :ills of attain&er an&H
thereforeH un!onstitutional' -e!i&e'
7
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(1) /0e!uti%e Ar&ers Nos' 1H 2 an& 1# were
issue& in 198)' +t that tie Presi&ent Cora=on
+?uino e0er!ise& le,islati%e power ''''
(2) /0e!uti%e Ar&ers Nos' 1H 2 an& 1# are not
:ills of attain&er' A bi'' o) a++ainder is a 'egis'a+i/e
ac+ &-ic- in)'ic+s p*nis-0en+ &i+-o*+ 1*dicia' +ria'.
+!!or&in,l"H it was hel& in 9ataan Ship"ar&s an&
/n,ineerin, !opan"' 5n!' %' Presi&ential
Coission on $oo& $o%ernentH that
/0e!uti%e Ar&ers Nos' 1H 2 an& 1# are not :ills of
attain&erH :e!ause the" &o not infli!t an"
punishent' An the !ontrar"H the" e0pressl"
pro%i&e that an" ;u&,ent that the propert"
se?uestere& is ill*,otten wealth is to :e a&e :"
a !ourt (the San&i,an:a"an) onl" after trial'
C-%todia In*e%tigation5 E,traE-di"ia Con#e%%ion
689917
No 5M * 1afaelH Carlos an& >oseph were a!!use& of
ur&er :efore the 1e,ional 3rial Court of 8anila'
+!!use& >oseph turne& state witness a,ainst his
!o*a!!use& 1afael an& CarlosH an& was
a!!or&in,l" &is!har,e& fro the inforation'
+on, the e%i&en!e presente& :" the prose!ution
was an e0tra;u&i!ial !onfession a&e :" >oseph
&urin, the !usto&ial 5n%esti,ationH ipli!atin,
1afael an& Carlos whoH he sai&H to,ether with hi
(>oseph)H !oitte& the !rie' 3he e0tra;u&i!ial
!onfession was e0e!ute& without the assistan!e of
!ounsel'
+!!use& 1afael an& Carlos %eheentl" o:;e!te&
on the ,roun& that sai& e0tra;u&i!ial !onfession
was ina&issi:le in e%i&en!e a,ainst the'
1ule on whether the sai& e0tra;u&i!ial !onfession
is a&issi:le in e%i&en!e or not' (2N)
+!!or&in, to People %s' 9alisterosH 237 SC1+
#99 (199#)H the !onfession is a&issi:le' <n&er
Se!tion 12H +rti!le 555 of the ConstitutionH the
!onfession is ina&issi:le onl" a,ainst the one
who !onfesse&' Anl" the one whose ri,hts were
%iolate& !an raise the o:;e!tion as his ri,ht is
personal'
SECON! ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER5
+!!or&in, to People us' >araH 1## SC1+
21)(198))H the !onfession is ina&issi:le' 5f it is
ina&issi:le a,ainst the one who !onfesse&H with
ore reason it shoul& :e ina&issi:le a,ainst
others'
C-%todia In*e%tigation5 E,traE-di"ia
Con#e%%ion5 Poi"e Line<U$ 6199;7
No' 10: +n inforation for parri!i&e was file&
a,ainst -ann"' +fter the N95 foun& an e"ewitness
to the !oission of the !rie' -ann" was
pla!e& in a poli!e line*up where he was i&entifie&
as the one who shot the %i!ti' +fter the line*upH
-ann" a&e a !onfession to a newspaper
reporter who inter%iewe& hi' 1) Can -ann" !lai
that his i&entifi!ation :"
the e"ewitness :e e0!lu&e& on the ,roun&
that the line*up was a&e without :enefit
of his !ounselL 2) Can -ann" !lai that his
!onfession :e
e0!lu&e& on the ,roun& that he was not
affor&e& his C8iran&aC ri,htsL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1) NoH the i&entifi!ation of -ann"H a pri%ate
personH :" an e"ewitness &urin, the line*up
!annot :e e0!lu&e& in e%i&en!e' 5n a!!or&an!e
with the rulin, in People %s' @attonH 210 SC1+ 1H
the a!!use& is not entitle& to :e assiste& :"
!ounsel &urin, a poli!e line*upH :e!ause it is not
part of !usto&ial in%esti,ation'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER5
OesH in <nite& States %' 6a&eH 338 <'S' 218
(19)7) an& $il:ert %' CaliforniaH 338 <'S' 2)3
(19)7)' it was hel& that on the :asis of the Si0thH
rather than the Fifth +en&ent (e?ui%alent to
+rt' 555H Se!' 1# (2) rather than Se!' 12(1))H the
poli!e line*up is su!h a !riti!al sta,e that it !arries
Cpotential su:stantial pre;u&i!eC for whi!h reason
the a!!use& is entitle& to the assistan!e of
Counsel'
2) No' -ann" !annot asD that his !onfession to a
newspaper reporter shoul& :e e0!lu&e& in
e%i&en!e' +s hel& in People %s' 9ernar&oH 220
SC1+ 31H su!h an a&ission was not a&e
&urin, a !usto&ial interro,ation :ut a %oluntar"
stateent a&e to the e&ia'
C-%todia In*e%tigation5 Poi"e Line<U$ 619977
No' 10: +H while on :oar& a passen,er ;eep one
ni,htH was hel& up :" a ,roup of three teena,ers
who for!i:l" &i%este& her of her wat!hH ne!Dla!e
an& wallet !ontainin, P100'00' 3hat &oneH the trio
;upe& off the passen,er ;eep an& fle&' 9H the
;eep &ri%erH an& + !oplaine& to the poli!e to
who the" ,a%e &es!ription of the !ulprits'
+!!or&in, to the ;eep &ri%erH he woul& :e a:le to
i&entif" the !ulprits if presente& to hi' Ne0t
ornin, + an& 9 were suone& to the poli!e
station where fi%e persons were line& up :efore
the for i&entifi!ation' + an& 9 positi%el" i&entifie&
C an& - as the !ulprits' +fter preliinar"
in%esti,ation' C an& - an& one >ohn -oe were
!har,e& with ro::er" in an inforation file&
a,ainst the in !ourt' C an& - set upH in &efenseH
the ille,alit" of their apprehensionH arrest an&
!onfineent :ase& on the i&entifi!ation a&e of
the :" + an& 9 at a poli!e line*up at whi!h the"
were not assiste& :" !ounsel' @ow woul& "ou
resol%e the issues raise& :" C an& -L
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he ar,uents of the a!!use& are untena:le' +s
hel& in People %s' +!otH 232 SC1+ #0)H the
warrantless arrest of a!!use& ro::ers 5e&iatel"
after their !oission of the !rie :" poli!e
offi!ers sent to looD for the on the :asis of the
inforation relate& :" the %i!tis is
%ali& un&er Se!tion 2(:)'1ule 113 of the 1ules on
Criinal Pro!e&ure' +!!or&in, to People %s'
7asin,H 2#8 SC1+ #71H the ri,ht to !ounsel
&oes not e0ten& to poli!e line*upsH :e!ause the"
are not part of !usto&ial in%esti,ations' @owe%erH
a!!or&in, to People %s' 8a!an 238 SC1+ 30)H
after the start of !usto&ial in%esti,ationH if the
a!!use& was not assiste& :" !ounselH an"
i&entifi!ation of the a!!use& in a poli!e line*up is
ina&issi:le'
C-%todia In*e%tigation5 Rig't to Co-n%e
619887
No' 12: +ran&o Salaan!aH a notorious poli!e
!hara!terH !ae un&er !usto&ial in%esti,ation for
a ro::er" in Caloo!an Cit"' Fro the outsetH the
poli!e offi!ers infore& hi of his ri,ht to reain
silentH an& also his ri,ht to ha%e a !ounsel of his
!hoi!eH if he !oul& affor& one or if notH the
,o%ernent woul& pro%i&e hi with su!h
!ounsel'
@e thanDe& the poli!e in%esti,atorsH an& &e!lare&
that he full" un&erstan&s the ri,hts enuerate& to
hiH :ut thatH he is %oluntaril" wai%in, the'
Claiin, that he sin!erel" &esires to atone for his
is&ee&sH he ,a%e a written stateent on his
parti!ipation in the !rie un&er in%esti,ation'
5n the !ourse of the trial of the !riinal !ase for
the sae ro::er"H the written a&ission of
Salaan!a whi!h he ,a%e &urin, the !usto&ial
in%esti,ationH was presente& as the onl" e%i&en!e
of his ,uilt' 5f "ou were his !ounselH what woul&
"ou &oL /0plain "our answer'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
5 woul& o:;e!t to it on the ,roun& that the wai%er
of the ri,hts to silen!e an& to !ounsel is %oi&H
ha%in, :een a&e without the presen!e of
!ounsel' (+rt' 555H se!' 12(1); People %' $alitH 132
SC1+ #)2 (1980)' 3he wai%er ust also :e in
writin,H althou,h this re?uireent i,ht possi:l"
ha%e :een !oplie& with in this !ase :"
e:o&"in, the wai%er in the written !onfession' 5t
shoul& also :e note& that un&er 1ule 13#H se!' 3H
e%en if the e0tra;u&i!ial !onfession is %ali&H it is
not a suffi!ient ,roun& for !on%i!tion if it is not
!orro:orate& :" e%i&en!e of !orpus &eli!ti'
6199:7
No' 17; 5n his e0tra;u&i!ial !onfession e0e!ute&
:efore the poli!e authoritiesH >ose 6alan,taDot
a&itte& Dillin, his ,irlfrien& in a fit of ;ealous"'
3his a&ission was a&e after the followin,
answer an& ?uestion to wit:
3 *5Daw a" a" Darapatan pa rin Duuha n,
ser:is"o n, isan, a:o,a&o para aDatulon,
o sa i:esti,as"on, ito at Dun, wala Dan,
aDuhaH iDaw a" ain, :i:i,"an n, li:ren,
a:o,a&oH ano n,a"on an, i"on, asasa:iLC CS
* Nan&i"an naan po si Fis!al (point to
+ssistant Fis!al +ni!eto 8alaputo) Da"a hin&i
Do na DinaDailan,anan, a:o,a&o'C
-urin, the trial' >ose 6alan,taDot repu&iate& his
!onfession !onten&in, that it was a&e without
the assistan!e of !ounsel an& therefore
5na&issi:le in e%i&en!e' -e!i&e'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he !onfession of >ose 6alan,taDot is
ina&issi:le in e%i&en!e' 3he warnin, ,i%en to
hi is insuffi!ient in a!!or&an!e with the rulin, in
People %' -ueroH 10# SC1+ 379H he shoul& ha%e
:een warne& also that he has the ri,ht to reain
silent an& that an" stateent he aDes a" :e
use& as e%i&en!e a,ainst hi' 9esi&esH un&er +rt'
555H Se!' 12(1) of the ConstitutionH the !ounsel
assistin, a person :ein, in%esti,ate& ust :e
in&epen&ent' +ssistant Fis!al +ni!eto 8alaputo
!oul& not assist >ose 6alan,taDot' +s hel& in
People %' Ei&u"aH 189 SC1+ #03H his fun!tion is
to prose!ute !riinal !ases' 3o allow hi to a!t as
&efense !ounsel &urin, !usto&ial in%esti,ations
woul& ren&er nu,ator" the !onstitutional ri,hts of
the a!!use& &urin, !usto&ial in%esti,ation' 6hat
the Constitution re?uires is a !ounsel who will
effe!ti%el" un&ertaDe the &efense of his !lient
without an" !onfli!t of interest' 3he answer of
>ose 6alan,taDot in&i!ates that he &i& not full"
un&erstan& his ri,hts' @en!eH it !annot :e sai&
that he Dnowin,l" an& intelli,entl" wai%e& those
ri,hts'
689997
No M5' An A!to:er 1H 1982H 1aos was arreste&
:" a se!urit" ,uar& :e!ause he appeare& to :e
Csuspi!iousC an& :rou,ht to a poli!e pre!in!t
where in the !ourse of the in%esti,ation he
a&itte& he was the Diller in an unsol%e&
hoi!i&e !oitte& a weeD earlier' 3he
pro!ee&in,s of his in%esti,ation were put in
writin, an& &ate& A!to:er 1H 1982H an& the onl"
parti!ipation of !ounsel assi,ne& to hi was his
ere presen!e an& si,nature on the stateent'
3he a&issi:ilit" of the stateent of 1aos was
pla!e& in issue :ut the prose!ution !lais that
the !onfession was taDen on A!to:er 1H 1982 an&
the 1987 Constitution pro%i&in, for the ri,ht to
!ounsel of !hoi!e an& opportunit" to retainH tooD
effe!t onl" on Fe:ruar" 2H 1987 an& !annot :e
,i%en retroa!ti%e effe!t' 1ule on this' (3N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he !onfession of 1aos is not a&issi:leH sin!e
the !ounsel assi,ne& to hi &i& not a&%ise hi of
his ri,hts' 3he fa!t that his !onfession was taDen
:efore the effe!ti%it" of the 1987 Constitution is of
no oent' /%en prior to the effe!ti%it" of the
1987 ConstitutionH the Supree Court alrea&"
lai& &own stri!t rules on wai%er of the ri,hts
&urin, in%esti,ation in the !ase of People %' $alitH
132 SC1+ #)2 (1982)'
C-%todia In*e%tigation5 Rig't to Co-n%e5
Re"ei$t o# Pro$erty Sei)ed 689987
No E555' Ane &a" a passen,er :us !on&u!tor foun&
a anBs han&:a, left in the :us' 6hen the
!on&u!tor opene& the :a,H he foun& insi&e a
!atlin, !ar& with the ownerBs nae (-ante $alan,)
an& a&&ressH a few hun&re& peso :illsH an& a sall
plasti! :a, !ontainin, a white pow&er" su:stan!e'
@e :rou,ht the pow&er" su:stan!e to the National
9ureau of 5n%esti,ation for la:orator" e0aination
an& it was &eterine& to :e ethaphetaine
h"&ro!hlori&e or sha:uH a prohi:ite& &ru,' -ante
$alan, was su:se?uentl" tra!e& an& foun& an&
:rou,ht to the N95 Affi!e where he a&itte&
ownership of the han&:a, an& its !ontents' 5n the
!ourse of the interro,ation :" N95 a,entsH an&
without the presen!e an& assistan!e of !ounselH
$alan, was a&e to si,n a re!eipt for the plasti!
:a, an& its sha:u !ontents' $alan, was !har,e&
with ille,al possession of prohi:ite& &ru,s an& was
!on%i!te&' An appeal he !onten&s that *
+' 3he plasti! :a, an& its !ontents are
ina&issi:le in e%i&en!e :ein, the pro&u!t of an
ille,al sear!h an& sei=ure; (3N) an&
9' 3he re!eipt he si,ne& is also
ina&issi:le as his ri,hts un&er !usto&ial
in%esti,ation were not o:ser%e&' (2N)
-e!i&e the !ase with reasons'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+' 5t is a&issi:le'''
9' 3he re!eipt whi!h $alan, si,ne& without the
assistan!e of !ounsel is not a&issi:le in
e%i&en!e' +s hel& in People %' CastroH 27# SC1+
112 U1997)H sin!e the re!eipt is a &o!uent
a&ittin, the offense !har,e&H $alan, shoul&
ha%e :een assiste& :" !ounsel as re?uire& :"
+rti!le 555H Se!tion 11 of the Constitution'
C-%todia In*e%tigation5 Poi"e Line<-$ 6199:7
No' 9: >ohann learne& that the poli!e were
looDin, for hi in !onne!tion with the rape of an
18*"ear ol& ,irlH a nei,h:or' @e went to the poli!e
station a weeD later an& presente& hiself to the
&esD ser,eant' Coin!i&entall"H the rape %i!ti
was in the preises e0e!utin, an e0tra;u&i!ial
stateent' >ohannH alon, with si0
()) other suspe!tsH were pla!e& in a poli!e lineup
an& the ,irl pointe& to hi as the rapist' >ohann
was arreste& an& lo!De& up in a !ell' >ohann was
!har,e& with rape in !ourt :ut prior to
arrai,nent in%oDe& his ri,ht to preliinar"
in%esti,ation' 3his was &enie& :" the ;u&,eH an&
thusH trial pro!ee&e&' +fter the prose!ution
presente& se%eral witnessesH >ohann throu,h
!ounselH in%oDe& the ri,ht to :ail an& file& a
otion thereforH whi!h was &enie& outri,ht :" the
>u&,e' >ohann now files a petition for !ertiorari
:efore the Court of +ppeals ar,uin, that: 2) @e
shoul& ha%e :een infore& of his ri,ht to :e
represente& :" !ounsel prior to his i&entifi!ation
%ia the poli!e line up' -e!i&e'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
2T Pursuant to the &e!ision in People us'
Castillo' 213' SC1+ 777H >ohann nee& not :e
infore& of his ri,ht to !ounsel prior to his
i&entifi!ation &urin, the poli!e line*up' 3he poli!e
line*up is not part of !usto&ial in%esti,ationH sin!e
>ohann was not :ein, ?uestione& :ut was erel"
:ein, asDe& to e0hi:it his :o&" for i&entifi!ation :"
a witness'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER
5t a" :e ar,ue& that in <nite& States %s' 6a&e'
388 <'S' 218 (19)7) an& $il:ert %s' California'
388 <'S' 2)3 (19)7) 5t was hel& that on the :asis
of the Si0thH rather than the Fifth +en&ent
(e?ui%alent to +rt' 555' se!' 1# (2) rather than se!'
12 (1))H the poli!e lineup is su!h a C!riti!al sta,eC
that it !arries Cpotential su:stantial pre;u&i!eC for
whi!h reason the a!!use& is entitle& to the
assistan!e of !ounsel'
C-%todia In*e%tigation5 Rig't% 619997
No' 9; Soe poli!e operati%esH a!tin, un&er a
lawfull" issue& warrant for the purpose of
sear!hin, for firears in the @ouse of M lo!ate& at
No' 10 Shaw 9oule%ar&H Pasi,H 8etro 8anilaH
foun&H instea& of firearsH ten Dilo,ras of
!o!aine'
(1) 8a" the sai& poli!e operati%es lawfull"
sei=e the !o!aineL /0plain "our answer'
(2) 8a" M su!!essfull" !hallen,e the le,alit"
of the sear!h on the ,roun& that the pea!e
offi!ers &i& not infor hi a:out his ri,ht to
reain silent an& his ri,ht to !ounselL /0plain
"our answer'
(3) Suppose the pea!e offi!ers were a:le to
fin& unli!ense& firears in the house in an
a&;a!ent lotH that is' NoH 12 Shaw
9oule%ar&H whi!h is also owne& :" M' 8a"
the" lawfull" sei=e the sai& unli!ense&
firearsL /0plain "our answer'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(1) OesH the poli!e operati%es a" lawfull" sei=e
the !o!aineH ''''
(2) NoH M !annot su!!essfull" !hallen,e the
le,alit" of the sear!h sipl" :e!ause the pea!e
reain silent an& his ri,ht to !ounsel' Se!tion
12(1)H +rti!le 555 of the 1987 Constitution pro%i&es:
8
C+n" person un&er in%esti,ation for the
!oission of an offense shall ha%e the
ri,ht to :e infore& of his ri,ht to reain
silent an& to ha%e !opetent an&
in&epen&ent !ounsel prefera:l" of his
own !hoi!e'C
+s hel& in People %' -"H 128 SC1+ 111' for this
pro%ision to appl"H a suspe!t ust :e un&er
in%esti,ation' 3here was no in%esti,ation in%ol%e&
in this !ase'
(3) 3he unli!ense& firears store& at 12 Shaw
9oule%ar& a" lawfull" :e sei=e& '''
C-%todia In*e%tigation5 Rig't% 6199:7
No' #: 7arr" was an o%erni,ht ,uest in a otel'
+fter he !he!De& out the followin, &a"H the
!ha:erai& foun& an atta!he !ase whi!h she
surise& was left :ehin& :" 7arr"' She turne& it
o%er to the ana,er whoH to &eterine the nae
an& a&&ress of the ownerH opene& the atta!he !ase
an& saw pa!Da,es whi!h ha& a pe!uliar sell an&
upon s?uee=in, felt liDe &rie& lea%es' @is !uriosit"
arouse&H the ana,er a&e an openin, on one of
the pa!Da,es an& tooD se%eral ,ras of the
!ontents thereof' @e tooD the pa!Da,es to the N95H
an& in the presen!e of a,entsH opene& the
pa!Da,esH the !ontents of whi!h upon la:orator"
e0ainationH turne& out to :e ari;uana flowerin,
topsH 7arr" was su:se?uentl" foun&H :rou,ht to the
N95 Affi!e where he a&itte& ownership of the
atta!he !ase an& the pa!Da,es' @e was a&e to
si,n a re!eipt for the pa!Da,es' 7arr" was !har,e&
in !ourt for possession of prohi:ite& &ru,s' @e was
!on%i!te&' An appealH he now poses the followin,
issues: 1) 3he pa!Da,es are ina&issi:le in
e%i&en!e
:ein, the pro&u!t of an ille,al sear!h an&
sei=ure;
2) Neither is the re!eipt he si,ne& a&issi:leH
his ri,hts un&er !usto&ial in%esti,ation not
ha%in, :een o:ser%e&' -e!i&e' SU22ESTE!
ANS4ER: An the assuption that the issues
were tiel" raise& the answers are as follows: 1)
3he pa!Da,es are a&issi:le in e%i&en!e' '''
2) 3he re!eipt is not a&issi:le in e%i&en!e'
+!!or&in, to the rulin, in People %s' 8irantesH
209 SC1+ 179H su!h re!eipt is in effe!t an
e0tra;u&i!ial !onfession of the !oission of an
offense' @en!eH if it was si,ne& without the
assistan!e of !ounselH in a!!or&an!e with Se!tion
12(3)H +rti!le 5E of the ConstitutionH it is
ina&issi:le in e%i&en!e' PPeople %' -uhanH 1#2
SC1+ 100 (198))Q'
C-%todia In*e%tigation5 Rig't% 6199?7
No' 3: 1) +H who was arreste& as a suspe!t in a
ur&er !ase was not represente& :" !ounsel
&urin, the C?uestion an& answerC sta,e' @owe%erH
:efore he was asDe& to si,n his stateents to the
poli!e in%esti,atorH the latter pro%i&e& + with a
!ounselH who happene& to :e at the poli!e
station' +fter !onferrin, with +H the !ounsel tol&
the poli!e in%esti,ator that + was rea&" to si,n
the stateents'
Can the stateents of + :e presente& in !ourt
as his !onfessionL /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1) NoH the stateents of + !annot :e presente& in
!ourt as his !onfession' @e was not assiste& :"
!ounsel &urin, the a!tual ?uestionin,' 3here is no
showin, that the law"er who :elate&l" !onferre&
with hi full" e0plaine& to hi the nature an&
!onse?uen!es of his !onfession' 5n People %s'
Copil 2## SC1+ 132H the Supree Court hel&
that the a!!use& ust :e assiste& :" !ounsel
&urin, the a!tual ?uestionin, an& the :elate&
assistan!e of !ounsel :efore he si,ne& the
!onfession &oes not !ure the &efe!t'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
OesH the stateents of + !an :e presente& in
!ourt as his !onfession' +s hel& in People %s'
1ousH 2#2 SC1+ 732H e%en if the a!!use& was
not assiste& :" !ounsel &urin, the ?uestionin,H
his !onfession is a&issi:le if he was a:le to
!onsult a law"er :efore he si,ne&'
C-%todia In*e%tigation5 Rig't% 619897
No' 7: Pursuin, reports that ,reat ?uantities of
prohi:ite& &ru,s are :ein, su,,le& at ni,httie
throu,h the shores of Ca%iteH the Southern 7u=on
Coan& set up !he!Dpoints at the en& of the
Ca%ite !oastal roa& to sear!h
passin, otor %ehi!les' + 19*"ear ol& :o"H who
finishe& fifth ,ra&eH while &ri%in,H was stoppe& :"
the authorities at the !he!Dpoint' 6ithout an"
o:;e!tion fro hiH his !ar was inspe!te&H an&
the sear!h "iel&e& ari;uana lea%es hi&&en in the
trunD !opartent of the !ar' 3he prohi:ite& &ru,
was proptl" sei=e&H an& the :o" was :rou,ht to
the poli!e station for ?uestionin,'
(1) 6as the sear!h without warrant le,alL
(2) 9efore interro,ationH the poli!ean on &ut"
infore& the :o" in /n,lish that he &oes Cha%e a
ri,ht to reain silent an& the ri,ht to !ounsel'C
@owe%erH there was no !ounsel a%aila:le as it
was i&ni,ht' @e &e!lare& orall" that he &i& not
nee& an" law"er as he was inno!entH sin!e he
was onl" :rin,in, the ari;uana lea%es to his
eplo"er in (ue=on Cit" an& was not a &ru,
user' @e was !har,e& with ille,al possession of
prohi:ite& &ru,s' 5s his wai%er of the ri,ht to
!ounsel %ali&L
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(1) NoH the sear!h was not %ali&H :e!ause there
was no pro:a:le !ause ''''
(2) NoH the wai%er of the ri,ht to !ounsel is not
%ali&H sin!e it was not re&u!e& in writin, an&
a&e in the presen!e of !ounsel' <n&er Se!tion
12(1)H +rti!le 555 of the 1987 Constitution to :e
%ali&H the wai%er ust :e a&e in writin, an& in
the presen!e of !ounsel'
!o-be .eo$ardy 619887
No' 21: 3he Filipino seaen &etaine& at Gota
Gina:aluH alle,e&l" fishin, in 8ala"sian territorial
watersH ha& :een a!?uitte&H after trialH :" the
sessions !ourt in the sae !it"' 3he" !oul& not :e
release& an& returne& to the PhilippinesH :e!ause
the prose!ution ha& appeale& the ;u&,ent of
a!?uittal to the Supree Court of 8ala"sia'
+ssue the situations ha& :een re%erse& an& a
8ala"sian ha& :een apprehen&e& in ShasiH SuluH
for an alle,e& offenseH !har,e& :efore the
1e,ional 3rial Court an& after trial a!?uitte&'
8a" the Pro%in!ial Fis!al of Sulu appeal su!h
;u&,ent of a!?uittal to the Supree CourtH liDe
what the 8ala"sians &i& in the !ase of the
Filipino fisheren at Gota Gina:aluL /0plain "our
answer'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
NoH :e!ause it woul& pla!e the a!!use& in
&ou:le ;eopar&"H !ontrar" to +rt' 555H se!' 21 of
our Constitution' P- No' 1299 prohi:its an"
person not a !iti=en to e0plore or e0ploit an" of
the resour!es of the e0!lusi%e e!onoi! =one
an& aDes %iolation of the prohi:ition a !rie
punisha:le :" a fine of P2H000'00 to P100H000'00
an&Ior iprisonent of not less than ) onths nor
ore than 10 "ears' 5f aliens are arreste& for
fishin, within this =one :ut for soe reason are
a!?uitte&H the &e!ision a,ainst the !annot :e
appeale& to the Court of +ppeals :e!ause that
woul& pla!e the in &ou:le ;eopar&"' 3his is so
well esta:lishe& that the Supree Court turne&
&own an" pleas for re*e0aination of the
&o!trine first announ!e& in Gepner %' <nite&
States' 11 Phil' ))9 (190#)' 3he &o!trine is sai& to
:e part an& par!el not onl" of settle&
;urispru&en!e :ut also of !onstitutional law' Nor
&oes it atter that the a!!use& are aliens' 3his
,uarantee has :een applie& e%en to aliens without
thou,ht of their !iti=enship' (See e','H People %' +n, Chio
GioH 92 Phil' #72
(192#) (Chinese pre%iousl" !on%i!te& of ur&er); People %'
Poero"H 97 Phil 927 (1922) ( +eri!an pre%iousl" !on%i!te& of
re:ellion with ur&erH arson an& ro::er")'
!o-be .eo$ardy 6199:7
No' 13: + Pa;ero &ri%en :" >oe si&eswipe& a
otor!"!le &ri%en :" Nelson resultin, in &aa,e
to the otor!"!le an& in;uries to Nelson' >oe spe&
on without ,i%in, assistan!e to Nelson' 3he Fis!al
file& two inforations a,ainst >oeH to wit: (1)
re!Dless ipru&en!e resultin, in &aa,e to
propert" with ph"si!al in;uries un&er +rt' 3)2H
1PCH :efore the 13C; an& (2) a:an&onent of
oneBs %i!ti un&er par' 2 +rt 272H :efore the 83C'
>oe was arrai,ne&H trie& an& !on%i!te& for
a:an&onent of oneBs %i!ti in the 83C' @e
appeale& to the 13C' 5t was onl" a "ear later that
he was arrai,ne& in the re!Dless ipru&en!e
!har,e :efore the 13C' @e plea&e& not ,uilt"'
Su:se?uentl"H the 13C affire& the &e!ision of
the 83C relati%e to the a:an&onent of oneBs
%i!ti !har,e' >oe file& a petition for re%iew :efore
the Court of +ppealsH in%oDin, his ri,ht to &ou:le
>eopar&"H !onten&in, that the prose!ution for
a:an&onent un&er +rt' 272 of the 1e%ise& Penal
Co&e is a :ar to the prose!ution for ne,li,en!e
un&er +rti!le 3)2 of the sae Co&e' -e!i&e'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
>oe !annot !lai that his !on%i!tion for
a:an&onin, his %i!ti in %iolation of +rti!le 272 of
the 1e%ise& Penal Co&e is a :ar to his
prose!ution for ne,li,en!e un&er +rti!le 3)2 of
the 1e%ise& Penal Co&e' +s hel& in 7aera %'
Court of +ppealsH 198 SC1+ 18)H there is no
&ou:le ;eopar&"H :e!ause these two offenses are
not i&enti!al' 1e!Dless ipru&en!e is a
!rie fallin, un&er the !hapter on !riinal
ne,li,en!eH while a:an&onent of oneBs %i!ti is
a !rie fallin, un&er the !hapter on !ries
a,ainst se!urit"' 3he forer is !oitte& :"
eans of !ulpaH while the latter is !oitte& :"
eans of &olo' Failure to help oneBs %i!ti is not
an offense :" itself nor an eleent of re!Dless
ipru&en!e' 5t erel" 5n!reases the penalt" :"
one &e,ree'
No' 2: 3he San,,unian, Panlun,so& of 8anila
appro%e& an or&inan!e (No' 1000) prohi:itin, the
operation in the streets within the !it" liits of
ta0i!a: units o%er ei,ht "ears ol& (fro "ear of
anufa!ture)' 3he iposa:le penalt" for %iolation
thereof is a fine of P#H000'00 or iprisonent for
one "ear upon the errin, operator' 3hereafter an&
while the !it" or&inan!e was alrea&" in effe!t'
Con,ress ena!te& a law (1epu:li! +!t No' 200)
prohi:itin, the operation in the streets of !ities
throu,hout the !ountr" of ta0i!a: units :e"on& ten
"ears ol&' 3he iposa:le penalt" for %iolation
thereof is the sae as in Ar&inan!e No' 1000' +H
an ownerIoperator of a ta0i!a: unit operatin, in
the Cit" of 8anilaH was !har,e& with %iolation of
the !it" or&inan!e' <pon arrai,nentH he plea&e&
not ,uilt"; whereuponH trial was set fi%e &a"s
thereafter' For failure of the witnesses to appear at
the trialH the Cit" Court &isisse& the !ase a,ainst
+' 3he Cit" Prose!utor of 8anila forthwith file&
another inforation in the sae !ourt !har,in, +
with %iolation of 1epu:li! +!t No' 200 for operatin,
the ta0i!a: unit su:;e!t of the inforation in the
first !ase' 3he a!!use& o%e& to &isiss the
se!on& !ase a,ainst hi in%oDin, &ou:le
>eopar&"'
@ow woul& "ou rule on +Bs otion if "ou were
the >u&,eL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
5f 5 were the ;u&,eH 5 woul& ,rant the otion' 3he
&isissal of the first !ase for failure of the
witnesses to appear terinate& the first ;eopar&"'
+s hel& in Caes %s' 5ntere&iate +ppellate CourtH
179 SC1+ 2#H the &isissal of a !ase for failure
of the witnesses for the prose!ution to appear
!onstitutes an a!?uittal' 3he a!?uittal of + for
%iolation of Ar&inan!e No' 1000 :ars his
prose!ution for %iolation of 1epu:li! +!t No' 200'
<n&er Se!tion 21H +rti!le in of the ConstitutionH if
an a!t is punishe& :" a law an& an or&inan!eH
!on%i!tion or a!?uittal un&er either :ars another
prose!ution for the sae a!t'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
5f 5 were the ;u&,eH 5 woul& &en" the otion' 3he
&isissal of the first !ase is %oi& an& &oes not
,i%e rise to &ou:le ;eopar&"' 3he &isissal of the
first !ase is ar:itrar" an& &enie& the prose!ution
&ue pro!ess of law' 3he trial was set fi%e &a"s
after the arrai,nent' 3here was no suffi!ient
tie to su:poena the witnesses an& this was the
first tie the witnesses faile& to appear' +s hel&
in People %s' -e!laro 170 SC1+ 1#2H the
&isissal of a !ase for failure of the witnesses to
appear at the initial hearin, is ar:itrar" an& %oi&
an& &oes not ,i%e rise to &ou:le ;eopar&"'
+' -is!uss the ri,ht of e%er" a!!use& a,ainst
&ou:le ;eopar&"L (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+!!or&in, to 8elo %' PeopleH 82 Phil' 7))H the
rule of &ou:le ;eopar&" eans that when a
person was !har,e& with an offense an& the
!ase was terinate& :" a!?uittal or !on%i!tion or
in an" other anner without his !onsentH he
!annot a,ain :e !har,e& with the sae or
i&enti!al offense'
C' An A!to:er 21H 198)H 17 "ear ol& Eir,inia
Sa,ra&o :rou,ht a !oplaint a,ainst 8artin
$eral&e for !onsente& a:&u!tion' 6ith the
a!!use& plea&in, not ,uilt" upon arrai,nentH
trial ensue&' +fter trialH a ;u&,ent of !on%i!tion
was ren&ere& a,ainst $eral&e' 6hen the !ase
was appeale& to itH the Court of +ppeals re%erse&
the ;u&,ent of the 3rial CourtH ratio!inatin, an&
rulin, as follows: C3his is not to sa" that the
appellant &i& nothin, wron,'''she was se&u!e& :"
the appellant with proises (of arria,e) ;ust to
a!!oplish his lew& &esi,ns'C Oears laterH Eir,inia
:rou,ht another !oplaint for (ualifie& Se&u!tion'
$eral&e presente& a 8otion to (uash on the
,roun& of &ou:le ;eopar&"H whi!h otion an& his
su:se?uent otion for re!onsi&eration were
&enie&: (uestion: 8a" $eral&e %ali&l" in%oDe
&ou:le ;eopar&" in ?uestionin, the institution of
the !ase for (ualifie& Se&u!tionL @e pla!e&
relian!e prin!ipall" on the Csae e%i&en!eC test to
support his stan!e' @e asserte& that the offenses
with whi!h he was !har,e& arose fro the sae
set of fa!ts' FurtheroreH he a%erte& that the
!oplaint for (ualifie& Se&u!tion is :arre& :"
wai%er an& estoppel on the part of the
!oplainantH she ha%in, opte& to !onsi&er the
!ase as !onsente& a:&u!tion' Finall"H he ar,ue&
that her &ela" of ore than ei,ht (8) "ears :efore
filin, the se!on& !ase a,ainst hi !onstitute&
par&on on the part of
the offen&e& part"' @ow woul& "ou resol%e
$eral&Bs !ontentionsL /0plain' (#N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
$eral&e !annot in%oDe &ou:le ;eopar&"' +!!or&in,
to Pere= %' Court of +ppealsH 1)8 SC1+ 23)H
there is no i&entit" :etween !onsente& a:&u!tion
an& ?ualifie& se&u!tion'
CANS/N3/- +9-<C35AN re?uires that the
taDin, awa" of the offen&e& part" ust :e with
her !onsentH after soli!itation or !a;oler" fro the
offen&erH an& the taDin, awa" of the offen&e&
part" ust :e with lew& &esi,ns' An the other
han&H (<+75F5/- S/-<C35AN re?uires that the
!rie :e !oitte& :" a:use of authorit"H
!onfi&en!e or relationship an& the offen&er ha&
se0ual inter!ourse with the woan'
3he &ela" in filin, the se!on& !ase &oes not
!onstitute par&onH a!!or&in, to +rti!le 3## of the
1e%ise& Penal Co&eH to :e %ali& the par&on of
the offen&er :" the offen&e& part" ust :e
e0pressl" ,i%en'
No ME' Char,e& :" Fran!is!o with li:elH Pa:lo
was arrai,ne& on >anuar" 3H 2000H Pre*trial was
&ispense& with an& !ontinuous trial was set for
8ar!h 7H 8 an& 9H 2000' An the first settin,H the
prose!ution o%e& for its postponeent an&
!an!ellation of the other settin,s :e!ause its
prin!ipal an& pro:a:l" onl" witnessH the pri%ate
!oplainant Fran!is!oH su&&enl" ha& to ,o
a:roa& to fulfill a professional !oitent' 3he
;u&,e instea& &isisse& the !ase for failure to
prose!ute' :) 6oul& the re%ersal of the trial
!ourtBs assaile& &isissal of the !ase pla!e the
a!!use& in &ou:le ;eopar&"L (3N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
:) Sin!e the postponeent of the !ase woul& not
%iolate the ri,ht of the a!!use& to spee&" trialH
the pre!ipitate &isissal of the !ase is %oi&' 3he
re%ersal of the &isissal will not pla!e the
a!!use& in &ou:le >eopar&"'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
:) Sin!e the &isissal of the !ase is %ali&H its
re%ersal will pla!e the a!!use& in &ou:le
;eopar&"'
No M * For the &eath of >oe"H /rnin, was
!har,e& with the !rie of hoi!i&e :efore the
1e,ional 3rial Court of Ealen=uela' @e was
arrai,ne&' -ue to nuerous postponeents of
the s!he&ule& hearin,s at the instan!e of the
prose!utionH parti!ularl" :ase& on the ,roun& of
una%aila:ilit" of prose!ution witnesses who !oul&
not :e foun& or lo!ate&H the !riinal !ase was
pen&in, trial for a perio& of se%en "ears' <pon
otion of a!!use& /rnin, who in%oDe& his ri,ht to
spee&" trialH the !ourt &isisse& the !ase'
/%entuall"H the prose!ution witnesses surfa!e&H
an& a !riinal !ase for hoi!i&eH in%ol%in, the
sae in!i&ent was file& anew a,ainst /rnin,'
+!!use& /rnin, o%e& for &isissal of the !ase
on the ,roun& of &ou:le ;eopar&"' 3he
prose!ution o:;e!te&H su:ittin, the reason that it
was not a:le to present the sai& witnesses earlier
:e!ause the latter went into hi&in, out of fear'
1esol%e the otion' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he otion shoul& :e ,rante&' +s hel& in Caes
us' 5ntere&iate +ppellate CourtH 179 SC1+ 2#
(1989)H the &isissal of a !riinal !ase
pre&i!ate& on the ri,ht of the a!!use& to a
spee&" trial aounts to an a!?uittal for failure of
the prose!ution to pro%e his ,uilt an& :ars his
su:se?uent prose!ution for the sae offense'
No 5M' + 3aaraw FM &ri%en :" +sion,
Cas!aseroH who was &runDH si&eswipe& a
pe&estrian alon, /-S+ in 8aDati Cit"H resultin, in
ph"si!al in;uries to the latter' 3he pu:li!
prose!utor file& two separate inforations a,ainst
Cas!aseroH the first for re!Dless ipru&en!e
resultin, in ph"si!al in;uries un&er the 1e%ise&
Penal Co&eH an& the se!on& for %iolation of an
or&inan!e of 8aDati Cit" prohi:itin, an&
penali=in, &ri%in, un&er the influen!e of li?uor'
Cas!asero was arrai,ne&H trie& an& !on%i!te& for
re!Dless ipru&en!e resultin, in ph"si!al in;uries
un&er the 1e%ise& Penal Co&e' 6ith re,ar& to the
se!on& !ase (i'e'H %iolation of the !it" or&inan!e)H
upon :ein, arrai,ne&H he file& a otion to ?uash
the inforation in%oDin, his ri,ht a,ainst &ou:le
;eopar&"' @e !onten&e& thatH un&er +rt' 555H
Se!tion 21 of the ConstitutionH if an a!t is
punishe& :" a law an& an or&inan!eH !on%i!tion or
a!?uittal un&er either shall !onstitute a :ar to
another prose!ution for the sae a!t @e ar,ue&
that the two !riinal !har,es a,ainst hi
stee& fro the sae a!t of &ri%in, alle,e&l"
un&er the influen!e of li?uor whi!h !ause& the
a!!i&ent' 6as there &ou:le ;eopar&"L /0plain
"our answer (2N)
OesH there is &ou:le ;eopar&"' <n&er the se!on&
senten!e of +rti!le 555H Se!tion 21 of the
ConstitutionH if an a!t is punishe& :" a law an&
an or&inan!eH !on%i!tion or a!?uittal un&er either
shall !onstitute a :ar to another prose!ution for
the sae a!t' 5n this !aseH the sae a!t is
in%ol%e& in the two !ases' 3he re!Dless
ipru&en!e whi!h resulte& in ph"si!al in;uries
arose fro the sae a!t of &ri%in, un&er the
influen!e of li?uor' 5n Oap %' 7uteroH
$'1' No' 7*12))9H +pril 30H 1929H the Supree
Court hel& that an a!!use& who was a!?uitte& of
&ri%in, re!Dlessl" in %iolation of an or&inan!e
!oul& not :e prose!ute& for &aa,e to propert"
throu,h re!Dless ipru&en!e :e!ause the two
!har,es were :ase& on the sae a!t' 5n People
%H 1elo%aH 1#8 SC1+ 292 (1987)H it was hel& that
when there is i&entit" in the a!t punishe& :" a
law an& an or&inan!eH !on%i!tion or a!?uittal
un&er either shall :ar prose!ution un&er the
other'
3here is no &ou:le ;eopar&" :e!ause the a!t
penali=e& un&er the 1e%ise& Penal Co&e is
&ifferent fro the a!t penali=e& :" the or&inan!e
of 8aDati Cit"' 3he 1e%ise& Penal Co&e penali=es
re!Dless ipru&en!e resultin, in ph"si!al in;uriesH
while the or&inan!e of 8aDati Cit" penali=es
&ri%in, un&er the influen!e of li?uor'
!o-be .eo$ardy5 ReF-i%ite% 619997
9' 6hat are the re?uisites of &ou:le ;eopar&"L
(2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+s hel& in Cuison %' Court of +ppealsH 289
SC1+ 129H for a !lai of &ou:le ;eopar&" to
prosperH the followin, re?uisites ust !on!ur:
(1) a first ;eopar&" has atta!he&;
(2) the first ;eopar&" was %ali&l" terinate&; an&
(3) the se!on& is for the sae offense'
9
+ first ;eopar&" atta!hes:
1 upon a %ali& !oplaint or inforation;
2 :efore a !opetent !ourt;
3 after arrai,nent;
# a %ali& entr" of plea; an&
2 the &isissal or terination of the !ase
without the e0press !onsent of the a!!use&'
!-e Pro"e%%5 Ab%en"e o# !enia 619997
No E555 * 9' An +pril )H 19)3H Poli!e Affi!er 8ario
$at&ula was !har,e& :" the 8a"or with $ra%e
8is!on&u!t an& Eiolation of 7aw :efore the
8uni!ipal 9oar&' 3he 9oar& in%esti,ate& $at&ula
:ut :efore the !ase !oul& :e &e!i&e&H the Cit"
!harter was appro%e&' 3he Cit" Fis!alH !itin,
Se!tion 30 of the !it" !harterH asserte& that he was
authori=e& thereun&er to in%esti,ate !it" offi!ers
an& eplo"ees' 3he !ase a,ainst $at&ula was
then forwar&e& to
hiH an& a re*in%esti,ation was !on&u!te&' 3he
offi!e of the Fis!al su:se?uentl" re!oen&e&
&isissal' An >anuar" 11H 19))H the Cit" 8a"or
returne& the re!or&s of the !ase to the Cit" Fis!al
for the su:ission of an appropriate resolution
:ut no resolution was su:itte&' An 8ar!h 3H
19)8H the Cit" Fis!al transitte& the re!or&s to
the Cit" 8a"or re!oen&in, that final a!tion
thereon :e a&e :" the Cit" 9oar& of
5n%esti,ators (C95)' +lthou,h the C95 &i& not
!on&u!t an in%esti,ationH the re!or&s show that
:oth the 8uni!ipal 9oar& an& the Fis!alBs Affi!e
e0hausti%el" hear& the !ase with :oth parties
affor&e& aple opportunit" to a&&u!e their
e%i&en!e an& ar,ue their !ause' 3he Poli!e
Coission foun& $at&ula ,uilt" on the :asis of
the re!or&s forwar&e& :" the C95' $at&ula
!hallen,e& the a&%erse &e!ision of the Poli!e
Coission theori=in, that he was &epri%e& of
&ue pro!ess' (uestions: 5s the Poli!e
Coission :oun& :" the fin&in,s of the Cit"
Fis!alL 5s $at&ulaBs protestation of la!D or non*
o:ser%an!e of &ue pro!ess well*,roun&e&L
/0plain "our answers' (#N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he Poli!e Coission is not :oun& :" the
fin&in,s of the Cit" Fis!al' 5n 8an,u:at %' &e
CastroH 1)3 SC1+ )08H it was hel& that the Poli!e
Coission is not prohi:ite& fro aDin, its own
fin&in,s on the :asis of its own e%aluation of the
re!or&s' 7iDewiseH the protestation of la!D of &ue
pro!ess is not well*,roun&e&H sin!e the hearin,s
:efore the 8uni!ipal 9oar& an& the Cit" Fis!al
offere& $at&ula the !han!e to :e hear&' 3here is
no &enial of &ue pro!ess if the &e!ision was
ren&ere& on the :asis of e%i&en!e !ontaine& in
the re!or& an& &is!lose& to the parties affe!te&'
!-e Pro"e%%5 !e$ortation 6199;7
No' 9: + !oplaint was file& :" 5ntelli,en!e a,ents
of the 9ureau of 5i,ration an& -eportation (95-)
a,ainst Ste%ieH a $eran nationalH for his
&eportation as an un&esira:le alien' 3he
5i,ration Coissioner &ire!te& the Spe!ial
9oar& of 5n?uir" to !on&u!t an 5n%esti,ation' +t the
sai& 5n%esti,ationH a law"er fro the 7e,al
-epartent of the 95- presente& as witnesses the
three 5ntelli,en!e a,ents who file& the !oplaint'
An the :asis of the fin&in,sH report an&
re!oen&ation of the 9oar& of Spe!ial 5n?uir"H
the 95- Coissioners unaniousl" %ote& for
Ste%ieBs &eportation' Ste%ieBs law"er ?uestione& the
&eportation or&er 1) An the ,roun& that Ste%ie was
&enie& &ue pro!ess :e!ause the 95-
Coissioners who ren&ere& the &e!ision were
not the ones who
re!ei%e& the e%i&en!eH in %iolation of the C@e who
&e!i&es ust hearC rule' 5s he !orre!tL 2) An the
,roun& that there was a %iolation of &ue pro!ess
:e!ause the !oplainantsH the prose!utor an& the
hearin, offi!ers were all su:or&inates of the 95-
Coissioners who ren&ere& the &eportation
&e!ision' 5s he !orre!tL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1) NoH Ste%ie is not !orre!t' +s hel& in +&ason
+ +&asonH 5n!' %s' +oresH 122 SC1+ 237H
a&inistrati%e &ue pro!ess &oes not re?uire that
the a!tual taDin, of testion" or the presentation
of e%i&en!e :efore the sae offi!er who will
&e!i&e the !ase'
5n +eri!an 3o:a!!o Co' %' -ire!tor of PatentsH
)7 SC1+ 287H the Supree Court has rule& that
so lon, as the a!tual &e!ision on the erits of the
!ases is a&e :" the offi!er authori=e& :" law to
&e!i&eH the power to hol& a hearin, on the :asis of
whi!h his &e!ision will :e a&e !an :e &ele,ate&
an& is not offensi%e to &ue pro!ess' 3he Court
note& that: C+s lon, as a part" is not &epri%e& of
his ri,ht to present his own !ase an& su:it
e%i&en!e in support thereofH an& the &e!ision is
supporte& :" the e%i&en!e in the re!or&H there is
no ?uestion that the re?uireents of &ue pro!ess
an& fair trial are full" et' 5n shortH there is no
a:ro,ation of responsi:ilit" on the part of the
offi!er !on!erne& as the a!tual &e!ision reains
with an& is a&e :" sai& offi!er' 5t isH howe%erH
re?uire& that to ,i%e the su:stan!e of a hearin,H
whi!h is for the purpose of aDin, &eterinations
upon e%i&en!e the offi!er who aDes the
&eterinations ust !onsi&er an& appraise the
e%i&en!e whi!h ;ustifies the'
2) NoH Ste%ie was not &enie& &ue pro!ess sipl"
:e!ause the !oplainantsH the prose!utorH an& the
hearin, offi!ers were all su:or&inates of the
Coissioner of the 9ureau of 5i,ration an&
-eportation' 5n a!!or&an!e with the rulin, in
/rian,er 4 $alin,erH 5n!' %s' Court of 5n&ustrial
1elationsH 110 Phil' #70H the fin&in,s of the
su:or&inates are not !on!lusi%e upon the
CoissionersH who ha%e the &is!retion to a!!ept
or re;e!t the' 6hat is iportant is that Ste%ie was
not &epri%e& of his ri,ht to present his own !ase
an& su:it e%i&en!e in support thereofH the
&e!ision is supporte& :" su:stantial e%i&en!eH an&
the !oissioners a!te& on their own in&epen&ent
!onsi&eration of the law an& fa!ts of the !aseH an&
&i& not sipl" a!!ept the %iews of their
su:or&inates in arri%in, at a &e!ision'
!-e Pro"e%%5 For#eit-re Pro"eeding% 6199:7
No' 1#: 3he SIS C8aso"C of Panaanian re,istr"H
while oore& at the South @ar:orH was foun& to
ha%e !ontra:an& ,oo&s on :oar&' 3he Custos
3ea foun& out that the %essel &i& not ha%e the
re?uire& shipBs perit an& shippin, &o!uents'
3he %essel an& its !ar,o were hel& an& a warrant
of Sei=ure an& -etention was issue& after &ue
in%esti,ation' 5n the !ourse of the forfeiture
pro!ee&in,sH the ship !aptain an& the shipBs
resi&ent a,ent e0e!ute& sworn stateents :efore
the Custo le,al offi!er a&ittin, that !ontra:an&
!ar,o were foun& a:oar& the %essel' 3he
shippin, lines o:;e!t to the a&ission of the
stateents as e%i&en!e !onten&in, that &urin,
their e0e!utionH the !aptain an& the shippin,
a,ent were not assiste& :" !ounselH in %iolation of
&ue pro!ess' -e!i&e'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he a&ission of the stateents of the !aptain
an& the shippin, a,ent as e%i&en!e &i& not
%iolate &ue pro!ess e%en if the" were not
assiste& :" !ounsel' 5n Fee&er 5nternational 7ineH
Pts' 7t&' %' Court of +ppealsH 197 SC1+ 8#2H 5t
was hel& that the assistan!e of !ounsel is not
in&ispensa:le to &ue pro!ess in forfeiture
pro!ee&in,s sin!e su!h pro!ee&in,s are not
!riinal in nature'
8oreo%erH the stri!t rules of e%i&en!e an&
pro!e&ure will not appl" in a&inistrati%e
pro!ee&in,s liDe sei=ure an& forfeiture
pro!ee&in,s' 6hat is iportant is that the parties
are affor&e& the opportunit" to :e hear& an& the
&e!ision of the a&inistrati%e authorit" is :ase& on
su:stantial e%i&en!e'
!-e Pro"e%%5 0edia Co*erage d-ring Hearing
6199?7
No 2: +t the trial of a rape !ase where the %i!ti*
!oplainant was a well Dnown personalit" while
the a!!use& was a popular o%ie starH a 3E station
was allowe& :" the trial ;u&,e to tele%ise the entire
pro!ee&in,s liDe the
A'>' Sipson trial' 3he a!!use& o:;e!te& to the
3E !o%era,e an& petitione& the Supree Court
to prohi:it the sai& !o%era,e' +s the Supree
CourtH how woul& "ou rule on the petitionL
/0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he Supree Court shoul& ,rant the petition' 5n
its 1esolution &ate& A!to:er 22H 1991H the
Supree Court prohi:ite& li%e ra&io an& tele%ision
!o%era,e of !ourt pro!ee&in,s to prote!t the ri,ht
of the parties to &ue pro!essH to pre%ent the
&istra!tion of the parti!ipants in
the pro!ee&in,sH an& in the last anal"sis to a%oi&
a is!arria,e of ;usti!e'
!-e Pro"e%%5 0eeting *%= Hearing 619997
No E555 * C' An No%e:er 7H 1990H nine law"ers of
the 7e,al -epartent of O 9anD who were all
un&er Fre& 3orreH sent a !oplaint to
ana,eent a!!usin, 3orre of a:usi%e !on&u!t
an& isana,eent' Furnishe& with a !op" of
the !oplaintH 3orre &enie& the !har,es' 3wo
&a"s laterH the law"ers an& 3orre were !alle& to a
!onferen!e in the offi!e of the 9oar& Chairan to
,i%e their respe!ti%e si&es of the !ontro%ers"'
@owe%erH no a,reeent was rea!he& thereat'
9anD -ire!tor 1oulo 8oret was tasDe& to looD
further into the atter' @e et with the law"ers
to,ether with 3orre se%eral ties :ut to no a%ail'
8oret then su:itte& a report sustainin, the
!har,es of the law"ers' 3he 9oar& Chairan
wrote 3orre to infor hi that the :anD ha&
!hosen the !opassionate option of Cwaitin,C for
3orreBs resi,nation' 3orre was asDe&H without
:ein, &isisse&H to turn o%er the &o!uents of all
!ases han&le& :" hi to another offi!ial of the
:anD :ut 3orre refuse& to resi,n an& re?ueste& for
a Cfull hearin,C' -a"s laterH he reiterate& his
re?uest for a Cfull hearin,CH !laiin, that he ha&
:een C!onstru!ti%el" &isisse&C' 8oret assure&
3orre that he is Cfree to reain in the eplo" of
the :anDC e%en if he has no parti!ular worD
assi,nent' +fter another re?uest for a Cfull
hearin,C was i,nore&H 3orre file& a !oplaint with
the ar:itration :ran!h of N71C for ille,al
&isissal' 1ea!tin, theretoH the :anD terinate&
the ser%i!es of 3orre' (uestions: (a) 6as 3orre
C!onstru!ti%el" &isisse&C :efore he file& his
!oplaintL (:) $i%en the ultiple eetin,s hel&
aon, the :anD offi!ialsH the law"ers an& 3orreH is
it !orre!t for hi to sa" that he was not ,i%en an
opportunit" to :e hear&L /0plain "our answers'
(#N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
a) 3orre was !onstru!ti%el" &isisse&H as hel& in
/?uita:le 9anDin, Corporation %' National 7a:or
1elations CoissionH 273 SC1+ 322' +llowin,
an eplo"ee to report for worD without :ein,
assi,ne& an" worD !onstitutes !onstru!ti%e
&isissal'
:) 3orre is !orre!t in sa"in, that he was not ,i%en
the !han!e to :e hear&' 3he eetin,s in the
nature of !onsultations an& !onferen!es !annot
:e !onsi&ere& as %ali& su:stitutes for the proper
o:ser%an!e of noti!e an& hearin,'
!-e Pro"e%%5 Noti"e by P-bi"ation 619887
No' 9: 8a!a:e:eH Papan,a has se%eral :arrios
alon, the Papan,a ri%er' 3o ser%i!e the nee&s
of their resi&entst the uni!ipalit" has :een
operatin, a ferr" ser%i!e at the sae ri%erH for a
nu:er of "ears alrea&"'
Soetie in 1987H the uni!ipalit" was ser%e& a
!op" of an or&er fro the 7an& 3ansportation
Fran!hisin, an& 1e,ulator" 9oar& (73F19)H
,rantin, a !ertifi!ate of pu:li! !on%enien!e to 8r'
1i!ar&o 8a!apinla!H a resi&ent of 8a!a:e:eH to
operate ferr" ser%i!e a!ross the sae ri%er an&
:etween the sae :arrios :ein, ser%i!e&
presentl" :" the uni!ipalit"Bs ferr" :oats' + !he!D
of the re!or&s of the appli!ation of 8a!apinla!
shows that the appli!ation was file& soe onths
:eforeH set for hearin,H an& noti!es of su!h
hearin, were pu:lishe& in two newspapers of
,eneral !ir!ulation in the town of 8a!a:e:eH an&
in the pro%in!e of Papan,a' 3he uni!ipalit" ha&
ne%er :een &ire!tl" ser%e& a !op" of that noti!e of
hearin, nor ha& the San,,unian, 9a"an :een
re?ueste& :" 8a!apinla! for an" operate' 3he
uni!ipalit" ie&iatel" file& a otion for
re!onsi&eration with the 73F19 whi!h was &enie&'
5t went to the Supree Court on a petition for
!ertiorari to nullif" the or&er ,rantin, a !ertifi!ate
of pu:li! !on%enien!e to 8a!apinla! on two
,roun&s:
1 -enial of &ue pro!ess to the uni!ipalit";
2 For failure of 8a!apinla! to se!ure appro%al of
the San,,unian, 9a"an for hi to operate a ferr"
ser%i!e in 8a!a:e:eH
1esol%e the two points in the petition with
reasons'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he petition for !ertiorari shoul& :e ,rante&H
1' +s a part" &ire!tl" affe!te& :" the operation of the
ferr" ser%i!eH the 8uni!ipalit" of 8a!a:e:eH
Papan,a was entitle& to :e &ire!tl" notifie& :" the
73F19 of its pro!ee&in,s relati%e to 8a!apinla!Bs
appli!ationH e%en if the 8uni!ipalit" ha& not notifie&
the 73F19 of the e0isten!e of the uni!ipal ferr"
ser%i!e' Noti!e :" pu:li!ation was not enou,h'
(8uni!ipalit" of /!ha,ue %' +:elleraH 1#) SC1+ 180
(198)))'
2' 6here a ferr" operation lies entirel" within the
uni!ipalit"H the prior appro%al of the 8uni!ipal
,o%ernent is ne!essar"' ''''
10
!-e Pro"e%%5 Per+it to Carry Firear+ O-t%ide
Re%iden"e 6>?<899?7
3' -oes a Perit to Carr" Firear Autsi&e
1esi&en!e (P3CFA1) !onstitute a propert" ri,ht
prote!te& :" the ConstitutionL (2'2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
NoH it is not a propert" ri,ht un&er the &ue
pro!ess !lause of the Constitution' >ust liDe
or&inar" li!enses in other re,ulate& fiel&sH it a"
:e re%oDe& an" tie' 5t &oes not !onfer an
a:solute ri,htH :ut onl" a personal pri%ile,eH
su:;e!t to restri!tions' + li!ensee taDes his
li!ense su:;e!t to su!h !on&itions as the
7e,islature sees fit to iposeH an& a" :e
re%oDe& at its pleasure without &epri%in, the
li!ensee of an" propert" (Cha%e= %' 1ouloH
$'1' No' 12703)H >une 9H 200#)'
!-e Pro"e%%5 PPA<Piot% 689917
No M555 * 3he Philippine Ports +uthorit" (PP+)
$eneral 8ana,er issue& an a&inistrati%e or&er to
the effe!t that all e0istin, re,ular appointents to
har:or pilot positions shall reain %ali& onl" up to
-e!e:er 31 of the !urrent "ear an& that
hen!eforth all appointents to har:or pilot
positions shall :e onl" for a ter of one "ear fro
&ate of effe!ti%it"H su:;e!t to "earl" renewal or
!an!ellation :" the PP+ after !on&u!t of a ri,i&
e%aluation of perforan!e' Pilota,e as a
profession a" :e pra!ti!e& onl" :" &ul" li!ense&
in&i%i&ualsH who ha%e to pass fi%e ,o%ernent
professional e0ainations'
3he @ar:or Pilot +sso!iation !hallen,e& the
%ali&it" of sai& a&inistrati%e or&er ar,uin, that it
%iolate& the har:or pilotsB ri,ht to e0er!ise their
profession an& their ri,ht to &ue pro!ess of law
an& that the sai& a&inistrati%e or&er was issue&
without prior noti!e an& hearin,' 3he PP+
!ountere& that the a&inistrati%e or&er was %ali&
as it was issue& in the e0er!ise of its
a&inistrati%e !ontrol an& super%ision o%er
har:or pilots un&er PP+Bs le,islati%e !harterH an&
that in issuin, the or&er as a rule or re,ulationH it
was perforin, its e0e!uti%e or le,islati%eH an&
not a ?uasi*>u&i!ial fun!tion'
-ue pro!ess of law is !lassifie& into two Din&sH
nael"H pro!e&ural &ue pro!ess an& su:stanti%e
&ue pro!ess of law' 6as thereH orH was there no
%iolation of the har:or pilotsB ri,ht to e0er!ise their
profession an& their ri,ht to &ue pro!ess of lawL
(2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he ri,ht of the har:or pilots to &ue pro!ess was
%iolate&' + hel& in Corona %s' <nite& @ar:or
Pilots +sso!iation of the PhilippinesH 283 SC1+
31 (1997) pilota,e as a profession is a propert"
ri,ht prote!te& :" the ,uarantee of &ue pro!ess'
3he pre*e%aluation !an!ellation of the li!enses of
the har:or pilots e%er" "ear is unreasona:le an&
%iolate& their ri,ht to su:stanti%e &ue pro!ess'
3he renewal is
&epen&ent on the e%aluation after the li!enses ha%e
:een !an!elle&' 3he issuan!e of the a&inistrati%e
or&er also %iolate& pro!e&ural &ue pro!essH sin!e
no prior pu:li! hearin, was !on&u!te&' +s hol& in
Coissioner of 5nternal 1e%enue %s' Court of
+ppealsH 2)1 SC1+ 237 (1998)H &-en a reg*'a+ion
is being iss*ed *nder +-e 2*asi"'egis'a+i/e a*+-ori+y
o) an ad0inis+ra+i/e agency( +-e re2*ire0en+s o)
no+ice( -earing and p*b'ica+ion 0*s+ be obser/ed.
!-e Pro"e%%5 Pro"ed-ra *%= S-b%tanti*e
619997
No E555 * +' $i%e e0aples of a!ts of the state
whi!h infrin,e the &ue pro!ess !lause:
1' in its su:stanti%e aspe!t an& (1N)
2' in its pro!e&ural aspe!tL (1N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1') + law %iolates su:stanti%e &ue pro!ess when
it is unreasona:le or un&ul" oppressi%e' For
e0apleH Presi&ential -e!ree No' 1717H whi!h
!an!elle& all the ort,a,es an& liens of a &e:torH
was !onsi&ere& un!onstitutional for :ein,
oppressi%e' 7iDewiseH as state& in /rita*8alate
@otel an& 8otel Aperators +sso!iationH 5n!' %'
Cit" 8a"or of 8anilaH 20 SC1+ 8#9H a law whi!h
is %a,ue so that en of !oon intelli,en!e ust
,uess at its eanin, an& &iffer as to its
appli!ation %iolates su:stanti%e &ue pro!ess' +s
hel& in 3ana&a %' 3u%eraH 1#) SC1+ ##)H &ue
pro!ess re?uires that the law :e pu:lishe&'
2') 5n State Prose!utors %' 8uroH 23) SC1+ 202H
it was hel& that the &isissal of a !ase without the
:enefit of a hearin, an& without an" noti!e to the
prose!ution %iolate& &ue pro!ess' 7iDewiseH as
hel& in People %' Court of +ppealsH 2)2 SC1+
#22H the la!D of ipartialit" of the ;u&,e who will
&e!i&e a !ase %iolates pro!e&ural &ue pro!ess'
!-e Pro"e%%5 Pro*i%iona Order 619917
No 7 * An 29 >ul" 1991' the /ner," 1e,ulator"
9oar& (/19)H in response to pu:li! !laorH
issue& a resolution appro%in, an& a&optin, a
s!he&ule for :rin,in, &own the pri!es of
petroleu pro&u!ts o%er a perio& of one (1) "ear
startin, 12 +u,ust 1991H o%er the o:;e!tion of the
oil !opanies whi!h !lai that the perio& !o%ere&
is too lon, to pre;u&,e an& foresee' 5s the
resolution %ali&L
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
NoH the resolution is in%ali&H sin!e the /ner,"
1e,ulator" 9oar& issue& the resolution without a
hearin,' 3he resolution here is not a pro%isional
or&er an& therefore it !an onl" :e
issue& after appropriate noti!e an& hearin, to
affe!te& parties' 3he rulin, in Philippine
Couni!ations Satellite Corporation %s' +l!ua=H
180 SC1+ 218H to the effe!t that an or&er
pro%isionall" re&u!in, the rates whi!h a pu:li!
utilit" !oul& !har,eH !oul& :e issue& without
pre%ious noti!e an& hearin,H !annot appl"'
!-e Pro"e%%5 P-bi" S"'oo Tea"'er% 689987
No M * 3en pu:li! s!hool tea!hers of Caloo!an
Cit" left their !lassroos to ;oin a striDeH whi!h
laste& for one onthH to asD for tea!hersB
:enefits'
3he -epartent of /&u!ationH Culture an& Sports
!har,e& the a&inistrati%el"H for whi!h reason
the" were re?uire& to answer an& forall"
in%esti,ate& :" a !oittee !opose& of the
-i%ision Superinten&ent of S!hools as ChairanH
the -i%ision Super%isor as e:er an& a
tea!herH as another e:er' An the :asis of the
e%i&en!e a&&u!e& at the foral in%esti,ation
whi!h apl" esta:lishe& their ,uiltH the -ire!tor
ren&ere& a &e!ision etin, out to the the
penalt" of reo%al fro offi!e' 3he &e!ision was
affire& :" the -/CS Se!retar" an& the Ci%il
Ser%i!e Coission'
An appealH the" reiterate& the ar,uents the"
raise& :efore the a&inistrati%e :o&iesH nael":
(:) 3he" were &epri%e& of &ue pro!ess of law as
the 5n%esti,atin, Coittee was iproperl"
!onstitute& :e!ause it &i& not in!lu&e a tea!her in
representation of the tea!hersB or,ani=ation as
re?uire& :" the 8a,na Carta for Pu:li! S!hool
3ea!hers (1'+' No' #)70H Se!' 9)'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he tea!hers were &epri%e& of &ue pro!ess of
law' <n&er Se!tion 9 of the 8a,na Carta for
Pu:li! S!hool 3ea!hersH one of the e:ers of
the !oittee ust :e a tea!her who is a
representati%e of the lo!alH or in its a:sen!eH an"
e0istin, pro%in!ial or national or,ani=ation of
tea!hers' +!!or&in, to Fa:ella %' Court of
+ppealsH 283 SC1+ 22) (1997)H to :e !onsi&ere&
the authori=e& representati%e of su!h
or,ani=ationH the tea!her ust :e !hosen :" the
or,ani=ation itself an& not :" the Se!retar" of
/&u!ationH Culture an& Sports' Sin!e in
a&inistrati%e pro!ee&in,sH &ue pro!ess re?uires
that the tri:unal :e %este& with ;uris&i!tion an& :e
so !onstitute& as to affor& a person !har,e&
a&inistrati%el" a reasona:le ,uarantee of
ipartialit"H if the tea!her who is a e:er of the
!oittee was not appointe& in a!!or&an!e with
the lawH an" pro!ee&in, :efore
it is tainte& with &epri%ation of pro!e&ural &ue
pro!ess'
!-e Pro"e%%5 Radio Station 619877
No' M5E: 5n the ornin, of +u,ust 28H 1987H
&urin, the hei,ht of the fi,htin, at Channel # an&
Caelot @otelH the ilitar" !lose& 1a&io Station
MMH whi!h was e0!ite&l" reportin, the su!!esses
of the re:els an& o%eents towar&s 8anila an&
troops frien&l" to the re:els' 3he reports were
!orre!t an& fa!tual' An A!to:er )H 1987H after
noral!" ha& returne& an& the $o%ernent ha&
full !ontrol of the situationH the National
3ele!ouni!ations CoissionH without noti!e
an& hearin,H :ut erel" on the :asis of the report
of the ilitar"H !an!elle& the fran!hise of station
MM' -is!uss the le,alit" of:
(:) 3he !an!ellation of the fran!hise of the
station on A!to:er )H 1987'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he !an!ellation of the fran!hise of the station on
A!to:er )H 1987H without prior noti!e an& hearin,H
is %oi&' +s hel& in /astern 9roa&!astin, Corp'
(-O1/) %' -ansH 137 SC1+ )#7 (1982)H the
!ar&inal priar" re?uireents in a&inistrati%e
pro!ee&in,s (one of whi!h is that the parties ust
first :e hear&) as lai& &own in +n, 3i:a" %' C51H
)9 Phil' )32 (19#0) ust :e o:ser%e& in !losin, a
ra&io station :e!ause ra&io :roa&!asts are a for
of !onstitutionall"*prote!te& e0pression'
!-e Pro"e%%5 Re$re%ented by a Non<La1yer
619887
No' 2: Nor:erto 8alasas was a!!use& of estafa
:efore the 1e,ional 3rial Court of 8anila' +fter
the trialH he was foun& ,uilt"' An appealH his
!on%i!tion was affire& :" the Court of +ppeals'
+fter the re!or&s of his !ase ha& :een rean&e&
to the 1e,ional 3rial Court for e0e!utionH an&
after the latter Court ha& set the &ate for the
proul,ation of ;u&,entH the a!!use& file& a
otion with the Court of +ppeals to set asi&e the
entr" of ;u&,entH an& to rean& the !ase to the
1e,ional 3rial Court for new trial on the ,roun&
that he ha& ;ust &is!o%ere& that C+tt"' 7eonilo
8aporaC who he ha& !hosen an& who ha&
a!te& as his !ounsel :efore the trial !ourt an& the
Court of +ppealsH is not a law"er' 1esol%e& the
otion of the a!!use& with reasons'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he otion shoul& :e ,rante& an& the entr" of
;u&,ent shoul& :e set asi&e' +n a!!use& is
entitle& to :e hear& :" hiself or !ounsel' (+rt'
555H se!' 1#(2))' <nless he is represente& :" an
attorne"H there is a ,reat &an,er that an"
&efense presente& in his :ehalf will :e ina&e?uate
!onsi&erin, the le,al re?uisite an& sDill nee&e& in
!ourt pro!ee&in,s' 3here woul& !ertainl" :e a
&enial of &ue pro!ess' (-el,a&o
%' Court of +ppealsH 1#2 SC1+ 327 (198)))'
!-e Pro"e%%5 S-b%tanti*e 6899:7
2003 No M55 * 3he uni!ipal !oun!il of the
uni!ipalit" of $ua,uaH Papan,aH passe& an
or&inan!e penali=in, an" person or entit"
en,a,e& in the :usiness of sellin, ti!Dets to
o%ies or other pu:li! e0hi:itionsH ,aes or
perforan!es whi!h woul& !har,e !hil&ren
:etween 7 an& 12 "ears of a,e the full pri!e of
a&ission ti!Dets instea& of onl" one*half of the
aount thereof' 6oul& "ou hol& the or&inan!e a
%ali& e0er!ise of le,islati%e power :" the
uni!ipalit"L 6h"L
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he or&inan!e is %oi&' +s hel& in 9ala!uit %' Court
of First 5nstan!e of +,usan &el Norte' 1)3 SC1+
182 P1988QH the or&inan!e is unreasona:le' 5t
&epri%es the sellers of the ti!Dets of their propert"
without &ue pro!ess' + ti!Det is a propert" ri,ht an&
a" :e sol& for su!h pri!e as the owner of it !an
o:tain' 3here is nothin, perni!ious in !har,in,
!hil&ren the sae pri!e as a&ults'
!-e Pro"e%%5 S-%$en%ion o# !ri*erG% Li"en%e
619987
NoH 3; Con,ress is !onsi&erin, a law a,ainst
&runDen &ri%in,' <n&er the le,islationH poli!e
authorities a" asD an" &ri%er to taDe a
C:reathal"=er testCH wherein the &ri%er e0hales
se%eral ties into a &e%i!e whi!h !an &eterine
whether he has :een &ri%in, un&er the influen!e
of al!ohol' 3he results of the test !an :e use&H in
an" le,al pro!ee&in, a,ainst hi' FurtheroreH
&e!larin, that the issuan!e of a &ri%erBs li!ense
,i%es rise onl" to a pri%ile,e to &ri%e otor
%ehi!les on pu:li! roa&sH the law pro%i&es that a
&ri%er who refuses to taDe the test shall :e
autoati!all" su:;e!t to a 90*&a" suspension of
his &ri%erBs li!enseH
Cite two P2Q possi:le !onstitutional o:;e!tions to
this law' 1esol%e the o:;e!tions an& e0plain
whether an" su!h infirities !an :e !ure&'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
Possi:le o:;e!tions to the law are that re?uirin, a
&ri%er to taDe the :reathal"=er test will %iolate his
ri,ht a,ainst self*in!riinationH that pro%i&in, for
the suspension of his &ri%erBs li!ense without an"
hearin, %iolates &ue pro!essH an& that the
propose& law will %iolate the ri,ht a,ainst
unreasona:le sear!hes an& sei=uresH :e!ause it
allows poli!e authorities to
re?uire a &ri%e to taDe the :reathal"=er test e%en
if there is no pro:a:le !ause
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
1e?uirin, a &ri%er to taDe a :reathal"=er test &oes
not %iolate his ri,ht a,ainst self*in!riinationH
:e!ause he is not :ein, !opelle& to ,i%e
testionial e%i&en!e' @e is erel" :ein, asDe& to
su:it to a ph"si!al test' 3his is not !o%ere& :"
the !onstitutional ,uarantee a,ainst self*
in!riination' 3husH in South -aDota %s' Ne%illeH
#29 <'S' 223H it was hel& for this reason that
re?uirin, a &ri%er to taDe a :loo&*al!ohol test is
%ali&'
+s hel& in 8a!De" %s' +fontr"a ##3 <'S' 1H :e!ause
of !opellin, ,o%ernent interest in safet" alon,
the streetsH the li!ense of a &ri%er who refuses to
taDe the :reathal"=er test a" :e suspen&e&
ie&iatel" pen&in, a post*suspension hearin,H
:ut there ust :e a pro%ision for a post*suspension
hearin,' 3husH to sa%e the propose& law fro
un!onstitutionall" on the ,roun& of &enial of &ue
pro!essH it shoul& pro%i&e for an ie&iate hearin,
upon suspension of the &ri%erBs li!ense' 3he
propose& law %iolates the ri,ht a,ainst
unreasona:le sear!hes an& sei=ures' 5t will
authori=e poli!e authorities to stop an" &ri%er an&
asD hi to taDe the :reathal"=er test e%en in the
a:sen!e of a pro:a:le !ause'
!-e Pro"e%%5 Urgent P-bi" Need 619877
No' 55: 3he 8anila 3ransportation Copan"
applie& for upwar& a&;ustent of its rates :efore
the 3ransportation 1e,ulator" 9oar&' Pen&in, the
petitionH the 319H without pre%ious hearin,H
,rante& a ,eneral nationwi&e pro%isional in!rease
of rates' 5n another Ar&erH 319 re?uire& the
!opan" to pa" the unpai& super%isor" fees
!olle!ti:le un&er the Pu:li! Ser%i!e 7aw' +fter &ue
noti!e an& hearin,H on the :asis of the e%i&en!e
presente& :" 8anila 3ransportation Copan" an&
the AppositorsH 319 issue& an Ar&er re&u!in, the
rates applie& for :" one*fourth'
Chara!teri=e the powers e0er!ise& :" the 319 in this
!ase an& &eterine whether un&er the present
!onstitutional s"ste the 3ransportation 1e,ulator"
9oar& !an :e %ali&l" !onferre& the powers e0er!ise&
:" it in issuin, the Ar&ers ,i%en a:o%e' /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he or&ers in this !ase in%ol%e the e0er!ise of
;u&i!ial fun!tion :" an a&inistrati%e a,en!"H an&
thereforeH as a ,eneral ruleH the !ar&inal priar"
ri,hts enuerate& in +n, 3i:a" %' C51H )9 Phil'
)32 (19#0) ust :e o:ser%e&' 5n Ei,art
/le!tri! 7i,ht CoH %' PSCH 10 SC1+ #) (19)#) it
was hel& that a rate or&erH whi!h applies
e0!lusi%el" to a parti!ular part" an& is pre&i!ate&
on a fin&in, of fa!tH partaDes of the nature of a
?uasi ;u&i!ialH rather than le,islati%eH fun!tion'
3he first or&erH ,rantin, a pro%isional rate
in!rease without hearin,H is %ali& if ;ustifie& :"
<1$/N3 P<975C N//-H su!h as in!rease in the
!ost of fuel' 3he power of the Pu:li! Ser%i!e
Coission to ,rant su!h in!rease was uphel& in
se%eral !ases' (Sil%a %' A!apoH 90 Phil' 777
(1922); @alili %' PSCH 92 Phil' 103)(1923))
3he se!on& or&er re?uirin, the !opan" to pa"
unpai& super%isor" fees un&er the Pu:li! Ser%i!e
+!t !annot :e sustaine&' 3he !opan" has a
ri,ht to :e hear&H :efore it a" :e or&ere& to pa"'
(+n, 3i:a" %' C51H )9 Phil' )32 (19#0)) 3he thir&
or&er !an :e ;ustifie&' 3he fa!t that the 319 has
allowe& a pro%isional rate in!rease &oes not :in&
it to aDe the or&er peranent if the e%i&en!e
later su:itte& &oes not ;ustif" in!rease :utH on
the !ontrar"H warrants the re&u!tion of rates'
E+inent !o+ain5 2arni%'+ent 6199;7
No' 1#: 3he 8uni!ipalit" of +ntipoloH 1i=alH
e0propriate& the propert" of >uan 1e"es for use as
a pu:li! arDet' 3he 8uni!ipal Coun!il
appropriate& PlH000H000'00 for the pur!hase of the
lot :ut the 1e,ional 3rial CourtH on the :asis of the
e%i&en!eH fi0e& the %alue at P2H000H000'00' 1)
6hat le,al a!tion !an >uan 1e"es taDe to
!olle!t the :alan!eL 2) Can >uan 1e"es asD the
1e,ional 3rial
Court to ,arnish the 8uni!ipalit"Bs a!!ount
with the 7an& 9anDL SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: 1)
3o !olle!t the :alan!e of >u&,entH as state& in
3an 3o!o %s' 8uni!ipal Counsel of 5loiloH #9 Phil'
22H >uan 1e"es a" le%" on patrionial
properties of the 8uni!ipalit" of +ntipolo' 5f it has
no patrionial propertiesH in a!!or&an!e with the
8uni!ipalit" of 8aDati %s' Court of +ppealsH 190
SC1+ 20)H the ree&" of >uan 1e"es is to file a
petition for an&aus to !opel the 8uni!ipalit"
of +ntipolo to appropriate the ne!essar" fun&s to
satisf" the ;u&,ent'
2) Pursuant to the rulin, in Pasa" Cit"
$o%ernent %s' Court of First 5nstan!e of 8anilaH
132 SC1+ 12)H sin!e the 8uni!ipalit" of +ntipolo
has appropriate& P1H000H000 to pa"
for the lotH its :anD a!!ount a" :e ,arnishe&
:ut up to this aount onl"'
E+inent !o+ain5 2arni%'+ent 619987
No E5 * 2H 5f the Cit" of Ce:u has one" in :anDH
!an it :e ,arnishe&L P2NQ
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
2' NoH the one" of the Cit" of Ce:u in the :anD
!annot :e ,arnishe& if it !ae fro pu:li! fun&s'
+s hel& in 8uni!ipalit" of 8aDati %s' Court of
+ppealsH 190 SC1+ 20)H 212H pu:li! fun&s are
e0epte& fro ,arnishent'
E+inent !o+ain5 i++-nity #ro+ %-it 689917
No 555 * 3he 1epu:li! of the PhilippinesH throu,h
the -epartent of Pu:li! 6orDs an& @i,hwa"s
(-P6@)H !onstru!te& a new hi,hwa" linDin,
8etro 8anila an& (ue=on pro%in!eH an& whi!h
a;or thorou,hfare tra%erse& the lan& owne& :"
8an, Pan&o"' 3he ,o%ernent neither file& an"
e0propriation pro!ee&in,s nor pai& an"
!opensation to 8an, Pan&o" for the lan& thus
taDen an& use& as a pu:li! roa&'
8an, Pan&o" file& a suit a,ainst the ,o%ernent
to !opel pa"ent for the %alue of his lan&' 3he
-P6@ file& a otion to &isiss the !ase on the
,roun& that the State is iune fro suit' 8an,
Pan&o" file& an opposition' 1esol%e the otion'
(2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he otion to &isiss shoul& :e &enie&' +s hel& in
+i,a:le %' Cuen!aH #3 SC1+ 300 (1972)H when
the $o%ernent e0propriates pri%ate propert"
without pa"in, !opensationH it is &eee& to ha%e
wai%e& its iunit" fro suit' AtherwiseH the
!onstitutional ,uarantee that pri%ate propert" shall
not :e taDen for pu:li! use without pa"ent of ;ust
!opensation will :e ren&ere& nu,ator"'
E+inent !o+ain5 Indire"t P-bi" &ene#it
619997
No' 2: 3he Cit" of Ce:u passe& an or&inan!e
pro!laiin, the e0propriation of a ten (10)
he!tare propert" of C Copan"H whi!h propert"
is alrea&" a &e%elope& !oer!ial !enter' 3he
Cit" propose& to operate the !oer!ial !enter
in or&er to finan!e a housin, pro;e!t for !it"
eplo"ees in the %a!ant portion of the sai&
propert"' 3he or&inan!e fi0e& the pri!e of the
lan& an& the %alue of the ipro%eents to :e
pai& C Copan" on the :asis of the pre%ailin,
lan& %alue an& !ost of !onstru!tion'
(1) +s !ounsel for C Copan"H ,i%e two
!onstitutional o:;e!tions to the %ali&it" of the
or&inan!e'
(2) +s the ;u&,eH rule on the sai& o:;e!tions'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(1) +s !ounsel for C Copan"H 5 will ar,ue that the
taDin, of the propert" is not for a pu:li! use an&
that the or&inan!e !annot fi0 the !opensation to
:e pai& C Copan"H :e!ause this is a ;u&i!ial
?uestion that is for the !ourts to &e!i&e'
(2) +s ;u&,eH 5 will sustain the !ontention that the
taDin, of the propert" of C Copan" to operate
the !oer!ial !enter esta:lishe& within it to
finan!e a housin, pro;e!t for !it" eplo"ees is not
for a pu:li! use :ut for a pri%ate purpose' +s the
Court in&i!ate& in a &i!tu in 8anotoD' %' National
@ousin, +uthorit"H 120 SC1+ 89H that the
e0propriation of a !oer!ial !enter so that the
profits &eri%e& fro its operation !an :e use& for
housin, pro;e!ts is a taDin, for a pri%ate purpose'
5 will also sustain the !ontention that the or&inan!eH
e%en thou,h it fi0es the !opensation for the lan&
on the :asis of the pre%ailin, lan& %alue !annot
reall" &ispla!e ;u&i!ial &eterination of the pri!e for
the siple reason that an" fa!torsH soe of the
super%enin,H !annot possi:l" :e !onsi&ere& :" the
le,islature at the tie of ena!tin, the or&inan!e'
3here is ,reater reason for nullif"in, the use of the
!ost of !onstru!tion in the or&inan!e as :asis for
!opensation for the ipro%eents' 3he fair
arDet %alue of the ipro%eents a" not :e
e?ual to the !ost of !onstru!tion' 3he ori,inal !ost
of !onstru!tion a" :e lower than the fair arDet
%alueH sin!e the !ost of !onstru!tion at the tie of
e0propriation a" ha%e in!rease&'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
3he taDin, of the !oer!ial !enter is ;ustifie&
:" the !on!ept of in&ire!t pu:li! :enefit sin!e its
operation is inten&e& for the &e%elopent of the
%a!ant portion for so!iali=e& housin,H whi!h is
!learl" a pu:li! purpose'
E+inent !o+ain5 .-%t Co+$en%ation 619887
No' 8: 8r' 1olan& 1i%era is the owner of four lots
sou,ht to :e e0propriate& :" the /0port
Pro!essin, .one +uthorit" for the e0pansion of the
e0port pro!essin, =one at 9a,uio Cit"' 3he sae
par!els of lan& ha& :een %alue& :" the +ssessor
at P120'00 per s?uare eterH while 8r' 1i%era ha&
pre%iousl" fi0e& the arDet %alue of the sae at
P100 per s?uare eter' 3he 1e,ional 3rial Court
&e!i&e& for e0propriation an& or&ere& the pa"ent
to 8r' 1i%era at the rate of P100 a s?uare eter
pursuant to Presi&ential -e!ree No' 1233H
pro%i&in, that in &eterinin, ;ust !opensation
for pri%ate propert" a!?uire& throu,h einent
&oain pro!ee&in,sH the !opensation to :e
pai& shall not e0!ee& the %alue &e!lare& :" the
owner or &eterine& :" the +ssessorH pursuant to
the 1eal Propert" 3a0 Co&eH whi!he%er %alue is
lowerH prior to the re!oen&ation or &e!ision of
the appropriate ,o%ernent offi!e to a!?uire the
propert"'
8r' 1i%era appeale&H insistin, that ;ust
!opensation for his propert" shoul& :e
&eterine& :" Coissioners who !oul& e%aluate
all e%i&en!e on the real %alue of the propert"H at
the tie of its taDin, :" the ,o%ernent' @e
aintains that the lower !ourt erre& in rel"in, on
Presi&ential -e!ree NoH 1233H whi!h he !lais is
un!onstitutional'
@ow woul& "ou &e!i&e the appealL /0plain "our
answer'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he &e!ision of the lower !ourt shoul& :e re%erse&'
5n /P.+ %H -ula"H 1#9 SC1+ 302 (1987) the
Supree Court &e!lare& P- No' 1233 to :e an
un!onstitutional en!roa!hent on the prero,ati%es
of the ;u&i!iar"' 5t was e0plaine& that althou,h a
!ourt woul& te!hni!all" ha%e the power to
&eterine the ;ust !opensation for propert" un&er
the -e!reeH the !ourtBs tasD woul& :e rele,ate& to
sipl" statin, the lower %alue of the propert" as
&e!lare& either :" the owner or :" the assessor'
>ust !opensation eans the %alue of the propert"
at the tie of the taDin,' 5t eans a fair an& full
e?ui%alent for the loss sustaine&' 3o &eterine it
re?uires !onsi&eration of the !on&ition of the
propert" an& its surroun&in,H its ipro%eents an&
!apa:ilities'
NoH ): + law pro%i&es that in the e%ent of
e0propriationH the aount to :e pai& to a
lan&owner as !opensation shall :e either the
sworn %aluation a&e :" the owner or the offi!ial
assessent thereofH whi!he%er is lower' Can the
lan&owner su!!essfull" !hallen,e the law in
!ourtL -is!uss :riefl" "our answer'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
OesH the lan&owner !an su!!essfull" !hallen,e
the law in !ourt' +!!or&in, to the &e!ision in
/0port Pro!essin, .one +uthorit" %s' -ula"H 1#9
SC1+ 302H su!h a law is un!onstitutional' First of
allH it %iolates &ue pro!essH :e!ause it &enies to
the lan&owner the opportunit" to pro%e that the
%aluation in the ta0 &e!laration is
wron,' Se!on&l"H the &eterination of ;ust
!opensation in e0propriation !ases is a ;u&i!ial
fun!tion' Sin!e un&er Se!tion 9H +rti!le 555 of the
1987 Constitution pri%ate propert" shall not :e
taDen for pu:li! use without ;ust !opensationH no
law !an an&ate that its &eterination as to the
;ust !opensation shall pre%ail o%er the fin&in,s
of the !ourt'
No E5' 3he Cit" of Ce:u e0propriate& the propert"
of Carlos 3opi!o for use as a uni!ipal parDin,
lot' 3he San,,unian, Panlun,so& appropriate&
P10 illion for this purpose :ut the 1e,ional 3rial
Court fi0e& the !opensation for the taDin, of the
lan& at P12 illion'
1' 6hat le,al ree&"H if an"H &oes Carlos
3opi!o ha%e to re!o%er the :alan!e of P2 illion
for the taDin, of his lan&L P3NQ
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
1' 3he ree&" of Carlos 3opl!o is to le%" on
the patrionial properties of the Cit" of Ce:u' 5n
8uni!ipalit" of Paoa" %s 8anaoisH 8) Phil )29'
)32H the Supree Court hel&:
CPropert"H howe%erH whi!h is patrionial
an& whi!h is hel& :" a uni!ipalit" in its
proprietar" !apa!it" as treate& :" the ,reat
wei,ht of authorit" as the pri%ate asset of
the town an& a" :e le%ie& upon an& sol&
un&er an or&inar" e0e!ution'C
5f the Cit" of Ce:u &oes not ha%e patrionial
propertiesH the ree&" of Carlos 3opi!o is to file a
petition for an&aus to !opel it to appropriate
one" to satisf" the >u&,ent' 5n 8uni!ipalit"
8aDati %s' Court of +ppealsH 190 SC1+ 20)H 213'
the Supree Court sai&:
C6here a uni!ipalit" falls or refusesH
without ;ustifia:le reasonH to effe!t pa"ent
of a final one" ;u&,ent ren&ere& a,ainst
itH the !laiant a" a%ail of the ree&" of
an&aus in or&er to !opel the ena!tent
an& appro%al of the ne!essar" appropriation
or&inan!eH an& the !orrespon&in,
&is:urseent of uni!ipal fun&s therefor'C
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
1' @e !an file the one" !lai with the
Coission on +u&it'
E+inent !o+ain5 Lega Intere%t 6199:7
NoH 2: 5n e0propriation pro!ee&in,s: 1) 6hat
le,al interest shoul& :e use& in the !oputation
of interest on ;ust !opensationL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+s hel& in National Power Corporation %s' +n,as'
208 SC1+ 2#2H in a!!or&an!e with +rti!le 2209
of the Ci%il Co&eH the le,al interest
shoul& :e S5M per !ent ()N) a "ear' Central
9anD Cir!ular No' #1)H whi!h in!rease& the le,al
interest to twel%e per!ent (12N) a "ear is not
appli!a:le to the e0propriation of propert" an& is
liite& to loansH sin!e its issuan!e is :ase& on
Presi&ential -e!ree NoH 11)H whi!h aen&e& the
<sur" 7aw'
E+inent !o+ain5 Non<ob%er*an"e o# t'e
$oi"y o# Ha or noneH 689997
No E555' 8a&lan,:a"an is the owner of a 200
s?uare eter lot whi!h was the :irthpla!e of the
foun&er of a reli,ious se!t who a&itte&l" pla"e&
an iportant role in Philippine histor" an& !ulture'
3he National @istori!al Coission (N@C) passe&
a resolution &e!larin, it a national lan&arD an& on
its re!oen&ation the lot was su:;e!te& to
e0propriation pro!ee&in,s' 3his was oppose& :"
8a&lan,:a"an on the followin, ,roun&s: a) that the
lot is not a %ast tra!t; :) that those to :e :enefite&
:" the e0propriation woul& onl" :e the e:ers of
the reli,ious se!t of its foun&erH an& !) that the
N@C has not initiate& the e0propriation of
:irthpla!es of other ore &eser%in, histori!al
personalities' 1esol%e the opposition raise& :"
8a&lan,:a"an' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he ar,uents of 8a&lan,:a"an are not
eritorious' +!!or&in, to 8anos!a %' Court of
+ppealsH 222 SC1+ #12 (199))H the power of
einent &oain is not !onfine& to e0propriation of
%ast tra!ts of the lan&' 3he e0propriation of the lot
to preser%e it as the :irthpla!e of the foun&er of
the reli,ious se!t :e!ause of his role in Philippine
histor" an& !ulture is for a pu:li! purposeH
:e!ause pu:li! use is no lon,er restri!te& to the
tra&itional !on!ept' 3he fa!t that the e0propriation
will :enefit the e:ers of the reli,ious se!t is
erel" in!i&ental' 3he fa!t that other :irthpla!es
ha%e not :een e0propriate& is liDewise not a %ali&
:asis for opposin, the e0propriation' +s hel& in
>'8' 3uason an& Copan"H 5n!' %' 7an& 3enure
+&inistrationH 31 SC1+ #13 (1970)H the
e0propriatin, authorit" is not re?uire& to a&here to
the poli!" of Call or noneC'
E+inent !o+ain5 Po1er to E,er"i%e 6899A7
(10*2) 3he San,,unian, 9a"an of the 8uni!ipalit"
of SantaH 5lo!os Sur passe& 1esolution No' 1
authori=in, its 8a"or to initiate a petition for the
e0propriation of a lot owne& :" Christina as site
for its uni!ipal sports !enter' 3his was appro%e&
:" the 8a"or' @owe%erH the San,,unian,
Panlalawi,an of 5lo!os Sur &isappro%e& the
1esolution as there i,ht still
:e other a%aila:le lots in Santa for a sports
!enter'
NonethelessH the 8uni!ipalit" of SantaH throu,h its
8a"orH file& a !oplaint for einent &oain'
Christina oppose& this on the followin, ,roun&s:
1 the 8uni!ipalit" of Santa has no power to
e0propriate;
2 1esolution No' 1 has :een %oi&e& sin!e
the San,,unian, Panlalawi,an &isappro%e& it for
:ein, ar:itrar"; an&
3 the 8uni!ipalit" of Santa has other an&
11
better lots for that purpose. Resole
the !ase "#th reaso$s. %&'(
SU22ESTE! ANS4ERS:
a) <n&er Se!tion 19 of 1'+' No' 71)0H the
power of einent &oain is e0pli!itl" ,rante& to the
uni!ipalit"H :ut ust :e e0er!ise& throu,h an
or&inan!e rather than throu,h a resolution'
(8uni!ipalit" ofParana?ue %' E'8' 1ealt" Corp'H
$'1' No' 127820H >ul" 20H 1998)
:) 3he San,,unian, Panlalawi,an of 5lo!os
Sur was without the authorit" to &isappro%e
1esolution No' 1 as the uni!ipalit" !learl" has
the power to e0er!ise the ri,ht of einent &oain
an& its San,,unian, 9a"an the !apa!it" to
proul,ate sai& resolution' 3he onl" ,roun& upon
whi!h a pro%in!ial :oar& a" &e!lare an"
uni!ipal resolutionH or&inan!e or or&er in%ali& is
when su!h resolutionH or&inan!e or or&er is
:e"on& the powers !onferre& upon the !oun!il or
presi&ent aDin, the sae' Su!h is not the
situation in this !ase' (8o&a" %' Court of +ppealsH
$'1' No' 10791)H Fe:ruar" 20H 1997)
!) 3he ?uestion of whether there is ,enuine
ne!essit" for the e0propriation of ChristinaBs lot or
whether the uni!ipalit" has other an& :etter lots
for the purpose is a atter that will ha%e to :e
resol%e& :" the Court upon presentation of
e%i&en!e :" the parties to the !ase'
E+inent !o+ain5 P-bi" U%e 619877
No' ME5: 5n >anuar" 198#H Pasa" Cit" file&
e0propriation pro!ee&in,s a,ainst se%eral
lan&owners for the !onstru!tion of an a?ue&u!t for
floo& !ontrol in a :aran,a"' Clearl"H onl" the
resi&ents of that :aran,a" woul& :e :enefite& :"
the pro;e!t' +s !opensationH the !it" offere& to
pa" onl" the aount &e!lare& :" the owners in
their ta0
&e!larationsH whi!h aount was lower than the
assesse& %alue as &eterine& :" the assessor'
3he lan&owners oppose the e0propriation on the
,roun&s that:
(a) the sae is not for pu:li! use; an&
(:) assuin, it is for pu:li! useH the
!opensation ust :e :ase& on the e%i&en!e
presente& in !ourt an& notH as pro%i&e& in
presi&ential &e!rees pres!ri:in, pa"ent of the
%alue state& in the ownerBs ta0 &e!larations or the
%alue &eterine& :" the assessorH whi!he%er is
lower'
5f "ou were ;u&,eH how woul& "ou rule on the
issueL 6h"L
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(a) 3he !ontention that the taDin, of pri%ate
propert" for the purpose of !onstru!tin, an
a?ue&u!t for floo& !ontrol is not for pu:li! useC is
untena:le* 3he i&ea that CP<975C <S/C eans
e0!lusi%el" use :" the pu:li! has :een &is!ar&e&'
+s lon, as the purpose of the taDin, is pu:li!H the
e0er!ise of power of einent &oain is ;ustifia:le'
6hate%er a" :e :enefi!iall" eplo"e& for the
,eneral welfare satisfies the re?uireent of pu:li!
use' (@eirs of
>uan!ho +r&ona %' 1e"esH 123 SC1 + 220 (1983))
(:) 9ut the !ontention that the Presi&ential -e!rees
pro%i&in, that in &eterinin, ;ust !opensation the
%alue state& :" the owner in his ta0 &e!laration or
that &eterine& :" the assessorH whi!he%er is lowerH
in un!onstitutional is !orre!t' 5n /P.+ %' -ula"'
$'1' No' 29)03H +pril 29H 1987H it was hel& that
this etho& pres!ri:e& for as!ertainin, ;ust
!opensation !onstitutes an iperissi:le
en!roa!hent on the prero,ati%es of !ourts' 5t
ten&s to ren&er !ourts inutile in a atter whi!hH
un&er the ConstitutionH is reser%e& to the for final
&eterination' For althou,h un&er the &e!rees the
!ourts still ha%e the power to &eterine ;ust
!opensationH their tasD is re&u!e& to sipl"
&eterinin, the lower %alue of the propert" as
&e!lare& either :" the owner or :" the assessor'
C><S3 CA8P/NS+35ANC eans the %alue of the
propert" at the tie of the taDin,' 5ts &eterination
re?uires that all fa!ts as to the !on&ition of the
propert" an& its surroun&in,s an& its
ipro%eents an& !apa:ilities ust :e
!onsi&ere&H an& this !an onl" :e &one in a ;u&i!ial
pro!ee&in,'
E+inent !o+ain5 So"iai)ed Ho-%ing 6199?7
No' # * 3he Cit" of Pasi, initiate& e0propriation
pro!ee&in,s on a one*he!tare lot whi!h is part of
a ten*he!tare par!el of lan& &e%ote& to the
,rowin, of %e,eta:les' 3he purpose of the
e0propriation is to use the lan& as a relo!ation
site for 200 failies s?uattin, alon, the Pasi,
ri%er' a) Can the owner of the propert" oppose
the
e0propriation on the ,roun& that onl" 200
out of the ore than 10H000 s?uatter
failies in Pasi, Cit" will :enefit fro the
e0propriationL /0plain' :) Can the -epartent of
+,rarian 1efor
re?uire the Cit" of Pasi, to first se!ure
authorit" fro sai& -epartent :efore
!on%ertin, the use of the lan& fro
a,ri!ultural to housin,L /0plain' SU22ESTE!
ANS4ER: a) NoH the owner of the propert"
!annot oppose the e0propriation on the ,roun&
that onl" 200 out of ore than 10H000 s?uatter
failies in Pasi, Cit" will :enefit fro the
e0propriation' +s hel& in Philippine Colu:ian
+sso!iation %s' PantsH 228 SC1+ ))8H the
a!?uisition of pri%ate propert" for so!iali=e&
housin, is for pu:li! use an& the fa!t that onl" a
few an& not e%er"one will :enefit fro the
e0propriation &oes not &etra!t fro the nature of
the pu:li! use'
:) NoH the -epartent of +,rarian 1efor !annot
re?uire Pasi, Cit" to first se!ure authorit" fro it
:efore !on%ertin, the use of the lan& fro
a,ri!ultural to resi&ential' +!!or&in, to Pro%in!e
of Caarines Sur %s' Court of +ppealsH 222
SC1+ 173H there is no pro%ision in the
Coprehensi%e +,rarian 1efor 7aw whi!h
su:;e!ts the e0propriation of a,ri!ultural lan&s :"
lo!al ,o%ernent units to the !ontrol of the
-epartent of +,rarian 1efor an& to re?uire
appro%al fro the -epartent of +,rarian 1efor
will ean that it is not the lo!al ,o%ernent unit
:ut the -epartent of +,rarian 1efor who will
&eterine whether or not the e0propriation is for a
pu:li! use'
E+inent !o+ain5 4rit o# Po%%e%%ion 6199:7
NoH 2: 5n e0propriation pro!ee&in,s: Can the
;u&,e %ali&l" withhol& issuan!e of the writ of
possession until full pa"ent of the final %alue of
the e0propriate& propert"L
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
NoH the ;u&,e !annot %ali&l" withhol& the issuan!e
of the writ of possession until full pa"ent of the
final %alue of the e0propriate& propert"' +s hel& in
National Power Corporation %s' >o!sonH 20)
SC1+ 220' it is the rninisterial &ut" of the >u&,e
to issue the writ of possession upon &eposit of the
pro%isional %alue of the e0propriate& propert" with
the National or Pro%in!ial 3reasurer'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
(per -on&ee) in Republic vs. GingoyonH $1 no'
1))#29H -e!' 19H 2002H the SC hel& that 1+ 897#
now re?uires full pa"ent :efore the State a"
e0er!ise proprietar" ri,hts in an e0propriation
pro!ee&in, an& aDin, the pre%ious rulin, o:iter
&i!tu'
EF-a Prote"tion5 Aien E+$oy+ent 619897
No 18: +n or&inan!e of the Cit" of 8anila re?uires
e%er" alien &esirin, to o:tain eplo"ent of
whate%er Din&H in!lu&in, !asual an& part*tie
eplo"entH in the !it" to se!ure an eplo"ent
perit fro the Cit" 8a"or an& to pa" a worD
perit fee of P200' 5s the or&inan!e %ali&L
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
NoH the or&inan!e is not %ali&' 5n Eille,as %s' @iu
Chion, 3sai Pao @oH 8) SC1+ 270H it was hel&
that su!h an or&inan!e %iolates e?ual prote!tion' 5t
faile& to !onsi&er the %ali& su:stantial &ifferen!es
aon, the aliens re?uire& to pa" the fee' 3he
sae aon, it :ein, !olle!te& fro e%er"
eplo"e& alienH whether he is !asual or
peranentH part*tie or full*tie' 3he or&inan!e
also %iolates &ue pro!essH :e!ause it &oes not
!ontain an" stan&ar& to ,ui&e the a"or in the
e0er!ise of the power ,rante& to hi :" the
or&inan!e' 3husH it !onfers upon hi unrestri!te&
power to allow or pre%ent an a!ti%it" whi!h is
lawful per se'
EF-a Prote"tion5 In*idio-% !i%"ri+ination
619877
No' E5: 8arina NeptuniaH &au,hter of a sea !aptain
an& sister to four arine offi!ers &e!i&e& as a !hil&
to follow in her fatherBs footsteps' 5n her ,rowin, up
"ears she was as u!h at hoe on :oar& a :oat
as she was in the fail" hoe :" the sea' 5n tie
she earne& a 9a!helor of S!ien!e &e,ree in
8arine 3ransportationH a;or in Na%i,ation an&
Seaanship' She ser%e& her apprenti!eship for a
"ear in a er!hant arine %essel re,istere& for
forei,n tra&e an& another "ear on a er!hant
arine %essel re,istere& for !oastwise tra&e' 9ut
to :e!oe a full*fle&,e& arine offi!er she ha& to
pass the appropriate :oar& e0ainations :efore
she !oul& ,et her professional li!ense an&
re,istration' She applie& in >anuar" 198) to taDe
e0aination for arine offi!ers :ut her appli!ation
was re;e!te& for the reason that the law 1e,ulatin,
the Pra!ti!e of 8arine Profession in the Philippines
(Pres' -e!' No' 97 (1973) ) spe!ifi!all" pres!ri:es
that CNo person shall :e ?ualifie& for e0aination
as arine offi!er unless he is:
8arina feels %er" a,,rie%e& o%er the &enial an&
has !oe to "ou for a&%i!e' She wants to Dnow:
(1) 6hether the 9oar& of /0ainers ha& an"
plausi:le or le,al :asis for re;e!tin, her
appli!ation in 198)' /0plain :riefl"'
(2) 6hether the 1987 Constitution
,uarantees her the ri,ht to a&ission to taDe the
!oin, >anuar" 1988 arine offi!ers
e0ainations' /0plain an& !ite rele%ant
pro%isions'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(a) 3he &is?ualifi!ation of feales fro the pra!ti!e
of arine profession !onstitutes as in%i&ious
&is!riination !on&ene& :" the /?ual Prote!tion
Clause of that Constitution (+rt' 5EH Se!' 1) 5n the
<nite& StatesH un&er a siilar pro%isionH while
earlier &e!isions of the Supree Court uphel& the
%ali&it" of a statute prohi:itin, woen fro
:arten&in, unless she was the wife or &au,hter of
a ale owner (3oesar+ /. C'eary( 445 6.7. ,%, (19,)
an& &en"in, to woen the ri,ht to pra!ti!e law
(Brad&e'' /. 7+a+e( 4 6.7. (1% Wa'') 14$ (1!4)H re!ent
&e!isions ha%e in%ali&ate& statutes or re,ulations
pro%i&in, for &ifferential treatent of feales :ase&
on nothin, stereot"pi!al an& ina!!urate
,enerali=ations' 3he Court hel& that C!lassifi!ation
:ase& on se0H liDe !lassifi!ations :ase& upon ra!eH
aliena,eH or national ori,inH are inherentl" suspe!tH
an& ust therefore :e su:;e!te& to stri!t ;u&i!ial
s!rutin"'C +!!or&in,l"H the Court in%ali&ate& a
statute perittin, a ale ser%i!ean to !lai his
spouse as a &epen&ent to o:tain in!rease& ?uarter
allowan!eH re,ar&less of whether the wife is
a!tuall" &epen&ent on hiH while &en"in, the sae
ri,ht to a ser%i!ewoan unless her hus:an& was in
fa!t &epen&ent on her for o%er one half of his
support' (8ron+ierro / Ric-ardson( ,11 6.7. %!
(19!4)9 Accord Craig( /. Boren( ,#9 6.7. 19$ (19!%)
(pro%i&in, for sale of :eer to ales un&er 21 an&
to feales un&er 18); 1ee& %' 1ee&' #0#
<'S' 71 (1971) (preferen!e ,i%en to en o%er
woen for appointent as a&inistrators of
estates in%ali&)'
(:) 5n a&&ition to the /?ual Prote!tion ClauseH the
1987 Constitution now re?uires the State to
Censure the fun&aental e?ualit" :efore the law of
woen an& enC (+rt 55H Se!' 1#) an& to pro%i&e
the with Csu!h fa!ilities an& opportunities that will
enhan!e their welfare an& ena:le the to reali=e
their full potential in the ser%i!e of the nation'C (+rt'
M555H Se!' 1#)' 3hese pro%isions put in serious
&ou:t the %ali&it" of P- 97 liitin, the pra!ti!e of
arine profession to ales'
EF-a Prote"tion5 In*idio-% !i%"ri+ination
619877
No' 10: CMCH a son of a ri!h fail"H applie& for
enrolent with the San Carlos Seinar" in
8an&alu"on,H 8etro 8anila' 9e!ause he ha&
:een pre%iousl" e0pelle& fro another seinar"
for s!holasti! &efi!ien!"H the 1e!tor of San Carlos
Seinar" &enie& the appli!ation without ,i%in, an"
,roun&s for the &enial' +fter CMC was refuse&
a&issionH the 1e!tor a&itte& another appli!antH
who is the son of a poor farer who was also
a!a&ei!all" &efi!ient'
(a) Prepare a short ar,uent !itin, rulesH lawsH
or !onstitutional pro%isions in support of CMBsC
otion for re!onsi&eration of the &enial of his
appli!ation'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he refusal of the seinar" to a&it CMC
!onstitutes in%i&ious &is!riinationH %iolati%e of the
/?ual Prote!tion Clause (+rt' 555H Se!' 1) of the
Constitution' 3he fa!tH that the other appli!ant is
the son of a poor farer &oes not aDe the
&is!riination an" less in%i&ious sin!e the other
appli!ant is also a!a&ei!all" &efi!ient' 3he
re%erse &is!riination pra!ti!e& :" the seinar"
!annot :e ;ustifie& :e!ause unliDe the ra!e
pro:le in +eri!aH po%ert" is not a !on&ition of
inferiorit" nee&in, re&ress'
EF-a Prote"tion5 Poi"e Po1er 689997
No 5E' <n&aunte& :" his three failures in the
National 8e&i!al +&ission 3est (N8+3)H Cru=
applie& to taDe it a,ain :ut he was refuse&
:e!ause of an or&er of the -epartent of
/&u!ationH Culture an& Sports (-/CS) &isallowin,
flunDers fro taDin, the test a fourth tie' Cru=
file& suit assailin, this rule raisin, the
!onstitutional ,roun&s of a!!essi:le ?ualit"
e&u!ationH a!a&ei! free&o an& e?ual
prote!tion' 3he ,o%ernent opposes thisH
uphol&in, the !onstitutionalit" of the rule on the
,roun& of e0er!ise of poli!e power' -e!i&e the
!ase &is!ussin, the ,roun&s raise&' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+s hel& in -epartent of /&u!ationH Culture an&
Sports %' San -ie,oH180 SC1+ 233 (1989)H the
rule is a %ali& e0er!ise of poli!e power to ensure
that those a&itte& to the e&i!al profession are
?ualifie&' 3he ar,uents of Cru= are not
eritorious' 3he ri,ht to ?ualit" e&u!ation an&
a!a&ei! free&o are not a:solute' <n&er
Se!tion 2(3)H +rti!le M5E of the ConstitutionH the
ri,ht to !hoose a profession is su:;e!t to fairH
reasona:le an& e?uita:le a&ission an&
a!a&ei! re?uireents' 3he rule &oes not %iolate
e?ual prote!tion' 3here is a su:stantial &istin!tion
:etween e&i!al stu&ents an& other stu&ents'
<nliDe other
professionsH the e&i!al profession &ire!tl"
affe!ts the li%es of the people'
EF-a Prote"tion5 Rig't to Ed-"ation 6199;7
No' 12; 3he -epartent of /&u!ationH Culture an&
Sports 5ssue& a !ir!ular &is?ualif"in, an"one who
fails for the fourth tie in the National /ntran!e
3ests fro a&ission to a Colle,e of -entistr"' M
who was thus &is?ualifie&H ?uestions the
!onstitutionalit" of the !ir!ular' 1) -i& the !ir!ular
&epri%e her of her
!onstitutional ri,ht to e&u!ationL 2) -i& the
!ir!ular %iolate the e?ual prote!tion
!lause of the ConstitutionL SU22ESTE!
ANS4ER: 1) NoH :e!ause it is a perissi%e
liitation to ri,ht to e&u!ationH as it is inten&e& to
ensure that onl" those who are ?ualifie& to :e
&entists are a&itte& for enrollent''''
2) NoH the !ir!ular &i& not %iolate the e?ual
prote!tion !lause of the Constitution' 3here is a
su:stantial &istin!tion :etween &entistr" stu&ents
an& other stu&ents' 3he &ental profession &ire!tl"
affe!ts the li%es an& health of people' Ather
professions &o not in%ol%e the sae &eli!ate
responsi:ilit" an& nee& not :e siilarl" treate&'
3his is in a!!or&an!e with the rulin, in -epartent
of /&u!ationH Culture an& Sports %s' San -ie,oH
180 SC1+ 233'
EF-a Prote"tion5 S-b%idiary I+$ri%on+ent
619897
No' #: CMC was senten!e& to a penalt" of 1 "ear
an& 2 onths of prision !orre!tional an& to pa" a
fine of P8H000'00H with su:si&iar" iprisonent in
!ase of sol%en!"' +fter ser%in, his prison terH CMC
asDe& the -ire!tor of Prisons whether he !oul&
alrea&" :e release&' CMC was asDe& to pa" the fine
of P2H000'00 an& he sai& he !oul& not affor& itH
:ein, an in&i,ent' 3he -ire!tor infore& hi he
has to ser%e an a&&itional prison ter at the rate of
one &a" per ei,ht pesos in a!!or&an!e with +rti!le
39 of the 1e%ise& Penal Co&eH 3he law"er of CMC
file& a petition for ha:eas !orpus !onten&in, that
the further in!ar!eration of his !lient for unpai&
fines %iolates the e?ual prote!tion !lause of the
Constitution' -e!i&e'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(1) 3he petition shoul& :e ,rante&H :e!ause
+rti!le 39 of the 1e%ise& Penal Co&e is
un!onstitutional' 5n 3ate %s' ShortH #01 <'S' 392H
the <nite& States Supree Court hel& that
iposition of su:si&iar" iprisonent upon a
!on%i!t who is too poor to pa" a fine %iolates
e?ual prote!tionH :e!ause e!onoi! status
!annot ser%e as a %ali& :asis for &istin,uishin,
the &uration of the iprisonent :etween a
!on%i!t who is a:le to pa" the fine an& a !on%i!t
who is una:le to pa" it'
(2) An the other han&H in <nite& States e0 rel'
Pri%itera %s' GrossH 239 F Supp 118H it was hel&
that the iposition of su:si&iar" iprisonent for
ina:ilit" to pa" a fine &oes not %iolate e?ual
prote!tionH :e!ause the punishent shoul& :e
tailore& to fit the in&i%i&ualH an& e?ual prote!tion
&oes not !opel the era&i!ation of e%er"
&isa&%anta,e !ause& :" in&i,en!e' 3he &e!ision
was affire& :" the <nite& States Cir!uit Court of
+ppeals in 3#2 F2& 233H an& the <nite& States
Supree Court &enie& the petition for !ertiorari in
382 <'S' 911' 3his rulin, was a&opte& :" the
5llinois Supree Court in People %s' 6illiasH 31
+713& 920'
Freedo+ o# E,$re%%ion5 Cen%or%'i$ 6899:7
No 5M * 8a" the CA8/7/C (CA8/7/C) prohi:it
the postin, of &e!als an& sti!Ders on Co:ileC
pla!esH pu:li! or pri%ateH su!h as on a pri%ate
%ehi!leH an& liit their lo!ation onl" to the
authori=e& postin, areas that the CA8/7/C itself
fi0esL /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+!!or&in, to +&ion, %' CA8/7/C' 207 SC1+
712 P1992QH the prohi:ition is un!onstitutional' 5t
!urtails the free&o of e0pression of in&i%i&uals
who wish to e0press their preferen!e for a
!an&i&ate :" postin, &e!als an& sti!Ders on their
!ars an& to !on%in!e others to a,ree with the' 5t
is also o%er:roa&H :e!ause it en!opasses
pri%ate propert" an& !onstitutes &epri%ation of
propert" without &ue pro!ess of law' Awnership of
propert" in!lu&es the ri,ht to use' 3he prohi:ition
is !ensorshipH whi!h !annot :e ;ustifie&'
Freedo+ o# E,$re%%ion5 Prior Re%traint 619887
No' 1): 3he Se!retar" of 3ransportation an&
Couni!ations has warne& ra&io station
operators a,ainst sellin, :lo!De& tieH on the
!lai that the tie !o%ere& there:" are often use&
:" those :u"in, the to atta!D the present
a&inistration' +ssue that the &epartent
ipleents this warnin, an& or&ers owners an&
operators of ra&io stations not to sell :lo!De& tie
to intereste& parties without prior !learan!e fro
the -epartent of 3ransportation an&
Couni!ations'
Oou are approa!he& :" an intereste& part" affe!te&
a&%ersel" :" that or&er of the Se!retar" of
3ransportation an&
Couni!ations' 6hat woul& "ou &o re,ar&in,
that :an on the sale of :lo!De& tieL /0plain
"our answer'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
5 woul& !hallen,e its %ali&it" in !ourt on the
,roun& that it !onstitutes a prior restraint on
free&o of e0pression' Su!h a liitation is %ali&
onl" in e0!eptional !asesH su!h as where the
purpose is to pre%ent a!tual o:stru!tion to
re!ruitent of ser%i!e or the sailin, &ates of
transports or the nu:er an& lo!ation of troopsH
or for the purpose of enfor!in, the priar"
re?uireents of &e!en!" or the se!urit" of
!ounit" life' (Near %' 8innesotaH 283 <'SH )97
(1931))' +tta!Ds on the ,o%ernentH on the other
han&H !annot ;ustif" prior restraints' For as has
:een pointe& outH Cthe interest of so!iet" an& the
aintenan!e of ,oo& ,o%ernent &ean& a full
&is!ussion of pu:li! affairs' Coplete li:ert" to
!oent on the !on&u!t of pu:li! en is a
s!alpel in the !ase of free spee!h' 3he sharp
in!ision of its pro:e relie%es the a:s!esses of
offi!ial&o' 8en in pu:li! life a" suffer un&er a
hostile an& an un;ust a!!usation; the woun& !an
:e assua,e& with the :al of a !lear
!ons!ien!eHC (<nite& States % 9ustosH 37 Phil'
7#1 (1918))'
3he parties a&%ersel" affe!te& a" also &isre,ar&
the re,ulation as :ein, on its fa!e %oi&' +s has
:een hel&H Can" s"ste of prior restraints of
e0pression !oes to the !ourt :earin, a hea%"
presuption a,ainst its !onstitutional %ali&it"HC
an& the ,o%ernent Cthus !arries a hea%" :ur&en
of showin, ;ustifi!ation for the iposition of su!h a
restraint'C (New OorD 3ies Co' %' <nite& StatesH
#03 <'S' 713 (1971))'
3he usual presuption of %ali&it" that inheres in
le,islation is re%erse& in the !ase of laws iposin,
prior restraint on free&o of e0pression'
Freedo+ o# Reigion5 Con*i"ted Pri%oner%
619897
No' 2: CMC is ser%in, his prison senten!e in
8untinlupa' @e :elon,s to a reli,ious se!t that
prohi:its the eatin, of eat' @e asDe& the
-ire!tor of Prisons that he :e ser%e& with
eatless &iet' 3he -ire!tor refuse& an& CMC sue&
the -ire!tor for &aa,es for %iolatin, his
reli,ious free&o' -e!i&e'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
OesH the -ire!tor of Prison is lia:le un&er +rti!le
32 of the Ci%il Co&e for %iolatin, the reli,ious
free&o of CMC' +!!or&in, to the &e!ision of the
<nite& States Supree Court in the !ase of
AB7one %s' /state of Sha:a==H 107 S' Ct' 2#00H
!on%i!te& prisoners retain their ri,ht to free
e0er!ise of reli,ion' +t the sae tieH lawful
in!ar!eration :rin,s a:out ne!essar" liitations
of an" pri%ile,es an& ri,hts ;ustifie& :" the
!onsi&erations un&erl"in, the penal s"ste' 5n
!onsi&erin, the appropriate :alan!e :etween
these two fa!torsH reasona:leness shoul& :e the
test' +!!oo&ation to reli,ious free&o !an :e
a&e if it will not in%ol%e sa!rifi!in, the interests
of se!urit" an& it will ha%e no ipa!t on the
allo!ation of the resour!es of the penitentiar"' 5n
this !aseH pro%i&in, CMC with a eatless &iet will
not !reate a se!urit" pro:le or un&ul" in!rease
the !ost of foo& :ein, ser%e& to the prisoners' 5n
fa!tH in the !ase of AB 7one %s' /state of
Sha:a==H it was note& that the 8osle prisoners
were :ein, ,i%en a &ifferent eal whene%er porD
woul& :e ser%e&'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
3he suit shoul& :e &isisse&' 3he Free /0er!ise
Clause of the Constitution is essentiall" a restraint
on ,o%ernental interferen!e with the ri,ht of
in&i%i&uals to worship as the" please' 5t is not a
an&ate to the state to taDe positi%eH affirati%e
a!tion to ena:le the in&i%i&ual to en;o" his
free&o' 5t woul& ha%e :een &ifferent ha& the
-ire!tor of Prisons prohi:ite& eatless &iets in the
penal institution'
Freedo+ o# Reigion5 Li+itation% 619987
No ME' * + reli,ious or,ani=ation has a weeDl"
tele%ision pro,ra' 3he pro,ra presents an&
propa,ates its reli,iousH &o!trinesH an& !opares
their pra!ti!es with those of other reli,ions'
+s the 8o%ie an& 3ele%ision 1e%iew an&
Classifi!ation 9oar& (831C9) foun& as offensi%e
se%eral episo&es of the pro,ra whi!h atta!De&
other reli,ionsH the 831C9 re?uire& the
or,ani=ation to su:it its tapes for re%iew prior to
airin,'
3he reli,ious or,ani=ation :rou,ht the !ase to
!ourt on the ,roun& that the a!tion of the 831C9
suppresses its free&o of spee!h an& interferes
with its ri,ht to free e0er!ise of reli,ion' -e!i&e'
P2NQ
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he reli,ious or,ani=ation !annot in%oDe free&o
of spee!h an& free&o of reli,ion as ,roun&s for
refusin, to su:it the tapes to the 8o%ie an&
3ele%ision 1e%iew an& Classifi!ation 9oar& for
re%iew prior to airin,' 6hen the reli,ious
or,ani=ation starte& presentin, its pro,ra o%er
tele%isionH it went into the real
of a!tion' 3he ri,ht to a!t on oneBs reli,ious :elief
is not a:solute an& is su:;e!t to poli!e power for
the prote!tion of the ,eneral welfare' @en!e the
tapes a" :e re?uire& to :e re%iewe& prior to
airin,'
5n 5,lesia ni Cristo %s' Court of +ppealsH 229
SCRA &)*+ &,,+ the Supre-e Court hel./ 0We
thus re1e!t pet#t#o$er2s postulate that Its
rel#3#ous pro3ra- #s per se be4o$. re#e" b4
the respo$.e$t 5oar.. Its publ#! broa.!ast o$
T6 of #ts rel#3#ous pro3ra- br#$3s #t out of the
boso- of #$ter$al bel#ef. Tele#s#o$ #s a -e.#u-
that rea!hes ee$ the e4es a$. ears of !h#l.re$.
The Court re#terates the rule that the e7er!#se of
rel#3#o$s free.o- !a$ be re3ulate. b4 the State
"he$ #t "#ll br#$3 about the CLEAR AN8
PRESENT 8AN9ER of so-e substa$t#e e#l
"h#!h the State #s .ut4 bou$. to pree$t+ #.e.+
ser#ous .etr#-e$t to the -ere oerr#.#$3
I$terest of publ#! health+ publ#! -orals+ or
publ#! "elfare.0
Ho"eer+ the Mo#e a$. Tele#s#o$ Re#e" a$.
Class#f#!at#o$ 5oar. !a$$ot ba$ the tapes o$
the 3rou$. that the4 atta!:e. other rel#3#o$s.
I$ I3les#a $# Cr#sto s. Court of Appeals+. )&*
SCRA &)*+ &,;+ the Supre-e Court hel./
0Ee$ a s#.e 3la$!e at Se!t#o$ < of P8 No.
=*>? "#ll reeal that #t #s $ot a-o$3 the
3rou$.s to 1ust#f4 a$ or.er proh#b#t#$3 the
broa.!ast of pet#t#o$er2s tele#s#o$
pro3ra-.0
Moreoer+ the broa.!asts .o $ot 3#e r#se to
a !lear a$. prese$t .a$3er of a substa$t#e
e#l. I$ the !ase of I3les#a $# Cr#sto s. Court
of Appeals+ )&* SCRA &)*+ &,*/
0Pr#or restra#$t o$ spee!h+ #$!lu.#$3 the
rel#3#ous spee!h+ !a$$ot be 1ust#f#e. b4
h4pothet#!al fears but o$l4 b4 the sho"#$3 of
a substa$t#e a$. #--#$e$t e#l "h#!h has
ta:e$ the real#t4 alrea.4 o$ the 3rou$..0
Freedo+ o# Reigion5 Fag Sa-te 619977
No' 12: Se!tion 28' 3itle E5H Chapter 9H of the
+&inistrati%e Co&e of 1987 re?uires all
e&u!ational institutions to o:ser%e a siple an&
&i,nifie& fla, !ereon"H in!lu&in, the pla"in, or
sin,in, of the Philippine National +ntheH
pursuant to rules to :e proul,ate& :" the
Se!retar" of /&u!ation' Culture an& SportsH 3he
refusal of a tea!herH stu&ent or pupil to atten& or
parti!ipate in the fla, !ereon" is a ,roun& for
&isissal after &ue in%esti,ation' 3he Se!retar" of
/&u!ation Culture an& Sports issue& a
eoran&u ipleentin, sai& pro%ision of law'
+s or&ere&H the fla, !ereon"
woul& :e hel& on 8on&a"s at 7:30 a'' &urin,
!lass &a"s' + ,roup of tea!hersH stu&ents an&
pupils re?ueste& the Se!retar" that the" :e
e0epte& fro atten&in, the fla, !ereon" on the
,roun& that atten&an!e thereto was a,ainst their
reli,ious :elief' 3he Se!retar" &enie& the re?uest'
3he tea!hersH stu&ents an& pupils !on!erne& went
to Court to ha%e the eoran&u !ir!ular
&e!lare& null an& %oi&' -e!i&e the !ase'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he tea!hers an& the stu&ents shoul& :e
e0epte& fro the fla, !ereon"' +s hel& in
/:ralina, %s' -i%ision Superinten&ent of S!hools
of Ce:uH 221 SC1+ 2)9' to !opel the to
parti!ipate in the fla, !ereon" will %iolate their
free&o of reli,ion' Free&o of reli,ion !annot :e
ipaire& e0!ept upon the showin, of a !lear an&
present &an,er of a su:stanti%e e%il whi!h the
State has a ri,ht to pre%ent' 3he refusal of the
tea!hers an& the stu&ents to parti!ipate in the fla,
!ereon" &oes not pose a !lear an& present
&an,er'
Freedo+ o# Reigion5 Fag Sa-te 6899:7
No 555 * Chil&ren who are e:ers of a reli,ious
se!t ha%e :een e0pelle& fro their respe!ti%e
pu:li! s!hools for refusin,H on a!!ount of their
reli,ious :eliefsH to taDe part in the fla, !ereon"
whi!h in!lu&es pla"in, :" a :an& or sin,in, the
national antheH salutin, the Philippine fla, an&
re!itin, the patrioti! ple&,e' 3he stu&ents an&
their parents assail the e0pulsion on the ,roun&
that the s!hool authorities ha%e a!te& in %iolation
of their ri,ht to free pu:li! e&u!ationH free&o of
spee!hH an& reli,ious free&o an& worship'
-e!i&e the !ase'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he stu&ents !annot :e e0pelle& fro s!hool' +s
hel& in /:ralina, %' 3he -i%ision Superinten&ent
of S!hools of Ce:u' 219 SC1+ 22) P1993QH to
!opel stu&ents to taDe part in the fla, !ereon"
when it is a,ainst their reli,ious :eliefs will %iolate
their reli,ious free&o' 3heir e0pulsion also
%iolates the &ut" of the State un&er +rti!le M5EH
Se!tion 1 of the Constitution to prote!t an&
proote the ri,ht of all !iti=ens to ?ualit"
e&u!ation an& aDe su!h e&u!ation a!!essi:le to
all'
Freedo+ o# Reigion5 Non<E%tabi%'+ent
Ca-%e 619887
No' 7: * 3awi*3awi is a pre&oinantl" 8osle
pro%in!e' 3he $o%ernorH the Ei!e*$o%ernorH an&
e:ers of its San,*,unian, Panlalawi,an are
all 8osles' 5ts :u&,et pro%i&es the $o%ernor
with a !ertain aount as his
&is!retionar" fun&s' 1e!entl"H howe%erH the
San,,unian, Panlalawi,an passe& a resolution
appropriatin, P100H000 as a spe!ial &is!retionar"
fun& of the $o%ernor to :e spent :" hi in lea&in,
a pil,ria,e of his pro%in!eates to 8e!!aH Sau&i
+ra:iaH 5slaBs holiest !it"'
Phil!onsaH on !onstitutional ,roun&sH has file&
suit to nullif" the resolution of the San,,unian,
Panlalawi,an ,i%in, the spe!ial &is!retionar"
fun& to the $o%ernor for the state& purpose' @ow
woul& "ou &e!i&e the !aseL $i%e "our reasons'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he resolution is un!onstitutional FirstH it %iolates
art' E5H se!' 29(2) of the Constitution whi!h
prohi:its the appropriation of pu:li! one" or
propert"H &ire!tl" or in&ire!tl"H for the useH :enefit
or support of an" s"ste of reli,ionH an&H se!on&H
it !ontra%enes art' E5H se!H 22()) whi!h liits the
appropriation of &is!retionar" fun&s onl" for pu:li!
purposes' 3he use of &is!retionar" fun&s for
purel" reli,ious purpose is thus un!onstitutionalH
an& the fa!t that the &is:urseent is a&e :"
resolution of a lo!al le,islati%e :o&" an& not :"
Con,ress &oes not aDe it an" less offensi%e to
the Constitution' +:o%e allH the resolution
!onstitutes a !lear %iolation of the Non*
esta:lishent Clause (art' 555H se!' 2) of the
Constitution'
Ca-%e 619987
No' 10: 1e!o,ni=in, the %alue of e&u!ation in
aDin, the Philippine la:or arDet attra!ti%e to
forei,n in%estentH the -epartent of /&u!ationH
Culture an& Sports offers su:si&ies to a!!re&ite&
!olle,es an& uni%ersities in or&er to proote
?ualit" tertiar" e&u!ation' 3he -/CS ,rants a
su:si&" to a Catholi! s!hool whi!h re?uires its
stu&ents to taDe at least 3 hours a weeD of
reli,ious instru!tion' a) 5s the su:si&" perissi:leL
/0plainH :) Presuin, that "ou answer in the
ne,ati%eH
woul& it aDe a &ifferen!e if the su:si&"
were ,i%en solel" in the for of la:orator"
e?uipent in !heistr" an& ph"si!sL !)
PresueH on the other han&H that the
su:si&" is ,i%en in the for of s!holarship
%ou!hers ,i%en &ire!tl" to the stu&ent an&
whi!h the stu&ent !an use for pa"in, tuition
in an" a!!re&ite& s!hool of his !hoi!eH
whether reli,ious or non*se!tarian' 6ill
"our answer :e &ifferentL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
a) NoH the su:si&" is not perissi:le' 5t will foster
reli,ionH sin!e the s!hool ,i%es reli,ious
instru!tions to its stu&ents' 9esi&esH it will %iolate
the prohi:ition in Se!tion 29P2>H +rti!le E5 of the
Constitution a,ainst the use of pu:li! fun&s to ai&
reli,ion' 5n 7eon %s Gurt=an' #03 <'S' )02H it
was hel& that finan!ial assistan!e to a se!tarian
s!hool %iolates the prohi:ition a,ainst the
esta:lishent of reli,ion if it fosters an e0!essi%e
,o%ernent entan,leent with reli,ion' Sin!e the
s!hool re?uires its stu&ents to taDe at least three
hours a weeD of reli,ious instru!tionsH to ensure
that the finan!ial assistan!e will not :e use& for
reli,ious purposesH the ,o%ernent will ha%e to
!on&u!t a !ontinuin, sur%eillan!e' 3his in%ol%es
e0!essi%e entan,leent with reli,ion'
:) 5f the assistan!e woul& :e in the for of
la:orator" e?uipent in !heistr" an& ph"si!sH it
will :e %ali&' 3he purpose of the assistan!e is
se!ularH i'e'H the ipro%eent of the ?ualit" of
tertiar" e&u!ation' +n" :enefit to reli,ion is erel"
in!i&ental' Sin!e the e?uipent !an onl" :e use&
for a se!ular purposeH it is reli,iousl" neutral' +s
hel& in 3ilton %s' 1i!har&sonH #03 <'S' )72H it will
not in%ol%e e0!essi%e ,o%ernent entan,leent
with reli,ionH for the use of the e?uipent will not
re?uire sur%eillan!e'
!) 5n ,eneralH the ,i%in, of s!holarship %ou!hers
to stu&ents is %ali&' Se!tion 2(3)H +rti!le M5E of
the Constitution re?uires the State to esta:lish a
s"ste of su:si&ies to &eser%in, stu&ents in :oth
pu:li! an& pri%ate s!hools' @owe%erH the law is
%a,ue an& o%er*:roa&' <n&er itH a stu&ent who
wants to stu&" for the priesthoo& !an appl" for
the su:si&" an& use it for his stu&ies' 3his will
in%ol%e usin, pu:li! fun&s to ai& reli,ion'
Ca-%e 619977
No' #: <pon re?uest of a ,roup of o%erseas
!ontra!t worDers in 9runeiH 1e%' Father >uan &e
la Cru=H a 1oan Catholi! priestH was sent to that
!ountr" :" the Presi&ent of the Philippines to
inister to their spiritual nee&s' 3he tra%el
e0pensesH per &iesH !lothin, allowan!e an&
onthl" stipen& of P2H000 were or&ere& !har,e&
a,ainst the Presi&entBs &is!retionar" fun&' <pon
post au&it of the %ou!hers thereforH the
Coission on +u&it refuse& appro%al thereof
!laiin, that the e0pen&itures were in %iolation of
the Constitution'
6as the Coission on +u&it !orre!t in
&isallowin, the %ou!hers in ?uestionL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
OesH the Coission on +u&it was !orre!t in
&isallowin, the e0pen&itures' Se!tion 29(2)H
+rti!le E5 of the Constitution prohi:its the
e0pen&iture of pu:li! fun&s for the useH :enefitH or
support of an" priest' 3he onl" e0!eption is when
the priest is assi,ne& to the are& for!esH or to
an" penal institution or ,o%ernent orphana,e or
leprosariu' 3he sen&in, of a priest to inister to
the spiritual nee&s of o%erseas !ontra!t worDers
&oes not fall within the s!ope of an" of the
e0!eptions'
Freedo+ o# S$ee"'5 &an on Toba""o A!
619987
No' 1: Con,ress passes a law prohi:itin,
tele%ision stations fro airin, an" !oer!ial
a&%ertiseent whi!h prootes to:a!!o or in an"
wa" ,laori=es the !onsuption of to:a!!o
pro&u!ts'
3his le,islation was passe& in response to
fin&in,s :" the -epartent of @ealth a:out the
alarin, rise in lun, &iseases in the !ountr"' 3he
6orl& @ealth Ar,ani=ation has also reporte& that
<'S' to:a!!o !opanies ha%e*shifte& arDetin,
efforts to the 3hir& 6orl& &ue to &win&lin, sales in
the health*!ons!ious +eri!an arDet'
Cow:o" 7e%"BsH a >eans !opan"H re!entl"
release& an a&%ertiseent featurin, o&el
1i!har& 9ur,os wearin, 7e%"Bs ;a!Dets an& ;eans
an& hol&in, a pa!D of 8arl:oro !i,arettes'
3he +sian 9roa&!astin, NetworD (+9N)H a
pri%atel" owne& tele%ision stationH refuses to air
the a&%ertiseent in !oplian!e with the law' a)
+ssue that su!h refusal a:ri&,es the
free&o of spee!h' -oes the !onstitutional
prohi:ition a,ainst the a:ri&,eent of the
free&o of spee!h appl" to a!ts &one :"
+9NH a pri%ate !orporationL /0plain' :) 8a"
Cow:o" 7e%"BsH a pri%ate !orporationH
in%oDe the free spee!h ,uarantee in its
fa%orL /0plain' !) 1e,ar&less of "our answers
a:o%eH &e!i&e
the !onstitutionalit" of the law in ?uestion'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: a) 3he !onstitutional
prohi:ition a,ainst the free&o of spee!h &oes not
appl" to +9NH a pri%ate !orporation' +s state& in
@u&,ens %s' National 7a:or 1elations 9oar&H #2#
<'S' 207H the !onstitutional ,uarantee of free&o
of spee!h is a ,uarantee onl" a,ainst
a:ri&,eent :" the ,o%ernent' 5t &oes not
therefore appl" a,ainst pri%ate parties'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
Sin!e +9N has a fran!hiseH it a" :e !onsi&ere&
an a,ent of the ,o%ernent :" !opl"in, with the
law an& refusin, to air the a&%ertiseentH it
ali,ne& itself with the ,o%ernent' 3hus it
ren&ere& itself lia:le for a lawsuit whi!h is :ase&
on a:ri&,eent of the free&o of spee!h' <n&er
+rti!le 32 of the Ci%il Co&eH e%en pri%ate parties
a" :e lia:le for &aa,es for ipairent of the
free&o of spee!h'
:) Cow:o" 7e%"Bs a" in%oDe the !onstitutional
,uarantee of free&o of spee!h in its fa%or' 5n First
National 9anD of 9oston %s' 9ellottiH #32 <'S' 7)2H it was
rule& that this ,uarantee e0ten&s to !orporations' 5n
Eir,inia
State 9oar& of Phara!" %s' Eir,inia Citi=ens Consuer
Coun!il 5n!'H #22 <'S' 7#8H it was hel& that this ri,ht
e0ten&s to !oer!ial a&%ertiseents' 5n +"er
Pro&u!tions Pt"H 7t&' %s' Capulon,H 1)0 SC1+ 8)1H the
Supree Court hel& that e%en if the pro&u!tion of
a fil is a !oer!ial a!ti%it" that is e0pe!te& to
"iel& profitsH it is !o%ere& :" the ,uarantee of
free&o of spee!h'
!) 3he law is !onstitutional' 5t is a %ali& e0er!ise
of poli!e powerH ''''
Freedo+ o# t'e Pre%%5 A"t-a 0ai"e 6899;7
(2*a) 3he S3+1H a national &ail" newspaperH
!arrie& an e0!lusi%e report statin, that Senator
MM re!ei%e& a house an& lot lo!ate& at OO StreetH
8aDatiH in !onsi&eration for his %ote !uttin,
!i,arette ta0es :" 20N' 3he Senator sue& the
S3+1H its reporterH e&itor an& pu:lisher for li:elH
!laiin, the report was !opletel" false an&
ali!ious' +!!or&in, to the SenatorH there is no
OO Street in 8aDatiH an& the ta0 !ut was onl"
20N' @e !laie& one illion pesos in &aa,es'
3he &efen&ants &enie& Ca!tual ali!eHC !laiin,
pri%ile,e& !ouni!ation an& a:solute free&o
of the press to report on pu:li! offi!ials an&
atters of pu:li! !on!ern' 5f there was an" errorH
the S3+1 sai& it woul& pu:lish the !orre!tion
proptl"' 5s there Ca!tual ali!eC in S3+1BS
reporta,eL @ow is Ca!tual ali!eC &efine&L +re
the &efen&ants lia:le for &aa,esL (2N)
Sin!e Senator MM is a pu:li! person an& the
?uestione& iputation is &ire!te& a,ainst hi in
his pu:li! !apa!it"H in this !ase a!tual ali!e
eans the stateent was a&e with
Dnowle&,e that it was false or with re!Dless
&isre,ar& of whether it was false or not (9or;a %'
Court of +ppealsH 301 SC1+ 1 I1999)' Sin!e
there is no proof that the report was pu:lishe&
with Dnowle&,e that it is false or with re!Dless
&isre,ar& of whether it was false or notH the
&efen&ants are not lia:le for &aa,e'
Sin!e Senator MM is a pu:li! person an& the
?uestione& iputation is &ire!te& a,ainst hi in
his pu:li! !apa!it"H in this !ase a!tual ali!e
eans the stateent was a&e with Dnowle&,e
that it was false or with re!Dless &isre,ar& of
whether it was false or not (9or;al
%' Court of +ppealsH 301 SC1+ 1 I1999Q)' Sin!e it
is a atter of pu:li! Dnowle&,e that there is no
OO Street in 8aDatiH the pu:li!ation was a&e
with re!Dless &isre,ar& of whether or not it is
false' 3he &efen&ants a" :e hel& lia:le for
&aa,es'
Freedo+ o# t'e Pre%%5 4arti+e Cen%or%'i$
619877
No' M5E: 5n the ornin, of +u,ust 28H 1987H
&urin, the hei,ht of *the fi,htin, at Channel # an&
Caelot @otelH the ilitar" !lose& 1a&io Station
MMH whi!h was e0!ite&l" reportin, the su!!esses
of the re:els an& o%eents towar&s 8anila an&
troops frien&l" to the re:els' 3he reports were
!orre!t an& fa!tual' An A!to:er )H 1987H after
noral!" ha& returne& an& the $o%ernent ha&
full !ontrol of the situationH the National
3ele!ouni!ations CoissionH without noti!e
an& hearin,H :ut erel" on the :asis of the report
of the ilitar"H !an!elle& the fran!hise of station
MM' -is!uss the le,alit" of:
(a) 3he a!tion taDen a,ainst the station on
+u,ust 28H 1987; (:) 3he !an!ellation of the fran!hise of the
station on A!to:er )H 1987'
12
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(a) 3he !losin, &own of 1a&io Station MM &urin,
the fi,htin, is perissi:le' 6ith respe!t news
e&iaH wartie !ensorship has :een uphel& on
the ,roun& that Cwhen a nation is at war an"
thin,s that i,ht :e sai& in tie of pea!e are
su!h a hin&ran!e to its efforts that their utteran!e
will not :e en&ure& so lon, as en fi,ht an& that
no Court !oul& re,ar& the as prote!te& :" an"
!onstitutional ri,ht'C 3he se!urit" of !ounit"
life a" :e prote!te& a,ainst in!iteents to a!ts
of %iolen!e an& the o%erthrow :" for!e of or&erl"
,o%ernent' (Near %' 8innesotaH 283 <'S' )97
(1931)H ?uotin, >usti!e @oleBs opinion in
S!hen!D %' <nite& StatesH 2#9 <'S' #7 (1919);
New OorD
3ies %' <nite& StatesH #03 <'S' 713 (1971) )
6ith ,reater reason then a" !ensorship in ties
of eer,en!" :e ;ustifie& in the !ase of :roa&!ast
e&ia sin!e their free&o is soewhat lesser in
s!ope' 3he ipa!t of the %i:rant spee!hH as
>usti!e $utierre= sai&H is for!eful an& ie&iate'
<nliDe rea&ers of the printe& worDH a ra&io
au&ien!e has lesser opportunit" to !o,itateH
anal"=e an& re;e!t the utteran!e' (/astern
9roa&!astin, Corp (-O1/) %H -ansH 137 SC1+
)#7 (1982) )' 5n FCC %' Pa!ifi!a Foun&ationH #38
<'S' 72) (1978)H it was hel& that Cof all fors of
!ouni!ationH it is :roa&!astin, whi!h has
re!ei%e& the ost liite& First +en&ent
Prote!tion'C
I+$air+ent Ca-%e5 &a%i" H-+an Rig't%
619987
No' 2: SheilaH an a!tressH si,ne& a two*"ear
!ontra!t with Soli&ari&a& FilsH 3he fil !opan"
un&ertooD to proote her !areer an& to feature
her as the lea&in, la&" in at least four o%ies' 5n
turnH Sheila proise& thatH for the &uration of the
!ontra!tH she shall not ,et arrie& or ha%e a
:a:"; otherwiseH she shall :e lia:le to refun& to
the fil !opan" a portion of its prootion
e0penses' a) -oes this !ontra!t ipairH or ipin,e
uponH
an" !onstitutionall" prote!te& li:ert" of
SheilaL /0plain' :) 5f Soli&ari&a& Fils tries to
enfor!e this
!ontra!t ;u&i!iall"H will this !onstitutionall"
prote!te& li:ert" pre%ailL /0plain' SU22ESTE!
ANS4ER: a) OesH the !ontra!t ipairs the ri,ht of
Sheila to arr" an& to pro!reate' 3he !ase of
7o%in, %s' Eir,iniaH 388 <'S' 1 an& .a:lo!Di %s'
1e&hail #3# <'S' 37# re!o,ni=e& the ri,ht to
arr" is a :asi! !i%il ri,ht' 7iDewiseH the !ase of
SDinner %s ADlahoaH 31) <'S' 232 re!o,ni=e&
that the ri,ht to pro!reate is a :asi! !i%il ri,ht'
3hese ri,hts are part of the li:ert" prote!te& :"
the &ue pro!ess !lause in Se!tion
1' +rti!le 1 of the Constitution'
:) OesH the !onstitutionall" prote!te& li:ert" of
Sheila will pre%ailH :e!ause it in%ol%es :asi! huan
ri,hts' 3he wai%er of these :asi! huan ri,hts is
%oi&' 6hat Soli&ari&a& Fils is seeDin, to re!o%er
are prootion e0penses' 3hese in%ol%e propert"
ri,hts' +s hel& in Philippine 9looin, 8ills
/plo"ees Ar,ani=ation %s' Philippine 9looin,
8illsH 5n!'H 21 SC1+ 189H !i%il ri,hts are superior to
propert" ri,hts'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER5
3he wai%er of the ri,ht to arr" an& the ri,ht to
pro!reate is %ali&' /nfor!eent of the !ontra!t
&oes not entail enfor!eent of the stipulation not
to arr" an& not to ha%e a :a:"' 5t is liite& to a
refun& of a portion of the prootion e0penses
in!urre& :" Soli&ari&a& Fils'
In*o-ntary Ser*it-de 6199:7
No' 1); * >o"H an 13C steno,rapherH retire& at the
a,e of )2' She left unfinishe& the trans!ription of
her notes in a !riinal !ase whi!h was on appeal'
3he Court of +ppeals or&ere& >o" to trans!ri:e
her notes' She refuse& to !opl" with the or&er
reasonin, that she was no lon,er in the
,o%ernent ser%i!e' 3he C+ &e!lare& >o" in
!ontept of !ourt an& she was in!ar!erate&' >o"
file& a petition for ha:eas !orpus ar,uin, that her
in!ar!eration is tantaount to ille,al &etention
an& to re?uire her to worD sans !opensation
woul& :e in%oluntar" ser%itu&e' -e!i&e'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
>o" !an :e in!ar!erate& for !ontept of !ourt for
refusin, to trans!ri:e her steno,raphi! notes' +s
hel& 5n +&ora!ion %' $ataitanH )# SC1+ 132H
her in!ar!eration &oes not !onstitute ille,al
&etention' 5t is lawfulH :e!ause it is the
!onse?uen!e of her &iso:e&ien!e of the !ourt
or&er' Neither !an she !lai that to re?uire her to
worD without !opensation is tantaount to
in%oluntar" ser%itu&e' Sin!e !ourts ha%e the
5nherent power to 5ssue su!h or&ers as are
ne!essar" for the a&inistration of >usti!eH the
Court of +ppeals a" or&er her to trans!ri:e her
steno,raphi! notes e%en if she is no lon,er 5n the
,o%ernent ser%i!e'
Liberty o# Abode5 Li+itation% 619987
No E555 * >uan Casano%a !ontra!te& @ansenBs
&isease (lepros") with open lesions' + law
re?uires that lepers :e isolate& upon petition of
the Cit" @ealth Affi!er' 3he wife of >uan
Casano%a wrote a letter to the Cit" @ealth Affi!er
to ha%e her forerl" philan&erin, hus:an&
!onfine& in soe isolate& leprosariu' >uan
Casano%a !hallen,e& the !onstitutionalit" of the
law as %iolatin, his li:ert" of a:o&e' 6ill the suit
prosperL P2NQ
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
NoH the suit will not prosper' Se!tion )H +rti!le 555
of the Constitution pro%i&es:
C3he li:ert" of a:o&e an& of !han,in,
the sae within the liits pres!ri:e& :"
law shall not :e ipaire& e0!ept upon
lawful or&er of the !ourt'C
3he li:ert" of a:o&e is su:;e!t to the poli!e
power of the State' 1e?uirin, the se,re,ation of
lepers is a %ali& e0er!ise of poli!e power' 5n
7oren=o us' -ire!tor of @ealth' 20 Phil 292H
298H the Supree Court hel&:
C>u&i!ial noti!e will :e taDen of the fa!t that
lepros" is !oonl" :elie%e& to :e an
infe!tious &isease ten&in, to !ause one
affli!te& with it to :e shunne& an& e0!lu&e&
fro so!iet"H an& that !opulsor"
se,re,ation of lepers as a eans of
pre%entin, the sprea& of the &isease is
supporte& :" hi,h s!ientifi! authorit"'C
Liberty o# Abode5 Te+$orary 6199?7
No 2: 3he ilitar" !oan&er*in !har,e of the
operation a,ainst re:el ,roups &ire!te& the
inha:itants of the islan& whi!h woul& :e the tar,et
of atta!D :" ,o%ernent for!es to e%a!uate the
area an& offere& the resi&ents teporar" ilitar"
halet'
Can the ilitar" !oan&er for!e the resi&ents
to transfer their pla!es of a:o&e without a !ourt
or&erL /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
NoH the ilitar" !oan&er !annot !opel the
resi&ents to transfer their pla!es of a:o&e without
a !ourt or&er' <n&er Se!tion )H +rti!le 555 of the
ConstitutionH a lawful or&er of the !ourt is
re?uire& :efore the li:ert" of a:o&e an& of
!han,in, the sae !an :e ipaire&'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER5
OesH the ilitar" !oan&er !an !opel the
resi&ents to transfer their pla!es of a:o&e without
a !ourt or&er' 5f there is no reasona:le tie to ,et
a !ourt or&er an& the !han,e of a:o&e is erel"
teporar"H :e!ause of the e0i,en!"H this e0er!ise
of poli!e power a" :e ;ustifie&'
Non<I+$ri%on+ent #or Non<Pay+ent o# !ebt
6199:7
No 12: Se!' 13 of P- 112 (3rust 1e!eipts 7aw)
pro%i&es that when the entrustee in a trust re!eipt
a,reeent fails to &eli%er the pro!ee&s of the sale
or to return the ,oo&s if not sol& to the entrustee*
:anDH the entrustee is lia:le for estafa un&er the
1PC' -oes this pro%ision not %iolate the
!onstitutional ri,ht a,ainst iprisonent for non*
pa"ent of a &e:tL /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
NoH Se!tion 13 of Presi&ential -e!ree No' 112
&oes not %iolate the !onstitutional ri,ht a,ainst
iprisonent for non*pa"ent of a &e:t' +s hel&
in 7ee %s' 1o&ilH 172 SC1+ 100H the !riinal
lia:ilit" arises fro the %iolation of the trust
re!eiptH whi!h is separate an& &istin!t fro the
loan se!ure& :" it' Penali=in, su!h an a!t is
a %ali& e0er!ise of poli!e power' (See also
People %s' NitafanH 207 SC1+ 730)
Poi"e Po1er5 Abate+ent o# N-i%an"e 6899;7
(9*:) 3he Cit" of San 1afael passe& an or&inan!e
authori=in, the Cit" 8a"orH assiste& :" the poli!eH
to reo%e all a&%ertisin, si,ns &ispla"e& or
e0pose& to pu:li! %iew in the ain !it" streetH for
:ein, offensi%e to si,ht or otherwise a nuisan!e'
+8H whose a&%ertisin, a,en!" owns an& rents
out an" of the :ill:oar&s or&ere& reo%e& :"
the Cit" 8a"orH !lais that the Cit" shoul& pa" for
the &estro"e& :ill:oar&s at their !urrent arDet
%alue sin!e the Cit" has appropriate& the for the
pu:li! purpose of !it" :eautifi!ation' 3he 8a"or
refuses to pa"H so +8 is suin, the Cit" an& the
8a"or for &aa,es arisin, fro the taDin, of his
propert" without &ue pro!ess nor ;ust
!opensation' 6ill +8 prosperL 1eason :riefl"'
(2N) FIRST ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER: 3he suit
of +8 will not prosper' 3he reo%al of the
:ill:oar&s is not an e0er!ise of the power of
einent &oain :ut of poli!e power (Chur!hill
%' 1affert"H 32 Phil' 280 P19120* 3he a:ateent of a
nuisan!e in the e0er!ise of poli!e power &oes not
!onstitute taDin, of propert" an& &oes not entitle the
owner of the propert" in%ol%e& to !opensation'
(+sso!iation of Sall 7an&owners in the PhilippinesH
5n!' %' Se!retar" of +,rarian 1eforH 172 SC1+ 3#3
P1989Q)'
3he reo%al of the :ill:oar&s for the purpose of
:eautifi!ation peranentl" &epri%e& +8 of the
ri,ht to use his propert" an& aounts to its
taDin,' Conse?uentl"H he shoul& :e pai& ;ust
!opensation' (People %' Fa;ar&oH 10# Phil' ##3
11928Q)'
Poi"e Po1er5 &an on Toba""o A! 619987
No' 1: Con,ress passes a law prohi:itin,
tele%ision stations fro airin, an" !oer!ial
a&%ertiseent whi!h prootes to:a!!o or in an"
wa" ,laori=es the !onsuption of to:a!!o
pro&u!ts'
3his le,islation was passe& in response to
fin&in,s :" the -epartent of @ealth a:out the
alarin, rise in lun, &iseases in the !ountr"' 3he
6orl& @ealth Ar,ani=ation has also reporte& that
<'S' to:a!!o !opanies ha%e*shifte& arDetin,
efforts to the 3hir& 6orl& &ue to &win&lin, sales in
the health*!ons!ious +eri!an arDetH
Cow:o" 7e%"BsH a >eans !opan"H re!entl"
release& an a&%ertiseent featurin, o&el
1i!har& 9ur,os wearin, 7e%"Bs ;a!Dets an& ;eans
an& hol&in, a pa!D of 8arl:oro !i,arettes'
3he +sian 9roa&!astin, NetworD (+9N)H a
pri%atel" owne& tele%ision stationH refuses to air
the a&%ertiseent in !oplian!e with the law'
-e!i&e the !onstitutionalit" of the law in ?uestion'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he law is !onstitutional' 5t is a %ali& e0er!ise of
poli!e powerH :e!ause soDin, is harful to
health' 5n Posa&as &e Puerto 1i!o +sso!iates %s'
3ouris Copan" of Puerto 1i!oH #78 <'S' 328H it
was rule& that a law prohi:itin, !ertain t"pes of
a&%ertiseents is %ali& if it was a&opte& in the
interest of the healthH safet"H an& welfare of the
people' 5n Capital 9roa&!astin, Copan" us'
8it!hell 333 F Supp 282H a law aDin, it unlawful
to a&%ertise !i,arettes on an" e&iu of
ele!troni! !ouni!ation was uphel&' 3he
<nite& States Supree Court suaril"
sustaine& this rulin, in CapitaV 9roa&!astin,
Copan" usH +!tin, +ttorne" $eneral #02 <'S'
1000' 3he law in ?uestion was ena!te& on the
:asis of the le,islati%e fin&in, that there is a nee&
to prote!t pu:li! healthH :e!ause soDin, !auses
lun, &iseases' Cow:o" 7e%"Bs has not
o%erthrown this fin&in,'
Poi"e Po1er5 @oning Ordinan"e *%= Non<
I+$air+ent o# Contra"t% 619897
No' 12: Pe&ro :ou,ht a par!el of lan& fro Sart
CorporationH a realt" fir en,a,e& in &e%elopin,
an& sellin, lots to the pu:li!' Ane of the
restri!tions in the &ee& of sale whi!h was
annotate& in the title is that the lot shall :e use&
:" the :u"er e0!lusi%el" for resi&ential purposes'
+ ain hi,hwa" ha%in, :een !onstru!te& a!ross
the su:&i%isionH the area :e!ae !oer!ial in
nature' 3he uni!ipalit" later passe& a =onin,
or&inan!e &e!larin, the area as a !oer!ial
:anD :uil&in, on his lot' Sart Corporation went
to !ourt to stop the !onstru!tion as %iolati%e of the
:uil&in, restri!tions ipose& :" it' 3he !orporation
!onten&s that the =onin, or&inan!e !annot nullif"
the !ontra!tual o:li,ation assue& :" the :u"er'
-e!i&e the !ase'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he !ase ust :e &isisse&' +s hel& in Arti,as
an& Copan"H 7iite& Partnership %s' F/+35i
9anD an& 3rust Copan"H 9# SC1+ 233H su!h a
restri!tion in the !ontra!t !annot pre%ail o%er the
=onin, or&inan!eH :e!ause the ena!tent
of the or&inan!e is a %ali& e0er!ise of poli!e
power' 5t is ha=ar&ous to health an& !ofort to
use the lot for resi&ential purposesH sin!e a
hi,hwa" !rosses the su:&i%ision an& the area
has :e!oe !oer!ial'
Poi"e Po1er5 @oning Ordinan"e *%= Non<
I+$air+ent o# Contra"t% 689917
No ME555 5n the &ee&s of sale toH an& in the lan&
titles of hoeowners of a resi&ential su:&i%ision in
Pasi, Cit"H there are restri!tions annotate& therein
to the effe!t that onl" resi&ential houses or
stru!tures a" :e :uilt or !onstru!te& on the lots'
@owe%erH the Cit" Coun!il of Pasi, ena!te& an
or&inan!e aen&in, the e0istin, =onin, or&inan!e
:" !han,in, the =one !lassifi!ation in that pla!e
fro purel" resi&ential to !oer!ial'
C+CH a lot ownerH sol& his lot to a :anDin, fir an&
the latter starte& !onstru!tin, a !oer!ial
:uil&in, on the lot to house a :anD insi&e the
su:&i%ision' 3he su:&i%ision owner an& the
hoeownersB asso!iation file& a !ase in !ourt to
stop the !onstru!tion of the :uil&in, for :anDin,
:usiness purposes an& to respe!t the restri!tions
e:o&ie& in the &ee& of sale :" the su:&i%ision
&e%eloper to the lot ownersH as well as the
annotation in the titles'
5f "ou were the >u&,eH how woul& "ou resol%e
the !aseL (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
5f 5 were the ;u&,eH 5 woul& &isiss the !ase' +s
hel& in Arti,as an& Copan" 7iite& Partnership
%s' F/+35 9anD an& 3rust Copan"' 9# SC1+
)33 (1979)H the =onin, or&inan!e is a %ali&
e0er!ise of poli!e power an& pre%ails o%er the
!ontra!tual stipulation restri!tin, the use of the lot
to resi&ential purposes'
Pri*a"y o# Co++-ni"ation 689917
No M55 * C+C has a telephone line with an e0tension'
Ane &a"H C+C was talDin, to C9C o%er the telephone'
C+C !onspire& with his frien& CCCH who was at the
en& of the e0tension line listenin, to C+BsC
telephone !on%ersation with C9C in or&er to
o%erhear an& tape*re!or& the !on%ersation wherein
C9C !onfi&entiall" a&itte& that with e%i&ent
pree&itationH he (9) Dille& C-C for ha%in, !heate&
hi in their :usiness partnership' C9C was not
aware that the telephone !on%ersation was :ein,
tape*re!or&e&'
5n the !riinal !ase a,ainst C9C for ur&erH is the
tape*re!or&e& !on%ersation !ontainin, his
a&ission a&issi:le in e%i&en!eL 6h"L (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he tape*re!or&e& !on%ersation is not a&issi:le
in e%i&en!e' +s hel& in Sal!e&o*Artane= %s' Court
of +ppealsH 232 SC1+ 111 (199#)' 1epu:li! +!t
No' #200 aDes the tape*re!or&in, of a telephone
!on%ersation &one without the authori=ation of all
the parties to the !on%ersationH ina&issi:le in
e%i&en!e' 5n a&&itionH the tapin, of the
!on%ersation %iolate& the ,uarantee of pri%a!" of
!ouni!ations enun!iate& in Se!tion 3H +rti!le 555
of the Constitution'
Pri*a"y o# Corre%$onden"e 619987
No E55' * 3he poli!e ha& suspi!ions that >uan
SasonH e:er of the su:%ersi%e New
Proletarian +r"H was usin, the ail for
propa,an&a purposes in ,ainin, new a&herents
to its !ause' 3he Chief of Poli!e of 9antolanH
7anao &el Sur or&ere& the Postaster of the town
to inter!ept an& open all ail a&&resse& to an&
!oin, fro >uan Sason in the interest of the
national se!urit"' 6as the or&er of the Chief of
Poli!e %ali&L (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
NoH the or&er of the Chief of Poli!e is not %ali&H
:e!ause there is no law whi!h authori=es hi to
or&er the Postaster to open the letters
a&&resse& to an& !oin, fro >uan Sason' +n
offi!ial in the /0e!uti%e -epartent !annot
interfere with the pri%a!" of !orrespon&en!e an&
!ouni!ation in the a:sen!e of a law
authori=in, hi to &o so or a lawful or&er of the
!ourt' Se!tion 3(1)H +rti!le 555 of the Constitution
pro%i&es:
C3he pri%a!" of !ouni!ation an&
!orrespon&en!e shall :e in%iola:le
e0!ept upon lawful or&er of the !ourtH or
when pu:li! safet" or or&er re?uires
otherwise as pres!ri:e& :" law'C
Pri*a"y o# Corre%$onden"e5 .ai 619897
No' 8: 6hile ser%in, senten!e in 8untinlupa for
the !rie of theftH CMC sta::e& &ea& one of his
,uar&sH CMC was !har,e& with ur&er' -urin, his
trialH the prose!ution intro&u!e& as e%i&en!e a
letter written in prison :" CMC to his wife ten&in, to
esta:lish that the !rie of ur&er was the result
of pree&itation' 3he letter was written
%oluntaril"' 5n the !ourse of inspe!tionH it was
opene& an& rea& :" a war&en pursuant to the
rules of &is!ipline of the 9ureau of Prisons an&
!onsi&erin, its !ontentsH the letter was turne&
o%er to the prose!utor' 3he law"er of CMC
o:;e!te& to the presentation of the letter an&
o%e& for its return on the ,roun& that it %iolates
the ri,ht of CMC a,ainst unlawful sear!h an&
sei=ure' -e!i&e'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he o:;e!tion of the law"er ust :e sustaine&H
Se!tion 3(1)H +rti!le 5E of the 1987 Constitution
pro%i&es:
C3he pri%a!" of !ouni!ation an&
!orrespon&en!e shall :e in%iola:le e0!ept
upon lawful or&er of the !ourtH or when pu:li!
safet" or or&er re?uires otherwise as
pres!ri:e& :" law'C
3here was no !ourt or&er whi!h authori=e& the
war&en to rea& the letter of CMC' Neither is there
an" law spe!ifi!all" authori=in, the 9ureau of
Prisons to rea& the letter of CMCH <n&er Se!tion
3(1)H +rti!le 555 of the 1987 ConstitutionH to
interfere with an" !orrespon&en!e when there is
no !ourt or&erH there ust :e a law authori=in, it
in the interest of pu:li! safet" or or&er'
3he rulin, of the <nite& States Supree Court in
the !ase of Strou& %s' <nite& StatesH 221
<'S' 12 is not appli!a:le hereH :e!ause Se!tion
3(1)H +rti!le 555 of the 1987 Constitution has no
!ounterpart in the +eri!an Constitution' @en!eH
in a!!or&an!e with Se!tion 3(2)H +rti!le 555 of the
1987 ConstitutionH the letter is ina&issi:le in
e%i&en!e'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
3he o:;e!tion of the law"er ust :e o%errule&' 5n
@u&son %s' PalerH #)8 <'S' 217H it was hel& that
the !onstitutional prohi:ition a,ainst ille,al
sear!hes an& sei=ures &oes not e0ten& to the
!onfines of the prison' 5n Strou& %s' <nite& StatesH
221 <'S' 12H the <nite& States Supree Court hel&
that letters %oluntaril" written :" a prisoner an&
e0aine& :" the war&en whi!h !ontaine&
in!riinator" stateents were a&issi:le in
e%i&en!e' 3heir inspe!tion :" the prison authorities
&i& not %iolate the !onstitutional prohi:ition a,ainst
ille,al sear!hes an& sei=ures' 3his is an
esta:lishe& pra!ti!e reasona:l" &esi,ne& to
proote &is!ipline within the penitentiar"'
Rig't to A%%e+by5 Per+it A$$i"ation5
Freedo+ ParI% 6>8<899?7
3he Saahan n, ,a 8ahihirap (S8) file& with
the Affi!e of the Cit" 8a"or of 8anila an
appli!ation for perit to hol& a rall" on 8en&iola
Street on Septe:er 2H 200) fro 10:00 a'' to
3:00 p'' to protest the politi!al Dillin,s of
;ournalists' @owe%erH the Cit" 8a"or &enie& their
appli!ation on the ,roun& that a rall" at the
tie an& pla!e applie& for will :lo!D the traffi! in
the San 8i,uel an& (uiapo -istri!ts' @e
su,,este& the 7iwasan, 9onifa!ioH whi!h has
:een &esi,nate& a Free&o ParDH as %enue for
the rall"'
1' -oes the S8 ha%e a ree&" to !ontest
the &enial of its appli!ation for a peritL (2'2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
OesH S8 has a ree&"' <n&er 9'P' 9i,' 880 (3he
Pu:li! +sse:l" +!t of 1982)H in the e%ent of
&enial of the appli!ation for a peritH the appli!ant
a" !ontest the &e!ision in an appropriate !ourt
of law' 3he !ourt ust &e!i&e within twent"*four
(2#) hours fro the &ate of filin, of the !ase' Sai&
&e!ision a" :e appeale& to the appropriate
!ourt within fort"*ei,ht (#8) hours after re!eipt of
the sae' 5n all !asesH an" &e!ision a" :e
appeale& to the Supree Court (9a"an 8una %'
/ritaH $'1' No' 1)9838H +pril 22H 200))'
2' -oes the a%aila:ilit" of a Free&o ParD
;ustif" the &enial of S8Bs appli!ation for a peritL
(2'2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
NoH the a%aila:ilit" of a free&o parD &oes not
;ustif" the &enial of the perit' 5t &oes ipl" that
no perits are re?uire& for a!ti%ities in free&o
parDs' <n&er 9'P' 9i,' 880H the &enial a" :e
;ustifie& onl" if there is !lear an& !on%in!in,
e%i&en!e that the pu:li! asse:l" will !reate a
!lear an& present &an,er to pu:li! or&erH pu:li!
safet"H pu:li! !on%enien!eH pu:li! orals or
pu:li! health (9a"an 8una %' /ritaH $'1' No'
1)9838H +pril 22H 200))'
3' 5s the re?uireent to appl" for a perit
to hol& a rall" a prior restraint on free&o of
spee!h an& asse:l"L (2'2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
NoH the re?uireent for a perit to hol& a rall" is
not a prior restraint on free&o of spee!h an&
asse:l"' 3he Supree Court has hel& that the
perit re?uireent is %ali&H referrin, to it as
re,ulation of the tieH pla!eH an& anner of
hol&in, pu:li! asse:liesH :ut not the !ontent of
the spee!h itself' 3husH there is no prior restraintH
sin!e the !ontent of the spee!h is not rele%ant to
the re,ulation (9a"an 8una %' /ritaH $'1' No'
1)9838H +pril 22H 200))'
#' +ssuin, that &espite the &enial of S8Bs
appli!ation for a peritH its e:ers hol& a rall"H
proptin, the poli!e to arrest the' +re the
arrests without ;u&i!ial warrants lawfulL (2'2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he arrests are unlawful' 6hat is prohi:ite& an&
penali=e& un&er Se!' 13 (a) an& 1# (a) of 9'P'
9i, 880 is Cthe hol&in, of an" pu:li! asse:l" as
&efine& in this +!t :" an" lea&er or or,ani=er
without ha%in, first se!ure& that written perit
where a perit is re?uire& fro the offi!e
!on!erne& 0 0 0 Pro%i&e&H howe%erH that no
person !an :e punishe& or hel& !riinall" lia:le
for parti!ipatin, in or atten&in, an otherwise
pea!eful asse:l"'C
3husH onl" the lea&er or or,ani=er of the rall"
without a perit a" :e arreste& without a
warrant while the e:ers a" not :e arreste&H
as the" !an not :e punishe& or hel& !riinall"
lia:le for atten&in, the rall"' @owe%erH un&er
Se!tion 12 thereofH when the pu:li! asse:l" is
hel& without a perit where a perit is re?uire&H
the sai& pu:li! asse:l" a" :e pea!efull"
&isperse&'
Rig't to A%%e+by5 Per+it ReF-ire+ent%
619987
No' #: Al"pia +!a&e"H a pri%ate uni%ersit"H
issue& a stu&ent re,ulation for aintainin, or&er in
the s!hool !apus an& to ensure that a!a&ei!
a!ti%ities shall :e !on&u!te& effe!ti%el"'
@en!eforthH e%er" stu&ent or,ani=ation inten&in, to
hol& an" s"posiuH !on%o!ationH rall" or an"
asse:l" within s!hool propert" an& in%ol%in, at
least 20 people ust fileH for the prior appro%al of
the -ean of Stu&entsH an +ppli!ation settin, forth
the tieH pla!eH e0pe!te& si=e of the ,roupH an& the
su:;e!t*atter an& purpose of the asse:l"'
3he 7ea,ue of Nationalist Stu&ents ?uestions
the %ali&it" of the new re,ulation' 1esol%e'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he re,ulation is %ali&' +s hel& 5n 1arnento us'
8al*a:ananH 129 SC1+ 329H if an asse:l" will
:e hel& :" stu&ents in s!hool preisesH perit
ust :e sou,ht fro the s!hool authoritiesH who
are &e%oi& of the power to &en" su!h re?uest
ar:itraril" or unreasona:l"' 5n ,rantin, su!h
peritH there a" :e !on&itions as to the tie
an& pla!e of the asse:l" to a%oi& &isruption of
!lasses or stoppa,e of worD of the nona!a&ei!
personnel'
Rig't to A%%e+by5 P-bi" Tea"'er% 689997
No M55 * Pu:li! s!hool tea!hers sta,e& for &a"s
ass a!tions at the -epartent of /&u!ationH
Culture an& Sports to press for the ie&iate
,rant of their &ean& for a&&itional pa"' 3he
-/CS Se!retar" issue& to the a noti!e of the
ille,alit" of their unauthori=e& a!tionH or&ere&
the to ie&iatel" return to worDH an& warne&
the of iposa:le san!tions' 3he" i,nore& this
an& !ontinue& with their ass a!tion' 3he -/CS
Se!retar" issue& or&ers for their pre%enti%e
suspension without pa" an& !har,e& the tea!hers
with ,ross is!on&u!t an& ,ross ne,le!t of &ut"
for unauthori=e& a:an&onent of tea!hin, posts
an& a:sen!es without lea%e' a) +re eplo"ees in
the pu:li! se!tor allowe&
to for unionsL 3o striDeL 6h"L (3N) :) 3he
tea!hers !lai that their ri,ht to
pea!ea:l" asse:le an& petition the
,o%ernent for re&ress of ,rie%an!es has
:een !urtaile&' +re the" !orre!tL 6h"L
(2N) SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: a) Se!tion 8H
+rti!le 555 of the Constitution allows eplo"ees in
the pu:li! se!tor to for unions' @owe%erH the"
!annot ,o on striDe' +s e0plaine& in So!ial
Se!urit" S"ste /plo"ees +sso!iation %' Court
of +ppeals' 172 SC1+ )8) P1989QH the ters an&
!on&itions of their eplo"ent are fi0e& :" law'
/plo"ees in the pu:li! se!tor !annot striDe to
se!ure !on!essions fro their eplo"er'
:' 3he tea!hers !annot !lai that their ri,ht to
pea!ea:l" asse:le an& petition for the re&ress
of ,rie%an!es has :een !urtaile&' +!!or&in, to
9an,alisan %' Court of +ppeals' 27) SC1+ )19
(1997)H the" !an e0er!ise this ri,ht without
stoppa,e of !lasses'
Rig't to A%%e+by5 P-bi" Tea"'er% 689987
No M * 3en pu:li! s!hool tea!hers of Caloo!an
Cit" left their !lassroos to ;oin a striDeH whi!h
laste& for one onthH to asD for tea!hersB
:enefits'
3he -epartent of /&u!ationH Culture an& Sports
!har,e& the a&inistrati%el"H for whi!h reason
the" were re?uire& to answer an& forall"
in%esti,ate& :" a !oittee !opose& of the
-i%ision Superinten&ent of S!hools as ChairanH
the -i%ision Super%isor as e:er an& a
tea!herH as another e:er' An the :asis of the
e%i&en!e a&&u!e& at the foral in%esti,ation
whi!h apl" esta:lishe& their ,uiltH the -ire!tor
ren&ere& a &e!ision etin, out to the the
penalt" of reo%al fro offi!e' 3he &e!ision was
affire& :" the -/CS Se!retar" an& the Ci%il
Ser%i!e Coission' An appealH the" reiterate&
the ar,uents the" raise& :efore the
a&inistrati%e :o&iesH nael":
(a) 3heir striDe was an e0er!ise of their
!onstitutional ri,ht to pea!eful asse:l" an& to
petition the ,o%ernent for re&ress of ,rie%an!es'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(a) +!!or&in, to -e la Cru= %' Court of +ppealsH
302 SC1+ 303 (1999)H the ar,uent of the
tea!hers that the" were erel" e0er!isin, their
!onstitutional ri,ht to pea!eful asse:l" an& to
petition the ,o%ernent for re&ress of ,rie%an!e
!annot :e sustaine&H :e!ause su!h ri,hts ust
:e e0er!ise& within reasona:le liits' 6hen su!h
ri,hts were e0er!ise& on re,ular s!hool &a"s
instea& of &urin, the free tie of the tea!hersH the
tea!hers !oitte& a!ts pre;u&i!ial to the :est
interests of the ser%i!e'
Rig't to Tra*e5 Order o# Arre%t 619917
No' ): 8r' /ste:an Gron"H a Filipino !iti=enH is
arreste& for the !rie of su,,lin,' @e posts :ail
for his release' Su:se?uentl"H he ;ups :ail an&
is a:out to lea%e the !ountr" when the
-epartent of Forei,n +ffairs (-F+) !an!els his
passport' @e sues the -F+H !laiin, %iolation of
his free&o to tra%elH !itin, the new pro%ision in
the 9ill of 1i,hts of the 1987 ConstitutionH to wit:
CNeither shall the ri,ht to tra%el :e ipaire&
e0!ept in the interest of national se!urit"H pu:li!
safet"H or pu:li! healthH as a" :e pro%i&e& :"
law' -e!i&e the !ase'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he !ase shoul& :e &isisse&' +n" person
un&er an or&er of arrest is un&er restraint an&
therefore he !an not !lai the ri,ht to tra%el' 5f he
is a&itte& to :ail his free&o of o%eent is
!onfine& within the !ountr"' 3hereforeH if he
su:se?uentl" ;ups :ailH he !annot &ean&
passport whi!h in effe!t will fa!ilitate his es!ape
fro the !ountr"; he is in fa!t lia:le to :e
arreste& an"tie' 5n&ee&H the ri,ht to tra%el
un&er the Constitution presupposes that the
in&i%i&ual is un&er no restraint su!h as that whi!h
woul& follow fro the fa!t that one has a pen&in,
!riinal !ase an& has :een pla!e& un&er arrest'
Rig't% o# t'e A""-%ed5 Co-n%e o# 'i% C'oi"e
6>8<899A7
(1) 8ariano was arreste& :" the N95 as a
suspe!t in the shoppin, all :o:in,s' +&%ise& of
his ri,htsH 8ariano asDe& for the assistan!e of his
relati%eH +tt"' Santos' 3he N95 noti!e& that +tt"'
Santos was ine0perien!e&H in!opetent an&
inattenti%e' -eein, hi unsuite& to prote!t the
ri,hts of 8arianoH the N95 &isisse& +tt"' Santos'
+ppointe& in his pla!e was +tt"' 9arrosoH a
:ar topnot!her who was in the preises
%isitin, a relati%e' +tt"' 9arroso a:l" assiste&
8ariano when the latter ,a%e a stateent'
@owe%erH 8ariano assaile& the in%esti,ation
!laiin, that he was &epri%e& of !ounsel of
his !hoi!e'
6as the N95 !orre!t in &isissin, +tt"'
Santos an& appointin, +tt"' 9arroso in his
stea&L 5s 8arianoBs stateentH a&e with the
assistan!e of +tt"' 9arrosoH a&issi:le in
e%i&en!eL (2N)
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
3he N95 was not !orre!t in &isissin, +tt"' Santos
an& appointin, +tt"' 9arroso in his stea&' +rti!le
555H Se!tion 12(1) of the 1987 Constitution re?uires
that a person un&er in%esti,ation for the
!oission of an offense shall ha%e no less than
C!opetent an& in&epen&ent !ounsel prefera:l" of
his own !hoi!e C 3his is eant to stress the
pria!" a!!or&e& to the %oluntariness of the
!hoi!e un&er the uni?uel" stressful !on&itions of a
!usto&ial in%esti,ationB 3husH the law"er !alle& to
:e present &urin, su!h in%esti,ation shoul& :e as
far as reasona:l" possi:leH the !hoi!e of the
in&i%i&ual un&er,oin, ?uestionin,' 3he
appointent of +tt"' 9arroso is ?uestiona:le
:e!ause he was %isitin, a relati%e worDin, in the
N95 an& thus his in&epen&en!e is &ou:tful'
7aw"ers en,a,e& :" the poli!eH whate%er
testionials are ,i%en as proof of their pro:it" an&
suppose& in&epen&en!eH are ,enerall" suspe!tH
as in an" areasH the relationship :etween
law"ers an& law enfor!eent authorities !an :e
s":ioti!' Consi&erin, that 8ariano was &epri%e&
of !ounsel of his own !hoi!eH the stateent is
ina&issi:le in e%i&en!e' (People %' >anuarioH
$'1' No' 98222H Fe:ruar" 7H 1997)
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
3he N95 was !orre!t in &isissin, +tt"' Santos as
he was in!opetent' 3he 1987 Constitution
re?uires !ounsel to :e !opetent an&
in&epen&ent' +tt"' 9arrosoH :ein, a :ar topnot!her
a:l" assiste& 8ariano an& there is no showin,
that his ha%in, a relati%e in the N95 affe!te& his
in&epen&en!e' 8oreo%erH the a!!use& has the
final !hoi!e of !ounsel as he a" re;e!t the one
!hosen for hi an& asD for another' + law"er
pro%i&e& :" the in%esti,ators is &eee& en,a,e&
:" the a!!use& where he raises no o:;e!tion
a,ainst the law"er &urin, the !ourse of the
in%esti,ationH an& the a!!use& thereafter
su:s!ri:es to the truth of his stateent :efore the
swearin, offi!er' 3husH
on!e the prose!ution shows there was !oplian!e
with the !onstitutional re?uireent on pre*
interro,ation a&%isoriesH a !onfession is presue&
to :e %oluntar" an& the &e!larant :ears the
:ur&en of pro%in, that his !onfession is
in%oluntar" an& untrue' + !onfession is a&issi:le
until the a!!use& su!!essfull" pro%es that it was
,i%en as a result of %iolen!eH intii&ationH threat or
proise of rewar& or lenien!" whi!h are not
present in this !ase' +!!or&in,l"H the stateent is
a&issi:le'
(People %' >ere=H $'1' No' 11#382H >anuar" 29H 1998)
Rig't% o# t'e A""-%ed5 Pre%-+$tion o#
Inno"en"e *%= Pre%-+$tion o# T'e#t 6899;7
(2*:) A. lost fi%e hea& of !attle whi!h he reporte&
to the poli!e as stolen fro his :arn' @e re?ueste&
se%eral nei,h:orsH in!lu&in, 11H for help in looDin,
for the issin, anials' +fter an e0tensi%e sear!hH
the poli!e foun& two hea& in 11Bs far' 11 !oul&
not e0plain to the poli!e how the" ,ot hi&&en in a
reote area of his far' 5nsistin, on his
inno!en!eH 11 !onsulte& a law"er who tol& hi he
has a ri,ht to :e presue& inno!ent un&er the 9ill
of 1i,hts' 9ut there is another presuption of theft
arisin, fro his une0plaine& possession of stolen
!attleR un&er the penal law' +re the two
presuptions !apa:le of re!on!iliation 5n this
!aseL 5f soH how !an the" :e re!on!ile&L 5f notH
whi!h shoul& pre%ailL (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he two presuptions !an :e re!on!ile&' 3he
presuption of inno!en!e stan&s until the
!ontrar" is pro%e&' 5t a" :e o%er!oe :" a
!ontrar" presuption foun&e& upon huan
e0perien!e' 3he presuption that 11 is the one
who stole the !attle of A. is lo,i!alH sin!e he was
foun& in possession of the stolen !attle' 11 !an
pro%e his inno!en!e :" presentin, e%i&en!e to
re:ut the presuption' 3he :ur&en of e%i&en!e is
shifte& to 11H :e!ause how he !ae into
possession of the !attle is pe!uliarl" within his
Dnowle&,e' (-i=on*Paintuan %' PeopleH 23#
SC1+ )3 (199#))'
Rig't% o# t'e A""-%ed5 Rig't to &ai 6199:7
&esD ser,eant' Coin!i&entall"' the rape %i!ti
was arreste& an& lo!De& up in a !ell'
>ohann was !har,e& with rape in !ourt :ut prior
to arrai,nent in%oDe& his ri,ht to preliinar"
!ounselH in%oDe& the ri,ht to :all an& file& a
:efore the Court of +ppeals ar,uin, that: 3) @e is
entitle& to :ail as a atter of ri,htH thus the >u&,e
shoul& not ha%e &enie& his otion to fi0 :all
outri,ht' -e!i&e'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3) 5n a!!or&an!e with +rt' 555' se!' 13 of the
ConstitutionH >ohann a" :e &enie& :ail if the
e%i&en!e of his ,uilt is stron, !onsi&erin, that the
!rie with whi!h he is !har,e& is punisha:le :"
re!lusion perpetua' 5t is thus not a atter of ri,ht
for hi to :e release& on :ail in su!h !ase' 3he
!ourt ust first aDe a &eterination of the
stren,th of the e%i&en!e on the :asis of e%i&en!e
alrea&" presente& :" the prose!utionH unless it
&esires to present soe oreH an& ,i%e the
a!!use& the opportunit" to present !ounter%ailin,
e%i&en!e' 5f ha%in, &one this the !ourt fin&s the
e%i&en!e not to :e stron,H then it :e!oes the
ri,ht of >ohann to :e a&itte& to :ail' 3he error of
the trial !ourt lies in outri,htl" &en"in, the otion
for :ail of >ohann'
Rig't% o# t'e A""-%ed5 Rig't to &ai5 Ca$ita
O##en%e 6>;<899?7
/0plain :riefl"'
2' + law &en"in, persons !har,e& with
!ries punisha:le :" re!lusion perpetua or &eath
the ri,ht to :ail' (2N) S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
3he law is in%ali& as it !ontra%enes Se!tion 13H
+rti!le 555 of the 1987 Constitution whi!h pro%i&es
that Call personsH e0!ept those !har,e& with
offenses punisha:le :" re!lusion perpetua when
e%i&en!e of ,uilt is stron,H shallH :efore !on%i!tionH
:e :aila:le :" suffi!ient suretiesH or :e release&
on re!o,ni=an!e as a" :e pro%i&e& :" law'C 3he
a!!use& a" not :e &epri%e& of his !onstitutional
ri,ht to :ail e%en if !har,e& with a !apital offense
where the e%i&en!e of ,uilt is not stron,'
Rig't% o# t'e A""-%ed5 Rig't to &ai5
!e$ortation Ca%e 619897
No' 12: 8a" an alien in%oDe the !onstitutional
ri,ht to :ail &urin, the pen&en!" of &eportation
pro!ee&in,sL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
No' an alien a" not in%oDe the !onstitutional
ri,ht to :ail &urin, the pen&en!" of &eportation
pro!ee&in,s' 5n @ar%e" %s Santia,oH 1)2 SC1+
8#0H it was hel& that the !onstitutional ,uarantee
to :ail a" not :e in%oDe& in &eportation
pro!ee&in,sH :e!ause the" &o not partaDe of the
nature of a !riinal a!tion'
Rig't% o# t'e A""-%ed5 Rig't to &ai5 0atter
o# Rig't or a 0atter o# !i%"retion 6>7<899A7
a) State with reason(s) whether :ail is a atter
of ri,ht or a atter of &is!retion in the
followin, !ases: (#N) a) 3he iposa:le penalt"
for the !rie
!har,e& is rec'*sion perpe+*a an& the
a!!use& is a inor;
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
5f the a!!use& is a inor where the iposa:le
penalt" for the !rie !har,e& is re!lusion
perpetuaH :ail woul& :e a atter of ri,ht' <n&er
+rti!le )8 of the 1e%ise& Penal Co&eH when the
offen&er is a inor un&er ei,hteen "ears of a,eH
he is entitle& to a penalt"H &epen&in, on his a,eH
lower :" one or two &e,rees than that pres!ri:e&
:" law for the !rie !oitte&' 3he Constitution
withhol&s the ,uarant" of :ail fro one who is
a!!use& of a !apital offense where the e%i&en!e
of ,uilt is stron,' 3he o:%ious reason is that one
who fa!es a pro:a:le &eath senten!e has a
parti!ularl" stron, teptation to flee' 3his reason
&oes not hol& where the a!!use& has :een
esta:lishe& without o:;e!tion to :e a inor who
:" law !annot :e senten!e& to &eath' (9ra%o %'
9or;aH $'1' No' 7*)2228H Fe:ruar" 18H 1982)
:) 3he iposa:le penalt" for the !rie
!har,e& is life iprisonent an& the
a!!use& is a inor;
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
5f the a!!use& is a inor an& the iposa:le
penalt" for the !rie !har,e& is life iprisonentH
:ail woul& not :e a atter of ri,ht' 5n the instant
!aseH assuin, that e%i&en!e of ,uilt stron,H :ail
shall :e &enie& as the pri%ile,e& iti,atin,
!ir!ustan!e of inorit" is not a%aila:le for
%iolation of spe!ial laws penali=e& :" life
iprisonent'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
+lthou,h the Constitution entions onl" re!lusion
perpetuaH 1ule 11# of the 1ules of
Court a&&s life iprisonentH an& thereforeH
appl"in, the PRO R:O ;OCTRI<:H :ail woul&
still :e a atter of ri,htH sin!e it is fa%ora:le to
the a!!use&'
!) 3he a!!use& has :een !on%i!te& of
hoi!i&e on a !har,e of ur&er an& senten!e& to
suffer an in&eterinate penalt" of fro ei,ht (8)
"ears an& one (1) &a" of prision a"orH as
iniuH to twel%e
(12) "ears an& four (#) onths of re!lusion
teporalH as a0iu'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
5f the a!!use& has :een !on%i!te& of hoi!i&e on
a !har,e of ur&er an& senten!e& to suffer
iprisonent of fro 8 to 12 "earsH :ail is a
atter of &is!retion' <n&er 1ule 11#H Se!' 2H par'
1 of the 1ules of CourtH if the &e!ision of the trial
!ourt !on%i!tin, the a!!use& !han,e& the nature
of the offense fro non*:aila:le to :aila:leH the
appli!ation for :ail a" :e file& an& a!te& upon
:" the appellate !ourt' +&ission to :ail is
&is!retionar"'
Rig't% o# t'e A""-%ed5 Rig't to S$eedy Tria
689997
No ME' Char,e& :" Fran!is!o with li:elH Pa:lo
was arrai,ne& on >anuar" 3H 2000H Pre*trial was
&ispense& with an& !ontinuous trial was set for
8ar!h 7H 8 an& 9H 2000' An the first settin,H the
prose!ution o%e& for its postponeent an&
!an!ellation of the other settin,s :e!ause its
prin!ipal an& pro:a:l" onl" witnessH the pri%ate
!oplainant Fran!is!oH su&&enl" ha& to ,o
a:roa& to fulfill a professional !oitent' 3he
;u&,e instea& &isisse& the !ase for failure to
prose!ute' a) 6oul& the ,rant of the otion for
postponeent ha%e %iolate& the a!!use&Bs ri,ht to
spee&" trialL (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he ,rant of the otion for postponeent woul&
not ha%e %iolate& the ri,ht of the a!!use& to
spee&" trial' +s hel& 5n People %' 7e%isteH 222
SC1+ 238 (199))' sin!e the otion for
postponeent was the first one re?ueste&H the
nee& for the offen&e& part" to atten& to a
professional !oitent is a %ali& reasonH no
su:stantial ri,ht of the a!!use& woul& :e
pre;u&i!e&H an& the prose!ution shoul& :e
affor&e& a fair opportunit" to prose!ute its !aseH
the otion shoul& :e ,rante&'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
Sin!e !ontinuous trial of !ases is re?uire& an&
sin!e the &ate of the initial hearin, was set upon
a,reeent of all partiesH in!lu&in, the
pri%ate !oplainantH the ;u&,e properl" &isisse&
the !ase for failure to prose!ute'
Rig't% o# t'e A""-%ed5 Se#<In"ri+ination
619887
No' 3: -r' >uan Sto' 3oas is a pra!ti!in, &entist
in 8ariDinaH 8etro 8anila' @e was !har,e& with
ioralit" :efore the 9oar& of -entistr" :" a la&"
patientH who !lais that -r' Sto' 3oas tooD
li:erties with her person an& Disse& her while she
was un&er the treatent at the latterBs !lini!'
+t the initial hearin, of the a&inistrati%e
!oplaintH the !oplainantBs !ounsel !alle& the
respon&ent as his first witness' 3he respon&ent
throu,h !ounselH o:;e!te& %i,orousl"H !laiin, his
!onstitutional ri,ht to :e e0ept fro :ein, a
witness a,ainst hiself' 3he 9oar& note& the
o:;e!tionH :ut rule& that in the ne0t s!he&ule&
hearin,H a onth an& a half laterH the respon&ent
woul& :e !alle& to testif" as a witnessH as the ri,ht
he !lais is not a%aila:le in a&inistrati%e
in%esti,ationsH :ut onl" in !riinal prose!utions'
-r' Sto' 3oas is &e!i&e& not to testif"' +s his
law"erH what woul& "ou &oL 6h"L
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
5 will file a petition for prohi:ition with pra"er for
preliinar" in;un!tion with the 1e,ional 3rial
Court' 3he pri%ile,e a,ainst self in!riination is
a%aila:le not onl" in ;u&i!ial pro!ee&in,s :ut also
in a&inistrati%e in%esti,ations' 5n Pas!ual
%' 9oar& of 8e&i!al /0ainersH 28 SC1+ 3##
(19)9)H it was hel& that the re%o!ation of a li!ense
as a e&i!al pra!titioner !an :e an e%en ,reater
&epri%ation than ere forfeiture of propert"' 5n
soe aspe!ts it is siilar to !riinal pro!ee&in,s
an&H thereforeH the respon&ent !an not :e a&e to
testif" as a witness for the !oplainant'
619997
No' #: 3he pri%ile,e of self*in!riination ust :e
tiel" in%oDe&H otherwise it is &eee& wai%e&'
1 5n a C5E57 C+S/H the plaintiff !alle& the
&efen&ant a hostile witness an& announ!e& that
the &efen&ant woul& :e asDe& in!riinatin,
?uestions in the &ire!t e0aination' 6hen shoul&
the &efen&ant in%oDe the pri%ile,e a,ainst self*
in!riinationL
2 5n a C1585N+7 C+S/H the prose!ution
!alle& the a!!use& to the witness stan& as the first
witness in %iew of !ertain fa!ts
a&itte& :" the a!!use& at the pre*trial'
6hen shoul& the a!!use& in%oDe the
pri%ile,e a,ainst self*in!riinationL
3' 5n an a&inistrati%e !ase for alpra!ti!e
an& the !an!ellation of li!ense to pra!ti!e
e&i!ine file& a,ainst CH the !oplainant !alle&
C to the witness stan&' 6hen shoul& C in%oDe
the pri%ile,e a,ainst self*in!riinationL
/0plain "our answers to the three ?uestions'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(1) +s hel& in 9a,a&ion, %H -e $u=anH 9# SC1+
90)H the &efen&ant shoul& taDe the witness stan&
an& o:;e!t when a ?uestion !allin, for an
in!riinatin, ?uestion is propoun&e&' <nliDe in
pro!ee&in,s whi!h are !riinal in !hara!ter in
whi!h the a!!use& !an refuse to testif"H the
&efen&ant ust wait until a ?uestion !allin, for an
in!riinator" answer is a!tuall" asDe&' (Suare= %'
3on,!oH 2 SC1+ 71)
(2) +s hel& in Cha%e= %' Court of +ppealsH 2#
SC1+ ))3H in a !riinal !ase the a!!use& a"
alto,ether refuse to taDe the witness an& refuse
to answer an" ?uestionH :e!ause the purpose of
!allin, hi as a witness for the prose!ution has
no other purpose :ut to in!riinate hi'
(3) +s in a !riinal !aseH C !an refuse to taDe the
witness stan& an& refuse to answer an" ?uestion'
5n Pas!ual %' 9oar& of 8e&i!al /0ainersH 28
SC1+ 3##H it was hel& that an a&inistrati%e !ase
for alpra!ti!e an& !an!ellation of the li!ense to
pra!ti!e e&i!ine is penal in !hara!terH :e!ause
an unfa%ora:le &e!ision woul& result in the
re%o!ation of the li!ense of the respon&ent to
pra!ti!e e&i!ine' Conse?uentl"H he !an refuse to
taDe the witness stan&'
619987
his &ri%erBs li!enseH
Cite two P2Q possi:le !onstitutional o:;e!tions to
this law' 1esol%e the o:;e!tions an& e0plain
whether an" su!h infirities !an :e !ure&'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
allows poli!e authorities to re?uire a &ri%e to taDe
the :reathal"=er test e%en if there is no pro:a:le
!ause'
1e?uirin, a &ri%er to taDe a 91/+3@+7O./1
3/S3 &oes not %iolate his ri,ht a,ainst self*
in!riinationH :e!ause he is not :ein, !opelle&
to ,i%e testionial e%i&en!e' @e is erel" :ein,
asDe& to su:it to a ph"si!al test' 3his is not
!o%ere& :" the !onstitutional ,uarantee a,ainst
self*in!riination' 3husH in South -aDota %s'
Ne%illeH #29 <'S' 223H it was hel& for this reason
that re?uirin, a &ri%er to taDe a :loo&*al!ohol test
is %ali&'
+s hel& in 8a!De" %s' +fontr"a ##3 <'S' 1H :e!ause
of !opellin, ,o%ernent interest in safet" alon,
the streetsH the li!ense of a &ri%er who refuses to
taDe the :reathal"=er test a" :e suspen&e&
ie&iatel" pen&in, a post*suspension hearin,H
:ut there ust :e a pro%ision for a post*suspension
hearin,' 3husH to sa%e the propose& law fro
un!onstitutionall" on the ,roun& of &enial of &ue
pro!essH it shoul& pro%i&e for an ie&iate hearin,
upon suspension of the &ri%erBs li!ense' 3he
propose& law %iolates the ri,ht a,ainst
unreasona:le sear!hes an& sei=ures' 5t will
authori=e poli!e authorities to stop an" &ri%er an&
asD hi to taDe the :reathal"=er test e%en in the
a:sen!e of a pro:a:le !ause'
689997
No M5' :) + an was shot an& Dille& an& his Diller
fle&' 8oents after the shootin,H an e"ewitness
&es!ri:e& to the poli!e that the sla"er wore white
pantsH a shirt with floral &esi,nH ha& :oots an&
was a:out 70 Dilos an&
1')2 eters' 9or;aH who fit the &es!ription ,i%enH
was seen near:"' @e was taDen into !usto&" an&
:rou,ht to the poli!e pre!in!t where his pantsH
shirt an& :oots were for!i:l" taDen an& he was
wei,he&H easure&H photo,raphe&H fin,erprinte&
an& su:;e!te& to paraffin testin,' +t his trialH 9or;a
o:;e!te& to the a&ission in e%i&en!e of the
apparelH his
hei,ht an& wei,htH his photo,raphsH fin,erprints
!oparison an& the results of the paraffin testH
assertin, that these were taDen in %iolation of his
ri,ht a,ainst self*in!riination' 1ule on the
o:;e!tion' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
:) 3he o:;e!tion of 9or;a is not tena:le' +s hel&
in People %' Pa"norH 2)1 SC1+ )12 (199))H the
ri,hts ,uarantee& :" Se!tion 12H +rti!le in of the
Constitution applies onl" a,ainst testionial
e%i&en!e' +n a!!use& a" :e !opelle& to :e
photo,raphe& or easure&H his ,arents a"
:e reo%e&H an& his :o&" a" :e e0aine&'
Rig't% o# t'e A""-%ed5 Se#<In"ri+ination 6>7<
899?7
Sele!t the :est answer an& e0plain'
1' +n a!!use&Bs ri,ht a,ainst self*in!riination is
%iolate& in the followin, !ases: (2N)
1 6hen he is or&ere& :" the trial !ourt to
un&er,o a paraffin test to pro%e he is ,uilt" of ur&er;
2 6hen he is !opelle& to pro&u!e his
:anD:ooDs to :e use& as e%i&en!e a,ainst his father
!har,e& with plun&er;
3 6hen he is or&ere& to pro&u!e a saple of his
han&writin, to :e use& as e%i&en!e that he is the
author of a letter wherein he a,ree& to Dill the %i!ti;
# 6hen the presi&ent of a !orporation is su:*
poenae& to pro&u!e !ertain &o!uents as proofs he is
,uilt" of ille,al re!ruitent'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he :est answer is !) when he is or&ere& to
pro&u!e a saple of his han&writin, to :e use&
as e%i&en!e that he is the author of a letter
wherein he a,ree& to Dill the %i!ti' <n&er +rti!le
@5H Se!tion 17 of the 1987 ConstitutionH Cno
person shall :e !opelle& to :e a witness
a,ainst hiself'C Sin!e the pro%ision prohi:its
!opulsor" testionial in!riinationH it &oes not
atter whether the testion" is taDen :" oral or
written eans as either wa" it in%ol%es the <S/
AF 5N3/77/C3<+7 F+C<735/S' 3he purpose
of the pri%ile,e is to a%oi& an& prohi:it there:"
the repetition an& re!urren!e of !opellin, a
personH in a !riinal or an" other !aseH to furnish
the issin, e%i&en!e ne!essar" for his
!on%i!tion (9eru&e= %' CastilloH Per 1e!' No'
71#*+H >ul" 2)H 1937; 9eltran %' SasonH $'1'
No' 32022H Septe:er 23H1929)'
Sear"'e% and Sei)-re5 Pri*ate Indi*id-a%
6>8<899A7
(2) /ilio ha& lon, suspe!te& that +l%inH his
eplo"eeH ha& :een passin, tra&e se!rets to his
!opetitorH 1an&"H :ut he ha& no
proof' Ane &a"H /ilio :roDe open the &esD of
+l%in an& &is!o%ere& a letter wherein 1an&"
thanDe& +l%in for ha%in, passe& on to hi
%ital tra&e se!rets of /ilio' /n!lose& in the
letter was a !he!D for P20H000'00 &rawn
a,ainst the a!!ount of 1an&" an& pa"a:le to
+l%in' /ilio then &isisse& +l%in fro his
eplo"ent' /ilioBs proof of +l%inBs perfi&"
are the sai& letter an& !he!D whi!h are
o:;e!te& to as ina&issi:le for ha%in, :een
o:taine& throu,h an ille,al sear!h' +l%in file&
a suit assailin, his &isissal' 1ule on the
a&issi:ilit" of the letter an& !he!D' (2N)
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
+s hel& in People %' 8arti ($'1' No' 812)1H
>anuar" 18H 1991)H the !onstitutionH in la"in, &own
the prin!iples of the ,o%ernent an& fun&aental
li:erties of the peopleH &oes not ,o%ern
relationships :etween in&i%i&uals' 3husH if the
sear!h is a&e at the :ehest or initiati%e of the
proprietor of a pri%ate esta:lishent for its own
an& pri%ate purposes an& without the inter%ention
of poli!e authoritiesH the ri,ht a,ainst
unreasona:le sear!h an& sei=ure !annot :e
in%oDe& for onl" the a!t of pri%ate in&i%i&ualsH not
the law enfor!ersH is in%ol%e&' 5n suH +-e
pro+ec+ion agains+ *nreasonab'e searc-es and
sei=*res canno+ be e>+ended +o ac+s co00i++ed
by PRI?AT: I<;I?I;6AL7 so as +o bring i+ &i+-in
+-e a0bi+ o) a''eged *n'a&)*' in+r*sion by +-e
go/ern0en+. +!!or&in,l"H the letter an& !he!D are
a&issi:le in e%i&en!e' (6aterous -ru, Corp' %'
N71CH $'1' No' 113271H A!to:er 1)H 1997)
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
3he letter is ina&issi:le in e%i&en!e' 3he
!onstitutional in;un!tion &e!larin, the pri%a!" of
!ouni!ation an& !orrespon&en!e to :e
in%iola:le is no less appli!a:le sipl" :e!ause it
is the eplo"er who is the part" a,ainst who
the !onstitutional pro%ision is to :e enfor!e&' 3he
onl" e0!eption to the prohi:ition in the
Constitution is if there is a lawful or&er fro the
!ourt or when pu:li! safet" or or&er re?uires
otherwiseH as pres!ri:e& :" law' +n" %iolation of
this pro%ision ren&ers the e%i&en!e o:taine&
ina&issi:le for an" purpose in an" pro!ee&in,'
(.ulueta %' Court of +ppealsH $'1' No' 107383H
Fe:ruar" 20H 199))
Sear"'e% and Sei)-re%5 Aien% 689917
No 5E * + is an alien' State whetherH in the
PhilippinesH he: 5s entitle& to the ri,ht a,ainst
ille,al sear!hes an& sei=ures an& a,ainst ille,al
arrests' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+liens are entitle& to the ri,ht a,ainst ille,al
sear!hes an& sei=ures an& ille,al arrests' +s
applie& in People %' Chua @o SanH 307 SC1+
#32 (1999)H these ri,hts are a%aila:le to all
personsH in!lu&in, aliens'
Sear"'e% and Sei)-re%5 &reat'ay)er Te%t
619987
his &ri%erBs li!enseH Cite two P2Q possi:le
!onstitutional o:;e!tions to this law' 1esol%e the
o:;e!tions an& e0plain whether an" su!h
infirities !an :e !ure&'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
allows poli!e authorities to re?uire a &ri%e to taDe
the :reathal"=er test e%en if there is no pro:a:le
!ause
1e?uirin, a &ri%er to taDe a :reathal"=er test &oes
not %iolate his ri,ht a,ainst self*in!riinationH
:e!ause he is not :ein, !opelle& to ,i%e
testionial e%i&en!e' @e is erel" :ein, asDe& to
su:it to a ph"si!al test' 3his is not !o%ere& :"
the !onstitutional ,uarantee a,ainst self*
in!riination' 3husH in South -aDota %s' Ne%illeH
#29 <'S' 223H it was hel& for this reason that
re?uirin, a &ri%er to taDe a :loo&*al!ohol test is
%ali&'
+s hel& in 8a!De" %s' +fontr"a ##3 <'S' 1H
:e!ause of !opellin, ,o%ernent interest in
safet" alon, the streetsH the li!ense of a &ri%er
who refuses to taDe the :reathal"=er test a" :e
suspen&e& ie&iatel" pen&in, a post*
suspension hearin,H :ut there ust :e a
pro%ision for a post*suspension hearin,' 3husH
to sa%e the propose& law fro un!onstitutionall" on
the ,roun& of &enial of &ue pro!essH it shoul&
pro%i&e for an ie&iate hearin, upon suspension
of the &ri%erBs li!ense' 3he propose& law %iolates
the ri,ht a,ainst unreasona:le sear!hes an&
sei=ures' 5t will authori=e poli!e authorities to stop
an" &ri%er an& asD hi to taDe the :reathal"=er test
e%en in the a:sen!e of a pro:a:le !ause'
Sear"'e% and Sei)-re%5 I++ediate Contro
619877
No' 555: CMC a Consta:ular" Affi!erH was arreste&
pursuant to a lawful !ourt or&er in 9a,uio Cit" for
ur&er' @e was :rou,ht to 8anila where a
warrantless sear!h was !on&u!te& in his offi!ial
?uarters at Cap CraeH 3he sear!h tea foun&
an& sei=e& the ur&er weapon in a &rawer of
CMC' Can CMC !lai that the sear!h an& sei=ure
were ille,al an& o%e for e0!lusion fro
e%i&en!e of the weapon sei=e&L /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
OesH CMC !an &o so' 3he warrantless sear!h !annot
:e ;ustifie& as an in!i&ent of a %ali& arrestH
:e!ause !onsi&era:le tie ha& elapse& after his
arrest in 9a,uio :efore the sear!h of his ?uarters
in Cap CraeH (ue=on Cit" was a&eH an&
:e!ause the &istan!e :etween the pla!e of arrest
an& the pla!e of sear!h ne,ates an" !lai that the
pla!e sear!he& is within his Cie&iate !ontrolC so
as to ;ustif" the apprehension that he i,ht
&estro" or !on!eal e%i&en!e of !rie :efore a
warrant !an :e o:taine&' (Chiel %' CaliforniaH 392
<'S' 722 (19)9) ) in Nolas!o %' Cru= PanoH 1#7
SC1+ 209 (1987)H the Supree Court
re!onsi&ere& its pre%ious &e!ision hol&in, that a
warrantless sear!hH a&e after 30 inutes fro
the tie of arrestH an&H in a pla!e se%eral :lo!Ds
awa" fro the pla!e of arrestH was %ali&' 5t hel&
that a warrantless sear!h is liite& to the sear!h of
the person of the arrestee at the tie an& in!i&ent
to his arrest an& for &an,erous weapons or
an"thin, whi!h a" :e use& as proof of the
offense' + !ontrar" rule woul& ;ustif" the poli!e in
pro!urin, a warrant of arrest an&H :" %irtue thereofH
not onl" arrest the person :ut also sear!h his
&wellin,' + warrant re?uires that all fa!ts as to the
!on&ition of the propert" an& its surroun&in,s an&
its ipro%eents an& !apa:ilities ust :e
!onsi&ere&H an& this !an onl" :e &one in a ;u&i!ial
pro!ee&in,'
Sear"'e% and Sei)-re%5 In"identa to (aid
Sear"' 619997
No' 9; Soe poli!e operati%esH a!tin, un&er a
lawfull" issue& warrant for the purpose of
sear!hin, for firears in the @ouse of M lo!ate& at
No' 10 Shaw 9oule%ar&H Pasi,H 8etro 8anilaH
foun&H instea& of firearsH ten Dilo,ras of
!o!aine'
(1) 8a" the sai& poli!e operati%es lawfull"
sei=e the !o!aineL /0plain "our answer'
(2) 8a" M su!!essfull" !hallen,e the le,alit"
of the sear!h on the ,roun& that the pea!e
reain silent an& his ri,ht to !ounselL /0plain
"our answer'
(3) Suppose the pea!e offi!ers were a:le to
fin& unli!ense& firears in the house in an
a&;a!ent lotH that is' NoH 12 Shaw 9oule%ar&H
whi!h is also owne& :" M' 8a" the" lawfull" sei=e
the sai& unli!ense& firearsL /0plain "our
answer'
13
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(1) OesH the poli!e operati%es a" lawfull" sei=e
the !o!aineH :e!ause it is an ite whose
possession is prohi:ite& :" lawH it was in plain
%iew an& it was onl" ina&%ertentl" &is!o%ere& in
the !ourse of a lawful sear!h' 3he possession of
!o!aine is prohi:ite& :" Se!tion 8 of the
-an,erous -ru,s +!t' +s hel& in 8a,on!ia %'
Pala!ioH 80 Phil' 770H an arti!le whose possession
is prohi:ite& :" law a" :e sei=e& without the
nee& of an" sear!h warrant if it was &is!o%ere&
&urin, a lawful sear!h' 3he a&&itional re?uireent
lai& &own in 1oan %' $on=alesH 1#2 SC1+ )87
that the &is!o%er" of the arti!le ust ha%e :een
a&e ina&%ertentl" was also satisfie& in this !ase'
(2) NoH M !annot su!!essfull" !hallen,e the
le,alit" of the sear!h sipl" :e!ause the pea!e
reain silent an& his ri,ht to !ounsel' Se!tion
12(1)H +rti!le 555 of the 1987 Constitution pro%i&es:
C+n" person un&er in%esti,ation for the
!oission of an offense shall ha%e the ri,ht to
:e infore& of his ri,ht to reain silent an& to
ha%e !opetent an& in&epen&ent !ounsel
prefera:l" of his own !hoi!e'C
+s hel& in People %' -"H 128 SC1+ 111' for
this pro%ision to appl"H a suspe!t ust :e
un&er in%esti,ation' 3here was no in%esti,ation
in%ol%e& in this !ase'
(3) 3he unli!ense& firears store& at 12 Shaw
9oule%ar& a" lawfull" :e sei=e& sin!e their
possession is ille,al' +s hel& in 8a,on!ia a
Pala!ioH 80 Phil' 770H when an in&i%i&ual
possesses !ontra:an& (unli!ense& firears
:elon, to this !ate,or")H he is !oittin, a !rie
an& he !an :e arreste& without a warrant an& the
!ontra:an& !an :e sei=e&'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
5n a!!or&an!e with the rulin,s in <" Ge"tin %H
EillarealH #2 Phil' 88) an& People %' S" >u!oH )#
Phil' ))7H the unli!ense& firears foun& in the
house at 12 Shaw 9oule%ar& a" not :e lawfull"
sei=e&H sin!e the" were not in!lu&e& in the
&es!ription of the arti!les to :e sei=e& :" %irtue of
the sear!h warrant' 3he sear!h warrant &es!ri:e&
the arti!les to :e sei=e& as firears in the house
of M lo!ate& at 10 Shaw 9oule%ar&'
Sear"'e% and Sei)-re%5 Pa"e o# Sear"'
689917
No M5 * +re& with a sear!h an& sei=ure warrantH
a tea of poli!een le& :" 5nspe!tor 3rias
entere& a !opoun& an& sear!he& the house
&es!ri:e& therein as No' 17 SpeaDer Pere= St'H
Sta' 8esa @ei,htsH (ue=on Cit"H owne& :" 8r'
/rnani PeletsH for a reporte& !a!he of firears
an& aunition' @owe%erH upon thorou,h sear!h
of the houseH the poli!e foun& nothin,'
3henH a!tin, on a hun!hH the poli!een
pro!ee&e& to a saller house insi&e the sae
!opoun& with a&&ress at No' 17*+ SpeaDer
Pere= St'H entere& itH an& !on&u!te& a sear!h
therein o%er the o:;e!tion of 8r' Pelets who
happene& to :e the sae owner of the first
house' 3hereH the poli!e foun& the unli!ense&
firears an& aunition the" were looDin, for'
+s a result' 8r' /rnani Pelets was !riinall"
!har,e& in !ourt with 5lle,al possession of
firears an& aunition as penali=e& un&er
P'-' 18))H as aen&e& :" 1+' 829#' +t the trialH
he %eheentl" o:;e!te& to the presentation of the
e%i&en!e a,ainst hi for :ein, ina&issi:le' 5s 8r'
/ani PeletBs !ontention %ali& or notL 6h"L (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he !ontention of /rnani Pelet is %ali&' +s hel& in
People %s' Court of +ppealsH 291SC1+ #00
(1993)H if the pla!e sear!he& is &ifferent fro
that state& in the sear!h warrantH the e%i&en!e
sei=e& is ina&issi:le' 3he poli!ean !annot
o&if" the pla!e to :e sear!he& as set out in the
sear!h warrant'
Sear"'e% and Sei)-re%5 %ear"' +ade by a
$ri*ate "iti)en 6199:7
No' #: 7arr" was an o%erni,ht ,uest in a otel'
+fter he !he!De& out the followin, &a"H the
!ha:erai& foun& an atta!he !ase whi!h she
surise& was left :ehin& :" 7arr"' She turne& it
o%er to the ana,er whoH to &eterine the nae
an& a&&ress of the ownerH opene& the atta!he
!ase an& saw pa!Da,es whi!h ha& a
pe!uliar sell an& upon s?uee=in, felt liDe &rie&
lea%es' @is !uriosit" arouse&H the ana,er a&e
an openin, on one of the pa!Da,es an& tooD
se%eral ,ras of the !ontents thereof' @e tooD the
pa!Da,es to the N95H an& in the presen!e of
a,entsH opene& the
subse@ue$tl4 fou$.+ brou3ht to the N5I Off#!e
"here he a.-#tte. o"$ersh#p of the atta!he
!ase a$. the pa!:a3es. He "as -a.e to s#3$ a
re!e#pt for the pa!:a3es. Larr4 "as !har3e. #$
!ourt for possess#o$ of proh#b#te. .ru3s. He
"as !o$#!te.. O$ appeal+ he $o" poses the
follo"#$3 #ssues/ =( The pa!:a3es are
#$a.-#ss#ble #$ e#.e$!e
be#$3 the pro.u!t of a$ #lle3al sear!h a$.
se#AureB .
)( Ne#ther #s the re!e#pt he s#3$e. a.-#ss#ble+
h#s r#3hts u$.er !usto.#al #$est#3at#o$ $ot
ha#$3 bee$ obsere.. 8e!#.e. SU22ESTE!
ANS4ER: An the assuption that the issues
were tiel" raise& the answers are as follows: 1)
3he pa!Da,es are a&issi:le in e%i&en!e' 3he
one who opene& the pa!Da,es was the ana,er
of the otel without an" interferen!e of the a,ents
of the National 9ureau of 5n%esti,ation' +s hel& in
People %s' 8artiH 193 SC1+ 27H the !onstitutional
ri,ht a,ainst unreasona:le sear!hes an& sei=ures
refers to unwarrante& intrusion :" the ,o%ernent
an& &oes not operate as a restraint upon pri%ate
in&i%i&uals' 2) 3he re!eipt is not a&issi:le in
e%i&en!e' '''
Sear"'e% and Sei)-re%5 %ear"' +ade by a
$ri*ate "iti)en 689987
No E555' Ane &a" a passen,er :us !on&u!tor foun&
a anBs han&:a, left in the :us' 6hen the
!on&u!tor opene& the :a,H he foun& insi&e a
!atlin, !ar& with the ownerBs nae (-ante $alan,)
an& a&&ressH a few hun&re& peso :illsH an& a sall
plasti! :a, !ontainin, a white pow&er" su:stan!e'
@e :rou,ht the pow&er" su:stan!e to the National
9ureau of 5n%esti,ation for la:orator" e0aination
an& it was &eterine& to :e ethaphetaine
h"&ro!hlori&e or sha:uH a prohi:ite& &ru,' -ante
$alan, was su:se?uentl" tra!e& an& foun& an&
:rou,ht to the N95 Affi!e where he a&itte&
ownership of the han&:a, an& its !ontents' 5n the
!ourse of the interro,ation :" N95 a,entsH an&
without the presen!e an& assistan!e of !ounselH
$alan, was a&e to si,n a re!eipt for the plasti!
:a, an& its sha:u !ontents' $alan, was !har,e&
with ille,al
possession of prohi:ite& &ru,s an& was
!on%i!te&' An appeal he !onten&s that *
(1) 3he plasti! :a, an& its !ontents are
ina&issi:le in e%i&en!e :ein, the pro&u!t of an
ille,al sear!h an& sei=ure; (3N) an& (2) 3he re!eipt he si,ne& is also ina&issi:le as
his ri,hts un&er !usto&ial in%esti,ation were not
o:ser%e&' (2N)
pa!Da,esH the !ontents of whi!h upon la:orator"
e0ainationH turne& out to :e ari;uana flowerin, topsH
7arr" was
14
-e!i&e the !ase with reasons'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+' 3he plasti! :a, an& its !ontents are a&issi:le
in e%i&en!eH sin!e it was not the National 9ureau
of 5n%esti,ation :ut the :us !on&u!tor who
opene& the :a, an& :rou,ht it to the National
9ureau of 5n%esti,ation' +s hel& 5n People %'
8artiH 193 SC1+ 27 (1991)H the !onstitutional
ri,ht a,ainst unreasona:le sear!h an& sei=ure is
a restraint upon the ,o%ernent' 5t &oes not
appl" so as to re?uire e0!lusion of e%i&en!e
whi!h !ae into the possession of the
$o%ernent throu,h a sear!h a&e :" a pri%ate
!iti=en'
9' 5t is ina&issi:le''''
Sear"'e% and Sei)-re%5 (aid 4arrante%%
Sear"' 689997
a) Cra!D offi!ers of the +nti*Nar!oti!s <nit were
assi,ne& on sur%eillan!e of the en%irons of a
!eeter" where the sale an& use of &an,erous
&ru,s are rapant' + an with re&&ish an&
,lass" e"es was walDin, unstea&il" o%in,
towar&s the :ut %eere& awa" when he sense&
the presen!e of poli!een' 3he" approa!he&
hiH intro&u!e& thesel%es as poli!e offi!ers an&
asDe& hi what he ha& !len!he& in his han&' +s
he Dept uH the poli!een prie& his han& open
an& foun& a sa!het of sha:uH a &an,erous &ru,'
+!!or&in,l" !har,e& in !ourtH the a!!use&
o:;e!te& to the a&ission in e%i&en!e of the
&an,erous &ru, :e!ause it was the result of an
ille,al sear!h an& sei=ure' 1ule on the o:;e!tion'
(3N) :) 6hat are the instan!es when warrantless
sear!hes a" :e effe!te&L (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
a) 3he o:;e!tion is not tena:le' 5n a!!or&an!e
with 8analili %' Court of +ppealsH 280 SC1+ #00
(1997)' sin!e the a!!use& ha& re& e"es an& was
walDin, unstea&il" an& the pla!e is a Dnown
han,*out of &ru, a&&i!tsH the poli!e offi!ers ha&
suffi!ient reason to stop the a!!use& an& to frisD
hi' Sin!e sha:u was a!tuall" foun& &urin, the
in%esti,ationH it !oul& :e sei=e& without the nee&
for a sear!h warrant'
:) + warrantless sear!h a" :e effe!te& in the
followin, !ases: a) Sear!hes in!i&ental to a
lawful arrest: :) Sear!hes of o%in, %ehi!les; !)
Sear!hes of prohi:ite& arti!les in plain %iew: &)
/nfor!eent of !ustos law; e) Consente&
sear!hes; f) Stop an& frisD (People %' 8ona!oH
282
SC1+ 703 P1998Q);
,) 1outine sear!hes at :or&ers an& ports of
entr" (<nite& States %' 1ase"H #31 <'S' )0)
P1977Q); an&
h) Sear!hes of :usinesses in the e0er!ise of
%isitorial powers to enfor!e poli!e re,ulations (New
OorD %' 9ur,erH #82 <'S' )91 (1987Q)'
Sear"'e% and Sei)-re%5 (i%-a Sear"' 619987
No' 2: -urin, the re!ent ele!tionsH !he!Dpoints
were set up to enfor!e the ele!tion perio& :an
on firears'
-urin, one su!h routine sear!h one ni,htH while
looDin, throu,h an open win&ow with a flashli,htH
the poli!e saw firears at the :a!Dseat of a !ar
partiall" !o%ere& :" papers an& !lothes' +ntonioH
owner an& &ri%er of the !ar in ?uestionH
was !har,e& for %iolation of the firears
:an' +re the firears a&issi:le in
e%i&en!e a,ainst hiL /0plain'
5fH upon further inspe!tion :" the poli!eH prohi:ite&
&ru,s were foun& insi&e the %arious
!opartents of +ntonioBs !arH !an the &ru,s :e
use& in e%i&en!e a,ainst +ntonio if he is
prose!ute& for possession of prohi:ite& &ru,sL
/0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
a) OesH the firears are a&issi:le in e%i&en!eH
:e!ause the" were %ali&l" sei=e&' 5n Ealonte
%s' -e EillaH 178 SC1+ 211 an& 182 SC1+ ))2H
the Supree Court hel& that !he!Dpoints a" :e
set up to aintain pea!e an& or&er for the :enefit
of the pu:li! an& !he!Dpoints are a se!urit"
easure a,ainst unauthori=e& firears' Sin!e
the sear!h whi!h resulte& in the &is!o%er" of the
firears was liite& to a %isual sear!h of the !arH
it was reasona:le' 9e!ause of the :an on
firearsH the possession of the firears was
prohi:ite&' Sin!e the" were foun& in plain %iew in
the !ourse of a lawful sear!hH in a!!or&an!e with
the &e!ision in 8a,an!ia %s' Pala!ioH 80 Phil'
770H the" are a&issi:le in e%i&en!e'
:) NoH the &ru,s !annot :e use& in e%i&en!e
a,ainst +ntonio if he is prose!ute& for possession
of prohi:ite& &ru,s' 3he &ru,s
were foun& after a ore e0tensi%e sear!h of the
%arious !opartents of the !ar' +s hel& in
Ealonte %s' -e EillaH 182 SC1+ ))2H for su!h a
sear!h to :e %ali&H there ust :e a pro:a:le
!ause' 5n this !aseH there was no pro:a:le !auseH
as there was nothin, to in&i!ate that +ntonio ha&
prohi:ite& &ru,s insi&e the !opartents of his
!ar'
Sear"'e% and Sei)-re%5 4ai*er o# Con%ent
619897
No' 7: Pursuin, reports that ,reat ?uantities of
prohi:ite& &ru,s are :ein, su,,le& at ni,httie
throu,h the shores of Ca%iteH the Southern 7u=on
Coan& set up !he!Dpoints at the en& of the
Ca%ite !oastal roa& to sear!h passin, otor
%ehi!les' + 19*"ear ol& :o"H who finishe& fifth
,ra&eH while &ri%in,H was stoppe& :" the
authorities at the !he!Dpoint' 6ithout an"
o:;e!tion fro hiH his !ar was inspe!te&H an& the
sear!h "iel&e& ari;uana lea%es hi&&en in the
trunD !opartent of the !ar' 3he prohi:ite& &ru,
was proptl" sei=e&H an& the :o" was :rou,ht to
the poli!e station for ?uestionin,' 6as the sear!h
without warrant le,alL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
NoH the sear!h was not %ali&H :e!ause there was
no pro:a:le !ause for !on&u!tin, the sear!h' +s
hel& in +le&a San!he= %s' <nite& StatesH #13
<'S' 2))H while a o%in, %ehi!le !an :e sear!he&
without a warrantH there ust still :e pro:a:le
!ause' 5n the !ase in ?uestionH there was nothin,
to in&i!ate that ari;uana lea%es were hi&&en in
the trunD of the !ar' 3he ere fa!t that the :o"
&i& not o:;e!t to the inspe!tion of the !ar &oes not
!onstitute !onsent to the sear!h' +s rule& in
People %s' 9ur,osH 1## SC1+ 1H the failure to
o:;e!t to a warrantless sear!h &oes not !onstitute
!onsentH espe!iall" in the li,ht of the fa!t'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
Oes' 3he re?uireent of pro:a:le !ause &iffers
fro !ase to !ase' 5n this oneH sin!e the poli!e
a,ents are !onfronte& with lar,e*s!ale
su,,lin, of prohi:ite& &ru,sH e0isten!e of whi!h
is of pu:li! Dnowle&,eH the" !an set up
!he!Dpoints at strate,i! pla!esH in the sae wa"
that of in a nei,h:orhoo& a !hil& is Di&nappe&H it
is lawful to sear!h !ars an& %ehi!les lea%in, the
nei,h:orhoo& or %illa,e: 3his situation is also
siilar to warrantless sear!hes of o%in,
%ehi!les in !ustos areaH whi!h sear!hes ha%e
:een uphel&' (Papa %s' 8a,oH 22 SC1+ 827
(19)8)' 3he rule is :ase& on pra!ti!al ne!essit"'
Sear"'e% and Sei)-re%5 4arrante%% Arre%t%
6199:7
&esD ser,eant' Coin!i&entall"' the rape %i!ti
was arreste& an& lo!De& up in a !ell' >ohann was
!har,e& with rape in !ourt :ut prior to
arrai,nent in%oDe& his ri,ht to preliinar"
!ounselH in%oDe& the ri,ht to :ail an& file& a
:efore the Court of +ppeals ar,uin, that: @is
arrest was not in a!!or&an!e with law' -e!i&e'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
OesH the warrantless arrest of >ohann was not in
a!!or&an!e with law' +s hel& in $o %' Court of
+ppealsH 20) SC1+ 138H his !ase &oes not fall
un&er the 5nstan!es in 1ule 113H se!' 2 (a) of the
1982 1ules of Criinal Pro!e&ure authori=in,
warrantless arrests' 5t !annot :e !onsi&ere& a
%ali& warrantless arrest :e!ause >ohann &i& not
!oit a !rie in the presen!e of the poli!e
offi!ersH sin!e the" were not present when >ohann
ha& alle,e&l" rape& his nei,h:or' Neither !an 5t :e
!onsi&ere& an arrest un&er 1ule 113 se!' 2 (:)
whi!h allows an arrest without a warrant to :e
a&e when a !rie has in fa!t ;ust :een
!oitte& an& the person aDin, the arrest has
personal Dnowle&,e offsets in&i!atin, that the
person to :e arreste& !oitte& it' Sin!e >ohann
was arreste& a weeD after the alle,e& rapeH it
!annot :e &eee& to :e a !rie whi!h Chas ;ust
:een !oitte&C' Nor &i& the poli!e offi!ers who
arreste& hi ha%e personal Dnowle&,e of fa!ts
in&i!atin, that >ohann rape& his nei,h:or'
Sear"'e% and Sei)-re%5 4arrant% o# Arre%t
619917
No' 8: An the :asis of a %erifie& report an&
!onfi&ential inforation that %arious ele!troni!
e?uipentH whi!h were ille,all" iporte& into the
PhilippinesH were foun& in the :o&e,a of the
3iDasan Corporation lo!ate& at 1002 9inaDa"an
St'H Ce:u Cit"H the Colle!tor of Custos of Ce:u
issue&H in the ornin, of 2 >anuar" 1988H a
6arrant of Sei=ure an& -etention a,ainst the
!orporation for the sei=ure of the ele!troni!
e?uipent' 3he warrant parti!ularl" &es!ri:es the
ele!troni! e?uipent an& spe!ifies the pro%isions
of the 3ariff an& Custos Co&e whi!h were
%iolate& :" the iportation'
3he warrant was ser%e& an& ipleente& in the
afternoon of 2 >anuar" 1988 :" Custos
poli!een who then sei=e& the &es!ri:e&
e?uipent' 3he in%entor" of the sei=e& arti!les
was si,ne& :" the Se!retar" of the 3iDasan
Corporation' 3he followin, &a"H a hearin, offi!er
in the Affi!e of the Colle!tor of Custos
!on&u!te& a hearin, on the !onfis!ation of the
e?uipent'
3wo &a"s thereafterH the !orporation file& with the
Supree Court a petition for !ertiorariH prohi:ition
an& an&aus to set asi&e the warrantH en;oin
the Colle!tor an& his a,ents fro further
pro!ee&in, with the forfeiture hearin, an& to
se!ure the return of the !onfis!ate& e?uipentH
alle,in, therein that the warrant issue& is null an&
%oi& for the reason thatH pursuant to Se!tion 2 of
+rti!le 555 of the 1987 ConstitutionH onl" a ;u&,e
a" issue a sear!h warrant' 5n his !oent to
the petitionH the Colle!tor of CustosH throu,h the
Affi!e of the Soli!itor $eneralH !onten&s that he is
authori=e& un&er the 3ariff an& Custo Co&e to
or&er the sei=ure of the e?uipent whose &uties
an& ta0es were not pai& an& that the !orporation
&i& not e0haust a&inistrati%e ree&ies' Shoul&
the petition :e ,rante&L -e!i&e'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he petition shoul& not :e ,rante&' <n&er Se!s'
2202 an& 2208 of the 3ariff an& Custos Co&eH
!ustos offi!ials are authori=e& to enter an"
warehouseH not use& as &wellin,H for the purpose
of sei=in, an" arti!le whi!h is su:;e!t to forfeiture'
For this purpose the" nee& no warrant issue& :"
a !ourt' +s state& in Ei&u"a %s' 9er&ia,oH 73
SC1+ 223' for !enturies the sei=ure of ,oo&s :"
!ustos offi!ials to enfor!e the !ustos laws
without nee& of a sear!h warrant has :een
re!o,ni=e&'
ARTICLE I( Citi)en%'i$A"tion #or
Can"eation5 Pre%"ri$tion B E##e"t o# !eat'
6199;7
No' 7: * /n=oH a Chinese nationalH was ,rante&
Philippine !iti=enship in a &e!ision ren&ere& :"
the Court of First 5nstan!e of Papan,a on
>anuar" 10H 192)' @e tooD his oath of offi!e on
>une 2H 1929' 5n 1970H the Soli!itor $eneral file&
a petition to !an!el his !iti=enship on the ,roun&
that in >ul" 19)9 the Court of 3a0 +ppeals foun&
that /n=o ha& !heate& the
,o%ernent of in!oe ta0es for the "ears 192) to
1929' Sai& &e!ision of the 3a0 Court was affire&
:" the Supree Court in 19)9' 9etween 19)0
an& 1970H /n=o ha& a!?uire& su:stantial real
propert" 5n the PhilippinesH
(1) @as the a!tion for !an!ellation of /n=oBs
!iti=enship pres!ri:e&L
(2) Can /n=o asD for the &enial of the petition on
the ,roun& that he ha& a%aile& of the 3a0
+nest" for his ta0 lia:ilitiesL
(3) 6hat is the effe!t on the petition for
!an!ellation of /n=oBs !iti=enship if /n=o &ie&
&urin, the pen&en!" of the hearin, on sai&
petitionL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1) NoH the a!tion has not pres!ri:e&' +s hel& in
1epu:li! %s' 7i OaoH 21# SC1+ 7#8H a !ertifi!ate
of naturali=alion a" :e !an!elle& at an" tie if it
was frau&ulentl" o:taine& :" islea&in, the !ourt
re,ar&in, the oral !hara!ter of the petitioner'
2) NoH /n=o !annot asD for the &enial of the
petition for the !an!ellation of his !ertifi!ate of
naturali=ation on the ,roun& that he ha& a%aile& of
the ta0 anest"' 5n a!!or&an!e with the rulin, in
1epu:li! %s' 7i OaoH 22# SC1+ 7#8H the ta0
anest" erel" reo%e& all the !i%ilH !riinal an&
a&inistrati%e lia:ilities of /n=o' 5t &i& not o:literate
his la!D of ,oo& oral !hara!ter an&
irreproa!ha:le !on&u!t' 3) An the assuption that
he left a fail"H the &eath of /n=o &oes not ren&er
the petition for the !an!ellation of his !ertifi!ate of
naturali=ation oot' +s hel& in 1epu:li! %s' 7i OaoH
22# SC1+ 7#8H the out!oe of the !ase will affe!t
his wife an& !hil&ren'
Citi)en%'i$5 Ee"ted O##i"ia 6199:7
No' 7: Fer&ie ii,rate& to the <nite& States in
the 1980s' 3hereafterH he %isite& his hoetownH
8aDaho"H e%er" other "ear &urin, town fiestas' 5n
>anuar" 1993' Fer&ie !ae hoe an& file& his
!ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" for 8a"or of 8aDaho"' @e
won in the ele!tions' >oeH the &efeate& !an&i&ateH
learne& that Fer&ie is a ,reen!ar& hol&er whi!h
on its fa!e i&entifies Fer&ie as a Cresi&ent alienC
an& on the :a!D thereof is !learl" printe&:
CPerson i&entifie& :" this !ar& is entitle& to
resi&e peranentl" an& worD in the <nite&
States'C >oe file& a !ase to &is?ualif" Fer&ie
fro assuin, the a"orship of 8aDa*ho"'
(uestions:
(1) 6hether or not a ,reen !ar& is proof that the
hol&er is a peranent resi&ent of the <nite&
States'
(2) 6hether or not Fer&ieBs a!t of filin, his
!ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" !onstitutes wai%er of his
status as a peranent resi&ent of the <nite&
States'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1) +!!or&in, to the rulin, in Coast %s' Court of
+ppealsH 191 SC1+ 229H a ,reen !ar& is proof
that the hol&er is a peranent resi&ent of the
<nite& StatesH for it i&entifies the hol&er as a
resi&ent of the <nite& States an& states that the
hol&er is entitle& to resi&e peranentl" an& worD
in the <nite& States'
2) 3he filin, of a !ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" &oes not
!onstitute a wai%er of the status of the hol&er of a
,reen !ar& as a peranent resi&ent of the <nite&
States' +s hel& in Coast %s' Court of +ppealsH
191 SC1+229H the wai%er shoul& :e anifeste&
:" an a!t in&epen&ent of an& prior to the filin, of
his !ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!"'
!-a Aegian"e *%= !-a Citi)en%'i$ 619877
No' E555: C+C was :orn in 1921 in the <nite&
States of a Chinese father an& a Filipina other'
<n&er Chinese lawsH C+BsC other autoati!all"
:e!ae a Chinese national :" her arria,e'
5n 1973H upon rea!hin, the a,e of a;orit"H C+C
ele!te& to a!?uire Philippine !iti=enship' @owe%erH
C+C !ontinue& to resi&e in California an& to !arr"
an +eri!an passport' @e also pai& alle,ian!e to
the 3aipei ,o%ernent' 5n the 1987 Philippine
National ele!tionsH he was ele!te& Senator' @is
opponent o%e& to &is?ualif" hi on the ,roun&s:
a) 3hat he was not a natural :orn !iti=en; an& :)
3hat he ha& C&ual alle,ian!eC not onl" to
the <nite& States :ut also to the 1epu:li! of
China' -e!i&e' SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he ele!toral !ontest ust :e &isisse&'
(a) C+C is a natural :orn !iti=en' +rt' 5EH Se!' 2 of
the 1987 Constitution pro%i&es that Cthose who
ele!t Philippine !iti=enship in a!!or&an!e with
para,raph (3)H Se!' 1 hereof shall :e &eee&
natural :orn !iti=ens'C 3he purpose of this
pro%ision is to e?uali=e the status of those who
ele!te& Philippine !iti=enship :efore an& those
who &i& so after >anuar" 17H 1973 when the
pre%ious Constitution tooD effe!t'
(:) 3he C-<+7 +77/$5+NC/C &e!lare& inii!al
to national interest in +rt' 5EH Se!' 2 refers to the
&ual alle,ian!e of soe su!h as naturali=e&
Filipino !iti=ens (ostl" Chinese) who aintain
alle,ian!e to Nationalist China as
shown in soe !ases :" their e:ership in the
le,islati%e Ouan after their naturali=ation as
!iti=ens of the Philippines' 3he prohi:ition &oes
not appl" in situations :rou,ht a:out :" &ual
!iti=enshipH su!h as the one in%ol%e& in the
pro:le' 5n&ee&H a Filipino woan !an ha%e &ual
alle,ian!e resultin, fro her arria,e to a
forei,ner un&er Se!' #H so lon, as she &oes not
&o or oit to &o an a!t aountin, to renun!iation
un&er Coonwealth +!t' No' )3H Se!' 1(2)'
<n&er this lawH e0press renun!iation is &ifferent
fro an a!t of alle,ian!e to a forei,n power as a
,roun& for loss of Philippine !iti=enship'
8oreo%erH what !onstitutes C&ual alle,ian!eC
inii!al to national interest is an& what the
san!tions for su!h &ual alle,ian!e will :eH will still
ha%e to :e &efine& :" law pen&in, a&option of
su!h le,islationH o:;e!tion :ase& on &ual
alle,ian!e will :e preature'
!-a Aegian"e *%= !-a Citi)en%'i$ 619887
No' 13: 1o:ert 9rown was :orn in @awaii on 8a"
12H 19)2H of an +eri!an father an& a Filipina
other' An 8a" 1)H 1983 while hol&in, an
+eri!an passportH he re,istere& as a Filipino
with the Philippine Consulate at @onoluluH @awaii'
5n Septe:erH 1983 he returne& to the
PhilippinesH an& tooD up resi&en!e at 9oa!H
8arin&u?ueH hoetown of his other' @e
re,istere& as a %oterH %ote&H an& e%en parti!ipate&
as a lea&er of one of the !an&i&ates in that &istri!t
in the 198# 9atasan ele!tions' 5n the ele!tions of
1987H he ran for Con,ressanH an& won' @is sole
opponent is now ?uestionin, his ?ualifi!ations an&
is tr"in, to oust hi on two :asi! !lais:
(1) @e is not a natural :orn Filipino !iti=enH :ut is
in fa!tH an +eri!anH :orn in @awaiiH an inte,ral
portion of the <'S'+'H who hol&s an +eri!an
passport;
(2) @e &i& not eet the a,e re?uireent; an&
(3) @e has a C,reen !ar&C fro the <'S'
$o%ernent'
15
+ssue that "ou are a e:er of the @ouse
/le!toral 3ri:unal where the petition for 9rownBs
ouster is pen&in,' @ow woul& "ou &e!i&e the
three issues raise& a,ainst hiL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he first an& thir& ,roun&s ha%e no erit' 9ut
the se!on& is well taDen an&H thereforeH 9rown
shoul& :e &is?ualifie&'
1' 1o:ert 9rown is a natural :orn !iti=en of the
Philippines' + person :orn of a Filipino other
an& an alien father :efore >anuar" 17H 1973H who
thereafter upon rea!hin, the a,e of a;orit" ele!t
Philippine !iti=enshipH is a !iti=en
of the Philippines (+rt' 5EH se!' 1(3))' <n&er +rt'
5EH se!H 2 he is also &eee& a natural*:orn
!iti=en'
2' 3he Constitution re?uiresH aon, other thin,sH
that a !an&i&ate for e:er of the @ouse of
1epresentati%es ust :e at least 22 "ears of a,e
Con the &a" of the ele!tion'C (+rt' E5H se!' ))' +s
9rown was :orn on 8a" 12H 19)2H he &i& not
:e!oe 22 "ears ol& until 8a" 12H 1987' @en!e
on 8a" 11H 1987H when the ele!tion was hel&H he
was # &a"s short of the re?uire& a,e'
3' 3he Constitution pro%i&es that those who seeD
either to !han,e their !iti=enship or to a!?uire the
status of an ii,rant of another !ountr" C&urin,
their tenureC shall :e &ealt with :" law (+rt' M5H
se!' 17)' 3he pro%ision !annot appl" to 9rown for
the followin, reasons: FirstH 9rown is in a&&ition
an +eri!an !iti=en an& thus has a &ual
!iti=enship whi!h is allowe& :" the Constitution'
(Cf' +rt' 5EH se!' #)H Se!on&H 9rown &i& not seeD
to a!?uire the status of an ii,rantH :ut is an
+eri!an :" :irth un&er the prin!iple of ;us soli
o:tainin, in the <nite& States' 3hir&H he &i& not
seeD to !han,e his status &urin, his tenure as a
pu:li! offi!er' FourthH the pro%ision of +rt' M5H se!'
17 is not self*e0e!utin, :ut re?uires an
ipleentin, law' FifthH :ut a:o%e allH the @ouse
/le!toral 3ri:unal has no ;uris&i!tion to &e!i&e this
?uestion sin!e it &oes not !on!ern the
?ualifi!ation of a e:er*ele!t'
!-a Citi)en%'i$ 6199;7
No' 8: 5n 1989H .en" 1e"es arrie& 9en 3ulo,H a
national of the State of Gon,o' <n&er the laws of
Gon,oH an alien woan arr"in, a Gon,o national
autoati!all" a!?uires Gon,o !iti=enship' +fter her
arria,eH .en" resi&e& in Gon,o an& a!?uire& a
Gon,o passport' 5n 1991H .en" returne& to the
Philippines to run for $o%ernor of Sorso,on'
(1) 6as .en" ?ualifie& to run for $o%ernorL
(2) Suppose instea& of enterin, politi!s' .en"
;ust ,ot herself ele!te& as %i!e*presi&ent of the
Philippine 9ulletinH a lo!al newspaper' 6as she
?ualifie& to hol& that positionL
16
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1) <n&er Se!tion #H +rti!le 5E of the Constitution'
.en" retaine& her Filipino !iti=enship' Sin!e she
also :e!ae a !iti=en of Gon,oH she possesses
&ual !iti=enship' Pursuant to Se!tion #0 (&) of the
7o!al $o%ernent Co&eH she is &is?ualifie& to run
for ,o%ernor' 5n a&&itionH if .en" returne& to the
PhilippinesH less than a "ear ie&iatel" :efore
the &a" of the ele!tionH .en" is not ?ualifie& to run
for $o%ernor of Sorso,on' <n&er Se!tion 39(a) of
the 7o!al $o%ernent Co&eH a !an&i&ate for
,o%ernor ust :e a resi&ent in the pro%in!e
where he inten&s to run at least one
(1) "ear ie&iatel" pre!e&in, the &a" of the
ele!tion' 9" resi&in, in Gon,o upon her arria,e
in 1989H .en" a:an&one& her resi&en!e in the
Philippines' 3his is in a!!or&an!e with the
&e!ision in Caasi %s' Court of +ppealsH 191 SC1+
229'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
No' .en" was not ?ualifie& to run for $o%ernor'
<n&er the ConstitutionH C!iti=ens of the Philippines
who arr" aliens shall retain their !iti=enshipH
unless :" their a!t or oission the" are &eee&H
un&er the law to ha%e renoun!e& it'C (Se!' #H +rt'
5EH Constitution)' @er resi&in, in Gon,o an&
a!?uirin, a Gon,o passport are in&i!ati%e of her
renun!iation of Philippine !iti=enshipH whi!h is a
,roun& for loss of her !iti=enship whi!h she was
suppose& to ha%e retaine&' 6hen she ran for
$o%ernor of Sorso,onH .en" was no lon,er a
Philippine !iti=en an&H hen!eH was &is?ualifie& for
sai& position'
2) +lthou,h un&er Se!tion 11(1)H +rti!le ME5 of the
ConstitutionH ass e&ia ust :e wholl" owne& :"
Filipino !iti=ens an& un&er Se!tion 2 of the +nti*
-u" 7aw aliens a" not inter%ene in the
ana,eent of an" nationali=e& :usiness a!ti%it"'
.en" a" :e ele!te& %i!e presi&ent of the Philippine
9ulletinH :e!ause she has reaine& a Filipino
!iti=en' <n&er Se!tion #H +rti!le 5E of the
ConstitutionH Filipino !iti=ens who arr" aliens
retains their !iti=enship unless :" their a!t or
oission the" are &eee&H un&er the lawH to ha%e
renoun!e& it' 3he a!ts or oission whi!h will result
in loss of !iti=enship are enuerate& in
Coonwealth +!t NoH )3' .en" is not ,uilt" of an"
of the' +s hel& in GawaDita %s' <nite& StatesH 3#3
<'S' 717H a person who possesses &ual !iti=enship
liDe .en" a" e0er!ise ri,hts of !iti=enship in :oth
!ountries an& the use of a passport pertainin, to
one !ountr" &oes not result in loss of !iti=enship in
the other !ountr"'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
NeitherH was .en" ?ualifie& to hol& the position of
%i!e*presi&ent of Philippine 9ulletin' <n&er the
ConstitutionH Cthe ownership an& ana,eent of
ass e&ia shall :e liite& to !iti=ensH of the
PhilippinesH or to !orporationH !ooperati%es or
asso!iations wholl" owne& an& ana,e& :" su!h
!iti=ensC (Se!tion M5 P1QH +rt' ME5)H 9ein, a non*
Philippine !iti=enH .en" !an
not ?ualif" to parti!ipate in the ana,eent of
the 9ulletin as Ei!e*Presi&ent thereof'
E##e"t o# 0arriage5 Fii$ino 619897
NoH 2: (1) 7il" 3eh arri%e& in 8anila on one of her
re,ular tours to the Philippines fro 3aipeh' She
et Peter $oH a naturali=e& Filipino !iti=en' +fter a
whirlwin& !ourtshipH 7il" an& Peter were arrie& at
the San +,ustin Chur!h' + weeD after the we&&in,H
7il" 3eh petitione& in a&inistrati%e pro!ee&in,s
:efore ii,ration authorities to &e!lare her a
Filipino !iti=en statin, that she ha& none of the
&is?ualifi!ations pro%i&e& in the 1e%ise&
Naturali=ation 7aw' 3he ;ilte& Filipino ,irlfrien& of
Peter $o oppose& the petition !laiin, that 7il"
3eh was still a inor who ha& not e%en !ele:rate&
her 21st :irth&a"H who ne%er resi&e& in the
Philippines e0!ept &urin, her one*weeD %isit as
tourist fro 3aipeh &urin, the Chinese New OearH
who spoDe onl" ChineseH an& who ha& ra&i!al
i&eas liDe& a&%o!atin, unifi!ation of 3aiwan with
ainlan& China' 7il" 3ehH howe%erH swore that she
was renoun!in, her Chinese alle,ian!e an& while
she Dnew no Filipino !ustos an& tra&itions as "etH
she e%in!e& a sin!ere &esire to learn an& e:ra!e
the' 6oul& 7il" 3eh su!!ee& in :e!oin, a
Filipino !iti=en throu,h her arria,e to Peter $oL
/0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
OesH 7il" 3eh ipso fa!to :e!ae a Philippine
!iti=en upon her arria,e to Peter $oH who is a
Philippine !iti=enH pro%i&e& she possesses none of
the &is?ualifi!ations lai& &own in Se!tion # of the
1e%ise& Naturali=ation 7aw' +!!or&in, to to the
rulin, in 8o" Oa 7i Oao %s' Coissioner of
5i,rationH #1 SC1+ 292H an alien woan who
arries a Filipino hus:an& ipso fa!to :e!oes a
Filipino !iti=en without ha%in, to possess an" of
the ?ualifi!ations pres!ri:e& in Se!tion 2 of the
1e%ise& Naturali=ation 7aw pro%i&e& she
possesses none of the &is?ualifi!ations set forth in
Se!tion # of the sae law' +ll of the ,roun&s
in%oDe& :" the forer ,irlfrien& of Peter $o for
opposin, the petition of 7il" 3ehH e0!ept for the
last oneH are ?ualifi!ationsH whi!h 7il" 3eh nee&
not possess' 3he fa!t that 7il" 3eh is a&%o!atin,
the unifi!ation of 3aiwan with ainlan& China is
not a ,roun& for &is?ualifi!ation un&er Se!tion # of
the 1e%ise& Naturali=ation 7aw'
E##e"t o# Oat' o# Aegian"e 6899;7
(#*a) 3C+H a Filipina e&i!al te!hnolo,istH left in
1972 to worD in .A. State' 5n 1988 she arrie&
A-@H a !iti=en of .A.' Pursuant to .A.Bs lawH
:" taDin, an oath of alle,ian!eH she
a!?uire& her hus:an&Bs !iti=enship' A-@ &ie& in
2001H lea%in, her finan!iall" se!ure&' She
returne& hoe in 2002H an& sou,ht ele!ti%e
offi!e in 200# :" runnin, for 8a"or of +PPH her
hoetown' @er opponent sou,ht to ha%e her
&is?ualifie& :e!ause of her .A. !iti=enship' She
replie& that althou,h she a!?uire& .A.Bs
!iti=enship :e!ause of arria,eH she &i& not lose
her Filipino !iti=enship' 9oth her parentsH she
sai&H are Filipino !iti=ens' 5s 3C+ ?ualifie& to run
for 8a"orL (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
An the assuption that 3C+ tooD an oath of
alle,ian!e to .A. to a!?uire the !iti=enship of
her hus:an&H she is not ?ualifie& to run for
a"or' She &i& not :e!oe a !iti=en of .A.
erel" :" %irtue of her arria,eH she also tooD
an oath of alle,ian!e to .A.' 9" this a!tH she lost
her Philippine !iti=enship' (Se!tion 1 P3QH
Coonwealth +!t No' )3')
E##e"t o# Re$atriation 619997
No 555 * 9' >ulio @ortal was :orn of Filipino
parents' <pon rea!hin, the a,e of a;orit"H he
:e!ae a naturali=e& !iti=en in another !ountr"'
7aterH he rea!?uire& Philippine !iti=enship' Coul&
@ortal re,ain his status as natural :orn Filipino
!iti=enL 6oul& "our answer :e the sae whether
he rea!?uires his Filipino*!iti=enship :"
repatriation or :" a!t of Con,ressL /0plain' (3N)
>ulian 8ortal !an re,ain his status as a natural
:orn !iti=en :" repatriatin,' Sin!e repatriation
in%ol%es restoration of a person to !iti=enship
pre%iousl" lost :" e0patriation an& >ulian 8ortal
was pre%iousl" a natural :orn !iti=enH in !ase he
repatriates he will :e restore& to his status as a
natural :orn !iti=en' 5f he rea!?uire& his !iti=enship
:" an a!t of Con,ressH >ulian @ortal will not :e a
natural :orn !iti=enH sin!e he rea!?uire& his
!iti=enship :" le,islati%e naturali=ation'
>ulian @ortal !annot re,ain his status as a natural
:orn !iti=en :" repatriatin,' @e ha& to perfor
an a!t to a!?uire his !iti=enshipH i'e'H repatriation'
<n&er Se!tion 2H +rti!le 5E of the ConstitutionH
natural :orn !iti=ens are those who are !iti=ens
fro :irth without ha%in, to perfor an a!t to
a!?uire or perfe!t their !iti=enship' 5f he
rea!?uire& his !iti=enship :" an a!t of Con,ressH
>ulian @ortal will not :e a natural :orn !iti=en
sin!e he rea!?uire& his !iti=enship :" le,islati%e
naturali=ation'
E##e"t o# Re$atriation 689987
No 5 * + was :orn in the Philippines of Filipino
parents' 6hen artial law was &e!lare& in the
Philippines on Septe:er 21H 1972H he went to the
<nite& States an& was naturali=e& as an +eri!an
!iti=en' +fter the /-S+ 1e%olutionH he !ae hoe
to the Philippines an& later on rea!?uire& Philippine
!iti=enship :" repatriation' Suppose in the 8a"
200# ele!tions he is ele!te& 8e:er of the @ouse
of 1epresentati%es an& a !ase is file& seeDin, his
&is?ualifi!ation on the ,roun& that he is not a
natural*:orn !iti=en of the PhilippinesH how shoul&
the !ase a,ainst hi :e &e!i&e&L /0plain "our
answer' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he !ase shoul& :e &e!i&e& in fa%or of +' +s hel&
5n Bengson /. @o*se o) Represen+a+i/es
:'ec+ora' Trib*na'H 327 SC1+ 2#2 (2001)H
repatriation results in the re!o%er" of the ori,inal
nationalit"' Sin!e + was a natural*:orn Filipino
!iti=en :efore he :e!ae a naturali=e& +eri!an
!iti=enH he was restore& to his forer status as a
natural*:orn Filipino when he repatriate&'
E##e"t o# Re$atriation 6899:7
No 5E * >uan Cru= was :orn of Filipino parents in
19)0 in Papan,a' 5n 1982H he enliste& in the
<'S' 8arine Corps an& tooD an oath of alle,ian!e
to the <nite& States of +eri!a' 5n 1990H he was
naturali=e& as an +eri!an !iti=en' 5n 199#H he
was repatriate& un&er 1epu:li! +!t No' 2#30'
-urin, the 1998 National /le!tionsH he ran for
an& was ele!te& representati%e of the First
-istri!t of Papan,a where he resi&e& sin!e his
repatriation' 6as he ?ualifie& to run for the
positionL /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
Cru= was ?ualifie& to run as representati%e of the
First -istri!t of Papan,a' Sin!e his parents were
Filipino !iti=ensH he was a natural*:orn !iti=en'
+lthou,h he :e!ae a naturali=e& +eri!an
!iti=enH un&er the rulin, in 9en,son %' @ouse of
1epresentati%es /le!toral 3ri:unal' 327 SC1+
2#2 P2001QH :" %irtue of his repatriationH Cru= was
restore& to his ori,inal status as a natural*:orn
Filipino !iti=en'
E##e"t% o# 0arriage% 619997
No 555* 6hat are the effe!ts of arria,es of:
1 a !iti=en to an alien; (1N)
2 an alien to a !iti=en; on their spouses
an& !hil&renL -is!uss' (1N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1') +!!or&in, to Se!tion #H +rti!le 5E of the
ConstitutionH Filipino !iti=ens who arr" aliens
retain their !iti=enshipH unless :" their a!t or
oission the" are &eee&H un&er the lawH to
ha%e renoun!e& it'
2) +!!or&in, to 8o Oa 7i Oao %' Coissioner
of 5i,rationH #1 SC1+ 292H un&er Se!tion 12 of
the 1e%ise& Naturali=ation 7awH a forei,n woan
who arries a Filipino !iti=en :e!oes a Filipino
!iti=en pro%i&e& she possesses none of the
&is?ualifi!ations for naturali=ation' + forei,n an
who arries a Filipino !iti=en &oes not a!?uire
Philippine !iti=enship' @owe%erH un&er Se!tion 3
of the 1e%ise& Naturali=ation +!tH in su!h a !ase
the resi&en!e re?uireent for naturali=ation will :e
re&u!e& fro ten (10) to fi%e (2) "ears' <n&er
Se!tion 1(2)H +rti!le 5E of the ConstitutionH the
!hil&ren of an alien an& a Filipino !iti=en are
!iti=ens of the Philippines'
E##e"t% o# P'ii$$ine &i o# 1998 689917
No 5 * Fro ainlan& China where he was :orn
of Chinese parentsH 8r N"a 3sa Chan i,rate&
to the Philippines in 189#' +s of +pril 11H 1899H
he was alrea&" a peranent resi&ent of the
Philippine 5slan&s an& !ontinue& to resi&e in this
!ountr" until his &eath' -urin, his lifetie an&
when he was alrea&" in the PhilippinesH 8r' N"a
3sa Chan arrie& Charin,H a FilipinaH with who
he :e,ot one sonH @ap ChanH who was :orn on
A!to:er 18' 1897' @ap Chan ,ot arrie& also to
NifaH a FilipinaH an& one of their !hil&ren was
7a!?ui Chan who was :orn on Septe:er 27H
193)' 7a!?ui Chan finishe& the !ourse 9a!helor
of S!ien!e in Coer!e an& e%entuall" en,a,e&
in :usiness'
5n the 8a" 1989 ele!tionH 7a!?ui Chan ran for an&
was ele!te& 1epresentati%e (Con,ressan)' @is ri%al
!an&i&ateH 1aon -eloriaH file& a ?uo warranto or
&is?ualifi!ation !ase a,ainst hi on the ,roun& that
he was not a Filipino !iti=en' 5t was pointe& out in
parti!ularH that 7a!?ui Chan &i& not ele!t Philippine
!iti=enship upon rea!hin, the a,e of 21'
-e!i&e whether 8r' 7a!?ui Chan suffers fro a
&is?ualifi!ation or not' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
7a!?ui Chan is a Filipino !iti=en an& nee& not
ele!t Philippine !iti=enship' @is fatherH @ap ChanH
was a Spanish su:;e!tH was resi&in, in the
Philippines on +pril 11H 1899H an& !ontinue& to
resi&e in the Philippines' 5n a!!or&an!e with
Se!tion # of the Philippine 9ill of 1902H he was a
Filipino !iti=en' @en!eH in a!!or&an!e with
Se!tion 1(3T of the 1932 ConstitutionH 7a!?ui
Chan is a natural :orn Filipino !iti=enH sin!e his
father was a Filipino !iti=en'
Ee"ted O##i"ia 619987
No' 1): /&win Ni!asioH :orn in the Philippines of
Filipino parents an& raise& in the pro%in!e of
Nue%a /!i;aH ran for $o%ernor of his hoe
pro%in!e' @e won an& he was sworn into offi!e' 5t
was re!entl" re%eale&H howe%erH that Ni!asio is a
naturali=e& +eri!an !iti=en' a) -oes he still
possess Philippine !iti=enshipL :) 5f the se!on&*
pla!er in the ,u:ernatorial
ele!tions files a ?uo warranto suit a,ainst
Ni!asio an& he is foun& to :e &is?ualifie&
fro offi!eH !an the se!on&*pla!er :e sworn
into offi!e as ,o%ernorL !) 5fH instea&H Ni!asio
ha& :een :orn (of the
sae set of parents) in the <nite& States
an& he there:" a!?uire& +eri!an
!iti=enship :" :irthH woul& "our answer :e
&ifferentL SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: a) NoH Ni!asio
no lon,er possesses Philippine !iti=enship' +s hel&
in Fri%al&o %s' CA8/7/CH 17# SC1+ 2#2H :"
:e!oin, a naturali=e& +eri!an !iti=enH Ni!asio
lost his Philippine !iti=enship' <n&er Se!tion 1(1) of
Coonwealth +!t No' )3H Philippine !iti=enship is
lost :" naturali=ation in a forei,n !ountr"H
:) 2n& pla!er !anFt :e sworn to offi!e'''
!) 5f Ni!asio was :orn in the <nite& StatesH he
woul& still :e a !iti=en of the PhilippinesH sin!e his
parents are Filipinos' <n&er Se!tion 1(2)H those
whose fathers or others are !iti=ens of the
Philippines are !iti=ens of the Philippines' Ni!asio
woul& possess &ual !iti=enshipH sin!e un&er
+eri!an 7aw persons :orn in the <nite& States
are +eri!an !iti=ens' +s hel& in +=nor %s'
CA8/7/C' 182 SC1+ 703H a person who
possesses :oth Philippine an& +eri!an
!iti=enship is still a Filipino an& &oes not lose his
Philippine !iti=enship unless he renoun!es it'
Ee"ting P'ii$$ine Citi)en%'i$ 6>8<899?7
1' +tt"' /il" $oH a le,itiate &au,hter of a
Chinese father an& a Filipino otherH was :orn in
19#2' +t 21H she ele!te& Philippine !iti=enship
an& stu&ie& law' She passe& the :ar
e0ainations an& en,a,e& in pri%ate pra!ti!e for
an" "ears' 3he >u&i!ial an& 9ar Coun!il
noinate& her as a !an&i&ate for the position of
+sso!iate >usti!e of the Supree Court' 9ut her
noination is :ein, !onteste& :" +tt"' >uris
CastilloH also an aspirant to the position' She
!lais that +tt"' /il" $o is not a natural*
:orn !iti=enH hen!eH not ?ualifie& to :e
appointe& to the Supree Court' 5s this
!ontention !orre!tL (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he !ontention is not !orre!t' <n&er +rti!le 5EH
Se!tion 1(3) of the 1987 ConstitutionH it is
pro%i&e& that those :orn :efore >anuar" 17H 1973
of Filipino othersH who ele!t Philippine
Citi=enship upon rea!hin, the a,e of a;orit" are
Filipino !iti=ens' +tt"' /il" $o was :orn of a
Filipino other in 19#2 an& ele!te& !iti=enship
upon rea!hin, the a,e of 21' She is a natural :orn
Filipino !iti=en as pro%i&e& :" +rti!le 5EH Se!tion 2
of the Constitution R C0 0 0 those who ele!t
Philippine !iti=enship in a!!or&an!e with
para,raph (3)H Se!tion 1 hereof shall :e &eee&
natural*:orn !iti=ens'C @en!e she is ?ualifie& to :e
appointe& to the Supree Court'
Ee"ting P'ii$$ine Citi)en%'i$5 4'en Pro$er
6>8<899?7
2' +tt"' 1i!har& Chua was :orn in 19)#' @e is
a le,itiate son of a Chinese father an& a Filipino
other' @is father :e!ae a naturali=e& Filipino
!iti=en when +tt"' Chua was still a inor'
/%entuall"H he stu&ie& law an& was allowe& :" the
Supree Court to taDe the :ar e0ainationsH
su:;e!t to his su:ission to the Supree Court
proof of his Philippine !iti=enship' +lthou,h he
ne%er !oplie& with su!h re?uireentH +tt"' Chua
pra!ti!e& law for an" "ears until one Noel
/u,enio file& with the Supree Court a !oplaint
for &is:arent a,ainst hi on the ,roun& that he is
not a Filipino !iti=en' @e then file& with the 9ureau
of 5i,ration an affi&a%it ele!tin, Philippine
!iti=enship' Noel !onteste& it !laiin, it was file&
an" "ears after +tt"' Chua rea!he& the a,e of
a;orit"' 6ill +tt"' Chua :e &is:arre&L /0plain'
(2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
NoH +tt"' Chua will not :e &is:arre&' +tt"' Chua is
alrea&" a Filipino !iti=en an& there was no nee&
for hi to file the affi&a%it ele!tin, Filipino
!iti=enship' +n ele!tion of Philippine !iti=enship
presupposes that the person ele!tin, is an alien'
@is fatherH howe%erH alrea&" :e!ae a Filipino
!iti=en when +tt"' Chua was still a inor an&
thusH he was alrea&" a Filipino :efore the a,e of
a;orit" (Co %' @1/3H $'1' Nos' 92191*92H >ul"
30H1991)'
Nat-ra &orn Fii$ino 619897
NoH 2: (2) + !hil& was :orn to a >apanese father
an& a Filipina other' 6oul& he :e eli,i:le to run
for the position of 8e:er of the @ouse of
1epresentati%es upon rea!hin, twent"*fi%e "ears
of a,eL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he !hil& !an run for the @ouse of 1epresentati%es
pro%i&e& upon rea!hin, the a,e of a;orit" he
ele!te& Philippine !iti=enship' <n&er Se!tion )H
+rti!le E5 of the 1987 ConstitutionH to ?ualif" to :e
a e:er of the @ouse of 1epresentati%esH one
ust :e a natural*:orn Philippine !iti=en'
+!!or&in, to Se!tion 1 (3)H +rti!le 5E of the 1987
ConstitutionH !hil&ren :orn :efore >anuar" 17H
1973 of Filipino othersH who ele!t Philippine
!iti=enship upon rea!hin, the a,e of a;orit" are
Philippine !iti=ens'
Se!tion 2H +rti!le 5E of the 1987 Constitution
pro%i&es: C3hose who ele!t Philippine !iti=enship in
a!!or&an!e with para,raph (3)H Se!tion 1 hereof
shall :e &eee& natural*:orn !iti=ens'C An the
other han&H if the !hil& was :orn after >anuar" 17H
1973H he woul& :e !onsi&ere& a natural :orn
!iti=en without nee& of ele!tion pursuant to +rt' 5EH
Se!' 1(2)'
Nat-ra &orn Fii$ino 619987
No 5E * +n&res +n, was :orn of a Chinese father
an& a Filipino other in Sorso,onH Sorso,on' An
>anuar" 20H 1973H in 1988H his father was
naturali=e& as a Filipino !iti=en' An 8a" 11H 1998H
+n&res +n, was ele!te& 1epresentati%e of the
First -istri!t of Sorso,on' >uan 9onto who
re!ei%e& the se!on& hi,hest nu:er of %otesH
file& a petition for (uo 6arranto a,ainst +n,' 3he
petition was file& with the @ouse of
1epresentati%e /le!toral 3ri:unal (@1/3)' 9onto
!onten&s that +n, is not a natural :orn !iti=en of
the Philippines an& therefore is &is?ualifie& to :e
a e:er of the @ouse'
3he @1/3 rule& in fa%or of +n,' 9onto file& a
petition for !ertiorari in the Supree Court' 3he
followin, issues are raise&:
(1) 6hether the !ase is ;usti!ia:le !onsi&erin, that
+rti!le E5' Se!tion 17 of the Constitution &e!lares
the @1/3 to :e the Csole >u&,eC of all !ontests
relatin, to the ele!tion returns an&
&is?ualifi!ations of e:ers of the @ouse of
1epresentati%es' P2NQ
(2) 6hether +n, is a natural :o !iti=en of the
Philippines' W2NQ @ow shoul& this !ase :e
&e!i&e&L SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1' 3he !ase is ;usti!ia:le' (,ra%e a:use of
&is!retion)'''
2' +n&res +n, shoul& :e !onsi&ere& a natural
:orn !iti=en of the Philippines' @e was :orn of a
Filipino other on >anuar" 20H 1973' 3his was
after the effe!ti%it" of the 1973 Constitution on
>anuar" 17H 1973' <n&er Se!tion (1)H +rti!le 555 of
the 1973 ConstitutionH those whose fathers or
others are !iti=ens of the Philippines are !iti=ens
of the Philippines' +n&res +n, reaine& a !iti=en
of the Philippines after the effe!ti%it" of the 1987
Constitution' Se!tion 1H +rti!le 5E of the 1987
Constitution pro%i&es: C3he followin, are !iti=ens
of the Philippines: C(l) 3hose who are !iti=ens of
the Philippines at the tie of the a&option of this
Constitution;C
Nat-ra<&orn Fii$ino6199:7
No' 1: 5n 19)#H 1uffaH a Filipina &oesti! helper
worDin, in @on,Don,H went to 3aipei for a
%a!ationH where she et Chen, Sio PaoH who
she arrie&' <n&er Chinese 7awH 1uffa
autoati!all" :e!ae a Chinese !iti=en' 3he
!ouple resi&e& in @on,Don,H where on 8a" 9H
19)2H 1uffa ,a%e :irth to a :o" nae& /rnest'
<pon rea!hin, the a,e of a;orit"H /rnest ele!te&
Philippine !iti=enship' +fter the /-S+ 1e%olutionH
/rnest &e!i&e& to li%e peranentl" in the
PhilippinesH where he prospere& as a
:usinessan' -urin, the 8a" 11H 1993 ele!tionH
/rnest ran an& won as a !on,ressan' @is
opponentH notin, /rnestBs Chinese an!estr"H file& a
petition to &is?ualif" the latter on the followin,
,roun&s; (1) /rnest Chen, is not a natural :orn
Filipino; an& (2) he is un&er*a,e&' -e!i&e'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1) /rnest !annot :e &is?ualifie&' Se!tion 1H +rti!le
5E of the Constitution pro%i&es: C3he followin, are
!iti=ens of the Philippines; MMM MMM MMM C(3)
3hose :orn :efore >anuar" 17H 1973H of Filipino
othersH who ele!t Philippine !iti=enship upon
rea!hin, the a,e of a;orit";C /rnest !oul& ele!t
Philippine !iti=enship sin!e he was :orn :efore
>anuar" 17H 1973 an& his other is a Filipino' +s
state& in the !ases of 3orres %s' 3an ChiH )9 Phil'
218 an& Cu %s' 1epu:li!H 83 Phil' #73H for this
pro%ision to appl"H the other nee& not :e a
Filipino !iti=en at the tie she ,a%e :irth to the
!hil& in ?uestion' 5t is suffi!ient that she was a
Filipino !iti=en at the tie of her arria,e'
AtherwiseH the nu:er of persons who woul& :e
:enefite& :" the fore,oin, pro%ision woul& :e
liite&'
@a%in, ele!te& Philippine !iti=enshipH /rnest is a
natural*:orn Filipino !iti=en in a!!or&an!e
with Se!tion 2H +rti!le 5E of the ConstitutionH
whi!h rea&s:
3hose who ele!t Philippine !iti=enship in
a!!or&an!e with para,raph (3)H Se!tion 1
hereof shall be .ee-e. $atural bor$ !#t#Ae$s.0
)( Er$est #s $ot u$.erCa3e.. %-#$#-u- )& 4rs
ol.(....
Nat-rai)ation5 Can"eation o# Citi)en%'i$
619987
No M' * 7i 3on, 9iaoH a Chinese !iti=en applie&
for an& was ,rante& Philippine !iti=enship :" the
!ourt' @e tooD his oath as !iti=en of the Philippines
to >ul" 19)3H in 1972H the Affi!e of the Soli!itor
$eneral file& a petition to !an!el his Philippine
!iti=enship for the reason that in +u,ust 19)3H the
Court of 3a0 +ppeals foun& hi ,uilt" of ta0
e%asion for &eli:eratel" un&erstatin, his in!oe
ta0es for the "ears 1929*19)1'
(1) Coul& 7i 3on, 9iao raise the &efense of
pres!ription of the a!tion for !an!ellation of his
Filipino !iti=enshipL P3NQ
(2) Supposin, 7i 3on, 9iao ha& a%aile& of the
3a0 +nest" of the ,o%ernent for his ta0
lia:ilitiesH woul& this !onstitute a %ali& &efense to
the !an!ellation of his Filipino !iti=enshipL P2NQ
17
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1' NoH 7i 3on, 9iao !annot raise the &efense of
pres!ription' +s hel& in 1epu:li! us' $o 9on 7eeH
1 SC1+ 11))H 1170H a &e!ision ,rantin,
!iti=enship is not res ;u&i!ata an& the ri,ht of the
,o%ernent to asD for the !an!ellation of a
!ertifi!ate !an!ellation is not :arre& :" the lapse
of tie'
2' 3he fa!t that 7i 3on, 9iao a%aile& of the ta0
anest" is not a %ali& &efense to the !an!ellation
of his Filipino !iti=enship' 5n 1epu:li! %s' 7i OaoH
21# SC1+ 7#8H 72#H the Supree Court hel&:
C5n other wor&sH the ta0 anest" &oes not ha%e
the effe!t of o:literatin, his la!D of ,oo& oral
!hara!ter an& irreproa!ha:le !on&u!t whi!h
are ,roun&s for &enaturali=ationHC
Re%iden"y ReF-ire+ent%5 Ee"ti*e O##i"ia
6>9<899A7
(1) 5n the 8a" 8H1992 ele!tions for lo!al
offi!ials whose ters were to !oen!e on >une
30H 1992H 1i!D" file& on 8ar!h 20H 1992 his
!ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" for the Affi!e of $o%ernor
of 7a,una' @e wonH :ut his ?ualifi!ations as an
ele!te& offi!ial was ?uestione&' 5t is a&itte& that
he is a repatriate& Filipino !iti=en an& a
resi&ent of the Pro%in!e of 7a,una' 3o :e
?ualifie& for the offi!e to whi!h a lo!al
offi!ial has :een ele!te&H when at the latest
shoul& he :e: (2N)
%a( A F#l#p#$o C#t#Ae$D E7pla#$.
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he !iti=enship re?uireent is to :e possesse& :"
an ele!ti%e offi!ial at the latest as of the tie he is
pro!laie& an& at the start of the ter of offi!e to
whi!h he has :een ele!te&' Se!tion 39 of the
7o!al $o%ernent Co&eH whi!h enuerates the
?ualifi!ations of ele!ti%e lo!al ,o%ernent offi!ialsH
&oes not spe!if" an" parti!ular &ate or tie when
the !an&i&ate ust possess !iti=enship' (Fri%al&o
%' CA8/7/CH
$'1' No' 120292H >une 28H199))
(:) + resi&ent of the lo!alit"L /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
<n&er Se!tion 39 of the 7o!al $o%ernent
Co&eH an in&i%i&ual ust possess the resi&en!"
re?uireent in the lo!alit" where he inten&s to
run at least one "ear ie&iatel" pre!e&in, the
&a" of ele!tion'
Stat-%5 Iegiti+ate C'id 619997
No' 3: O was ele!te& Senator in the 8a" 1987
national ele!tions' @e was :orn out of we&lo!D in
19#9 of an +eri!an father an& a naturali=e&
Filipina other' O ne%er ele!te& Philippine
!iti=enship upon rea!hin, the a,e of a;orit"'
(1) 9efore what :o&" shoul& 3H the losin,
!an&i&ateH ?uestion the ele!tion of OL State the
reasons for "our answer'
(2) 5s O a Filipino !iti=enL /0plain "our
answer'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(1) 3H the losin, !an&i&ateH shoul& ?uestion the
ele!tion of O :efore the Senate /le!toral 3ri:unalH
''''
(2) OesH O is a Filipino !iti=en' 8ore than that he
is a natural :orn !iti=en of the Philippines
?ualifie& to :e!oe a Senator' Sin!e O is an
ille,itiate !hil& of a Filipino otherH he follows
the !iti=enship of his other' @e nee& not ele!t
Philippine !iti=enship upon rea!hin, the a,e of
a;orit" as hel& 5n re 8allare' 29 SC1+ #2' 5n
Asias %' +ntoninoH /le!toral Case No' 11H +u,ust
)H 1971H the Senate /le!toral 3ri:unal hel& that
the ille,itiate !hil& of an alien father an& a
Filipino other is a Filipino !iti=en an& is ?ualifie&
to :e a Senator'
18
Stat-%5 Iegiti+ate C'id5 !-a Citi)en%'i$
6199?7
No' 8: 2) M was :orn in the <nite& States of a
Filipino father an& a 8e0i!an other' @e returne&
to the Philippines when he was twent"*si0 "ears
of a,eH !arr"in, an +eri!an passport an& he
was re,istere& as an alien with the 9ureau of
5i,ration'
6as M ?ualifie& to run for e:ership in the
@ouse of 1epresentati%es in the 1992 ele!tionsL
/0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
6hether or not M was ?ualifie& to run for
e:ership in the @ouse of 1epresentati%es in the
1992 ele!tion &epen&s on the !ir!ustan!es'
5f M was an 5lle,itiate !hil&H he is not ?ualifie& to
run for the @ouse of 1epresentati%es' +!!or&in,
to the !ase of in re 8allareH 29 SC1+ #2H an
ille,itiate !hil& follows the !iti=enship of the
other' Sin!e the other of M is a 8e0i!anH he
will :e a 8e0i!an !iti=en if he is an ille,itiate
!hil&H e%en if his father is a Filipino'
5f M is a le,itiate !hil&H he is a Filipino !iti=en'
<n&er Se!tion 2(2)H +rti!le 5E of the ConstitutionH
those whose fathers are !iti=ens of the Philippines
are Filipino !iti=ens' Sin!e M was :orn in the
<nite& StatesH whi!h follows ;us soliH M is also an
+eri!an !iti=en' 5n a!!or&an!e with +=nar %s'
CoissionH on /le!tionsH 182 SC1+ 703H the
ere fa!t a person with &ual !iti=enship re,istere&
as an alien with the Coission on 5i,ration
an& -eportation &oes not ne!essaril" ean that
he is renoun!in, his Philippine !iti=enship'
7iDewiseH the ere fa!t that M use& an +eri!an
passport &i& not result in the loss of his Philippine
!iti=enship' +s hel& in GawaDita %s' <ntie& StatesH
3#3 <'S' 717H sin!e a person with &ual !iti=enship
has the ri,hts of !iti=enship in :oth !ountriesH the
use of a passport issue& :" one !ountr" is not
in!onsistent with his !iti=enship in the other
!ountr"'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
5f M has taDen an oath of alle,ian!e to the <'S' he
will :e &eee& to ha%e renoun!e& his Philippine
!iti=enship' Conse?uentl"H he is &is?ualifie& to run
for the @ouse of 1epresentati%es'
Stat-%5 Legiti+ate C'id 6899:7
No 5E * 8i,uel Sin was :orn a "ear a,o in China
to a Chinese father an& a Filipino other @is
parents et in Shan,hai where the" were
lawfull" arrie& ;ust two "ears a,o' 5s 8i,uel Sin
a Filipino !iti=enL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
8i,uel Sin is a Filipino !iti=en :e!ause he is the
le,itiate !hil& of a Filipino other' <n&er +rti!le
5EH Se!tion # of the 1987 ConstitutionH his other
retaine& her Philippine !iti=enship &espite her
arria,e to an alien hus:an&H an& a!!or&in, to
+rti!le 5EH Se!tion 1(2) of the 1987 ConstitutionH
!hil&ren :orn of a Filipino other are Filipino
!iti=ens'
4ay% o# Rea"F-iring Citi)en%'i$ 689997
No ME555' * Cru=H a Filipino :" :irthH :e!ae an
+eri!an !iti=en' 5n his ol& a,e he has returne&
to the !ountr" an& wants to :e!oe a Filipino
a,ain' +s his law"erH enuerate the wa"s :"
whi!h !iti=enship a" :e rea!?uire&' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
Cru= a" rea!?uire Philippine !iti=enship in the
followin, wa"s:
1 9" naturali=ation;
2 9" repatriation pursuant to 1epu:li! +!t No'
8171; an&
3 9" &ire!t a!t of Con,ress (Se!tion 2 of
Coonwealth +!t No' )3)'
ARTICLE (I Legi%ati*e
!e$art+ent
A$$ro$riation o# P-bi" F-nd% 619887
No' ): * 8etropolitan newspapers ha%e reporte& that
the Philippine $aes an& +useent Corporation
(P+$CA1) ,i%es heft" !ontri:utions to 8ala!anan,H
to fun& Cso!ioe!onoi! an& !i%i! pro;e!tsC of the
Presi&entH 3he reports a&& that for 1988 aloneH
soe si0 hun&re& illion (P)008) pesos ha%e
alrea&" :een eararDe& for reittan!e to the Affi!e
of the Presi&ent' P+$CA1 ha& also :een reporte&
to ha%e fun&e&H as !oor&inate& :" a Con,ressan
fro 8in&anaoH spe!ial pro;e!ts of ?uite a nu:er of
e:ers of the @ouse of 1epresentati%es'
+ssuin, that one" earne& :" P+$CA1 fro its
operations are pu:li! fun&sH are su!h !ontri:utions
to 8ala!aXan, an& to !ertain Con,ressen an&
their e0pen&iture as reporte&H le,alL Cite
!onstitutional or &e!isional rules in support of "our
answer'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he !ontri:utions a&e to 8ala!aXan, an& to
!ertain !on,ressen are 5lle,al' <n&er art' E5H se!'
29(1) no one" !an :e pai& out of the 3reasur"
e0!ept in pursuan!e of an appropriation a&e :"
law' 3he &is:urseent
of pu:li! fun&s :" P+$CA1H not :ein, a&e
pursuant to an appropriation a&e :" lawH
%iolates the Constitution'
A$$ro$riation o# P-bi" F-nd%5 !ebt Ser*i"ing
619987
No 13: /0plain how the autoati! appropriation of
pu:li! fun&s for &e:t ser%i!in, !an :e re!on!ile&
with +rti!le E5H Se!tion 29(1) of the Constitution'
Sai& pro%ision sa"s that Cno one" shall :e pai&
out of the 3reasur" e0!ept in pursuan!e of an
appropriation a&e :" lawC'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+s state& in $uin,ona %s' Cara,ueH 19) SC1+
221H the presi&ential &e!rees pro%i&in, for the
appropriation of fun&s to pa" the pu:li! &e:t &o not
%iolate Se!tion 29(1)H +rti!le E5 of the Constitution'
3he" pro%i&e for a !ontinuin, appropriationH there
is no !onstitutional prohi:ition a,ainst this' 3he
presi&ential &e!rees appropriate as u!h one"
as is nee&e& to pa" the prin!ipalH interestH ta0es
an& other noral :anDin, !har,es on the loan'
+lthou,h no spe!ifi! aounts are entione&H the
aounts are !ertain :e!ause the" !an :e
!opute& fro the :ooDs of the National 3reasur"'
A$$ro$riation o# P-bi" F-nd%5 P-bi"
P-r$o%e% 619887
No' 7: * 3awi*3awi is a pre&oinantl" 8osle
pro%in!e' 3he $o%ernorH the Ei!e*$o%ernorH an&
e:ers of its San,,unian, Panlalawi,an are all
8osles' 5ts :u&,et pro%i&es the $o%ernor with a
!ertain aount as his &is!retionar" fun&s'
1e!entl"H howe%erH the San,,unian, Panlalawi,an
passe& a resolution appropriatin, P100H000 as a
spe!ial &is!retionar" fun& of the $o%ernorH to' :e
spent :" hi in lea&in, a pil,ria,e of his
pro%in!eates to 8e!!aH Sau&i +ra:iaH 5slaBs
holiest !it"'
Phil!onsaH on !onstitutional ,roun&sH has file&
suit to nullif" the resolution of the San,,unian,
Panlalawi,an ,i%in, the spe!ial &is!retionar"
fun& to the $o%ernor for the state& purpose' @ow
woul& "ou &e!i&e the !aseL $i%e "our reasons'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he resolution is un!onstitutional FirstH it %iolates
art' E5H se!' 29(2) of the Constitution whi!h
prohi:its the appropriation of pu:li! one" or
propert"H &ire!tl" or in&ire!tl"H for the useH :enefit
or support of an" s"ste of reli,ionH an&H se!on&H
it !ontra%enes art' E5H se!H 22()) whi!h liits the
appropriation of &is!retionar" fun&s onl" for pu:li!
purposes'
3he use of &is!retionar" fun&s for purel" reli,ious
purpose is thus un!onstitutionalH an& the fa!t that
the &is:urseent is a&e :" resolution of a lo!al
le,islati%e :o&" an& not :" Con,ress &oes not
aDe it an" less offensi%e to the Constitution'
+:o%e allH the resolution !onstitutes a !lear
%iolation of the Non*esta:lishent Clause (art' 555H
se!' 2) of the Constitution'
Co++i%%ion on A$$oint+ent% 689987
No 555 * Suppose there are 202 e:ers in the
@ouse of 1epresentati%es' Af this nu:erH 182
:elon, to the Pro,ressi%e Part" of the Philippines
or PPPH while 17 :elon, to the Citi=ens Part" or
CP' @ow woul& "ou answer the followin, ?uestions
re,ar&in, the representation of the @ouse in the
Coission on +ppointentsL
+' + @ow an" seats woul& the PPP :e entitle&
to ha%e in the Coission on +ppointentsL
/0plain "our answer full"' (2N)
9' Suppose 12 of the CP representati%esH while
aintainin, their part" affiliationH entere& into a
politi!al allian!e with the PPP in or&er to for the
C1ain:ow CoalitionBB in the @ouse' 6hat effe!tH if
an"H woul& this ha%e on the ri,ht of the CP to ha%e
a seat or seats in the Coission on
+ppointentsL /0plain "our answer full"' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+' 3he 182 e:ers of the Pro,ressi%e Part" of
the Philippines represent 91'28 per !ent of the 202
e:ers of the @ouse of 1epresentati%es' 5n
a!!or&an!e with +rti!le E5H Se!tion 18 of the
ConstitutionH it is entitle& to ha%e ten of the twel%e
seats in the Coission on +ppointents'
+lthou,h the 182 e:ers of Pro,ressi%e Part" of
the Philippines represent
10'98 seats in the Coission on +ppointentsH
un&er the rulin, in $uin,ona %' $on=alesH 21#
SC1+ 789 (1992)H a fra!tional e:ership !annot
:e roun&e& off to full e:ership :e!ause it will
result in o%er*representation of that politi!al part"
an& un&er*representation of the other politi!al
parties'
9' 3he politi!al allian!e fore& :" the 12
e:ers of the Citi=ens Part" with the
Pro,ressi%e Part" of the Philippines will not result
in the &iinution of the nu:er of seats in the
Coission on +ppointents to whi!h the
Citi=ens Part" is entitle&' +s hel& in Cunanan %'
3anH 2 SC1+ 1 (19)2)H a teporar" allian!e
:etween the e:ers of one politi!al part" an&
another politi!al part" &oes not authori=e a
!han,e in the e:ership of the
Coission on +ppointentsH AtherwiseH the
Coission on +ppointents will ha%e to :e
reor,ani=e& as often as %otes shift fro one si&e to
another in the @ouse of 1epresentati%es'
!eegation o# Po1er% 689987
No ME55' * Suppose that Con,ress passe& a law
!reatin, a -epartent of @uan @a:itat an&
authori=in, the -epartent Se!retar" to
proul,ate ipleentin, rules an& re,ulations'
Suppose further that the law &e!lare& that %iolation
of the ipleentin, rules an& re,ulations so
issue& woul& :e punisha:le as a !rie an&
authori=e& the -epartent Se!retar" to pres!ri:e
the penalt" for su!h %iolation' 5f the law &efines
!ertain a!ts as %iolations of the law an& aDes
the punisha:leH for e0apleH with iprisonent
of three (3) "ears or a fine in the aount of
P10H000'00H or :oth su!h iprisonent an& fineH
in the &is!retion of the !ourtH !an it :e pro%i&e& in
the ipleentin, rules an& re,ulations
proul,ate& :" the -epartent Se!retar" that
their %iolation will also :e su:;e!t to the sae
penalties as those pro%i&e& in the law itselfL
/0plain "our answer full"' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he rules an& re,ulations proul,ate& :" the
Se!retar" of @uan @a:itat !annot pro%i&e that
the penalties for their %iolation will :e the sae
as the penalties for the %iolation of the law' +s
hel& in <nite& States %' 9arriasH 11 Phil' 327
(1908)H the fi0in, of the penalt" for !riinal
offenses in%ol%es the e0er!ise of le,islati%e
power an& !annot :e &ele,ate&' 3he law itself
ust pres!ri:e the penalt"'
!eegation o# Po1er%5 6>?<899A7
(2) Se!tion 32 of 1epu:li! +!t No' #)70 (3he
8a,na Carta for Pu:li! S!hool 3ea!hers) rea&s:
Se!' 32' Penal Pro%ision' R + person who shall
willfull" interfere withH restrain or !oer!e an"
tea!her in the e0er!ise of his ri,hts ,uarantee&
:" this +!t or who shall in an" other anner
!oit an" a!t to &efeat an" of the pro%isions
of this +!t shallH upon !on%i!tionH :e punishe&
:" a fine of not less than one hun&re& pesos nor
ore than one thousan& pesosH or :"
iprisonentH in the &is!retion of the !ourt'
5s the pro%iso ,rantin, the !ourt the authorit" to
ipose a penalt" or iprisonent in its &is!retion
!onstitutionalL /0plain :riefl"' (#N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he pro%iso is un!onstitutional' Se!tion 32 of
1'+' No' #)70 pro%i&es for an in&eterina:le
perio& of iprisonentH with neither a iniu
nor a a0iu &uration ha%in, :een set :" the
le,islati%e authorit"' 3he !ourts are thus ,i%en
wi&e latitu&e of &is!retion to fi0 the ter of
iprisonentH without e%en the :enefit of an"
suffi!ient stan&ar&H su!h that the &uration thereof
a" ran,eH in the wor&s of respon&ent ;u&,eH
fro one inute to the life span of the a!!use&'
3his !annot :e allowe&' 5t %ests in the !ourts a
power an& a &ut" essentiall" le,islati%e in nature
an& whi!hH as applie& to this !aseH &oes %iolen!e
to the rules on separation of powers as well as
the non*&ele,a:ilit" of le,islati%e powers' (People
%' >u&,e -a!u"!u"H
$'1' No' 7*#2127H 8a" 2H 1989)
!eegation o# Po1er%5 Co+$etene%% Te%t5
S-##i"ient Standard Te%t 6>?<899A7
(1) 3he two a!!epte& tests to &eterine
whether or not there is a %ali& &ele,ation of
le,islati%e power are the Copleteness 3est an&
the Suffi!ient Stan&ar& 3est' /0plain ea!h' (#N)
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
<n&er the CA8P7/3/N/SS 3/S3H a law ust
:e !oplete in all its ters an& pro%isions when
it lea%es the le,islature that nothin, is left to the
;u&,ent of the &ele,ate' 3he le,islature &oes
not a:&i!ate its fun!tions when it &es!ri:es what
;o: ust :e &oneH who is to &o itH an& what is the
s!ope of his authorit"' @owe%erH a &ele,ation of
power to aDe the laws whi!h ne!essaril"
in%ol%es a &is!retion as to what it shall :e a"
not !onstitutionall" :e &one' (/&u
%' /ri!taH $'1' No' 7*3209)H A!to:er 2#H 1970)
<n&er the S<FF5C5/NCO AF S3+N-+1-S
3/S3H the statute ust not onl" &efine a
fun&aental le,islati%e poli!"H arD its liits an&
:oun&ariesH an& spe!if" the pu:li! a,en!" to
e0er!ise the le,islati%e power' 5t ust also
in&i!ate the !ir!ustan!es un&er whi!h the
le,islati%e !oan& is to :e effe!te&' 3o a%oi&
the taint of unlawful &ele,ationH there ust :e a
stan&ar&H whi!h iplies at the %er" least that the
le,islature itself &eterines atters of prin!iple
an& la"s &own fun&aental poli!"' (Free
3elephone 6orDers <nion %' 8inister of 7a:orH
$'1' No' 7*2818#H A!to:er 30H 1981)
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
CA8P7/3/N/SS 3/S3' 3he law ust :e
!oplete in all its essential ters an& !on&itions
when it lea%es the le,islature so that there will :e
nothin, left for the &ele,ate to &o
when it rea!hes hi e0!ept to enfor!e it' (See
53S %' +n, 3an, @oH $'1' No' 7*17122H Fe:ruar"
27H 1922)
S<FF5C5/N3 S3+N-+1- 3/S3' + suffi!ient
stan&ar& is inten&e& to ap out the :oun&aries of
the &ele,ateBs authorit" :" &efinin, the le,islati%e
poli!" an& in&i!atin, the !ir!ustan!es un&er
whi!h it is to :e pursue& an& effe!te&; inten&e& to
pre%ent a total transferen!e of le,islati%e power
fro the le,islature to the &ele,ate' 3he stan&ar& is
usuall" in&i!ate& in the law &ele,atin, le,islati%e
power' (See Onot u' 5ntere&iate +ppellate CourtH
$'1' No' 7##27H 8ar!h 20H 1987)
!i%"i$ine5 0ode% o# Re+o*a 6199:7
No' 11: * @ow a" the followin, :e reo%e&
fro offi!e: 1) Senators 4 Con,ressen 2)
>u&,es of lower !ourts 3) Affi!ers an&
eplo"ees in the Ci%il Ser%i!e
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1) 5n a!!or&an!e with +rt' 555H se!tion 1)(3)H of the
ConstitutionH Senators an& Con,ressen a" :e
reo%e& :" their /MP<7S5AN for &isor&erl"
:eha%iorH with the !on!urren!e of at least two*
thir&s of all the e:ers of the @ouse to whi!h
the" :elon,' 5n a&&itionH the" a" also :e
reo%e& in !onse?uen!e of an ele!tion !ontest
file& with the Senate or @ouse of 1epresentati%es
/le!toral 3ri:unal'
2) +s to >u&,esH +rt' E555H se!' 11 of the
ConstitutionH ''''
3) +s to Ci%il Ser%i!e /plo"eesH +rt' 5M*9' Se!'
2(3) of the Constitution''''
!i%"i$ine5 S-%$en%ion o# a 0e+ber o# t'e
Congre%% 689987
No 55' * Sieon Ealera was forerl" a Pro%in!ial
$o%ernor who ran an& won as a 8e:er of the
@ouse of 1epresentati%es for the Se!on&
Con,ressional -istri!t of lloilo' For %iolation of
Se!tion 3 of the +nti*$raft an& Corrupt Pra!ti!es
+!t (1'+' No'3019)H as aen&e&H alle,e&l"
!oitte& when he was still a Pro%in!ial
$o%ernorH a !riinal !oplaint was file& a,ainst
hi :efore the Affi!e of the A:u&san for
whi!hH upon a fin&in, of pro:a:le !auseH a
!riinal !ase was file& with the San&i,an:a"an'
-urin, the !ourse of trialH the San&i,an:a"an
issue& an or&er of pre%enti%e suspension for 90
&a"s a,ainst hi'
1epresentati%e Ealera ?uestione& the %ali&it" of
the San&i,an:a"an or&er on the ,roun& thatH
un&er +rti!le E5H Se!tion 1)(3) of the ConstitutionH
he !an :e suspen&e& onl" :" the @ouse of
1epresentati%es an& that the !riinal !ase
a,ainst hi &i& not arise fro his a!tuations as a
e:er of the @ouse of 1epresentati%es' 5s
1epresentati%e EaleraBs !ontention !orre!tL 6h"L
(2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he !ontention of 1epresentati%e Ealera is not
!orre!t +s hel& in Santia,o %' San&i,an:a"anH
32) SC1+ )3)H the suspension !onteplate& in
+rti!le E5H Se!tion 1)(3) of the Constitution is a
punishent that is ipose& :" the Senate or
@ouse of 1epresentati%es upon an errin,
e:erH it is &istin!t fro the suspension un&er
+!tH whi!h is not a penalt" :ut a pre%enti%e
easure' Sin!e Se!tion 13 of the +nti*$raft an&
Corruption Pra!ti!es +!t &oes not state that the
pu:li! offi!er ust :e suspen&e& onl" in the
offi!e where he is alle,e& to ha%e !oitte& the
a!ts whi!h he has :een !har,e&H it applies to an"
offi!e whi!h he a" :e hol&in,'
Ee"ted O##i"ia5 !e Fa"to O##i"er 6899;7 619<b7
+E/ ran for Con,ressan of (< pro%in!e'
@owe%erH his opponentH 9+13H was the one
pro!laie& an& seate& as the winner of the
ele!tion :" the CA8/7/C' +E/ file& seasona:l"
a protest :efore @1/3 (@ouse of 1epresentati%es
/le!toral 3ri:unal)' +fter two "earsH @1/3
re%erse& the CA8/7/CBs &e!ision an& +E/ was
pro!laie& finall" as the &ul" ele!te&
Con,ressan' 3husH he ha& onl" one "ear to
ser%e in Con,ress'
Can +E/ !olle!t salaries an& allowan!es fro
the ,o%ernent for the first two "ears of his ter
as Con,ressanL
Shoul& 9+13 refun& to the ,o%ernent the
salaries an& allowan!es he ha& re!ei%e& as
Con,ressanL
6hat will happen to the :ills that 9+13 alone
authore& an& were appro%e& :" the @ouse of
1epresentati%es while he was seate& as
Con,ressanL 1eason an& e0plain :riefl"' (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1: +E/ !annot !olle!t
salaries an& allowan!es fro the ,o%ernent for
the first two "ears of his terH :e!ause in the
eanwhile 9+13 !olle!te& the salaries an&
allowan!es' 9+13
was a &e fa!to offi!er while he was in possession
of the offi!e' 3o allow +E/ to !olle!t the salaries
an& allowan!es will result in aDin, the
,o%ernent pa" a se!on& tie' (8e!heH +
3reatise on the 7aw of Pu:li! Affi!es an& Pu:li!
Affi!ersH P1890Q pp' 222*223')
9+13 is not re?uire& to refun& to the ,o%ernent
the salaries an& allowan!es he re!ei%e&' +s a &e
fa!to offi!erH he is entitle& to the salaries an&
allowan!es :e!ause he ren&ere& ser%i!es &urin,
his in!u:en!"' (1o&ri,ue= %' 3anH 91 Phil' 72#
P1922Q)
3he :ills whi!h 9+13 alone authore& an& were
appro%e& :" the @ouse of 1epresentati%es are
%ali& :e!ause he was a &e fa!to offi!er &urin,
his in!u:en!"' 3he a!ts of a &e fa!to offi!er are
%ali& insofar as the pu:li! is !on!erne&' (People
%' $ar!iaH 313 SC1+ 279 P1999Q)'
Ee"tora Trib-na5 HRET 0e+ber%J Rig't B
Re%$on%ibiitie% 689987
No 5E' 5n an ele!tion !aseH the @ouse of
1epresentati%es /le!toral 3ri:unal ren&ere& a
&e!ision uphol&in, the ele!tion protest of
protestant +H a e:er of the Free&o Part"H
a,ainst protestee 9H a e:er of the Fe&eral
Part"' 3he &e!i&in, %ote in fa%or of + was !ast :"
1epresentati%e MH a e:er of the Fe&eral
Part" '
For ha%in, %ote& a,ainst his part" ateH
1epresentati%e M was reo%e& :" 1esolution of
the @ouse of 1epresentati%esH at the instan!e of
his part" (the Fe&eral Part")H fro e:ership in
the @1/3' 1epresentati%e M proteste& his
reo%al on the ,roun& that he %ote& on the :asis
of the e%i&en!e presente& an& !onten&e& that he
ha& se!urit" of tenure as a @1/3 8e:er an&
that he !annot :e reo%e& e0!ept for a %ali&
!ause'
6ith whose !ontention &o "ou a,reeH that of the
Fe&eral Part" or that of 1epresentati%e ML 6h"L
(2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
5 a,ree with the !ontention of 1epresentati%e M' +s
hel& 5n 9on&o! %' Pine&aH 201 SC1+ 792 (1991)H
the e:ers of the @ouse of 1epresentati%es
/le!toral 3ri:unal are entitle& to se!urit" of tenure
liDe e:ers of the ;u&i!iar"' 8e:ership in it a"
not :e terinate& e0!ept for a ;ust !ause' -islo"alt"
to part" is not a %ali& ,roun& for the e0pulsion of a
e:er of the @ouse of 1epresentati%es /le!toral
3ri:unal' 5ts e:ers ust &is!har,e their
fun!tions with ipartialit" an&
in&epen&en!e fro the politi!al part" to whi!h
the" :elon,'
Ee"tora Trib-na5 Senate5 .-ri%di"tion 619997
No' 3: O was ele!te& Senator in the 8a" 1987
national ele!tions' @e was :orn out of we&lo!D in
19#9 of an +eri!an father an& a naturali=e&
Filipina other' O ne%er ele!te& Philippine
!iti=enship upon rea!hin, the a,e of a;orit"'
9efore what :o&" shoul& 3H the losin, !an&i&ateH
?uestion the ele!tion of OL
State the reasons for "our answer' 5s O a
Filipino !iti=enL /0plain "our answer'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(1) 3H the losin, !an&i&ateH shoul& ?uestion the
ele!tion of O :efore the Senate /le!toral 3ri:unalH
:e!ause the issue in%ol%e& is the ?ualifi!ation of
O to :e a Senator' Se!tion 17H +rti!le E5 of the
1987 Constitution pro%i&es that' 3he Senate an&
the @ouse of 1epresentati%es shall ea!h*ha%e an
/le!toral 3ri:unal whi!h shall :e the sole ;u&,e of
all !ontests relatin, to the ele!tionH returnsH an&
?ualifi!ations of their respe!ti%e 8e:ers'C
(2) OesH O is a natural :orn Filipino !iti=en' ''''
Foreign A##air%5 Roe o# Ho-%e o# Re$ 6199?7
No' 7: 2) Can the @ouse of 1epresentati%es taDe
a!ti%e part in the !on&u!t of forei,n relationsH
parti!ularl" in enterin, into treaties an&
international a,reeentsL /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
NoH the @ouse of 1epresentati%es !annot taDe
a!ti%e part in the !on&u!t of forei,n relationsH
parti!ularl" in enterin, into treaties an&
international a,reeents' +s hel& in <nite& States
%s' Curtiss*6ri,ht /0port CorporationH 299 <'S'
30#H the Presi&ent alone is the representati%e of
the nation in the !on&u!t of forei,n affairs'
+lthou,h the Senate has the power to !on!ur in
treatiesH the Presi&ent alone ne,otiates treaties
an& Con,ress is powerless to intru&e into this'
@owe%erH if the atter in%ol%es a treat" or an
e0e!uti%e a,reeentH the @ouse of
1epresentati%es a" pass a resolution
e0pressin, its %iews on the atter'
Foreign A##air%5 Roe o# Senate 6199;7
No' 13: 1) <n&er the ConstitutionH what is the
role of the Senate in the !on&u!t of forei,n
affairsL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he Senate pla"s a role in the !on&u!t of forei,n
affairsH :e!ause of the re?uireent in Se!tion 21H
+rti!le E55 of the Constitution that to :e %ali& an&
effe!ti%e a treat" or international
a,reeent ust :e !on!urre& in :" at least two*
thir&s of all the 8e:ers of the Senate'
Se!tion #H +rti!le ME555 of the Constitution
pro%i&es: C+ll e0istin, treaties or international
a,reeents whi!h ha%e not :een ratifie& shall not
:e renewe& or e0ten&e& without the !on!urren!e
of at least two*thir&s of all the 8e:ers of the
Senate'K
In*e%tigation% in Aid o# Legi%ation 619987
No' 8: + !ase was file& :efore the San&i,an:a"an
re,ar&in, a ?uestiona:le ,o%ernent transa!tion'
5n the !ourse of the pro!ee&in,sH newspapers
linDe& the nae of Senator >' &e 7eon to the
s!an&al'
Senator &e 7eon tooD the floor of the Senate to
speaD on a Catter of personal pri%ile,eC to
%in&i!ate his honor a,ainst those C:aseless an&
ali!iousC alle,ations' 3he atter was referre& to
the Coittee on +!!ounta:ilit" of Pu:li!
Affi!ersH whi!h pro!ee&e& to !on&u!t a le,islati%e
in?uir"' 3he Coittee asDe& 8r' Ein!e
7e&esaH a :usinessan linDe& to the transa!tion
an& now a respon&ent :efore the San&i,an:a"anH
to appear an& to testif" :efore the Coittee'
8r 7e&esa refuses to appear an& file suit :efore
the Supree Court to !hallen,e the le,alit" of the
pro!ee&in,s :efore the Coittee' @e also asDs
whether the Coittee ha& the power to re?uire
hi to testif"'
5&entif" the issues 5n%ol%e& an& resol%e the'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he issues in%ol%e& in this !ase are the followin,:
1 6hether or not the Supree Court has
;uris&i!tion to entertain the !ase;
2 6hether or not the Coittee on
+!!ounta:ilit" of Pu:li! Affi!ers has the power to
in%esti,ate a atter whi!h is in%ol%e& in a !ase
pen&in, in !ourt; an&
3 6hether or not the petitioner !an in%oDe
his ri,ht a,ainst self*in!riination'
19
+ll these 5ssues were resol%e& in the !ase of
9en,=on %s' Senate 9lue 1i::on CoitteeH
203 SC1+ 7)7'
3he Supree Court has ;uris&i!tion o%er the !ase
(&eterination of ,ra%e a:use of &is!retion)''''
3he Coittee on +!!ounta:ilit" of Pu:li!
Affi!ers has no power to in%esti,ate the s!an&al'
(no ;u&i!ial fun!tions)'''
3he petitioner !an in%oDe his ri,ht a,ainst self*
in!riinationH :e!ause this ri,ht is a%aila:le in all
pro!ee&in,s' Sin!e the petitioner is a respon&ent
in the !ase pen&in, :efore the San&i,an:a"anH
he a" refuse to testif"'
La1 0aIing5 Pro"e%% B P-bi"ation 6199:7
No' 2; /rnest Chen,H a :usinessanH has no
Dnowle&,e of le,islati%e pro!e&ure' Chen,
retains "ou as his le,al a&%iser an& asDs
enli,htenent on the followin, atters:
(1) 6hen &oes a :ill :e!oe a law e%en without
the si,nature of the Presi&entL
(2) 6hen &oes the law taDe effe!tL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1) <n&er Se!tion 27(1)H +rti!le E5 of the
ConstitutionH a :ill :e!oes a law e%en without
the si,nature of the Presi&ent if he %etoe& it :ut
his %eto was o%erri&en :" two*thir&s %ote of all
the e:ers of :oth the Senate an& the @ouse
of 1epresentati%es an& 5f the Presi&ent faile& to
!ouni!ate his %eto to the @ouse fro whi!h
the :ill ori,inate&H within thirt" &a"s after the &ate
of re!eipt of the :ill :" the Presi&ent'
2) +s hel& in 3ana&a %s' 3u%eraH 1#) SC1+ ##)H a
law ust :e pu:lishe& as a !on&ition for its
effe!ti%it" an& in a!!or&an!e with +rti!le 2 of the
Ci%il Co&eH it shall taDe effe!t fifteen &a"s followin,
the !opletion of its pu:li!ation in the Affi!ial
$a=ette or in a newspaper of ,eneral !ir!ulation
unless it is otherwise pro%i&e&' (/0e!uti%e Ar&er
No' 292H 1e%ise& +&inistrati%e Co&e of 1989)
La1<0aIing5 A$$ro$riation &i 6199?7
No 2: +re the followin, :ills file& in Con,ress
!onstitutionalL
+ :ill ori,inatin, fro the Senate whi!h pro%i&es
for the !reation of the Pu:li! <tilit" Coission to
re,ulate pu:li! ser%i!e !opanies an& nee&e& to
esta:lish the sae' /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: + :ill pro%i&in, for the
!reation of the Pu:li! <tilit" Coission to
re,ulate pu:li! ser%i!e !opanies an&
appropriatin, fun&s nee&e& to esta:lish it a"
ori,inate fro the Senate' 5t is not an
appropriation :illH :e!ause the appropriation of
pu:li! fun&s is not the prin!ipal purpose of the :ill'
5n +sso!iation of Sall 7an&owners of the
PhilippinesH 5n!' %s' Se!retar" of +,rarian 1efor
172 SC1+ 3#3H it was hel& that a law is not an
appropriate
easure if the appropriation of pu:li! fun&s is
not its prin!ipal purpose an& the appropriation is
onl" in!i&ental to soe other o:;e!ti%e'
La1<0aIing5 A$$ro$riation La15 A-to+ati"
Rene1a B Po1er o# A-g+entation 619987
No M5' * Suppose the Presi&ent su:its a :u&,et
whi!h &oes not !ontain pro%isions for C-F
(Countr"wi&e -e%elopent Fun&s)H popularl"
Dnown as the porD :arrelH an& :e!ause of this
Con,ress &oes not pass the :u&,et'
1' 6ill that ean parali=ation of ,o%ernent
operations in the ne0t fis!al "ear for la!D of an
appropriation lawL (2N)
2' Suppose in the sae :u&,etH there is a spe!ial
pro%ision in the appropriations for the +re&
For!es authori=in, the Chief of StaffH +FPH su:;e!t
to the appro%al of the Se!retar" of National
-efenseH to use sa%in,s in the appropriations
pro%i&e& thereto to !o%er up whate%er finan!ial
losses suffere& :" the +FP 1etireent an&
Separation 9enefits S"ste (1S9S) in the last
fi%e (2) "ears &ue to alle,e& :a& :usiness
;u&,ent' 6oul& "ou ?uestion the
!onstitutionalit" %ali&it" of the spe!ial pro%isionL
P3NQ
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1' NoH the failure of Con,ress to pass the
:u&,et will not paral"=e the operations of the
$o%ernent'
Se!tion 22(7)H +rti!le E5 of the Constitution
pro%i&es: C5fH :" the en& of an" fis!al "earH the
Con,ress shall ha%e faile& to pass the ,eneral
appropriations :ill for the ensuin, fis!al "earH
the ,eneral appropriations law for the pre!e&in,
fis!al "ear shall :e &eee& reena!te& an& shall
reain in for!e an& effe!t until the ,eneral
appropriations :ill is passe& :" the Con,ress'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
2' OesH the pro%ision authori=in, the Chief of
StaffH with the appro%al of the Se!retar" of
National -efenseH to use sa%in,s to !o%er the
losses suffere& :" the +FP 1etireent an&
Separation 9enefits S"ste is un!onstitutional'
Se!tion 22(2QH +rti!le E5 of the Constitution
pro%i&es: CNo law shall :e passe& authori=in, an"
transfer of appropriations; howe%erH the Presi&entH
the Presi&ent of the SenateH the SpeaDer of the
@ouse of 1epresentati%esH the Chief >usti!e of the
Supree CourtH an& the hea&s of Constitutional
Coissions a"H :" lawH :e authori=e& to
au,ent an" ite in the
,eneral appropriation law for their respe!ti%e
offi!es fro sa%in,s in other 5tes of their
respe!ti%e appropriations'C
5n Philippine Constitution %s /nri?ue=H 232 SC1+
20)H 2##H the Supree Court hel& that a pro%ision
in the $eneral +ppropriation +!t authori=in, the
Chief of Staff to use sa%in,s to au,ent the fun&s
of the +FP 1etireent an& Separation 9enefits
S"stes was un!onstitutional' C6hile Se!tion
22(2) allows as an e0!eption the reali,nent of
sa%in,s to au,ent ites in the ,eneral
appropriations law for the e0e!uti%e :ran!hH su!h
ri,ht ust an& !an :e e0er!ise& onl" :" the
Presi&ent pursuant to a spe!ifi! law'C
La1<0aIing5 A$$ro$riation La15 Rider
Pro*i%ion 689917
No E55 * Suppose that the forth!oin, $eneral
+ppropriations 7aw for Oear 2002H in the portion
pertainin, to the -epartent of /&u!ationH
Culture an& SportsH will !ontain a pro%ision to the
effe!t that the 1eser%e Affi!ers 3rainin, Course
(1A3C) in all !olle,es an& uni%ersities is here:"
a:olishe&H an& in lieu thereof all ale !olle,e
stu&ents shall :e re?uire& to plant ten
(10) trees e%er" "ear for two (2) "ears in areas to
:e &esi,nate& :" the -epartent of /n%ironent
an& Natural 1esour!es in !oor&ination with the
-epartent of /&u!ationH Culture an& Sports an&
the lo!al ,o%ernent unit !on!erne&' 5t further
pro%i&es that the sae pro%ision shall :e
in!orporate& 5n future $eneral appropriations +!ts'
3here is no spe!ifi! ite of appropriation of fun&s
for the purpose'Coent on the !onstitutionalit"
of sai& pro%ision' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he pro%ision is un!onstitutionalH :e!ause it is a
ri&er' Se!tion 22(2)H +rti!le E5 of the Constitution
pro%i&esH CNo pro%ision or ena!tent shall :e
e:ra!e& in the ,eneral appropriations :ill unless it
relates spe!ifi!all" to soe parti!ular appropriation
therein'C 3he a:olition of the 1eser%e Affi!ers
3rainin, Course in%ol%es a poli!" atter' +s hel& in
Philippine Constitution +sso!iation %s' /nri?ue=H
232 SC1+ 20) (199#)H this !annot :e in!orporate&
in the $eneral +ppropriations +!t :ut ust :e
e:o&ie& in a separate law'
La1<0aIing5 Foreign A##air%5 Treatie% 6199?7
No 2: +re the followin, :ills file& in Con,ress
!onstitutionalL 2) + :ill !reatin, a ;oint
le,islati%e*e0e!uti%e !oission to ,i%eH on
:ehalf of the SenateH its a&%i!eH !onsent an&
!on!urren!e to treaties
entere& into :" the Presi&ent' 3he :ill !ontains
the ,ui&elines to :e followe& :" the !oission
5n the &is!har,e of its fun!tions' /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+ :ill !reatin, a ;oint le,islati%e*e0e!uti%e
!oission to ,i%eH on :ehalf of the SenateH its
a&%i!eH !onsent an& !on!urren!e to treaties
entere& into :" the Presi&ent' 3he Senate !annot
&ele,ate this fun!tion to su!h a !oissionH
:e!ause un&er Se!tion 21H +rti!le E55 of the
ConstitutionH the !on!urren!e of at least two*
thir&s of the Senate itself is re?uire& for the
ratifi!ation of treaties'
La1<0aIing5 O*erriding t'e Pre%identia (eto
619917
No' 2: 3he Presi&ent si,ns into law the
+ppropriations +!t passe& :" Con,ress :ut she
%etoes separate ites thereinH aon, whi!h is a
pro%ision statin, that the Presi&ent a" not
in!rease an ite of appropriation :" transfer of
sa%in,s fro other ites'
3he @ouse of 1epresentati%es !hooses not to
o%erri&e this %eto' 3he SenateH howe%erH
pro!ee&s to !onsi&er two options: (1) to o%erri&e
the %eto an& (2) to !hallen,e the !onstitutionalit"
of the %eto :efore the Supree Court' a) 5s option
(1) %ia:leL 5f so' what is the %ote
re?uire& to o%erri&e the % %ia:leH how shoul& the
Court &e!i&e the %etoL :) 5s option (2) %ia:leL 5f
not' wh" notL 5f !aseL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(a) Aption 1 is not %ia:le in as u!h as the @ouse
of 1epresentati%esH fro whi!h the +ppropriations
+!t ori,inate& an& to whi!h the Presi&ent ust
ha%e returne& the lawH is unwillin, to o%erri&e the
presi&ential %eto' 3here isH thereforeH no :asis for
the Senate to e%en !onsi&er the possi:ilit" of
o%erri&in, the Presi&entBs %eto' <n&er the
Constitution the %ote of two*thir& of all the
e:ers of the @ouse of 1epresentati%es an&
the SenateH %otin, separatel"H will :e nee&e& to
o%erri&e the presi&ential %eto'
(:) 5t is not feasi:le to ?uestion the !onstitutionalit"
of the %eto :efore the Supree Court' 5n $on=ales
%s' 8a!arai,H 191 SC1+ 122H the Supree Court
uphel& the !onstitutionalit" of a siilar %eto' <n&er
+rti!le E5H Se!' 27(2) of the ConstitutionH a &istin!t
an& se%era:le part of the $eneral +ppropriations
a!t a" :e the su:;e!t of a separate %eto'
8oreo%erH the %etoe& pro%ision &oes not relate to
an" parti!ular appropriation an& is ore an
e0pression of a !on,ressional poli!" in respe!t of
au,entation fro sa%in,s than a :u&,etar"
pro%ision' 5t is therefore an inappropriate
pro%ision an& it shoul& :e treate& as an ite for
purposes of the %eto power of the Presi&ent'
3he Supree Court shoul& uphol& the %ali&it" of
the %eto in the e%ent the ?uestion is :rou,ht
:efore it'
La1<0aIing5 Pa%%age o# a La1 619887
No' 12: * 2' + :ill upon filin, :" a Senator or a
8e:er of the @ouse of 1epresentati%es ,oes
throu,h spe!ifie& steps :efore it lea%es the
@ouse of 1epresentati%es or the SenateH as the
!ase a" :e' +fter lea%in, the le,islatureH please
nae the three etho&s :" whi!h sai& :ill a"
:e!oe a law'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+ :ill passe& :" Con,ress a" :e!oe a law in
an" of the followin, !ases: 5f it is si,ne& into law
:" the Presi&ent' (+rt' E5H
se!' 27(1))'
5f it is re*passe& o%er the Presi&entBs %eto :" the
%ote of two thir&s of all the e:ers of the
@ouse of 1epresentati%es an& of the Senate'
(5&')
5f the Presi&ent fails to %eto it within thirt" &a"s
after re!eipt thereof an& !ouni!ate the %eto
to the @ouse fro whi!h it ori,inate&H (5&')
Legi%ati*e Po1er5 Pre%= AF-inoJ% Ti+e 619997
No' 1; * /0e!uti%e Ar&ers Nos' 1 an& 2 issue& :"
Presi&ent Cora=on C' +?uino !reate& the
Presi&ential Coission on $oo& $o%ernent
(PC$$) an& epowere& it to se?uester an"
propert" shown pria fa!ie to :e ill*,otten wealth
of the late Presi&ent 8ar!osH his relati%es an&
!ronies' /0e!uti%e Ar&er No' 1# %ests on the
San&i,an:a"an ;uris&i!tion to tr" hi&&en wealth
!ases' An +pril 1#H 198)H after an in%esti,ationH
the PC$$ se?uestere& the assets of M
CorporationH 5n!' M CorporationH 5n!' !laie& that
Presi&ent
+?uinoH as Presi&entH !oul& not lawfull" issue
/0e!uti%e Ar&ers Nos' 1H 2 an& 1#H whi!h ha%e
the for!e of lawH on the ,roun& that le,islation is
a fun!tion of Con,ress' -e!i&e'
Sai& !orporation also ?uestione& the %ali&it" of
the three e0e!uti%e or&ers on the ,roun& that the"
are :ills of attain&er an&H thereforeH
un!onstitutional' -e!i&e'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(1) 3he !ontention of M Corporation shoul& :e
re;e!te&' /0e!uti%e Ar&ers Nos' 1H 2 an& 1# were
issue& in 198)' +t that tie Presi&ent Cora=on
+?uino e0er!ise& le,islati%e power Se!tion 1H
+rti!le 55 of the Pro%isional Constitution
esta:lishe& :" Pro!laation NoH 3H pro%i&e&:
C<ntil a le,islature is ele!te& an& !on%ene& un&er
a new !onstitutionH the Presi&ent shall !ontinue to
e0er!ise le,islati%e power'C
7iDewiseH Se!tion )H +rti!le ME555 of the 1987
Constitution rea&s:
3he in!u:ent Presi&ent shall !ontinue to
e0er!ise le,islati%e power until the first
Con,ress is !on%ene&'C
5n the !ase of Gapatiran n, ,a Na,lilin,Do& sa
Paa*halaan n, Pilipinas' 5n!' %' 3anH 1)3 SC1+
371' the Supree Court rule& that the Pro%isional
Constitution an& the 1987 ConstitutionH :oth
re!o,ni=e& the power of the presi&ent to e0er!ise
le,islati%e powers until the first Con,ress !reate&
un&er the 1987 Constitution was !on%ene& on >ul"
27H 1987'
(2) /0e!uti%e Ar&ers Nos' 1H 2 an& 1# are not
:ills of attain&er' ''''
Legi%ati*e Po1er% 619897
No' 1#: +n e0istin, law ,rants ,o%ernent
eplo"ees the option to retire upon rea!hin, the
a,e of 27 "ears an& !opletion of at least 30
"ears of total ,o%ernent ser%i!e' +s a fis!al
retren!hent easureH the Affi!e of the Presi&ent
later issue& a 8eoran&u Cir!ular re?uirin,
ph"si!al in!apa!it" as an a&&itional !on&ition for
optional retireent a,e of )2 "ears' + ,o%ernent
eplo"eeH whose appli!ation for optional
retireent was &enie& :e!ause he was :elow )2
"ears of a,e an& was not ph"si!all" in!apa!itate&H
file& an a!tion in !ourt ?uestionin, the &isappro%al
of his appli!ation !laiin, that the 8eoran&u
Cir!ular is %oi&' 5s the !ontention of the eplo"ee
!orre!tL /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
OesH the !ontention of the eplo"ee is !orre!t' 5n
8arasi,an %s' Cru=H 120 SC1 + 1H it was hel& that
su!h a eoran&u !ir!ular is %oi&' 9"
intro&u!in, ph"si!al !apa!it" as an a&&itional
!on&ition for optional retireentH the
eoran&u !ir!ular trie& to aen& the law'
Su!h a power is lo&,e& with the le,islati%e :ran!h
an& not with the e0e!uti%e :ran!h'
Loan% E,tended to 0e+ber% o# Congre%%
619917
No' 9: +' +fter 2 Fe:ruar" 1987H the Philippine
National 9anD (PN9) ,rants a loan to
Con,ressan M' 5s the loan %iolati%e of the
ConstitutionL
Suppose the loan ha& instea& :een ,rante&
:efore 2 Fe:ruar" 1987H :ut was outstan&in, on
that &ate with a reainin, :alan!e on the
prin!ipal in the aount of P20H000'00H !an the
PN9 %ali&l" ,i%e Con,ressan M an e0tension of
tie after sai& &ate to settle the o:li,ationL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+' 6hether or not the loan is %iolati%e of the 1987
Constitution &epen&s upon its purpose' 5f it was
o:taine& for a :usiness purposeH it is %iolati%e of
the Constitution' 5f it was o:taine& for soe other
purposeH e','H for housin,' 5t is not %iolati%e of the
Constitution :e!ause un&er Se!tion 1)H +rti!le M5'
8e:ers of Con,ress are prohi:ite& fro
o:tainin, loans fro ,o%ernent*owne& :anDs
onl" if it is for a :usiness purpose'
5f the loan was ,rante& :efore the effe!ti%it" of
the Constitution on Fe:ruar" 2H 1987H the
Philippine National 9anD !annot e0ten& its
aturit" after Fe:ruar" 2H 1987H if the loan was
o:taine& for a :usiness purpose' 5n su!h a !ase
the e0tension is a finan!ial a!!oo&ation whi!h
is also prohi:ite& :" the Constitution'
0-ti<Party Sy%te+ 619997
No M5E * -is!uss the erits an& &eerits of the
ulti*part" s"ste' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+ ulti*part" s"ste pro%i&es %oters with a
,reater !hoi!e of !an&i&atesH i&easH an& platfors
instea& of liitin, their !hoi!e to two partiesH
whose i&eas a" :e sterile' 5t also lea%es roo
for &eser%in, !an&i&ates who are not a!!epta:le
to those who !ontrol the two &oinant parties to
seeD pu:li! offi!e'
An the other han&H a ulti*part" s"ste a"
aDe it &iffi!ult to o:tain a sta:le an& worDa:le
a;orit"H sin!e pro:a:l" no part" will ,et a
a;orit"' 7iDewiseH the opposition will :e
weaDene& if there are se%eral inorit" parties'
Non<Legi%ati*e Po1er% 619887
No' 12: 7e,islati%e powers ha& :een %este& :"
the Constitution in the Con,ress of the
Philippines' 5n a&&itionH the Constitution also
,rante& the lawaDin, :o&"H non*le,islati%e
powers' Gin&l" nae fi%e of the latter'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
Con,ress has the followin, non*le,islati%e
powers:
(1) 3o a!t as national :oar& of !an%assers
for Presi&ent an& Ei!e Presi&ent' (+rt' E55H se!' #)'
(2) 3o &e!i&e whether the Presi&ent is
teporaril" &isa:le& in the e%ent he reassues
his offi!e after the Ca:inetH :" a a;orit" of %ote of
its e:ersH &e!lare& that he is una:le to
&is!har,e the powers an& &uties of his offi!e an&
now within fi%e &a"s insists that the Presi&ent is
reall" una:le to &is!har,e the powers an& &uties
of the presi&en!"' (+rt' E55H se!' 11)
(3) 3o !on!ur in the ,rant of anest" :" the
Presi&ent' (+rt' E55H se!' 19)H
(#) 3o initiate throu,h the @ouse of
1epresentati%es an&H throu,h the SenateH to tr" all
!ases of ipea!hent a,ainst the Presi&entH Ei!e
Presi&entH the 8e:ers of the Supree CourtH the
8e:ers of the Constitutional Coissions an&
the A:u&sanH for !ulpa:le %iolation of the
ConstitutionH treasonH :ri:er"H ,raft an& !orruptionH
other hi,h !riesH or :etra"al of pu:li! trust' (+rt'
M5H se!s' 2*3)'
(2) 3o a!t as a !onstituent asse:l" for the
re%ision or aen&ent of the Constitution' (+rt'
ME55)'
20
Non<Legi%ati*e Po1er%5 E+ergen"y Po1er%5
ReF-i%ite% 619977
No' 11: -urin, a perio& of national eer,en!"'
Con,ress a" ,rant eer,en!" powers to the
Presi&entH State the !on&itions un&er whi!h su!h
%esture is allowe&'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
<n&er Se!tion 23(2)H +rti!le E5 of the Constitution'
Con,ress a" ,rant the Presi&ent eer,en!"
powers su:;e!t to the followin, !on&itions:
(1) 3here is a war or other national eer,en!":
(2) 3he ,rant of eer,en!" powers ust :e for
a liite& perio&;
(3) 3he ,rant of eer,en!" powers is su:;e!t to
su!h restri!tions as Con,ress a" pres!ri:e; an&
(#) 3he eer,en!" powers ust :e e0er!ise& to
!arr" out a &e!lare& national poli!"'
Pro'ibition% and In'ibition% o# P-bi" O##i"e
6899;7 6:<a7 >+1 fa!es a &ilea: shoul& he
a!!ept a Ca:inet appointent now or run later for
SenatorL @a%in, su!!ee&e& in law pra!ti!e as
well as prospere& in pri%ate :usiness where he
an& his wife ha%e su:stantial in%estentsH he
now !onteplates pu:li! ser%i!e :ut without
losin, the fle0i:ilit" to en,a,e in !orporate affairs
or parti!ipate in professional a!ti%ities within
ethi!al :oun&s'
3aDin, into a!!ount the prohi:itions an&
inhi:itions of pu:li! offi!e whether as Senator or
Se!retar"H he turns to "ou for a&%i!e to resol%e
his &ilea' 6hat is "our a&%i!eL /0plain :riefl"'
(2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
5 shall a&%ise >+1 to run for S/N+3A1' +s a
SenatorH he !an retain his in%estents in his
:usinessH althou,h he ust aDe a full &is!losure
of his :usiness an& finan!ial interests an& notif"
the Senate of a potential !onfli!t of interest if he
authors a :ill' (Se!tion 12H +rti!le E5 of the 1987
Constitution') @e !an !ontinue pra!ti!in, lawH :ut
he !annot personall" appear as !ounsel :efore
an" !ourt of ;usti!eH the /le!toral 3ri:unalsH or
?uasi*;u&i!ial an& other a&inistrati%e :o&ies'
(Se!tion 1#H +rti!le E5 of the 1987 Constitution')
+s a e:er of the Ca:inetH >+1 !annot &ire!tl"
or in&ire!tl" pra!ti!e law or parti!ipate in an"
:usiness' @e will ha%e to &i%est hiself of his
in%estents in his :usiness' (Se!tion 13H +rti!le
E55 of the 1987 Constitution') 5n fa!tH the
Constitutional prohi:ition ipose& on e:ers of
the Ca:inet !o%ers :oth pu:li! an& pri%ate offi!e
or eplo"ent' (Ci%il 7i:erties <nion %'
/0e!uti%e Se!retar"H 19# SC1+ 317)
>-ai#i"ation%5 Congre%%+en 619887
No' 13: *1o:ert 9rown was :orn in @awaii on 8a"
12H 19)2H of an +eri!an father an& a Filipina
other' An 8a" 1)H 1983 while hol&in, an
+eri!an passportH he re,istere& as a Filipino
with the Philippine Consulate at @onoluluH @awaii'
5n Septe:erH 1983 he returne& to the
PhilippinesH an& tooD up resi&en!e at 9oa!H
8arin&u?ueH hoetown of his other' @e
re,istere& as a %oterH %ote&H an& e%en parti!ipate&
as a lea&er of one of the !an&i&ates in that &istri!t
in the 198# 9atasan ele!tions' 5n the ele!tions of
1987H he ran for Con,ressanH an& won' @is sole
opponent is now ?uestionin, his ?ualifi!ations an&
is tr"in, to oust hi on two :asi! !lais: @e is not
a natural :orn Filipino !iti=enH :ut is in fa!tH an
+eri!anH :orn in @awaiiH an inte,ral portion of
the <S+H who hol&s an +eri!an passport; @e &i&
not eet the a,e re?uireent; an& @e has a
J,reen !ar&K fro the <'S' $o%ernent'
+ssue that "ou are a e:er of the @ouse
/le!toral 3ri:unal where the petition for 9rownBs
ouster is pen&in,' @ow woul& "ou &e!i&e the
three issues raise& a,ainst hiL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he first an& thir& ,roun&s ha%e no erit' 9ut
the se!on& is well taDen an&H thereforeH 9rown
shoul& :e &is?ualifie&'
1' 1o:ert 9rown is a natural :orn !iti=en of the
Philippines' + person :orn of a Filipino other
an& an alien father :efore >anuar" 17H 1973H who
thereafter upon rea!hin, the a,e of a;orit" ele!t
Philippine !iti=enshipH is a !iti=en of the
Philippines (+rt' 5EH se!' 1(3))' <n&er +rt' 5EH se!H
2 he is also &eee& a natural*:orn !iti=en'
2' 3he Constitution re?uiresH aon, other thin,sH
that a !an&i&ate for e:er of the @ouse of
1epresentati%es ust :e at least 22 "ears of a,e
Con the &a" of the ele!tion'C (+rt' E5H se!' ))' +s
9rown was :orn on 8a" 12H 19)2H he &i& not
:e!oe 22 "ears ol& until 8a" 12H 1987' @en!e
on 8a" 11H 1987H when the ele!tion was hel&H he
was # &a"s short of the re?uire& a,e'
3' 3he Constitution pro%i&es that those who seeD
either to !han,e their !iti=enship or to a!?uire the
status of an ii,rant of another !ountr" C&urin,
their tenureC shall :e &ealt with :" law (+rt' M5H
se!' 17)' 3he pro%ision !annot appl" to 9rown for
the followin, reasons: FirstH 9rown is in a&&ition
an +eri!an !iti=en an& thus has a &ual
!iti=enship whi!h is allowe& :" the Constitution'
(Cf' +rt' 5EH se!' #)H Se!on&H 9rown &i& not seeD
to a!?uire the status of an ii,rantH :ut is an
+eri!an :" :irth un&er the prin!iple of ;us soli
o:tainin, in the <nite& States' 3hir&H he &i& not
seeD to !han,e his status &urin, his tenure as a
pu:li! offi!er' FourthH the pro%ision of +rt' M5H se!'
17 is not self*e0e!utin, :ut re?uires an
ipleentin, law' FifthH :ut a:o%e allH the @ouse
/le!toral 3ri:unal has no ;uris&i!tion to &e!i&e this
?uestion sin!e it &oes not !on!ern the
?ualifi!ation of a e:er*ele!t'
>-ai#i"ation%5 Congre%%+en5 6199:7
No' 1: 5n 19)#' 1uffaH a Filipina &oesti! helper
worDin, in @on,Don,H went to 3aipei for a
%a!ationH where she et Chen, Sio Pao' who
she arrie&' <n&er Chinese 7awH 1uffa
autoati!all" :e!ae a Chinese !iti=en' 3he
!ouple resi&e& in @on,Don,H where on 8a" 9H
19)2H 1uffa ,a%e :irth to a :o" nae& /rnest'
<pon rea!hin, the a,e of a;orit"H /rnest ele!te&
Philippine !iti=enship' +fter the /-S+
1e%olutionH /rnest &e!i&e& to li%e peranentl" in
the PhilippinesH where he prospere& as a
:usinessan' -urin, the 8a" 11H 1993 ele!tionH
/rnest ran an& won as a !on,ressan' @is
opponentH notin, /rnestBs Chinese an!estr"H file& a
petition to &is?ualif" the latter on the followin,
,roun&s; (1) /rnest Chen, is not a natural :o
Filipino; an& (2) he is un&era,e&' -e!i&e'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1) /rnest !annot :e &is?ualifie&'''''
2) /rnest is not un&er*a,e&' @a%in, :een :orn on
8a" 9H 19)2H he was o%er twent"*fi%e "ears ol& on
the &ate of the 8a" 11H 1993 ele!tion' (/le!tion
was hel& on 8a" 11H 1992)' Se!tion )H +rti!le E5 of
the ConstitutionH re?uires !on,ressen to :e at
least twent"*fi%e "ears of a,e on the &a" of the
ele!tion'
>-ai#i"ation%5 Congre%%+en5 619997
No 555 * C' Ei!tor +ha& was :orn on -e!e:er
1)H 1972 of a Filipino other an& an alien father'
<n&er the law of his fatherBs !ountr"H his other
&i& not a!?uire his fatherBs !iti=enship' Ei!tor
!onsults "ou on -e!e:er 21H 1993 an& infors
"ou of his intention to run for Con,ress in the
1992 ele!tions' 5s he ?ualifie& to runL 6hat
a&%i!e woul& "ou ,i%e hiL 6oul& "our answer
:e the sae if he ha& seen an& !onsulte& "ou on
-e!e:er 1)H 1991 an& infore& "ou of his
&esire to run for Con,ress in the 1992 ele!tionsL
-is!uss "our answer' (3N)
C' NoH Ei!tor +ha& is not ?ualifie& to run for
Con,ress in the 1992 ele!tions' <n&er Se!tion )H
+rti!le E5 of the ConstitutionH a e:er of the
@ouse of 1epresentati%es ust :e at least
twent"*fi%e (22) "ears of a,e on the &a" of the
ele!tion' Sin!e he will :e less than twent"*fi%e
(22) "ears of a,e in 1992H Ei!tor +ha& is not
?ualifie& to run'
<n&er Se!tion 2H +rti!le 5E of the ConstitutionH to
:e &eee& a natural*:orn !iti=enH Ei!tor +ha&
ust ele!t Philippine !iti=enship upon rea!hin,
the a,e of a;orit"' 5 shall a&%ise hi to ele!t
Philippine !iti=enshipH if he has not "et &one soH
an& to wait until the 1998 ele!tions'
8" answer will :e the sae if he !onsulte& e
in 1991 an& infore& e of his &esire to run in
the 1992 ele!tions'
C' <n&er Se!tion 2H +rti!le 5E of the ConstitutionH
Ei!tor +ha& ust ha%e ele!te&
Philippine !iti=enship upon rea!hin, the a,e of
a;orit" to :e !onsi&ere& a natural :orn !iti=en
an& ?ualifie& to run for Con,ress' 1epu:li! +!t
No' )809 re&u!e& the a;orit" a,e to ei,hteen
(18) "ears' Cuen!o %' Se!retar" of >usti!eH 2
SC1+ 108 re!o,ni=e& three (3) "ears fro
rea!hin, the a,e of a;orit" as the reasona:le
perio& for ele!tin, Philippine !iti=enship' Sin!e
1epu:li! +!t No' )809 tooD effe!t in 1989 an&
there is no showin, that Ei!tor +ha& ele!te&
Philippine !iti=enship within three (3) "ears fro
the tie he rea!he& the a,e of a;orit" on
-e!e:er 1)H 199CH he is not ?ualifie& to run for
Con,ress'
5f he !onsulte& e on -e!e:er 1)H 1991H 5
woul& infor hi that he shoul& ele!t Philippine
!iti=enship so that he !an :e !onsi&ere& a
natural :orn !iti=en'
Se$aration o# Po1er% 619887
No' 22: Can an" other &epartent or a,en!" of
the $o%ernent re%iew a &e!ision of the
Supree CourtL 6h" or wh" notL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
No' 3he Supree Court is the hi,hest ar:iter of
le,al ?uestions' (>a%ier %' Coele!H 1## SC1+
19# (198))) 3o allow re%iew of its &e!ision :" the
other &epartents of ,o%ernent woul& upset the
!lassi! pattern of separation of powers an&
&estro" the :alan!e :etween the ;u&i!iar" an& the
other &epartents of ,o%ernent' +s the >usti!es
sai& in their answer to the !oplaint for
ipea!hent in the Coittee on >usti!e of the
@ouse of 1epresentati%esH C>ust as it is
!opletel" una!!epta:le to file !har,es a,ainst
the in&i%i&ual e:ers of Con,ress for the laws
ena!te& :" the upon the ar,uent that these
laws are %iolati%e of the ConstitutionH or are a
:etra"al of pu:li! trustH or are un;ust' So tooH
shoul& it :e e?uall" iperissi:le to aDe the
in&i%i&ual e:ers of the Supree Court
a!!ounta:le for the !ourtBs &e!isions or rulin,s'
Se$aration o# Po1er% 6899:7
No 55 * + ,roup of losin, liti,ants in a !ase
&e!i&e& :" the Supree Court file& a !oplaint
:efore the A:u&san !har,in, the >usti!es
with Dnowin,l" an& &eli:eratel" ren&erin, an
un;ust &e!ision in utter %iolation of the penal laws
of the lan&' Can the A:u&san %ali&l" taDe
!o,ni=an!e of the !aseL /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
NoH the A:u&san !annot entertain the
!oplaint' +s state& in the !ase of 5n re: 7aureta'
1#8 SC1+ 382 P1987QH pursuant to the prin!iple of
separation of powersH the
!orre!tness of the &e!isions of the Supree
Court as final ar:iter of all ;usti!ia:le &isputes is
!on!lusi%e upon all other &epartents of the
,o%ernent; the A:u&san has no power to
re%iew the &e!isions of the Supree Court :"
entertainin, a !oplaint a,ainst the >usti!es of
the Supree Court for Dnowin,l" ren&erin, an
un;ust &e!ision'
+rti!le M5H Se!tion 1 of the 1987 Constitution
pro%i&es that pu:li! offi!ers ust at all ties :e
a!!ounta:le to the people' Se!tion 22 of the
A:u&san +!t pro%i&es that the Affi!e of the
A:u&san has the power to in%esti,ate an"
serious is!on&u!t alle,e&l" !oitte& :"
offi!ials reo%a:le :" ipea!hent for the
purpose of filin, a %erifie& !oplaint for
ipea!hent if warrante&' 3he A:u&san !an
entertain the !oplaint for this purpose'
T'ree<Ter+ Li+it: Congre%%+en 6199?7
No' 13: * MH a e:er of the @ouse of
1epresentati%esH was ser%in, his thir& !onse!uti%e
ter in the @ouse' 5n >une 199) he was appointe&
Se!retar" of National -efense' Can he run for
ele!tion to the Senate in the 1998 ele!tionsL
/0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
OesH M !an run for the Senate in the 1988 ele!tion'
<n&er Se!tion 7H +rti!le M of the ConstitutionH
ha%in, ser%e& for three !onse!uti%e ters as
8e:er of the @ouse of 1epresentati%es' M is onl"
prohi:ite& fro runnin, for the sae position'
T'ree<Ter+ Li+it5 Congre%%+en 689917
No E * -urin, his thir& terH C+CH a 8e:er of the
@ouse of 1epresentati%esH was suspen&e& fro
offi!e for a perio& of )0 &a"s :" his !ollea,ues
upon a %ote of two*thir&s of all the 8e:ers of
the @ouse' 5n the ne0t su!!ee&in, ele!tionH he
file& his !ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" for the sae
position' C9CH the opposin, !an&i&ateH file& an
a!tion for &is?ualifi!ation of C+C on the ,roun&
that the latterBsH !an&i&a!" %iolate& Se!tion 7'
+rti!le E5 of the Constitution whi!h pro%i&es that
no 8e:er of the @ouse of 1epresentati%es shall
ser%e for ore than three !onse!uti%e ters' C+C
answere& that he was not :arre& fro runnin,
a,ain for that position :e!ause his ser%i!e was
interrupte& :" his )0&a" suspension whi!h was
in%oluntar"' Can B+BH le,all" !ontinue with his
!an&i&a!" or is he alrea&" :arre&L 6h"L (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
C+C !annot le,all" !ontinue with his !an&i&a!"'
@e was ele!te& as 8e:er of the @ouse of
1epresentati%es for a thir& ter' 3his ter shoul&
:e in!lu&e& in the !oputation of the ter liitsH
e%en if C+C &i& not ser%e for a full ter' (1e!or& of
the Constitutional CoissionH Eol' nH p' 292') @e
reaine& a 8e:er of the @ouse of
1epresentati%es e%en if he was suspen&e&'
ARTICLE 6II E7e!ut#e
8epart-e$t
Appo#$t#$3 Po"erB A!t#$3 s. Per-a$e$t
Appo#$t-e$t %)EE<(
No E * 6hat is the nature of an Ca!tin,
appointentC to a ,o%ernent offi!eL -oes su!h
an appointent ,i%e the appointee the ri,ht to
!lai that the appointent willH in tieH ripen into
a peranent oneL /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+!!or&in, to Se%illa %' Court of +ppeals' 209
SC1+ )37 P1992QH an a!tin, appointent is
erel" teporar"' +s hel& in 8aroho:sar %'
+lontoH 19# SC1+ 390 P1991QH a teporar"
appointent !annot :e!oe a peranent
appointentH unless a new appointent whi!h is
peranent is a&e' 3his hol&s true unless the
a!tin, appointent was a&e :e!ause of a
teporar" %a!an!"' 5n su!h a !aseH the teporar"
appointee hol&s offi!e until the assuption of
offi!e :" the peranent appointee'
A$$ointing Po1er5 ad interi+ a$$oint+ent%
619917
No' 3: * An 3 8a" 1992H while Con,ress is on a
short re!ess for the ele!tionsH the presi&ent
appoints 1enato &e Sil%a to the ranD of $eneral
(#*star) in the +re& For!es' She also &esi,nates
hi as Chief of Staff of the +FP' @e ie&iatel"
taDes his oath an& assues that offi!eH with the
ranD of #*star $eneral of the +FP'
6hen Con,ress resues its session on 17 8a"
1992H the Coission on +ppointents infors
the Affi!e of the Presi&ent that it has re!ei%e&
fro her offi!e onl" the appointent of -e Sil%a to
the ranD of #*star $eneral an& that unless his
appointent to the Affi!e of the Chief of Staff of
the +FP is also su:itte&H the Coission will not
a!t on the atter'
3he Presi&ent aintains that she has su:itte&
to the Coission all that the Constitution !alls
for'
(a) 6ho is !orre!tL
(:) -i& $en' &e Sil%a %iolate the Constitution in
ie&iatel" assuin, offi!e prior to a
!onfiration of his appointentL
(!) +re the appointent an& &esi,nation %ali&L
21
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(a) 3he Presi&ent is !orre!t' <n&er Presi&ential
-e!ree No' 3)0H the ,ra&e of four*star ,eneral is
!onferre& onl" upon the Chief of Staff' @en!eH the
appointent of 1enato &e Sil%a as a four*star
,eneral ust :e &eee& to !arr" with it his
appointent as Chief of Staff of the +FPH
(:) $en' 1enato &e Sil%a &i& not %iolate the
Constitution when he ie&iatel" assue& offi!e
:efore the !onfiration of his appointentH sin!e
his appointent was an a& interi appointent'
<n&er +rti!le E5 5H Se!' 1) of the ConstitutionH su!h
appointent is ie&iatel" effe!ti%e an& is su:;e!t
onl" to &isappro%al :" the Coission on
+ppointents or as a result of the ne0t a&;ournent
of the Con,ress'
(!) 3he appointent an& &esi,nation of $en' &e
Sil%a are %ali& for reasons ,i%en a:o%e' @owe%erH
fro another point of %iew the" are not %ali&
:e!ause the" were a&e within the perio& of the
:an for aDin, appointents' <n&er +rti!le E55H
Se!' 12 the Presi&ent is prohi:ite& fro aDin,
appointents within the perio& of two (2) onths
pre!e&in, the ele!tion for Presi&ent an& Ei!e
Presi&ent' 3he appointent in this !ase will :e
a&e on 8a" 3H 1992 whi!h is ;ust 8 &a"s awa"
fro the ele!tion for Presi&ent an& Ei!e Presi&ent
on 8a" 11H 1992' For this reason the appointent
an& &esi,nation of $en' &e Sil%a are after all
in%ali&'
PNote: 8a" 3H 1991 an& 8a" 17H 1992 are
Sun&a"s' @owe%er the Coittee fin&s no
rele%an!e in the fa!t that these are holi&a"s an&
therefore &e!i&e& to i,nore this fa!t'Q
A$$ointing Po1er5 Ad Interi+ A$$oint+ent%
6199;7
No' 1); 5n -e!e:er 1988H while Con,ress was in
re!essH + was e0ten&e& an a& interi
appointent as 9ri,a&ier $eneral of the
Philippine +r"H in Fe:ruar" 1989' 6hen
Con,ress was in sessionH 9 was noinate& as
9ri,a&ier $eneral of the Philippine +r"' 9Bs
noination was !onfire& on +u,ust 2H 1989
while +Bs appointent was !onfire& on
Septe:er 2H 1989' 6ho is &eee& ore senior
of the twoH + or 9L Suppose Con,ress a&;ourne&
without the
Coission on +ppointents a!tin, on
:oth appointentsH !an + an& 9 retain their
ori,inal ranDs of !olonelL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1) + is senior to 9' 5n a!!or&an!e with the rulin,
in Suers %s' A=aeta' 81 Phil' 72#H the a&
interi appointent e0ten&e& to + is peranent
an& is effe!ti%e upon his a!!eptan!e althou,h it is
su:;e!t to !onfiration :" the Coission on
+ppointents'
2) 5f Con,ress a&;ourne& without the appointents
of + an& 9 ha%in, :een !onfire& :" the
Coission on +ppointentsH + !annot return to
his ol& position' +s hel& in Suers %s' (=aetaH
81 Phil' 72#H :" a!!eptin, an a& interi
appointent to a new positionH + wai%e& his ri,ht
to hol& his ol& position' An the other han&H sin!e 9
&i& not assue the new positionH he retaine& his
ol& position'
A$$ointing Po1er5 A$$oint+ent% ReF-iring
Con#ir+ation5 RA ?97A<Un"on%tit-tiona 689987
No E * An -e!e:er 13H 1990H the Presi&ent
si,ne& into law 1epu:li! +!t No' )972
(su:se?uentl" aen&e& :" 1+ No' 8221) !reatin,
the -epartent of 5nterior an& 7o!al $o%ernent'
Se!tions 2) an& 31 of the law pro%i&e that senior
offi!ers of the Philippine National Poli!e (PNP)H
fro Senior Superinten&entH Chief Superinten&entH
-eput" -ire!tor $eneral to -ire!tor $eneral or
Chief of PNP shallH aon, othersH :e appointe& :"
the Presi&ent su:;e!t to !onfiration :" the
Coission on +ppointents'
5n 1991 the Presi&ent proote& Chief
Superinten&ent 1o:erto 8atapan, an& Senior
Superinten&ent Conra&o 8ahi,pit to the positions of
-ire!tor an& Chief Superinten&ent of the PNPH
respe!ti%el"' 3heir appointents were in a
peranent !apa!it"' 6ithout un&er,oin,
!onfiration :" the Coission on +ppointentsH
8atapan, an& 8ahi,pit tooD their oath of offi!e an&
assue& their respe!ti%e positions' 3hereafterH the
-epartent of 9u&,et an& 8ana,eent authori=e&
&is:urseents for their salaries an& other
eoluents'
>uan 9anta" file& a ta0pa"erBs suit ?uestionin, the
le,alit" of the appointents an& &is:urseents
a&e' 9anta" ar,ues that the appointents are
in%ali& inasu!h as the sae ha%e not :een
!onfire& :" the Coission on +ppointentsH as
re?uire& un&er Se!tions 2) an& 31 of 1'+' No'
)972'
-eterine with reasons the le,alit" of the
appointents an& the &is:urseents for salaries
:" &is!ussin, the !onstitutional %ali&it" of Se!tions
2) an& 31 of 1'+' No' )972' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he appointents of 8atapan, an& 8ahi,pit are
%ali& e%en if the" were not !onfire& :" the
Coission on +ppointentsH :e!ause the" are
not aon, the pu:li! offi!ials whose appointents
are re?uire& to :e !onfire& :" the first senten!e
of +rti!le E55H Se!tion 1) of the Constitution'
+!!or&in, to 8analo %' Sisto=aH 312 SC1+ 239
(1999)H Se!tions 2) an& 31 of 1epu:li! +!t )972
are un!onstitutionalH :e!ause Con,ress !annot :"
law e0pan& the list of pu:li! offi!ials re?uire& to :e
!onfire& :" the Coission on +ppointents'
Sin!e the appointents of 8atapan, an& 8ahi,pit
are %ali&H the &is:urseents of their salaries an&
eoluents are %ali&'
A$$ointing Po1er5 Categorie% o# O##i"ia%
619997
+' 1') 6hat are the si0 !ate,ories of offi!ials
who are su:;e!t to the appointin, power of the
Presi&entL (2N)
2') Nae the !ate,or" or !ate,ories of offi!ials
whose appointents nee& !onfiration :" the
Coission on +ppointentsL (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
<n&er Se!tion 1)H +rti!le E55 of the ConstitutionH
the si0 !ate,ories of offi!ials who are su:;e!t to
the appointin, power of the Presi&ent are the
followin,:
1 @ea& of e0e!uti%e &epartents;
2 +:assa&orsH other pu:li! inisters an&
!onsuls;
3 Affi!ers of the are& for!es fro the ranD of
!olonel or na%al !aptain;
# Ather offi!ers whose appointents are %este&
in hi :" the Constitution;
2 +ll other offi!ers of the ,o%ernent whose
appointents are not otherwise pro%i&e& :" law; an&
) 3hose who he a" :e authori=e& :" law to
appoint' (Cru=H Philippine Politi!al 7awH 1998 e&'H pp'
20#*202)
22
(I+ is s*gges+ed +-a+ i) +-e e>a0inee )o''o&ed +-e
c'assi)ica+ion in 7ar0ien+o /. Aison( 15% 7CRA 5,9
and na0ed on'y )o*r ca+egories( beca*se -e
co0bined +-e )irs+ +-ree ca+egories in+o one( -e be
gi/en )*'' credi+.)
2') +!!or&in, to Sariento %' 8isonH 12) SC1+ 2#9H the onl"
offi!ers whose appointents nee&
!onfiration :" the Coission on +ppointents are the hea& of
e0e!uti%e &epartentsH
a:assa&orsH other pu:li! inisters an&
!onsulsH offi!ers of the are& for!es fro the
ranD of
!olonel or na%al !aptainH an& other offi!ials
whose appointents are
%este& in the Presi&ent :" the Constitution'
A$$ointing Po1er5 Cind% o# A$$oint+ent%
6199;7
6hen is an appointent in the !i%il ser%i!e
peranentL -istin,uish :etween an
Cappointent in an
a!tin, !apa!it"C e0ten&e& :" a -epartent
Se!retar" fro an a& interi appointent
e0ten&e& :" the Presi&ent' -istin,uish :etween a
pro%isional an& a
teporar" appointent' SU22ESTE!
ANS4ER: 1) <n&er Se!tion 22(a) of the Ci%il
Ser%i!e -e!reeH an appointent in the !i%il
ser%i!e is P/18+N/N3 when issue& to a person
who eets all the re?uireents for the position to
whi!h he is :ein, appointe&H in!lu&in, the
appropriate eli,i:ilit" pres!ri:e&H in a!!or&an!e
with the pro%isions of lawH rules an& stan&ar&s
proul,ate& in pursuan!e thereof'
2) +n appointent in an +C35N$ C+P+C53O
e0ten&e& :" a -epartent Se!retar" is not
peranent :ut teporar"' @en!eH the -epartent
Se!retar" a" terinate the ser%i!es of the
appointee at an" tie' An the other han&H an +-
5N3/158 +PPA5N38/N3 e0ten&e& :" the
Presi&ent is an appointent whi!h is su:;e!t to
!onfiration :" the Coission on +ppointents
an& was a&e &urin, the re!ess of Con,ress' +s
hel& in Suers %s' (=aetaH 81 Phil' 72#H an a&
interi appointent is peranent'
3) 5n Se!tion 2# (&) of the Ci%il Ser%i!e +!t of
1929H a 3/8PA1+1O +PPA5N38/N3 is one
issue& to a person to a position nee&e& onl" for a
liite& perio& not e0!ee&in, si0 onths' <n&er
Se!tion 22(:) of the Ci%il Ser%i!e -e!reeH a
teporar" appointent is one issue& to a person
who eets all the re?uireents for the position to
whi!h he is :ein, appointe& e0!ept the
appropriate !i%il ser%i!e eli,i:ilit" :e!ause of the
a:sen!e of appropriate eli,i:les an& it is
ne!essar" in the pu:li! 5nterest to fill the %a!an!"'
An the other han&' Se!tion 2#(e) of the Ci%il
Ser%i!e +!t of 1929 &efine& a P1AE5S5AN+7
+PPA5N38/N3 as one 5ssue& upon the prior
authori=ation of the Ci%il Ser%i!e Coission in
a!!or&an!e with its pro%isions an& the rules an&
stan&ar&s proul,ate& in pursuan!e thereto to a
person who has not ?ualifie& in an appropriate
e0aination :ut who otherwise eets the
re?uireents for appointent to a re,ular position
in the !opetiti%e ser%i!eH whene%er a %a!an!"
o!!urs an& the fillin, thereof is ne!essar" in the
interest of the ser%i!e an& there is no appropriate
re,ister of eli,i:les at the tie of appointent'
Pro%isional appointents in ,eneral ha%e alrea&"
:een a:olishe& :" 1epu:li! +!t )0#0' @owe%erH it
still applies with re,ar& to tea!hers un&er the
8a,na Carta for Pu:li! S!hool 3ea!hers'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
3he !ase of 1e,is %s' AsenaH 197 SC1+ 308H
lai& &own the &istin!tion :etween a pro%isional
an& a teporar" appointent'
+ P1AE5S5AN+7 +PPA5N38/N3 is e0ten&e& to
a person who has not ?ualifie& in an appropriate
e0aination :ut who otherwise eets the
re?uireents for appointent to a re,ular position
in the !opetiti%e ser%i!e whene%er a %a!an!"
o!!urs an& the fillin, thereof is ne!essar" in the
interest of the ser%i!e an& there is no appropriate
re,ister of eli,i:le at the tie of the appointent'
An the other han&H a 3/8PA1+1O
+PPA5N38/N3 ,i%en to a non*!i%il ser%i!e
eli,i:le is without a &efinite tenure an& is
&epen&ent on the pleasure of the appointin,
power'
+ pro%isional appointent is ,oo& onl" until
repla!eent :" a !i%il ser%i!e eli,i:le an& in no
!ase :e"on& 30 &a"s fro &ate of re!eipt :" the
appointin, offi!er of the !ertifi!ate of eli,i:ilit"'
(Se!' 2# P!W' 1epu:li! +!t 22)0)'
+ pro%isional appointent !onteplates a &ifferent
situation fro that of a teporar" appointent'
6hereas a teporar" appointent is &esi,ne& to fill
a position nee&e& onl" for a liite& perio& not
e0!ee&in, si0 ()) onthsH a pro%isional appointentH
on the other han&H is inten&e& for the !ontin,en!"
that Ca %a!an!" o!!urs an& the fillin, thereof is
ne!essar" in the interest of the ser%i!e an& there is
no appropriate re,ister of eli,i:les at the tie of the
appointent'C
5n other wor&sH the reason for e0ten&in, a
pro%isional appointent is not :e!ause there is
an o!!asional worD to :e &one an& is e0pe!te&
to :e finishe& in not ore than si0 onths :ut
:e!ause the interest of the ser%i!e re?uires that
!ertain worD :e &one :" a re,ular eplo"eeH onl"
that no one with appropriate eli,i:ilit" !an :e
appointe& to it' @en!eH an" other eli,i:le a" :e
appointe& to &o su!h worD in the eantie that a
suita:le eli,i:le &oes not ?ualif" for the position'
3o :e ore pre!iseH a pro%isional appointent
a" :e e0ten&e& onl" to a person who has not
?ualifie& in an appropriate e0aination :ut who
otherwise eets the re?uireents for appointent
to a re,ular position in the !opetiti%e ser%i!eH
eanin, one who ust an" wa" :e a !i%il ser%i!e
eli,i:le'
5n the !ase of a teporar" appointentH all that the
law en;oins is that Cpreferen!e in fillin, su!h
position :e ,i%en to persons on appropriate eli,i:le
lists'C 8erel" ,i%in, preferen!e presupposes that
e%en a non*eli,i:le a" :e appointe&' <n&er the
lawH e%en if the appointee has the re?uire& !i%il
ser%i!e eli,i:ilit"H his appointent is still teporar"
sipl" :e!ause su!h is the nature of the worD to
:e &one'
NA3/: Sin!e pro%isional appointents ha%e
alrea&" :een a:olishe& e0ainees shoul& :e
,i%en full !re&it for whate%er answer the" a"
or a" not ,i%e'
A$$ointing Po1er5 Li+itation% on Pre%identia
A$$oint+ent% 619977
No' 7: + onth :efore a forth!oin, ele!tionH C+C
one of the in!u:ent Coissioners of the
CA8/7/CH &ie& while in offi!e an& C9CH another
CoissionerH suffere& a se%ere stroDe' 5n %iew
of the pro0iit" of the ele!tions an& to a%oi&
paral"=ation in the CA8/7/CH the Presi&ent who
was not runnin, for an" offi!eH appointe&
Coissioner C of the Coission on +u&itH
who was not a law"er :ut a !ertifie& pu:li!
a!!ountant :" professionH a& interi
Coissioner to su!!ee& Coissioner + an&
&esi,nate& :" wa" of a teporar" easure'
+sso!iate >usti!e - of the Court of +ppeals as
a!tin, +sso!iate Coissioner &urin, the
a:sen!e of Coissioner 9'
-i& the Presi&ent &o the ri,ht thin, in e0ten&in,
su!h a& interi appointent in fa%or of
Coissioner C an& &esi,natin, >usti!e - a!tin,
Coissioner of the CA8/7/CL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
No' 3he Presi&ent was wron, in e0ten&in, an a&
interi appointent in fa%or of Coissioner C' 5n
Suers %s' A=aetaH 81 Phil' 72#H it was hel& that
an a& interi appointent is a peranent
appointent'
<n&er Se!tion 12H +rti!le E55 of the ConstitutionH
within two onths ie&iatel" :efore the ne0t
presi&ential ele!tions an& up to the en& of his
terH the Presi&ent !annot aDe peranent
appointents' 3he &esi,nation of >usti!e - as
a!tin, +sso!iate Coissioner is also in%ali&'
Se!tion 1(2)' +rti!le 5M*C of the Constitution
prohi:its the &esi,nation of an" Coissioner of
the CA8/7/C in a teporar" or a!tin, !apa!it"'
Se!tion 12H +rti!le E555 of the Constitution prohi:its
the &esi,nation of an" e:er of the >u&i!iar" to
an" a,en!" perforin, ?uasi*;u&i!ial or
a&inistrati%e fun!tions'
A$$ointing Po1er%5 Ad Interi+ A$$oint+ent%
6>;<899A7
(1) 5n 8ar!h 2001H while Con,ress was
a&;ourne&H the Presi&ent appointe& Santos as
Chairan of the CA8/7/C' Santos ie&iatel"
tooD his oath an& assue& offi!e' 6hile his
appointent was proptl" su:itte& to the
Coission on +ppointents for !onfirationH it
was not a!te& upon an& Con,ress a,ain
a&;ourne&' 5n >une 2001H the Presi&ent e0ten&e& a
se!on& a& interi appointent to Santos for the
sae position with the sae terH an& this
appointent was a,ain su:itte& to the
Coission on +ppointents for !onfiration'
Santos tooD his oath anew an& perfore& the
fun!tions of his offi!e'
1e"esH a politi!al ri%alH file& a suit assailin,
!ertain or&ers issue& :" Santos' @e also
?uestione& the %ali&it" of SantosB appointent'
1esol%e the followin, issues: (2N)
(a) -oes SantosB assuption of offi!e on the
:asis of the a& interi appointents issue& :"
the Presi&ent aount to a teporar"
appointent whi!h is prohi:ite& :" Se!tion
1(2)H +rti!le 5M*C of the ConstitutionL
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
NoH SantosB appointent &oes not aount to a
teporar" appointent' +n a& interi appointent
is a peranent appointent :e!ause it taDes effe!t
ie&iatel" an& !an no lon,er :e with&rawn :"
the Presi&ent on!e the appointee has ?ualifie& into
offi!e' 3he fa!t that it is su:;e!t to !onfiration :"
the Coission on +ppointents &oes not alter its
peranent !hara!ter' 3he Constitution itself aDes
an a& interi appointent peranent in !hara!ter
:" aDin, it effe!ti%e until &isappro%e& :" the
Coission on +ppointents or until the ne0t
a&;ournent of Con,ress' + teporar" or a!tin,
appointee &oes not en;o" an" se!urit" of tenureH
no atter how :riefl"' (8ati:a, %' 9enipa"oH $'1'
No' 1#903)H +pril 2H 2002)
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
+n a& interi appointent is a peranent
appointent an& &oes not %iolate Se!tion 1(2)H
+rti!le 5M*C of the Constitution' (Paantasan n,
7un,so& n, 8a"nila %' 5+CH $'1' No' 7)2#39H
No%e:er 13H1982)
(:) +ssuin, the le,alit" of the first a& interi
appointent an& assuption of offi!e :"
SantosH were his se!on& a& interi
appointent an& su:se?uent assuption of
offi!e to the sae position %iolations of the
prohi:ition on reappointent un&er Se!tion
1(2)H +rti!le 5M*C of the ConstitutionL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
NoH the se!on& a& interi appointent an&
su:se?uent assuption of offi!e &oes not %iolate
the Constitution' 3he prohi:ition on reappointent
in Se!tion 1(2)H +rti!le 5M*C of the Constitution
&oes not appl" to :"*passe& a& interi
appointents' 5t !an :e re%i%e& :" a new a&
interi appointent :e!ause there is no final
&isappro%al un&er Se!tion 1)H +rti!le E55 of the
ConstitutionH an& su!h new appointent will not
result in the appointee ser%in, :e"on& the fi0e&
ter of se%en "ears' 3he phrase Cwithout
reappointentC applies onl" to one who has :een
appointe& :" the Presi&ent an& !onfire& :" the
Coission on +ppointentsH whether or not
su!h person !opletes his ter of offi!e' 3o hol&
otherwise will lea& to a:sur&ities an& ne,ate the
Presi&entBs power to aDe a& interi
appointents' (8ati:a, %' 9enipa"oH $'1' No'
1#903)H +pril 2H 2002)
Cabinet 0e+ber%5 i+itation on a""e$ting
additiona d-tie% 6199?7
199) No' 7: Can the Se!retar" of Finan!e :e
ele!te& Chairan of the 9oar& of -ire!tors of
the San 8i,uel CorporationL /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
NoH the Se!retar" of Finan!e !annot :e ele!te&
Chairan of the 9oar& of -ire!tors of the San
8i,uel Corporation' <n&er Se!tion 13H +rti!le E55
of the ConstitutionH e:ers of the Ca:inet
!annot hol& an" other offi!e or eplo"ent
&urin, their tenure unless it is otherwise pro%i&e&
in the Constitution' 3he" shall not also &urin,
sai& tenure parti!ipate in an" :usiness or :e
finan!iall" intereste& in an" !ontra!t withH or in
an" fran!hiseH or spe!ial pri%ile,e ,rante& :" the
$o%ernent or an"
su:&i%isionH a,en!" or instruentalit" thereofH
in!lu&in, ,o%ernent*owne& or !ontrolle&
!orporations or their su:si&iaries' 3he" shall
stri!tl" a%oi& !onfli!t of interest in the !on&u!t of
their offi!e'
Caing<o-t Po1er5 Pre%ident 6>1<899?7
1' 6hat &o "ou ean :" the CCallin,*out
PowerC of the Presi&ent un&er Se!tion 18H +rti!le
E55 of the ConstitutionL (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
<n&er +rti!le E55H Se!' 18 of the 1987
ConstitutionH whene%er it :e!oes ne!essar"H the
Presi&entH as Coan&er*in*ChiefH a" !all out
the are& for!es to ai& hi in pre%entin, or
suppressin, lawless %iolen!eH in%asion or
re:ellion (-a%i& %' +rro"oH $'1' No' 17139)H 8a"
3H 200))'
!e"aration5 State o# Caa+ity5 Lega E##e"t%
6>1<899A7
(:) 3o ,i%e the u!h nee&e& help to the
Pro%in!e of +urora whi!h was &e%astate& :"
t"phoons an& torrential rainsH the Presi&ent
&e!lare& it in a Cstate of !alait"'C $i%e at least
four (#) le,al effe!ts of su!h &e!laration' (#N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
-e!laration of a state of !alait" pro&u!esH inter
aliaH these le,al effe!ts within the Pro%in!e of
+urora R
1' +utoati! Pri!e Control R un&er 1'+'
No' 7281H 3he Pri!e +!t;
2' +uthori=ation for the iportation of ri!e
un&er 1'+' No' 8178H 3he +,ri!ultural
3arrifi!ation +!t;
3' +utoati! appropriation un&er 1'+' No'
71)0 is a%aila:le for unforeseen e0pen&itures
arisin, fro the o!!urren!e of !alaities in areas
&e!lare& to :e in a state of !alait";
#' 7o!al ,o%ernent units a" ena!t a
suppleental :u&,et for supplies an& aterials or
pa"ent of ser%i!es to pre%ent &an,er to or loss
of life or propert"H un&er
1'+' No' 71)0;
2' /ntitleent to ha=ar& allowan!e for Pu:li!
@ealth 6orDers (un&er 1'+' No' 7302H 8a,na
Carta for Pu:li! @ealth 6orDers)H who shall :e
!opensate& ha=ar& allowan!es e?ui%alent to at
least twent"*fi%e per!ent (22N) of the onthl"
:asi! salar" of health worDers re!ei%in, salar"
,ra&e 19 an& :elowH an& fi%e per!ent (2N) for
health worDers with salar" ,ra&e 20 an& a:o%e;
)' /ntitleent to ha=ar& allowan!e for
s!ien!e an& te!hnolo,i!al personnel of the
,o%ernent un&er 1'+' No' 8#39; an&
7' + !rie !oitte& &urin, the state of
!alait" will :e !onsi&ere& a,,ra%ate& un&er +rt'
1#H par' 7 of the 1e%ise& Penal Co&e'
!e"aration5 State o# Nationa E+ergen"y 6>1<
899?7
2' An Fe:ruar" 2#H 200)H Presi&ent $loria
8a!apa,al*+rro"o issue& Pro!laation No' 1017
&e!larin, a state of national eer,en!"' 5s this
Pro!laation !onstitutionalL /0plain' (2'2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he pro!laation is !onstitutional insofar as it
!onstitutes a !all :" the Presi&ent for the +FP to
pre%ent or suppress lawless %iolen!e as this is
sustaine& :" Se!tion 18H +rti!le E55 of the
Constitution'
@owe%erH PP 1017Bs pro%isions ,i%in, the
Presi&ent e0press or iplie& power (1) to issue
&e!rees; (2) to &ire!t the +FP to enfor!e
o:e&ien!e to all laws e%en those not relate& to
lawless %iolen!e as well as &e!rees proul,ate&
:" the Presi&ent; an& (3) to ipose stan&ar&s on
e&ia or an" for of prior restraint on the pressH
are ultra %ires an& un!onstitutional' 7iDewiseH
un&er Se!tion 17H +rti!le M55 of the ConstitutionH
the Presi&entH in the a:sen!e of le,islationH !annot
taDe o%er pri%atel"*owne& pu:li! utilities an&
:usinesses affe!te& with the pu:li! interest (-a%i&
%' +rro"oH $'1' No' 17139)H 8a" 3H 200))'
3' -urin, the effe!ti%it" of this Pro!laationH
$enerH 7ito an& 9on, were arreste& :" the poli!e
for a!ts of terroris' 5s the arrest le,alL /0plain'
(2'2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he arrestH apparentl" &one without a %ali&
warrantH is ille,al' @owe%erH a warrantless arrest
woul& :e %ali& if those a!!use& are !au,ht
!oittin, !ries en fla,rante &eli!to' An the
other han&H if the arrest is a&e pursuant to a
%ali& warrantH then it is lawful' 3he ter Ca!ts of
terrorisC has not :een le,all" &efine& an& a&e
punisha:le :" Con,ress' No law has :een
ena!te& to ,ui&e the law enfor!eent a,entsH
an& e%entuall" the !ourtsH to &eterine the liits
in aDin, arrests for the !oission of sai& a!ts
of terroris (-a%i& %' +rro"oH $'1' No' 17139)H
8a" 3H 200))'
Enter into Contra"t or 2-arantee Foreign
Loan% 6199;7
No' 13: 3he Presi&ent of the Philippines
authori=e& the Se!retar" of Pu:li! 6orDs an&
@i,hwa"s to ne,otiate an& si,n a loan a,reeent
with the $eran $o%ernent for
the !onstru!tion of a &a' 3he SenateH :" a
resolutionH asDe& that the a,reeent :e su:itte&
to it for ratifi!ation' 3he Se!retar" of Forei,n
+ffairs a&%ise& the Se!retar" of Pu:li! 6orDs an&
@i,hwa"s not to !opl" with the re?uest of the
Senate' 2) 5s the Presi&ent :oun& to su:it the
a,reeent to the Senate for ratifi!ationL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
NoH the Presi&ent is not :oun& to su:it the
a,reeent to the Senate for ratifi!ation' <n&er
Se!tion 20H +rti!le E55 of the ConstitutionH onl" the
prior !on!urren!e of the 8onetar" 9oar& is
re?uire& for the Presi&ent to !ontra!t forei,n
loans on :ehalf of the 1epu:li! of the Philippines'
Enter into Contra"t or 2-arantee Foreign
Loan% 619997
No 5 * 6hat are the restri!tions pres!ri:e& :" the
Constitution on the power of the Presi&ent to
!ontra!t or ,uarantee forei,n loans on :ehalf of
the 1epu:li! of the PhilippinesL /0plain' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
the power of the Presi&ent to !ontra!t or
,uarantee loans on :ehalf of the 1epu:li! of the
Philippines is su:;e!t to the prior !on!urren!e of
the 8onetar" 9oar& an& su:;e!t to su!h
liitations as a" :e pres!ri:e& :" law'
Enter into E,e"-ti*e Agree+ent% 6899:7
No MM * +n /0e!uti%e +,reeent was e0e!ute&
:etween the Philippines an& a nei,h:orin, State'
3he Senate of the Philippines tooD it upon itself to
pro!ure a !ertifie& true !op" of the /0e!uti%e
+,reeent an&H after &eli:eratin, on itH &e!lare&H
:" a unanious %oteH that the a,reeent was
:oth unwise an& a,ainst the :est interest of the
!ountr"' 5s the /0e!uti%e +,reeent :in&in, (a)
fro the stan&point of Philippine law an& (:) fro
the stan&point of international lawL /0plain
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(a) Fro the stan&point of Philippine lawH the
/0e!uti%e +,reeent is :in&in,' +!!or&in, to
Coissioner of Custos %' /astern Sea
3ra&in,' 3 SC1+ 321 P19)1QH the Presi&ent !an
enter into an /0e!uti%e +,reeent without the
ne!essit" of !on!urren!e :" the Senate'
(:) 3he /0e!uti%e +,reeent is also :in&in,
fro the stan&point of international law'''
I+$o%e Tari## Rate%3 I+$ort and E,$ort
>-ota% 619997
No 5 * 6hat are the liitationsIrestri!tions
pro%i&e& :" the Constitution on the power of
Con,ress to authori=e the Presi&ent to fi0 tariff
ratesH iport an& e0port ?uotasH tonna,e an&
wharfa,e &ues' /0plain' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+!!or&in, to Se!tion 28(2)H +rti!le E5 of the
ConstitutionH Con,ress a"H :" lawH authori=e the
Presi&ent to fi0 within spe!ifie& liitsH an& su:;e!t
to su!h liitations an& restri!tions it a" iposeH
tariff ratesH iport an& e0port ?uotasH tonna,e an&
wharfa,e &ues an& other &uties or iposts within
the fraeworD of the national &e%elopent
pro,ra of the $o%ernent'
0artia La1 B S-%$en%ion o# 4rit o# Habea%
Cor$-% 619877
No' ME55: Ane of the features of the ,o%ernent
esta:lishe& un&er the 1987 Constitution is the
restoration of the prin!iple of !he!Ds an&
:alan!es' 3his is espe!iall" noteworth" in the
Coan&er*in*Chief powers of the Presi&ent
whi!h su:stantiall" affe!ts what was st"le& un&er
the past &ispensation as the C!ali:rate&
responseC to national eer,en!iesH
(a) -is!uss full" the pro%isions of the 1987
ConstitutionH ,i%in, the s!opeH liits an& the role
of the prin!iple of !he!Ds an& :alan!es on the
Presi&entBs e0er!ise of the power:
1 3o suspen& the pri%ile,e of the writ of
ha:eas !orpus
2 Pro!laation of artial law'
23
(:) Consi&erin, the pressin, pro:les of
insur,en!"H re:el a!ti%itiesH li:eration o%eents
an& terrorist %iolen!eH whi!h in "our !onsi&ere&
opinion aon, the options a%aila:le to the
Presi&ent as Coan&er*in*Chief woul& :e the
ost effe!ti%e in eetin, the eer,en!ies :" the
nationL /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(a) 3he Presi&entBs power to suspen& the pri%ile,e
of the writ of ha:eas !orpus an& to pro!lai
artial law is su:;e!t to se%eral !he!Ds :"
Con,ress an& :" the Supree Court' 3he
Presi&ent is re?uire& to report to Con,ress within
#8 hours his a!tion in &e!larin, artial law or
suspen&in, the pri%ile,e of the writH an& Con,ress
is in turn re?uire& to !on%eneH if it is not in
sessionH within 2# hours followin, the
pro!laation of artial law or the suspension of
the pri%ile,e without nee& of an" !allH in
a!!or&an!e with its rules' 3he pro!laation of
artial law or suspension of the writ is effe!ti%e
for )0 &a"s onl"H :ut Con,ress !an !ut short its
effe!ti%it" :" re%oDin, the pro!laation :" the
%ote of at least a a;orit" of
all its e:ersH %otin,H ;ointl"' +n" e0tension of
the pro!laation of artial law or suspension of
the writ !an onl" :e ,rante& :" Con,ress whi!h
will &eterine also the perio& of su!h e0tension'
An the other han&H the Supree Court e0er!ises a
!he!D on /0e!uti%e a!tion in the for of ;u&i!ial
re%iew at the instan!e of an" !iti=en' 3he
Constitution e:o&ies in this respe!t the rulin, in
$ar!ia %' 7ansan,H #2 SC1+ ##8 (1971) that the
Court !an &eterine the suffi!ien!" of the fa!tual
:asis of the pro!laation of artial law or the
suspension of the pri%ile,e or the e0tension
thereof not for the purpose of supplantin, the
;u&,ent of the Presi&ent :ut to &eterine
whether the latter &i& not a!t ar:itraril"' 5n&ee&H
+rt' E555H Se!' 1 iposes upon the !ourts the &ut"
of &eterinin, whether or not there has :een
,ra%e a:use of &is!retion aountin, to la!D or
e0!ess of ;uris&i!tion on the part of the other
:ran!hes of the ,o%ernentH in this !aseH the
Presi&ent'
3he Presi&ent !annotH :" eans of the
pro!laation of artial lawH suspen& the
Constitution or supplant the !ourts an& the
le,islature' Neither !an he authori=e the trial of
!i%ilians :" ilitar" tri:unals so lon, as !ourts are
open an& fun!tionin,H thus o%errulin, the !ase of
+?uino %' 8ilitar" Coission No' 2H )3 SC1+
2#) (1972)' @is pro!laation of artial law &oes
not !arr" with it the suspension of the writ of
ha:eas !orpusH so that the &e!ision on +?uino %'
Pon!e /nrileH 29 SC1+ 183 (1973) is now
o%errule&' Nor &oes the suspension of the writ
&epri%e !ourts of their power to a&it persons to
:ailH where proper' 3he Constitution thus
o%errules the !ases of $ar!ia*Pa&illa %' Pon!e
/nrileH 121 SC1+ #72 (1983) an& 8orales %'
Pon!e /nrile' 121 SC1+ 238 (1983)'
(:) 3he Presi&ent has three options: (1) 3A C+77
A<3 the are& for!es to pre%ent or suppress
lawless %iolen!eH in%asion or re:ellion; (2) 3A
S<SP/N- the pri%ile,e of the writ of ha:eas
!orpus or (3) 3A P1AC7+58 artial law' 3he last
two options !an :e resorte& to onl" in !ases of
in%asion or re:ellion when pu:li! safet" re?uires
either the supension of the pri%ile,e or the
pro!laation of artial law'
5t is su:itte& that the ost effe!ti%e eans of
eetin, the !urrent eer,en!" whi!h is :rou,ht
a:out :" re:ellionH li:eration
o%eentsH an& terroris is to sipl" !all out
the are& for!es for the followin, reasons: 1)
the e0i,en!ies to :e et are not solel"
those !ause& :" in%asion or re:ellion :ut
terroris an& other !ries'
2) Suspension of the pri%ile,e will onl" :e
for a liite& perio& an& then the perio& of
retention is liite& to 3 &a"s whi!h a" not reall"
:e effe!ti%e' An the other han&H pu:li! !riti!is of
the a!tion a" onl" ero&e the Presi&entBs
authorit"'
3) 3here is pra!ti!all" little &ifferen!eH as far
as the a:ilit" of the Presi&ent to eet an
eer,en!" is !on!erne&H :etween option 1H on
the other han&H the options 2 an& 3'
3he Presi&ent a" well taDe !ofort in the
followin, thou,ht: C$o%ernent of liite& power
nee& not :e anei! ,o%ernent' +ssuran!e that
ri,hts are se!ure ten&s to &iinish fear an&
;ealous" of stron, ,o%ernentH an&H :" aDin,
us feel safe to li%e un&er it aDes for its :etter
support'C (6est Es' State 9r&' of /&u!' %'
9arnetteH 319 <'S' )2# (19#3))
0artia La15 Li+itation% 689997
No ME55' -e!larin, a re:ellionH hostile ,roups
ha%e opene& an& aintaine& are& !onfli!ts on
the 5slan&s of Sulu an& 9asilan' a) 3o ?uell thisH
!an the Presi&ent pla!e un&er
artial law the islan&s of Sulu an& 9asilanL
$i%e "our reasonsL (3N)
:) 6hat are the !onstitutional safe,uar&s
on the e0er!ise of the Presi&entBs power to
pro!lai artial lawL (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
a) 5f pu:li! safet" re?uires itH the Presi&ent !an
pla!e Sulu an& 9asilan un&er artial law sin!e
there is an a!tual re:ellion' <n&er Se!tion 18H
+rti!le E55 of the ConstitutionH the Presi&ent !an
pla!e an" part of the Philippines un&er artial
law in !ase of re:ellionH when pu:li! safet"
re?uires it'
:) 3he followin, are the !onstitutional safe,uar&s
on the e0er!ise of the power of the Presi&ent to
pro!lai artial law: a) 3here ust :e a!tual
in%asion or re:ellion; :) 3he &uration of the
pro!laation shall not
e0!ee& si0t" &a"s:
!) 6ithin fort"*ei,ht hoursH the Presi&ent
shall report his a!tion to Con,ress' 5f Con,ress
is not in sessionH it ust !on%ene within twent"*
four hours;
&) Con,ress a" :" a;orit" %ote of all its
e:ers %otin, >ointl" re%oDe the pro!laationH
an& the Presi&ent !annot set asi&e the re%o!ation;
e) 9" the sae %ote an& in the sae
annerH upon 5nitiati%e of the Presi&entH
Con,ress a" e0ten& the pro!laation 5f the
in%asion or re:ellion !ontinues an& pu:li! safet"
re?uires the e0tension;
f) 3he Supree Court a" re%iew the
fa!tual suffi!ien!" of the pro!laationH an& the
Supree Court ust &e!i&e the !ase within thirt"
&a"s fro the tie it was file&;
,) 8artial law &oes not autoati!all"
suspen& the pri%ile,e of the writ of ha:eas
!orpus or the operation of the Constitution'
h) 5t &oes not supplant the fun!tionin, of the
!i%il !ourts an& of Con,ress' 8ilitar" !ourts ha%e
no >uris&i!tion o%er !i%ilians where !i%il !ourts
are a:le to fun!tion' (Cru=H Philippine Politi!al
7awH 1992 e&'H pp' 21321#')
0artia La15 S-##i"ien"y o# t'e Fa"t-a &a%i%
6>:<899?7
3he Presi&ent issue& a Pro!laation No' 1018
pla!in, the Philippines un&er 8artial 7aw on the
,roun& that a re:ellion sta,e& :" lawless
eleents is en&an,erin, the pu:li! safet"'
Pursuant to the Pro!laationH suspe!te& re:els
were arreste& an& &etaine& an& ilitar" tri:unals
were set up to tr" the' 1o:ert &ela Cru=H a
!iti=enH file& with the Supree Court a petition
?uestionin, the %ali&it" of Pro!laation No' 1018'
1' -oes 1o:ert ha%e a stan&in, to
!hallen,e Pro!laation No' 1018L /0plain' (2'2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: OesH 1o:ert has
stan&in,' <n&er +rti!le E555H Se!tion 17 of the
1987 ConstitutionH the Supree Court a"
re%iewH in an appropriate pro!ee&in, file& :" an"
!iti=enH the suffi!ien!" of the fa!tual :asis of the
pro!laation of artial law' +s !iti=en thereforeH
1o:ert a" file the petition ?uestionin,
Pro!laation No' 1018'
2' 5n the sae suitH the Soli!itor $eneral
!onten&s that un&er the ConstitutionH the Presi&ent
as Coan&er*in*ChiefH &eterines whether the
e0i,en!" has arisen re?uirin, the e0er!ise of his
power to &e!lare 8artial 7aw an& that his
&eterination is !on!lusi%e upon the !ourts' @ow
shoul& the Supree Court ruleL (2'2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he Supree Court shoul& rule that his &eter*
ination is not !on!lusi%e upon the !ourts' 3he
1987 Constitution allows a !iti=enH in an
appropriate pro!ee&in,H to file a petition
?uestionin, the suffi!ien!" of the fa!tual :asis of
sai& pro!laation' 8oreo%erH the power to
suspen& the pri%ile,e of the writ of ha:eas !orpus
an& the power to ipose artial law in%ol%e the
!urtailent an& suppression of !ertain :asi! !i%il
ri,hts an& in&i%i&ual free&osH an& thus
ne!essitate safe,uar&s :" Con,ress an& re%iew
:" the Supree Court (59P %' .aoraH $'1' No'
1#128#H +u,ust 12H 2000)'
3' 3he Soli!itor $eneral ar,ues thatH in an"
e%entH the &eterination of whether the re:ellion
poses &an,er to pu:li! safet" in%ol%es a ?uestion
of fa!t an& the Supree Court is not a trier of
fa!ts' 6hat shoul& :e the rulin, of the CourtL
(2'2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
>u&i!ial power in!lu&es the &ut" of the !ourts of
;usti!e to settle a!tual !ontro%ersies in%ol%in,
ri,hts whi!h are le,all" &ean&a:le an&
enfor!ea:leH an& to &eterine whether or not there
has :een a ,ra%e a:use of &is!retion aountin, to
la!D or e0!ess of ;uris&i!tion on the part of an"
:ran!h or instruentalit" of the $o%ernent (+rt'
EinH Se!' 1H par' 2H1987 Constitution)' 6hen the
,rant of power is ?ualifie&H !on&itional or su:;e!t to
liitationsH the issue of whether the pres!ri:e&
?ualifi!ations or !on&itions ha%e :een et or the
liitations respe!te&H is ;usti!ia:le R the pro:le
:ein, one of le,alit" or %ali&it"H not its wis&o'
+rti!le E55H Se!tion 18 of the 1987 Constitution
spe!ifi!all" ,rants the Supree Court the power
to re%iewH in an appropriate pro!ee&in, file& :"
an" !iti=enH the suffi!ien!" of the fa!tual :asis of
the pro!laation of artial law' 3husH in the
atter of su!h &e!larationH two !on&itions ust
!on!ur: (1) there ust :e an a!tual in%asion or
re:ellion; an& (2) pu:li! safet" ust re?uire it'
3he Supree Court !annot rene,e on its
!onstitutional &ut" to &eterine whether or not
the sai& fa!tual !on&itions e0ist (59P %' .aoraH
$'1' No' 1#128#H +u,ust 12H 2000)'
#' Finall"H the Soli!itor $eneral aintains
that the Presi&ent reporte& to Con,ress su!h
pro!laation of 8artial 7awH :ut Con,ress &i& not
re%oDe the pro!laation' 6hat is the effe!t of the
ina!tion of Con,ress on the suit :rou,ht :"
1o:ert to the Supree CourtL (2'2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he ina!tion of Con,ress has no effe!t on the
suit :rou,ht :" 1o:ert to the Supree Court as
+rti!le E555H Se!tion 18 pro%i&es for !he!Ds on
the Presi&entBs power to &e!lare artial law to
:e e0er!ise& separatel" :" Con,ress an& the
Supree Court' <n&er sai& pro%isionH the
&uration of artial law shall not e0!ee& si0t" &a"s
:ut Con,ress has the power to re%oDe the
pro!laation or e0ten& the perio&' An the other
han&H the Supree Court has the power to re%iew
the sai& pro!laation an& proul,ate its &e!ision
thereon within thirt" &a"s fro its filin, (+rti!le
E555H Se!tion 18)'
Pardoning Po1er5 A+ne%ty 6199:7
No 20: * 3he National <nifi!ation Coission
has re!oen&e& the ,rant of a:solute an&
un!on&itional anest" to all re:els' 3here is the
%iew that it is not ne!essar" for the re:els to
a&it the !oission of the !rie !har,e&H it
:ein, enou,h that the offense falls within the
s!ope of the anest" pro!laation followin, the
&o!trine lai& &own in 9arrio?uinto %s' Fernan&e=H
82 Phil' )#2' 5n other wor&sH a&ission of ,uilt is
not a !on&ition sine ?ua non for the a%ailent of
anest"' 5s this !orre!tL /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he %iew that it is not ne!essar" for re:els to
a&it the !oission of the !rie !har,e& in
or&er to a%ail thesel%es of the :enefits of
anest" is not !orre!t' +s state& in Eera %'
PeopleH 7 SC1+ 12)H the &o!trine lai& &own in
9orrio?uinto %s' Fernan&e=H 82 Phil' )#2 has
:een o%erturne&' +nest" presupposes the
!oission of a !rie' 5t is in!onsistent for
soeone to seeD for for,i%eness for a !rie
whi!h he &enies ha%in, !oitte&' (People %s'
PasilanH 1# SC1+ )9#)'
Pardoning Po1er5 A+ne%ty 6199A7
No' 2: 7u!asH a ranDin, e:er of the N-FH was
!apture& :" poli!een while a:out to :oar& a
passen,er :us :oun& for Sorso,on' Char,e&
with re:ellion he plea&e& not ,uilt" when
arrai,ne&' 9efore trial he was ,rante& a:solute
par&on :" the Presi&ent to allow hi to
parti!ipate in the pea!e talDs :etween the
,o%ernent an& the !ounist re:els'
3' 5nstea& of a par&onH a" the Presi&ent ,rant
the a!!use& anest" if fa%ora:l" re!oen&e&
:" the National +nest" CoissionL /0plain'
#' 8a" the a!!use& a%ail of the :enefits of
anest" &espite the fa!t the he !ontinue& to
profess inno!en!eL /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3' 3he Presi&ent a" ,rant the a!!use& anest"'
+!!or&in, to 9arrio?uinto %s' Fernan&e=H 82 Phil'
)#2H +nest" a" :e ,rante& :efore or after the
institution of the !riinal prose!ution'
#' NoH the a!!use& !annot a%ail of the :enefits of
anest" if he !ontinues to profess his inno!en!e'
5n Eera %s' PeopleH 7 SC1+ 122' sin!e anest"
presupposes the !oission of a !rie' 5t is
in!onsistent for an a!!use& to seeD for,i%eness
for soethin, whi!h he !lais he has not
!oitte&'
Pardoning Po1er5 &rea"' o# Condition5
Re*o"ation 6>A<899A7
(1) 9runo still ha& se%eral "ears to ser%e on his
senten!e when he was !on&itionall" par&one& :"
the Presi&ent' +on, the !on&itions ipose& was
that he woul& Cnot a,ain %iolate an" of the penal
laws of the Philippines'C 9runo a!!epte& all of the
!on&itions an& was release&' Shortl" thereafterH
9runo was !har,e& with 2 !ounts of estafa' @e
was then in!ar!erate& to ser%e the i e0pire&
portion of his senten!e followin, the re%o!ation :"
the Presi&ent of the par&on'
9runoBs fail" file& a petition for ha:eas
!orpusH alle,in, that it was error to ha%e hi
re!oitte& as the !har,es were falseH in
fa!tH half of the were alrea&" &isisse&'
1esol%e the petition with reasons' (#N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he petition shoul& not :e ,i%en &ue !ourse' 3he
,rant of par&on an& the &eterination of the
ters an& !on&itions of a !on&itional par&on are
P<1/7O /M/C<35E/ +C3S whi!h are not
su:;e!t to ;u&i!ial s!rutin"' 3he a!!eptan!e
thereof :" the !on%i!t or prisoner !arrie& with it
the authorit" or power of the /0e!uti%e to
&eterine whether a !on&ition or !on&itions of the
par&on has or ha%e :een %iolate&' 6here the
Presi&ent opts to re%oDe the !on&itional par&on
,i%enH no ;u&i!ial pronoun!eent of ,uilt of a
su:se?uent !rie is ne!essar"H u!h less
!on%i!tion therefor :" final ;u&,ent of a !ourtH in
or&er that a !on%i!t a" :e re!oen&e& for the
%iolation of his !on&itional par&on' 3he
&eterination of the o!!urren!e of a :rea!h of a
!on&ition of a par&onH an& the proper
!onse?uen!es of su!h :rea!hH is a purel"
e0e!uti%e a!tH not su:;e!t to ;u&i!ial s!rutin"'
(3orres %' $on=alesH $'1' No' 7)872H >ul" 23H
1987)
Pardoning Po1er5 E,e" Ce+en"y5 Pardon
6199A7
No' 2: 7u!asH a ranDin, e:er of the N-FH was
!apture& :" poli!een while a:out to :oar& a
passen,er :us :oun& for Sorso,on' Char,e&
with re:ellion he plea&e& not ,uilt"
when arrai,ne&' 9efore trial he was ,rante&
a:solute par&on :" the Presi&ent to allow hi to
parti!ipate in the pea!e talDs :etween the
,o%ernent an& the !ounist re:els'
(1) 5s the par&on of the Presi&ent %ali&L
/0plain'
(2) +ssuin, that the par&on is %ali&H !an 7u!as
re;e!t itL /0plain'
24
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1' 3he par&on is not %ali&' <n&er Se!tion 19H
+rti!le E55 of the 1987 ConstitutionH par&on a"
:e ,rante& onl" after !on%i!tion :" final
>u&,ent'
2' OesH 7u!as !an re;e!t the par&on +s hel& in
<nite& States %s' 6ilsonH 7 Pet' 120 an& 9ur&i!D
%s' <nite& StatesH 27# <'S' #80' a!!eptan!e is
essential to !oplete the par&on an& the par&on
a" :e re;e!te& :" the person to who it is
ten&ere&H for it a" infli!t !onse?uen!es of
,reater &is,ra!e than those fro whi!h it purports
to relie%e'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
NoH 7u!as !annot re;e!t the par&on' +!!or&in, to
9i&&le %s' Pero%i!hH 27# <'S' #80H a!!eptan!e is
not ne!essar"H for the ,rant of par&on in%ol%es a
&eterination :" the Presi&ent that pu:li! welfare
will :e :etter ser%e& :" infli!tin, less than what
the ;u&,ent fi0e&'
Pardoning Po1er5 E,e"-ti*e Ce+en"y 619977
No' 12; $o%ernor + was !har,e& a&inistrati%el"
with oppression an& was pla!e& un&er pre%enti%e
suspension fro offi!e &urin, the pen&en!" of his
!ase' Foun& ,uilt" of the !har,eH the Presi&ent
suspen&e& hi fro offi!e for ninet" &a"s' 7aterH
the Presi&ent ,rante& hi !leen!" :" re&u!in,
the perio& of his suspension to the perio& he has
alrea&" ser%e&' 3he Ei!e $o%ernor ?uestione& the
%ali&it" of the e0er!ise of e0e!uti%e !leen!" on
the ,roun& that it !oul& :e ,rante& onl" in !riinalH
not a&inistrati%eH !ases' @ow shoul& the ?uestion
:e resol%e&L
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he ar,uent of the Ei!e $o%ernor shoul& :e
re;e!te&' +s hel& in 7laas %s' Ar:osH 202 SC1+
8##' the power of e0e!uti%e !leen!" e0ten&s to
a&inistrati%e !ases' 5n ,rantin, the power of
e0e!uti%e !leen!" upon the Presi&entH Se!tion
19H +rti!le E55 of the Constitution &oes not
&istin,uish :etween !riinal an& a&inistrati%e
!ases' Se!tion 19H +rti!le E55 of the Constitution
e0!lu&es ipea!hent !asesH whi!h are not
!riinal !asesH fro the s!ope of the power of
e0e!uti%e !leen!"' 5f this power a" :e
e0er!ise& onl"
in !riinal !asesH it woul& ha%e :een unne!essar"
to e0!lu&e ipea!hent !ases fro this s!ope' 5f
the Presi&ent !an ,rant par&ons in !riinal !asesH
with ore reason he !an ,rant e0e!uti%e
!leen!" in a&inistrati%e !asesH whi!h are less
serious'
Pardoning Po1er5 E,e"-ti*e Ce+en"y 619997
+' 6hat are the !onstitutional liitations on the
par&onin, power of the Presi&entL (2N)
9' -istin,uish :etween par&on an& anest"'
(2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+' 3he followin, are the liitations on the
par&onin, power of the Presi&ent' 1) 5t !annot :e
,rante& in !ases of
ipea!hent; 2) 1eprie%esH !outationsH
par&onH an&
reission of fines an& forfeitures !an :e
,rante& onl" after !on%i!tion :" final
;u&,ent'
3) 3he fa%ora:le re!oen&ation of the
CA8/7/C is re?uire& for %iolation of ele!tion
lawsH rules an& re,ulations'
9' +!!or&in, to 9arrio?uinto %' Fernan&e=H 82
Phil' )#2H the followin, are the &istin!tions
:etween par&on an& anest"'
1 Par&on is a pri%ate a!t an& ust :e
plea&e& an& pro%e& :" the person par&one&;
while anest" is a pu:li! a!t of whi!h !ourts taDe
;u&i!ial noti!e;
2 Par&on &oes not re?uire the !on!urren!e
of Con,ressH while anest" re?uires the
!on!urren!e of Con,ress;
3 Par&on is ,rante& to in&i%i&ualsH while
anest" is ,rante& to !lasses of persons or
!ounities;
# Par&on a" :e ,rante& for an" offenseH
while anest" is ,rante& for politi!al offenses;
2 Par&on is ,rante& after final !on%i!tionH
while anest" a" :e ,rante& at an" tie; an&
) Par&on looDs forwar& an& relie%es the
offen&er fro the !onse?uen!es of his offenseH
while anest" looDs :a!Dwar& an& the person
,rante& it stan&s :efore the law as thou,h he ha&
!oitte& no offense'
Pardoning Po1er5 Cind% 619887
No' 2#: 3he first para,raph of Se!tion 19 of
+rti!le E55 of the Constitution pro%i&in, for the
par&onin, power of the Presi&entH entions
reprie%eH !outationH an& par&on' Please
&efine the three of theH an& &ifferentiate one
fro the others'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he ters were &efine& an& &istin,uishe& fro
one another in People %' EeraH )2 Phil' 2)H 111*
112 (1930)H as follows:
(1) 1/P15/E/ is a postponeent of the
e0e!ution of a senten!e to a &a" !ertainH
(2) CA88<3+35AN is a reission of a part of
the punishentH a su:stitution of less penalt" for
the one ori,inall" ipose&'
(3) + P+1-ANH on the other han&H is an a!t of
,ra!eH pro!ee&in, fro the power entruste& with
the e0e!ution of the laws whi!h e0epts the
in&i%i&ual on who it is :estowe& fro the
punishent the law infli!ts for a !rie he has
!oitte&'
25
Pardoning Po1er5 Pardon3 Conditiona 619977
No' 1); + while ser%in, iprisonent for estafa'
upon re!oen&ation of the 9oar& of Par&ons
an& ParoleH was ,rante& par&on :" the Presi&ent
on !on&ition that he shoul& not a,ain %iolate an"
penal law of the lan&' 7aterH the 9oar& of Par&ons
an& Parole re!oen&e& to the Presi&ent the
!an!ellation of the par&on ,rante& hi :e!ause +
ha& :een !har,e& with estafa on 20 !ounts an&
was !on%i!te& of the offense !har,e& althou,h he
tooD an appeal therefro whi!h was still pen&in,'
+s re!oen&e&H the Presi&ent !an!ele& the
par&on he ha& ,rante& to +' + was thus arreste&
an& iprisone& to ser%e the :alan!e of his
senten!e in the first !ase' + !laie& in his petition
for ha:eas !orpus file& in !ourt that his &etention
was ille,al :e!ause he ha& not "et :een !on%i!te&
:" final ;u&,ent an& was not ,i%en a !han!e to
:e hear& :efore he was re!oitte& to prison' 5s
+Bs ar,uent %ali&L
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he ar,uent of + is not %ali&' +s hel& in 3orres
%s' $on=ales' 122 SC1+ 272 a ;u&i!ial
pronoun!eent that a !on%i!t who was ,rante& a
par&on su:;e!t to the !on&ition that he shoul& not
a,ain %iolate an" penal law is not ne!essar"
:efore he !an :e &e!lare& to ha%e %iolate& the
!on&ition of his par&on' 8oreo%erH a hearin, is
not ne!essar" :efore + !an :e re!oitte& to
prison' 9" a!!eptin, the !on&itional par&onH +H
a,ree& that the &eterination :" the Presi&ent
that he %iolate& the !on&ition of his par&on shall
:e !on!lusi%e upon hi an& an or&er for his
arrest shoul& at on!e issue'
Pre%ident5 Parti"i$ation5 Legi%ati*e Pro"e%%
6199?7
No' 7: Can the Presi&ent taDe a!ti%e part in the
le,islati%e pro!essL /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
OesH 3he Presi&ent !an taDe a!ti%e part in the
le,islati%e pro!ess to the e0tent allowe& :" the
Constitution' @e !an a&&ress Con,ress at an"
tie to propose the ena!tent of !ertain laws'
@e re!oen&s the ,eneral appropriations :ill'
@e !an !all a spe!ial session of Con,ress at an"
tie' @e !an !ertif" to the ne!essit" of the
ie&iate ena!tent of a :ill to eet a pu:li!
!alait" or eer,en!"' @e !an %eto a :ill'
Pre%identia I++-nity #ro+ S-it 619977
No' 13: <pon !oplaint of the in!u:ent
Presi&ent of the 1epu:li!H C+C was !har,e& with
li:el :efore the 1e,ional 3rial Court' C+C o%e&
to &isiss the inforation on the ,roun& that the
Court ha& no ;uris&i!tion o%er the offense
!har,e& :e!ause the Presi&entH :ein, iune
fro suitH shoul& also :e &is?ualifie& fro filin, a
!ase a,ainst C+C in !ourt' 1esol%e the otion'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he otion shoul& :e &enie& a!!or&in, to
Soli%en us' 8aDasiarH 1)7 SC1+ 393H the
iunit" of the Presi&ent fro suit is personal to
the Presi&ent' 5t a" :e in%oDe& :" the Presi&ent
onl" an& not :" an" other person'
Pro'ibition Again%t 0-ti$e Po%ition% B
Additiona Co+$en%ation 689987
No E5' 8 is the Se!retar" of the -epartent of
Finan!e' @e is also an e0*offi!io e:er of the
8onetar" 9oar& of the 9an,Do Sentral n, Pilipinas
fro whi!h he re!ei%es an a&&itional
!opensation for e%er" 9oar& eetin, atten&e&'
NH a ta0pa"erH file& a suit in !ourt to &e!lare
Se!retar" 8Bs e:ership in the 8onetar" 9oar&
an& his re!eipt of a&&itional !opensation ille,al
an& in %iolation of the Constitution' N in%oDe&
+rti!le E55H Se!tion 13 of the Constitution whi!h
pro%i&es that the Presi&entH Ei!e*Presi&entH the
8e:ers of the Ca:inetH an& their &eputies or
assistants shall notH unless otherwise pro%i&e& in
the ConstitutionH hol& an" other offi!e or
eplo"ent &urin, their tenure' N also !ite& +rti!le
5M*9H Se!tion 8 of the ConstitutionH whi!h pro%i&es
that no ele!ti%e or appointi%e pu:li! offi!er or
eplo"ee shall re!ei%e a&&itionalH &ou:leH or
in&ire!t !opensationH unless spe!ifi!all"
authori=e& :" law' 5f "ou were the ;u&,eH how
woul& "ou &e!i&e the followin,:
a) the issue re,ar&in, the hol&in, of ultiple
positionsL (3N) :) the issue on the pa"ent of
a&&itional or &ou:le !opensationL(2N) /0plain
"our answers full"'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(a) 5f 5 were the ;u&,eH 5 woul& uphol& the %ali&it"
of the &esi,nation of Se!retar" 8 as e0 offi!io
e:er of the 8onetar" 9oar&H +s state& in Ci%il
7i:erties <nion %' /0e!uti%e Se!retar"H 19# SC1+
317 (1991)H the prohi:ition a,ainst the hol&in, of
ultiple positions :" Ca:inet 8e:ers in +rti!le
E55H Se!tion 13 of the Constitution &oes not appl"
to positions o!!upie& in an e0 offi!io !apa!it" as
pro%i&e& :" law an& as re?uire& :" the priar"
fun!tions of their offi!e'
(:) 5f 5 were the >u&,eH 5 woul& rule that Se!retar"
8 !annot re!ei%e an" a&&itional !opensation'
+s state& in Ci%il 7i:erties <nion %' /0e!uti%e
Se!retar"H 19# SC1+ 317 (1991)H a Ca:inet
8e:er hol&in, an e0*offi!io position has no
ri,ht to re!ei%e a&&itional !opensationH for his
ser%i!es in that position are alrea&" pai& for :"
the !opensation atta!he& to his prin!ipal offi!e'
Pro'ibition again%t 0-ti$e Po%ition% by
2o*Jt O##i"ia% 619877
No' 5: +ssue that a law has :een passe&
!reatin, the /0port Control 9oar& !opose& of:
1 3he Se!retar" of 3ra&e an& 5n&ustr" as
Chairan an& as 8e:ers:
2 3he Chairan of the Senate Coittee on
3ra&e an& 5n&ustr"
3 +n +sso!iate >usti!e of the Supree Court
&esi,nate& :" the Chief >usti!e
# 3he Coissioner of CustosH an&
2 3he Presi&ent of the Philippine Cha:er of
Coer!e an& 5n&ustr"H
3he National Constitutional +sso!iation of the
Philippines has file& suit to !hallen,e the
!onstitutionalit" of the law'
-eterine whether the e:ership of ea!h of
the a:o%e in the 9oar& !an :e uphel&' Cite
rele%ant !onstitutional pro%isions'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
a' 3he !hairanship of the Se!retar" of 3ra&e
an& 5n&ustr" in the 9oar& !an :e uphel& on the
:asis of +rt' 5MH 9H Se!' 7H whi!h allows
appointi%e offi!ials to hol& other offi!es if allowe&
:" law (su!h as the law in this !ase !reatin, the
/0port Control 9oar&) or ;ustifie& :" the priar"
fun!tions of their offi!es' 3he fun!tions of the
9oar& is relate& to his fun!tions
as Se!retar" of 3ra&e an& 5n&ustr"' 3he pro%ision
of +rtH E55H Se!H 13H prohi:itin, Ca:inet e:ers
fro hol&in, an" other offi!e or eplo"entH is
su:;e!t to the e0!eptions in +rt' 5MH 9H Se!' 7'
:' -ean Sin!o :elie%es that e:ers of
Con,ress !annot :e e:ers of the 9oar& of
1e,ents of the <ni%ersit" of the Philippines un&er
the 5n!opati:ilit" Clause of the 1932
Constitution whi!h is siilar to the pro%ision of
+rt' E5H Se!' 13 of the present Constitution' <n&er
this %iewH the e:ership of the Chairan of the
Senate Coittee on 3ra&e an& 5n&ustr" in the
/0port Control 9oar& !annot :e sustaine&'
(Sin!oH Philippine Politi!al 7aw 13) (llth /&'
19)2)'
8oreo%erH sin!e the apparent ;ustifi!ation for the
e:ership of the Chairan of the Senate
Coittee is to ai& hi in his le,islati%e
fun!tionsH this purpose !an easil" :e a!hie%e&
throu,h le,islati%e in%esti,ations un&er +rt' E5H
Se!'21'
An the other han&H -ean Cortes appears to
su,,est a !ontrar" %iewH notin, that after the
&e!ision in $o%ernent of the Philippine 5slan&s
%' Sprin,er 20 Phil' 229 (1927)H in %ali&atin, the
law &esi,natin, the Senate Presi&ent an&
SpeaDer as e:ers of the 9oar& of Control of
,o%ernent !orporationsH no other &e!ision has
:een ren&ere&' An the !ontrar"H laws ha%e :een
ena!te&H aDin, e:ers of Con,ress e:ers
of %arious :oar&s'
5n&ee&H the e:ership of the Chairan of the
Senate Coittee on 3ra&e an& 5n&ustr" a" :e
uphel& as :ein, in ai& of his le,islati%e fun!tions
sin!e what is prohi:ite& :" +rt' E5H Se!' 13 is the
a!!eptan!e of an in!opati:le offi!e or
eplo"ent in the ,o%ernent' (CortesH
Philippine Presi&en!"H pp' 111112(19))))
(!) 3he &esi,nation of an +sso!iate >usti!e of
the Supree Court !annot :e sustaine& :ein,
the iposition on the e:ers of the CourtH of
non*;u&i!ial &utiesH !ontrar" to the prin!iple of
separation of powers' 5t is ;u&i!ial power an&
;u&i!ial power onl" whi!h the Supree Court an&
its e:ers a" e0er!ise' (+rt E555' Se!' 1;
8anila /le!tri! Co' %' Pasa" 3rans' Co'H 27 Phil'
)00 (1932))
(&) 3he Coissioner of Custos a" :e a&e
e:er of the 9oar& for the sae
reason in the !ase of the Se!retar" of 3ra&e an&
5n&ustr"H un&er +rt' 5MH 9H Se!' 7'
(e) 3he e:ership of the Presi&ent of the
Philippine Cha:er of Coer!e a" also :e
uphel& on the ,roun& that Con,ress has the
power to pres!ri:e ?ualifi!ations for the offi!e'
S-%$en%ion o# 4rit o# Habea% Cor$-% 619977
(a) 6hen a" the pri%ile,e of the writ of ha:eas
!orpus :e suspen&e&L
(:) 5f %ali&l" &e!lare&H what woul& :e the full
!onse?uen!es of su!h suspensionL
26
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(a) <n&er Se!tion 1)H +rti!le E55 of the
ConstitutionH the pri%ile,e of the writ of ha:eas
!orpus a" :e suspen&e& when there is an
in%asion or re:ellion an& pu:li! safet" re?uires it'
(:) +!!or&in, to Se!tion 18H +rti!le E55 of the
ConstitutionH the suspension of the pri%ile,e of
the writ of ha:eas !orpus shall appl" onl" to
persons ;u&i!iall" !har,e& with re:ellion or
offenses 5nherent to or &ire!tl" !onne!te& with
in%asion' +n" person arreste& or &etaine& shoul&
:e ;u&i!iall" !har,e& within three &a"s'
AtherwiseH he shoul& :e release&' 8oreo%erH
un&er Se!tion 13' +rti!le 555 of the ConstitutionH
the ri,ht to :ail shall not :e ipaire& e%en when
the pri%ile,e of the writ of ha:eas !orpus is
suspen&e&'
ARTICLE (III .-di"ia
!e$art+ent
Ca%e% to be Heard En &an"5 S-$re+e Co-rt
619997
No M5 * /nuerate the !ases re?uire& :" the
Constitution to :e hear& en :an! :" the Supree
CourtL (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he followin, are the !ases re?uire& :" the
Constitution to :e hear& en :an! :" the Supree
Court:
(1) Cases in%ol%in, the !onstitutionalit" of a
treat"H international or e0e!uti%e a,reeentH or law;
(2) Cases whi!h un&er the 1ules of Court
are re?uire& to :e hear& en :an!'
(3) Cases in%ol%in, the !onstitutionalit"H
appli!ationH or operation of presi&ential &e!reesH
pro!laationsH or&ersH instru!tionsH or&inan!esH an&
other re,ulations;
(#) Cases hear& :" a &i%ision when the
re?uire& a;orit" is not o:taine&;
(2) Cases where a &o!trine or prin!iple of law
pre%iousl" lai& &own will :e o&ifie& or re%erse&;
()) +&inistrati%e !ases a,ainst ;u&,es when
the penalt" is &isissal; an&
(7) /le!tion !ontests for Presi&ent or Ei!e*
Presi&ent'
27
Conte+$t Po1er% 6199?7
No' 3: 2) An the first &a" of the trial of a rape*
ur&er !ase where the %i!ti was a popular 3E
starH o%er a hun&re& of her fans rallie& at the
entran!e of the !ourthouseH ea!h !arr"in, a
pla!ar& &ean&in, the !on%i!tion of the a!!use&
an& the iposition of the &eath penalt" on hi'
3he rall" was pea!eful an& &i& not &istur: the
pro!ee&in,s of the !ase' a) Can the trial !ourt
or&er the &ispersal of the rall"ists un&er pain of
:ein, punishe& for !ontept of !ourtH if the" fail to
&o soL /0plain' :) 5f instea& of a rall"H the fans of
the %i!ti wrote letters to the newspaper e&itors
&ean&in, the !on%i!tion of the a!!use&H !an the
trial !ourt punish the for !onteptL /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
2' a) OesH the trial !ourt !an or&er the &ispersal of
the rall" un&er pain of :ein, !ite& for !ontept'
3he purpose of the rall" is to attept to influen!e
the a&inistration of >usti!e' +s state& in People
%s' FloresH 239 SC1+ 83H an" !on&u!t :" an"
part" whi!h ten&s to &ire!tl" or in&ire!tl" 5pe&eH
o:stru!t or &e,ra&e the a&inistration of ;usti!e is
su:;e!t to the !ontept powers of the !ourt'
:) NoH the trial !ourt !annot punish for !ontept
the fans of the %i!ti who wrote letters to the
newspaper e&itors asDin, for the !on%i!tion of the
a!!use&' Sin!e the letters were not a&&resse& to
the >u&,e an& the pu:li!ation of the letters
o!!urre& outsi&e the !ourtH the fans !annot :e
punishe& in the a:sen!e of a !lear an& present
&an,er to the a&inistration of >usti!e' 5n
Ca:ansa, %s' Fernan&e=H 102 Phil 122H it was
hel& that a part" who wrote to the Presi&ential
Coplaints an& +!tion Coittee to !oplain
a:out the &ela" in the &isposition of his !ase
!oul& not :e punishe& for !ontept in the
a:sen!e of a !lear an& present &an,er to the fair
a&inistration of >usti!e'
Finaity o# (oid .-dg+ent% 6199:7
No' 8; 3he +9C 1ealt"H 5n!H file& a !oplaint
a,ainst 1i!o for the !olle!tion of unpai&
installents on a su:&i%ision lot pur!hase& :" the
latterH 1i!o faile& to file an answerH was &e!lare&
in &efault; an& after re!eption of plaintiffs
e%i&en!e e0 parteH ;u&,ent was ren&ere&
a,ainst hi' 3he &e!ision :e!ae finalH an& upon
otion :" +9C 1ealt"H the ;u&,e issue& a writ of
e0e!ution'
1i!o now files a otion to ?uash the writ an& to
%a!ate the >u&,ent !onten&in, that it is the
@ousin, an& 7an& <se 1e,ulator" 9oar&
(@7<19) whi!h is %este& with ori,inal an&
e0!lusi%e >uris&i!tion o%er !ases in%ol%in, the
real estate :usiness' 1i!o pra"s for the &isissal
of the !oplaint an& for the nullit" of the &e!ision'
3he realt" fir opposes the otion ar,uin, that
un&er 9P 129H 13Cs ha%e e0!lusi%e an& ori,inal
;uris&i!tion o%er !ases in whi!h the aount of
!ontro%ers" e0!ee&s P20H000'00' +nswer the
followin, ?ueries: 1) 6ho has ;uris&i!tion o%er the
!olle!tion suitL 2) 3he 13C &e!isionH ha%in,
:e!oe final an& e0e!utor"H !an it still :e
%a!ate&L
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1T 3he @7<19 2) OesH the &e!ision of the
1e,ional 3rial Court !an still :e %a!ate&H e%en if
it has :e!oe final an& e0e!utor"' Sin!e the
1e,ional 3rial Court ha& no ;uris&i!tion o%er the
!aseH the &e!ision is %oi&'
Fi%"a A-tono+y 619997
No M5 * 6hat &o "ou un&erstan& :" the an&ate
of the Constitution that the ;u&i!iar" shall en;o"
fis!al autono"L Cite the !onstitutional pro%isions
!al!ulate& to :rin, a:out the reali=ation of the sai&
!onstitutional an&ate' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
the fis!al autono" of the >u&i!iar" eans that
appropriations for the >u&i!iar" a" not :e
re&u!e& :" the le,islature :elow the aount
appropriate& for the pre%ious "ear an&H after
appro%alH shall :e autoati!all" an& re,ularl"
release&'
5n 9en,=on %' -rilonH 208 SC1+ 133H the
Supree Court e0plaine& that fis!al autono"
!onteplates a ,uarantee of full fle0i:ilit" to
allo!ate an& utili=e resour!es with the wis&o an&
&ispat!h that the nee&s re?uire' 5t re!o,ni=es the
power an& authorit" to &en"H assess an& !olle!t
feesH fi0 rates of !opensation not e0!ee&in, the
hi,hest rates authori=e& :" law for !opensation
an& pa"
plans of the ,o%ernent an& allo!ate an&
&is:urse su!h sus as a" :e pro%i&e& :" law
or pres!ri:e& :" it in the !ourse of the &is!har,e
of its fun!tions'
F-n"tion5 Contin-ing Con%tit-tiona Con*ention
689997
No 5' **Ane Senator rearDe& that the Supree
Court is a !ontinuin, Constitutional Con%ention'
-o "ou a,reeL /0plain' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
5 &o not a,ree that the Supree Court is a
!ontinuin, Constitutional Con%ention' 3he !riti!is
is :ase& on the assuption that in e0er!isin, its
power of ;u&i!ial re%iew the Supree Court 5s not
erel" interpretin, the Constitution :ut is tr"in, to
reaDe the $o%ernent on the :asis of the
personal pre&ile!tions of the 8e:ers of the
Supree CourtH this is a power that properl"
:elon,s to the people an& their ele!te&
representati%es'
3he Supree Court !annot &e!i&e !ases erel"
on the :asis of the letter of the Constitution' 5t has
to interpret the Constitution to ,i%e effe!t to the
intent of its fraers an& of the people a&optin, it'
5n 5nterpretin, the ConstitutionH the Supree
Court has to a&opt it to the e%er*!han,in,
!ir!ustan!es of so!iet"' 6hen the Supree
Court striDes &own an a!t of the 7e,islati%e or the
/0e!uti%e -epartentH it is erel" &is!har,in, its
&ut" un&er the Constitution to &eterine
!onfli!tin, !lais of authorit"'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
3o a !ertain e0tentH the Supree Court is a
!ontinuin, Constitutional Con%ention' 6hen a
!ase is :rou,ht in !ourt in%ol%in, a !onstitutional
issue' 5t :e!oes ne!essar" to interpret the
ConstitutionH Sin!e the Supree Court is supree
within its own sphereH its interpretation of the
Constitution will for part of the law of the lan&'
I%%-an"e o# Re%training Order% and InE-n"tion%
619987
No' 7: Con,ress is !onsi&erin, new easures to
en!oura,e forei,n !orporations to :rin, their
in%estents to the Philippines' Con,ress has
foun& that forei,n in%estents are &eterre& :" the
un!ertain in%estent !liate in the Philippines'
Ane sour!e of su!h un!ertaint" is the hei,htene&
;u&i!ial inter%ention in in%estent atters'
Ane su!h easure pro%i&es that Cno !ourt or
a&inistrati%e a,en!" shall issue an" restrainin,
or&er or in;un!tion a,ainst the
Central 9anDC in the 9anDBs e0er!ise of its
re,ulator" power o%er spe!ifi! forei,n e0!han,e
transa!tions'
6oul& this :e a %ali& easureL /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
OesH the easure is %ali&' 5n 8antruste S"stesH
5n!' %s' Court of +ppealsH 179 SC1+ 13)H the
Supree Court hel& that a law prohi:itin, the
issuan!e of an in;un!tion is %ali&H :e!ause un&er
Se!tion 2H +rti!le E555 of the ConstitutionH the
;uris&i!tion of the !ourts a" :e &efine& :" law'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
Sin!e un&er Se!tions 1 an& 2(2)H +rti!le E555 of
the ConstitutionH the !ourts are ,i%en the power
of >u&i!ial re%iewH the easure is %oi&H Su!h
power ust :e preser%e&' 3he issuan!e of
restrainin, or&ers an& 5n;un!tions is in ai& of the
power of ;u&i!ial re%iew'
.-di"ia B &ar Co-n"i 619887
No' 11: + no%el feature of the present Constitution
is the >u&i!ial an& 9ar Coun!il' Please state:
1' 5ts prin!ipal fun!tion;
2' 5ts !oposition; an&
3' 6ho super%ises itH an& taDes !are of its
appropriationsL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1' 3he >u&i!ial an& 9ar Coun!il has the prin!ipal
fun!tion of re!oen&in, appointees to the
>u&i!iar"' 5t a" e0er!ise su!h other fun!tions
an& &uties as the Supree Court a" assi,n to
it' (+rt' E555H se!' 8(2))'
2' 3he >9C is !opose& of the Chief >usti!e as
e0 offi!io ChairanH the Se!retar" of >usti!e an&
a representati%e of the Con,ress as e0 offi!io
8e:ersH a representati%e of the 5nte,rate& 9arH
a professor of lawH a retire& 8e:er of the
Supree CourtH an& a representati%e of the
pri%ate se!tor' (+rt' E555H se!' 8(1))'
3H 3he Supree Court super%ises the >9C an&
pro%i&es in the annual :u&,et of the Court the
appropriations of the >9C' (+rt' E555H se!' 8(#))'
.-di"ia B &ar Co-n"i 619997
No M5 * 6hat is the !oposition of the >u&i!ial
an& 9ar Coun!il an& the ter of offi!e of its
re,ular e:ersL (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he >u&i!ial an& 9ar Coun!il is !opose& of the
followin,:
1' 3he Chief >usti!e as e0 offi!io !hairan;
1 3he Se!retar" of >usti!e as e0 offi!io
e:er;
2 + representati%e of Con,ress as e0 offi!io
e:er;
3 + representati%e of the 5nte,rate& 9ar;
# + professor of law;
2 + retire& >usti!e of the Supree Court;
an&
) + representati%e of the pri%ate se!tor'
(Se!tion 8 (1)H +rti!le E555 of the Constitution)
3he ter of offi!e of the re,ular e:ers is four
(#) "ears' (Se!tion 8(2)H +rti!le E555 of the
Constitution)
.-di"ia !e$art+ent5 4rit o# A+$aro 619917
No 1: 6hat is a Constitutional writ of +paro
an& what is the :asis for su!h a ree&" un&er
the ConstitutionL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he writ of +paro in 8e0i!an law is an
e0traor&inar" ree&" where:" an intereste& part"
a" seeD the in%ali&ation of an" e0e!uti%eH
le,islati%e or ;u&i!ial a!t &eee& in %iolation of a
fun&aental ri,ht' 3he a&option of su!h a ree&"
in the Philippines a" :e :ase& on +rti!le E555H
Se!' 2(2) of the ConstitutionH whi!h epowers the
Supree Court to proul,ate rules !on!ernin,
the prote!tion an& enfor!eent of !onstitutional
ri,hts'
.-di"ia Inde$enden"e5 Sa#eg-ard 689997
No 5' Nae at least three !onstitutional
safe,uar&s to aintain ;u&i!ial in&epen&en!e'
(3N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he followin, are the !onstitutional safe,uar&s
to aintain ;u&i!ial in&epen&en!e:
(1) 3he Supree Court is a !onstitutional
:o&" an& !annot :e a:olishe& :" ere
le,islation'
(2) 3he e:ers of the Supree Court
!annot :e reo%e& e0!ept :" ipea!hent'
(3) 3he Supree Court !annot :e &epri%e&
of its iniu ;uris&i!tion pres!ri:e& in Se!tion
2H +rti!le M of the Constitution'
(#) 3he appellate ;uris&i!tion of the Supree
Court !annot :e in!rease& :" law without its
a&%i!e an& !on!urren!e'
(2) +ppointees to the >u&i!iar" are noinate&
:" the >u&i!ial an& 9ar Coun!il an& are not su:;e!t
to !onfiration :" the Coission on
+ppointents'
28
()) 3he Supree Court has a&inistrati%e
super%ision o%er all lower !ourts an& their
personnel'
(7) 3he Supree Court has e0!lusi%e power
to &is!ipline >u&,es of lower !ourts'
(8) 3he 8e:ers of the >u&i!iar" ha%e
se!urit" of tenureH whi!h !annot :e un&erine&
:" a law reor,ani=in, the >u&i!iar"'
(9) 8e:ers of the >u&i!iar" !annot :e
&esi,nate& to an" a,en!" perforin, ?uasi*
>u&i!ial or a&inistrati%e fun!tions'
(10) 3he salaries of 8e:ers of the >u&i!iar"
!annot :e &e!rease& &urin, their !ontinuan!e in
offi!e'
(11) 3he >u&i!iar" has fis!al
autono"'
(12) 3he Supree Court has e0!lusi%e power
to proul,ate rules of plea&in,H pra!ti!e an&
pro!e&ure'
(13) Anl" the Supree Court !an teporaril"
assi,n ;u&,es to other stations'
(1#) 5t is the Supree Court who appoints all
offi!ials an& eplo"ees of the >u&i!iar"' (Cru=H
Philippine Politi!al 7awH 1992 e&' (pp' 229*31')
.-di"ia Po1er 619897
No' 10: 6here is ;u&i!ial power %este&L 6hat
are in!lu&e& in su!h powerL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+!!or&in, to Se!tion 1H +rti!le E555 of the 1987
ConstitutionH ;u&i!ial power is %este& in one
Supree Court an& in su!h lower !ourts as a"
:e esta:lishe& :" law' 5t in!lu&es the &ut" of the
!ourts of ;usti!e to settle a!tual !ontro%ersies
in%ol%in, ri,hts whi!h are le,all" &ean&a:le an&
enfor!ea:leH an& to &eterine whether or not
there has :een a ,ra%e a:use of &is!retion
aountin, to la!D or e0!ess of ;uris&i!tion on the
part of an" :ran!h or instruentalit" of the
$o%ernent'
No' 8: + !ase was file& :efore the San&i,an:a"an
re,ar&in, a ?uestiona:le ,o%ernent transa!tion'
5n the !ourse of the pro!ee&in,sH newspapers
linDe& the nae of Senator >' &e 7eon to the
s!an&al'
Senator &e 7eon tooD the floor of the Senate to
speaD on a Catter of personal pri%ile,eC to
%in&i!ate his honor a,ainst those C:aseless an&
ali!iousC alle,ations' 3he atter was referre& to
the Coittee on +!!ounta:ilit" of Pu:li!
Affi!ersH whi!h pro!ee&e& to !on&u!t a le,islati%e
in?uir"' 3he Coittee asDe& 8r' Ein!e
7e&esaH a :usinessan linDe& to the transa!tion
an& now a respon&ent :efore the San&i,an:a"anH
to appear an& to testif" :efore the Coittee'
8r 7e&esa refuses to appear an& file suit :efore
the Supree Court to !hallen,e the le,alit" of the
pro!ee&in,s :efore the Coittee' @e also asDs
whether the Coittee ha& the power to re?uire
hi to testif"' 5&entif" the issues 5n%ol%e& an&
resol%e the'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he issues in%ol%e& in this !ase are the followin,:
1 6hether or not the Supree Court has
;uris&i!tion to entertain the !ase;
2 6hether or not the Coittee on
+!!ounta:ilit" of Pu:li! Affi!ers has the power to
in%esti,ate a atter whi!h is in%ol%e& in a !ase
pen&in, in !ourt; an&
3 6hether or not the petitioner !an in%oDe
his ri,ht a,ainst self*in!riination'
+ll these 5ssues were resol%e& in the !ase of
9en,=on %s' Senate 9lue 1i::on CoitteeH
203 SC1+ 7)7'
3he Supree Court has ;uris&i!tion o%er the
!aseH :e!ause it in%ol%es the ?uestion of whether
or not the Coittee on +!!ounta:ilit" of Pu:li!
Affi!ers has the power to !on&u!t the
in%esti,ation' <n&er Se!tion 1H +rti!le E555 of the
ConstitutionH ;u&i!ial power in!lu&es the &ut" of
the !ourts to &eterine whether or not an" :ran!h
of the ,o%ernent is a!tin, with ,ra%e of a:use of
&is!retion aountin, to la!D of ;uris&i!tion' 3he
Coittee on +!!ounta:ilit" of Pu:li! Affi!ers
has no power to in%esti,ate the s!an&al' Sin!e
the s!an&al is in%ol%e& in a !ase pen&in, in !ourtH
the in%esti,ation will en!roa!h upon the e0!lusi%e
&oain of the !ourt' 3o allow the in%esti,ation will
!reate the possi:ilit" of !onfli!tin, ;u&,ents
:etween the !oittee an& the !ourt' 5f the
&e!ision of the !oittee were rea!he& :efore
that of the !ourtH it i,ht influen!e the ;u&,ent
of the !ourt'
3he petitioner !an in%oDe his ri,ht a,ainst self*
in!riinationH '''
5E' +n&res +n, was :orn of a Chinese father an& a
Filipino other in Sorso,onH Sorso,on' on >anuar"
20H 1973' 5n 1988' his father was naturali=e&as a
Filipino !iti=en' An 8a" 11H1998' +n&res +n, was
ele!te& 1epresentati%e of the First -istri!t of
Sorso,on' >uan 9onto who re!ei%e& the se!on&
hi,hest nu:er of %otesH file& a petition for (uo
6arranto a,ainst +n,' 3he petition was file& with
the @ouse of 1epresentati%e /le!toral 3ri:unal
(@1/3)' 9onto !onten&s that +n, is not a natural
:orn !iti=en of the Philippines an& therefore is
&is?ualifie& to :e a e:er of the @ouse'
3he @1/3 rule& in fa%or of +n,' 9onto file& a
petition for !ertiorari in the Supree Court' 3he
followin, issues are raise&:
1 6hether the !ase is ;usti!ia:le !onsi&erin, that
+rti!le E5' Se!tion 17 of the Constitution &e!lares the
@1/3 to :e the Csole >u&,eC of all !ontests relatin, to the
ele!tion returns an& &is?ualifi!ations of e:ers of the
@ouse of 1epresentati%es' P2NQ
2 6hether +n, is a natural :o !iti=en of
29
the Philippines' W2NQ @ow shoul& this !ase :e
&e!i&e&L SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1' 3he !ase is ;usti!ia:le' +s state& 5n 7a=atin
%s' @ouse /le!toral 3ri:unal 1)8 SC1+ 391H #0#H
sin!e ;u&i!ial power in!lu&es the &ut" to
&eterine whether or not there has :een a ,ra%e
a:use of &is!retion aountin, to la!D or e0!ess
of ;uris&i!tion on the part of an" :ran!h or
instruentalit" of the $o%ernentH the Supree
Court has the power to re%iew the &e!isions of
the @ouse of 1epresentati%es /le!toral 3ri:unal
in !ase of ,ra%e +:use of &is!retion on its part'
2' +n&res +n, shoul& :e !onsi&ere& a natural
:orn !iti=en of the Philippines' ''''
.-di"ia Po1er5 S"o$e 6199;7
No' 2: 1T 6hat is the &ifferen!eH if an"' :etween
the s!ope of >u&i!ial power un&er the 1987
Constitution on one han&H an& the 1932 an&
1973 Constitutions on the otherL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he s!ope of ;u&i!ial power un&er the 1987
Constitution is :roa&er than its s!ope un&er the
1932 an& 1973 Constitution :e!ause of the
se!on& para,raph of Se!tion 1H +rti!le E555 of the
1987 ConstitutionH whi!h states that it in!lu&es
the &ut" to &eterine whether or not there has
:een a ,ra%e a:use of &is!retion
aountin, to la!D or e0!ess of ;uris&i!tion on the
part of an" :ran!h or instruentalit" of the
$o%ernent' +s hel& in 8ar!os us' 8an,lapusH
177 SC1+ ))8' this pro%ision liits resort to the
politi!al ?uestion &o!trine an& :roa&ens the s!ope
of ;uri&i!al in?uir" into areas whi!h the !ourts
un&er the 1932 an& the 1973 Constitutions woul&
norall" ha%e left to the politi!al &epartents to
&e!i&e'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
<n&er the 1932 an& 1973 ConstitutionsH there
was no pro%ision &efinin, the s!ope of ;u&i!ial
power as %este& in the ;u&i!iar"' 6hile these
ConstitutionsH :oth pro%i&e& for %esture of ;u&i!ial
power Cin one Supree Court an& in su!h inferior
!ourts as a" :e esta:lishe& :" lawHC the" were
silent as to the s!ope of su!h power'
3he 1987 ConstitutionH on the other han&H re*
wrote the pro%isions on the %esture of ;u&i!ial
power ori,inall" appearin, in the 1932 an& 1973
ConstitutionsH as follows:
C3he ;u&i!ial power shall :e %este& in one
Supree Court an& in su!h lower !ourts as
a" :e esta:lishe& :" law'
C>u&i!ial power in!lu&es the &ut" of the !ourts
of ;usti!e to settle a!tual !ontro%ersies
5n%ol%in, ri,hts whi!h are le,all" &ean&a:le
an& enfor!ea:leH an& to &eterine whether or
not there has :een a ,ra%e a:use of &is!retion
aountin, to la!D or e0!ess of >uris&i!tion on
the part of an" :ran!h or instruentalit" of the
$o%ernent'C (Se!' 1' +rt' E555)
3he se!on& para,raph of the !ite& pro%ision was
not foun& in the 1932 an& 1973 ConstitutionH it
!ontains a new &efinition of ;u&i!ial power
parti!ularl" the s!ope thereof' 3he first portion
thereof represents the tra&itional !on!ept of
>u&i!ial powerH in%ol%in, the settleent of
!onfli!tin, ri,hts as :" lawH whi!h presua:l" was
ipli!it in the 1932 an& 1973 Constitutions' 3he
se!on& (latter) portion of the &efinition represents a
:roa&enin, of the s!ope of ;u&i!ial power orH in the
lan,ua,e of the Supree CourtH !onferent of
Ce0pan&e& >uris&i!tionC on the >u&i!iar" (-a=a %'
Sin,sonH 180 SC1+ #9)) to ena:le the !ourts to
re%iew the e0er!ise of &is!retion :" the politi!al
&epartents of ,o%ernent' 3his new prero,ati%e
of the ;u&i!iar" as now re!o,ni=e& un&er the 1987
Constitution was not !onstitutionall" perissi:le
un&er the 1932 an& 1973 Charters'
.-di"ia Re*ie15 Lo"-% Standi 619987
No' ): 3he Philippine /n%ironentalistsB
Ar,ani=ation for NatureH a &ul" re!o,ni=e& non*
,o%ernental or,ani=ationH inten&s to file suit to
en;oin the Philippine $o%ernent fro allo!atin,
fun&s to operate a power plant at 8ount 3u:a 5n a
southern islan&' 3he" !lai that there was no
!onsultation with the 5n&i,enous !ultural
!ounit" whi!h will :e &ispla!e& fro an!estral
lan&s essential to their li%elihoo& an&
in&ispensa:le to their reli,ious pra!ti!es'
1 3he or,ani=ation is :ase& in 8aDati' +ll its
offi!ers li%e an& worD in 8aDati' Not one of its offi!ers
or e:ers :elon, to the affe!te& in&i,enous !ultural
!ounit"' -o the" ha%e the stan&in, in this &isputeL
/0plain'
2 6oul& "our answer :e &ifferent if the Philippine
Power CorporationH a pri%ate !opan"H were to operate
the plantL /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
a) <n&er Se!tion 2H +rti!le M55 of the ConstitutionH
the State shoul& prote!t the ri,hts of !ultural
5n&i,enous !ounities to their an!estral lan&s to
ensure their well*:ein,' <n&er Se!tion 17H +rti!le
M5E of the ConstitutionH the State shoul& prote!t
the ri,hts of in&i,enous !ultural !ounities to
preser%e an& &e%elop this !ulturesH tra&itionsH an&
institutions an& shoul& !onsi&er these ri,hts in the
forulation of national plans an& poli!ies' 3he
,o%ernent %iolate& these pro%isionsH :e!ause it
&e!i&e& to operate the power plant without
!onsultin, the in&i,enous !ultural !ounit" an&
the operation of the power plant will result in its
&ispla!eent'
5f the pro;e!te& lawsuit will :e :ase& on %iolation
of the ri,hts of the in&i,enous !ultural
!ounitiesH the Philippine /n%ironentalists
Ar,ani=ation will ha%e no stan&in, to file the
!ase' None of its offi!ers an& e:ers :elon, to
the in&i,enous !ultural !ounit"' None of their
ri,hts are affe!te&'
5f the lawsuit will seeD to en;oin the use of pu:li!
fun&s to operate the power plantH the Philippine
/n%ironentalistsB Ar,ani=ation !an file a
ta0pa"erBs suit' +s hel& in 8a!e&a us' 8a!arai,H
197 SC1+ 771H a ta0pa"er has stan&in, to
?uestion the ille,al e0pen&iture of pu:li! fun&s'
:) 3he Philippine /n%ironentalists Ar,ani=ation
will ha%e no stan&in, to file the !ase if it is a
pri%ate !opan" that will operate
the power plantH :e!ause no pu:li! fun&s will :e
spent for its operation' +s hel& in $on=ales %s'
8ar!osH )2 SC1+ )2#H a ta0pa"er has no
stan&in, to file a !ase if no e0pen&iture of pu:li!
fun&s is in%ol%e&'
Sin!e no e:er or offi!er of the Philippine
/n%ironentalistsB Ar,ani=ation :elon,s to the
affe!te& in&i,enous !ounit"H none of the ri,hts
of the Philippine /n%ironentalistsB Ar,ani=ation
an& of its offi!ers an& e:ers are affe!te&' 5n
a!!or&an!e with the rulin, in National /!onoi!
Prote!tionis +sso!iation %s' An,pinH 171 SC1+
)27H the or,ani=ation has no stan&in, to file the
!ase'
.-di"ia Re*ie15 ReF-i%ite% 6199;7
No' 2: 2) +ssue that the !onstitutional ?uestion
raise& in a petition :efore the Supree Court is
the 5is ota of the !aseH ,i%e at least two other
re?uireents :efore the Court will e0er!ise its
power of ;u&i!ial re%iewL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
2) +!!or&in, to 8a!asiano %s' National @ousin,
+uthorit"H 22# SC1+ 23)H in a&&ition to the
re?uireent that the !onstitutional ?uestion raise&
:e the lis ota of the !aseH the followin,
re?uisites ust :e present for the e0er!ise of the
power of ;u&i!ial re%iew:
1 3here ust :e an a!tual !ase or
!ontro%ers" in%ol%in, a !onfli!t of le,al ri,hts
sus!epti:le of >u&i!ial &eterination;
2 3he !onstitutional ?uestion ust :e raise&
:" the proper part"; an&
3 3he !onstitutional ?uestion ust :e raise&
at the earliest opportunit"'
30
.-ri%di"tion o# HLUR& 6199:7
No' 8; 3he +9C 1ealt"H 5n!H file& a !oplaint
a,ainst 1i!o for the !olle!tion of unpai&
installents on a su:&i%ision lot pur!hase& :" the
latterH 1i!o faile& to file an answerH was &e!lare&
in &efault; an& after re!eption of plaintiffs
e%i&en!e e0 parteH ;u&,ent was ren&ere&
a,ainst hi' 3he &e!ision :e!ae finalH an& upon
otion :" +9C 1ealt"H the ;u&,e issue& a writ of
e0e!ution'
1i!o now files a otion to ?uash the writ an& to
%a!ate the >u&,ent !onten&in, that it is the
@ousin, an& 7an& <se 1e,ulator" 9oar&
(@7<19) whi!h is %este& with ori,inal an&
e0!lusi%e >uris&i!tion o%er !ases in%ol%in, the
real estate :usiness' 1i!o pra"s for the &isissal
of the !oplaint an& for the nullit" of the &e!ision'
3he realt" fir opposes the
otion ar,uin, that un&er 9P 129H 13Cs ha%e
e0!lusi%e an& ori,inal ;uris&i!tion o%er !ases in
whi!h the aount of !ontro%ers" e0!ee&s
P20H000'00' +nswer the followin, ?ueries:
(1) 6ho has ;uris&i!tion o%er the !olle!tion suitL
(2) 3he 13C &e!isionH ha%in, :e!oe final an&
e0e!utor"H !an it still :e %a!ate&L
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1T +s hel& in /state -e%elopers an& 5n%estors
Corporation %s' Court of +ppealsH 213 SC1+ 323H
pursuant to Presi&ential -e!ree No' 13##H it is
the @ousin, an& 7an& <se 1e,ulator" 9oar&
whi!h has ;uris&i!tion o%er the !lai of a
&e%eloper a,ainst a :u"er for the pa"ent of the
:alan!e of the pur!hase pri!e of a lot' 3he
;uris&i!tion of the 1e,ional 3rial Court o%er !ases
in whi!h the aount of !ontro%ers" e0!ee&s
P20H000'00 e0ists onl" in all !ases where the
!ase &oes not otherwise fall within the e0!lusi%e
;uris&i!tion of an" other !ourtH tri:unalH person or
:o&" e0er!isin, >u&i!ial or ?uasi*;u&i!ial
fun!tionsH
2) OesH :e!ause it is %oi&''''
0andatory Period For !e"iding Ca%e% 619897
No' 10: (2) -espite the lapse of # onths fro
the tie that the trial was terinate& an& the
!ase su:itte& for &e!isionH the trial !ourt faile&
to &e!i&e the !ase' 3he &efense !ounsel o%e&
to &isiss the !ase on the ,roun& that after the
lapse of 90 &a"sH the !ourt ha& lost ;uris&i!tion to
&e!i&e the !ase' Shoul& the otion :e ,rante&L
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
NoH the otion shoul& not :e ,rante&' Se!tion 12
(#)H +rti!le E555 of the 1987 Constitution pro%i&es:
C-espite the e0piration of the appli!a:le
an&ator" perio&H the !ourtH without pre;u&i!e
to su!h responsi:ilit" as a" ha%e :een
in!urre& in !onse?uen!e thereofH shall &e!i&e
or resol%e the !ase or atter su:itte&
thereto for &eterinationH without further
&ela"'C
3husH the failure of the trial !ourt to &e!i&e the
!ase within ninet" &a"s &i& not oust it of
;uris&i!tion to &e!i&e the !ase'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
3he 1973 Constitution pro%i&e& for !ertain
!onse?uen!es on the &e!isions of !ourts in !ase
of the failure of the Supree Court an& other
inferior !olle,iate !ourts to &e!i&e !ases within
pres!ri:e& perio&s' 9ut it &i& not pro%i&e for
!onse?uen!es on the &e!isions of trial !ourts as
a result of their failure to &e!i&e !ases
within three onths (+rt' MH Se!' 11)' 5n 8ar!elino
%s' Cru=H 121 SC1+ 21 (1983) it was hel& that
the perio&s pres!ri:e& are onl" &ire!tor"H not
an&ator"'
Poiti"a >-e%tion 6199A7
No' 13: >u&i!ial power as &efine& in Se!' 1H 2n&
par'H +rt' E555H 1987 ConstitutionH now Cin!lu&es the
&ut" of the Courts of >usti!e to settle a!tual
!ontro%ersies in%ol%in, ri,hts whi!h are le,all"
&ean&a:le an& enfor!ea:leH an& to &eterine
whether or not there has :een a ,ra%e a:use of
&is!retion aountin, to la!D of e0!ess of
;uris&i!tion on the part of an" :ran!h or
instruentalit" of the $o%ernent' C3his &efinition
is sai& to ha%e e0pan&e& the power of the
;u&i!iar" to in!lu&e politi!al ?uestions forerl"
:e"on& its ;uris&i!tion'
(1) -o "ou a,ree with su!h as interpretation of the
!onstitutional &efinition of ;u&i!ial power that woul&
authori=e the !ourts to re%iew an&H if warrante&H
re%erse the e0er!ise of &is!retion :" the politi!al
&epartents (e0e!uti%e an& le,islati%e) of the
,o%ernentH in!lu&in, the Constitutional
CoissionsL -is!uss full"H
(2) 5n "our opinionH how shoul& su!h &efinition :e
!onstrue& so as not to ero&e !onsi&era:l" or
&isre,ar& entirel" the e0istin, Cpoliti!al ?uestionC
&o!trineL -is!uss full"'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1' OesH the se!on& para,raph of Se!tion 1H
+rti!le E555 of the 1987 Constitution has
e0pan&e& the power of the >u&i!iar" to
in!lu&e politi!al ?uestions' 3his was not foun&
in the 1932 an& the 1973 ConstitutionH
Pre!isel"H the fraers of the 1987 !onstitution
inten&e& to wi&en the s!ope of ;u&i!ial re%iew'
2' +s pointe& out in 8ar!os %s' 8an,lapusH 177
SC1+ ))8H so as not to &isre,ar& entirel" the
politi!al ?uestion &o!trineH the e0tent of
;u&i!ial re%iew when politi!al ?uestions are
in%ol%e& shoul& :e liite& to a &eterination
of whether or not there has :een a ,ra%e
a:use of &is!retion aountin, to la!D or
e0!ess of ;uris&i!tion on the part of the offi!ial
whose a!t is :ein, ?uestione&' 5f ,ra%e a:use
of &is!retion is not shownH the !ourts shoul&
not su:stitute their ;u&,ent for that of the
offi!ial !on!erne& an& &e!i&e a atter whi!h
:" its nature or :" law is for the latter alone to
&e!i&e'
Poiti"a >-e%tion !o"trine 619977
No' 2; 3o what e0tentH if at allH has the 1987
Constitution affe!te& the Cpoliti!al ?uestion
&o!trineCL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
Se!tion 1H +rti!le E555 of the Constitution has
e0pan&e& the s!ope of ;u&i!ial power :" in!lu&in,
the &ut" of the !ourts of >usti!e to settle a!tual
!ontro%ersies in%ol%in, ri,hts whi!h are le,all"
&ean&a:le an& enfor!ea:leH an& to &eterine
whether or not there has :een a ,ra%e a:use of
&is!retion aountin, to la!D or e0!ess of
;uris&i!tion on the part of an" :ran!h or
instruentalit" of the $o%ernent' 5n 8ar!os %s'
8an,lapusH 177 SC1+ ))8H the Supree Court
state& that :e!ause of this !ourts of ;usti!e a"
&e!i&e politi!al ?uestions if there was ,ra%e a:use
of &is!retion aountin, to la!D or e0!ess of
;uris&i!tion on the part of the offi!ial whose a!tion
is :ein, ?uestione&'
Poiti"a >-e%tion: Se$aration o# Po1er%
6899;7
(:) S-A was ele!te& Con,ressan' 9efore the
en& of his first "ear in offi!eH he infli!te& ph"si!al
in;uries on a !ollea,ueH /3H in the !ourse of a
heate& &e:ate' Char,es were file& in !ourt a,ainst
hi as well as in the @ouse /thi!s Coittee'
7aterH the @ouse of 1epresentati%esH &i%i&in,
alon, part" linesH %ote& to e0pel hi' Claiin, that
his e0pulsion was railroa&e& an& tainte& :"
:ri:er"H he file& a petition seeDin, a &e!laration :"
the Supree Court that the @ouse ,ra%el" a:use&
its &is!retion an& %iolate& the Constitution' @e
pra"e& that his e0pulsion :e annulle& an& that he
shoul& :e restore& :" the SpeaDer to his position
as Con,ressan' 5s S-ABs petition :efore the
Supree Court ;usti!ia:leL Cite pertinent issues
for !onsi&eration' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
6hile un&er Se!tion 1H +rti!le E555 of the 1987
Constitution the Supree Court a" in?uire
whether or not the &e!ision to e0pel S-A is
tainte& with ,ra%e a:use of &is!retion aountin,
to la!D or e0!ess of ;uris&i!tionH the petition shoul&
:e &isisse&' 5n +le;an&rino %' (ue=on (#) Phil'
83 P192#Q)H the Supree Court hel& that it !oul&
not !opel the Senate to reinstate a Senator who
assaulte& another Senator an& was suspen&e& for
&isor&erl" :eha%iorH :e!ause it !oul& not !opel a
separate an& !o*e?ual &epartent to taDe an"
parti!ular a!tion' 5n AseXa %' Pen&atun (109
Phil' 8)3 P19)0Q)H it was hel& that the Supree
Court !oul& not interfere with the suspension of a
Con,ressan for &isor&erl" :eha%iorH :e!ause the
@ouse of 1epresentati%es is the ;u&,e of what
!onstitutes &isor&erl" :eha%ior'
3he assault of a fellow Senator !onstitutes
&isor&erl" :eha%ior'
Poiti"a >-e%tion5 To Sette A"t-a
Contro*er%ie% 6899;7
(a) 3he 1932H 1973 an& 1987 Constitutions
!oonl" pro%i&e that C>u&i!ial power shall :e
%este& in one Supree Court an& in su!h lower
!ourts as a" :e esta:lishe& :" law'C
6hat is the effe!t of the a&&ition in the 1987
Constitution of the followin, pro%ision: C>u&i!ial
power in!lu&es the &ut" of the !ourts of ;usti!e to
settle a!tual !ontro%ersies in%ol%in, ri,hts whi!h
are le,all" &ean&a:le an& enfor!ea:leH an& to
&eterine whether or not there has :een ,ra%e
instruentalit" of the ,o%ernentCL -is!uss
:riefl"H !itin, at least one illustrati%e !ase' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he effe!t of the se!on& para,raph of Se!tion 1H
+rti!le E555 of the 1987 Constitution is to liit
resort to the politi!al ?uestion &o!trine an& to
:roa&en the s!ope of ;u&i!ial in?uir" into areas
whi!h the >u&i!iar"H un&er the pre%ious
ConstitutionsH woul& ha%e left to the politi!al
&epartents to &e!i&e' 5f a politi!al ?uestion is
in%ol%e&H the >u&i!iar" !an &eterine whether or
not the offi!ial whose a!tion is :ein, ?uestione&
a!te& with ,ra%e a:use of &is!retion aountin, to
la!D or e0!ess of ;uris&i!tion (8ar!os %'
8an,lapusH 177 SC1+ ))8 P1989Q); (-a=a %'
Sin,sonH 180 SC1+ #9) P1989Q)' 3husH althou,h
the @ouse of 1epresentati%es /le!toral 3ri:unal
has e0!lusi%e ;uris&i!tion to &e!i&e ele!tion
!ontests in%ol%in, e:ers of the @ouse of
1epresentati%esH the Supree Court nullifie& the
reo%al of one of its e:ers for %otin, in fa%or
of the protestantH who :elon,e& to a &ifferent
part"' (9on&o! %' Pine&aH 201 SC1+ 792 P1991Q)'
Poiti"a >-e%tion% 619887
No' 23: 5n a!!or&an!e with the opinion of the
Se!retar" of >usti!eH an& :elie%in, that it woul&
:e ,oo& for the !ountr"H the Presi&ent enters into
an a,reeent with the +eri!ans for an
e0tension for another fi%e (2) "ears of their sta"
at their ilitar" :ases in the PhilippinesH in
!onsi&eration of:
(1) + "earl" rental of one :illion <'S' &ollarsH
pa"a:le to the Philippine ,o%ernent in a&%an!e;
(2) +n un&ertaDin, on the part of the +eri!an
,o%ernent to ipleent ie&iatel" the ini*
8arshall plan for the !ountr" in%ol%in,
31
ten :illion <'S' &ollars in ai&s an&
!on!essional loans; an&
(3) +n un&ertaDin, to help persua&e +eri!an
:anDs to !on&one interests an& other !har,es on
the !ountr"Bs out*stan&in, loans'
5n returnH the Presi&ent a,ree& to allow +eri!an
nu!lear %essels to sta" for short %isits at Su:i!H
an& in !ase of %ital ilitar" nee&H to store nu!lear
weapons at Su:i! an& at ClarD Fiel&' + %ital
ilitar" nee& !oesH un&er the a,reeentH when
the sealanes fro the Persian $ulf to the Pa!ifi!H
are threatene& :" hostile ilitar" for!es'
3he Nu!lear Free Philippine Coalition !oes to
"ou for a&%i!e on how the" !oul& le,all" pre%ent
the sae a,reeent entere& into :" the
Presi&ent with the <S ,o%ernent fro ,oin,
into effe!t' 6hat woul& "ou a&%ise the to &oL
$i%e "our reasons'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
5f the +,reeent is not in the for of a treat"H it is
not liDel" to :e su:itte& to the Senate for
ratifi!ation as re?uire& in +rt' E55H se!' 21' 5t a"
notH thereforeH :e oppose& in that :ran!h of the
,o%ernent' Nor is ;u&i!ial re%iew feasi:le at this
sta,e :e!ause there is no ;usti!ia:le !ontro%ers"'
6hile +rt' E555H se!' 1H par' 2 states that ;u&i!ial
power in!lu&es the &ut" of !ourt of ;usti!e to
C&eterine whether or not there has :een a ,ra%e
instruentalit" of the ,o%ernentHC it is !lear that
this pro%ision &oes not &o awa" with the politi!al
?uestion &o!trine' 5t was inserte& in the
Constitution to pre%ent !ourts fro aDin, use of
the &o!trine to a%oi& what otherwise are
;usti!ia:le !ontro%ersiesH al:eit in%ol%in, the
/0e!uti%e 9ran!h of the ,o%ernent &urin, the
artial law perio&' An the other han&H at this
sta,eH no ;usti!ia:le !ontro%ers" !an :e frae& to
;ustif" ;u&i!ial re%iewH 5 woul&H thereforeH a&%i!e
the Nu!lear Free Philippine Coalition to resort to
the e&ia to laun!h a !apai,n a,ainst the
+,reeent'
Pro Ha" (i"e Ca%e% 619997
No M5 6hat &oes if ean when a Supree Court
>usti!e !on!urs in a &e!ision pro ha! %i!eL (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
6hen a &e!ision is pro ha! %i!eH it eans the
rulin, will appl" to this parti!ular !ase onl"'
Re+o*a o# Lo1er Co-rt .-dge% 6199:7
No' 11: @ow a" the followin, :e reo%e& fro
offi!e: 1) Senators 4 Con,ressen 2) >u&,es of
lower !ourts 3) Affi!ers an& eplo"ees in the
Ci%il Ser%i!e
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1) +s to Sen 4 Con,H +rt' 555H se!tion 1)(3)H of
the ConstitutionH ''' 2) <n&er +rt' E555H se!' 11 of
the ConstitutionH >u&,es of lower !ourts a" :e
reo%e& :" &isissal :" the Supree :" a %ote
of a a;orit" of the 8e:ers who a!tuall" tooD
part in the &eli:eration on the issues in the !ase
an& %ote& thereon' 3) +s to Ci% Ser%i!e /plH
+rt' 5M*9' Se!' 2(3) of the ConstitutionH '''
Re*ie1 E,e"-ti*e A"t% 6199?7
No' 10: 1) MH a !lerD of !ourt of the 1e,ional 3rial
Court of 8anilaH was foun& ,uilt" of :ein, a:sent
without offi!ial lea%e for 90 &a"s an& !onsi&ere&
&isisse& fro ser%i!e :" the Supree Court' @e
appeale& to the Presi&ent for e0e!uti%e !leen!"'
+!tin, on the appealH the /0e!uti%e Se!retar"H :"
or&er of the Presi&ent !oute& the penalt" to a
suspension of si0 onths' a) Can the Supree
Court re%iew the
!orre!tness of the a!tion of the Presi&ent in
!outin, the penalt" ipose& on ML
/0plain'
:) 6as the a!tion of the Presi&ent
!onstitutional an& %ali&L /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1' a) OesH the Supree Court !an re%iew the
!orre!tness of the a!tion of the Presi&ent 5n
!outin, the penalt" ipose& on M' 9" &oin,
soH the Supree Court is not &e!i&in, a politi!al
?uestion' 3he Supree Court is not re%iewin, the
wis&o of the !outation of the penalt"' 6hat
it is &e!i&in, is whether or not the Presi&ent has
the power to !oute the penalt" of MH +s state&
in -a=a %s' Sin,son' 180 SC1+ #9)H it is within
the s!ope of >u&i!ial power to pass upon the
%ali&it" of the a!tions of the other &epartents of
the $o%ernent'
:) 3he !outation :" the Presi&ent of the
penalt" ipose& :" the Supree Court upon M is
un!onstitutional' Se!tion )' +rti!le E555 of the
Constitution %ests the Supree Court with the
power of a&inistrati%e super%ision o%er all
!ourts an& their personnel' 5n $ar!ia %s' -e la
PenaH 229 SC1+ 7))H it was hel& that no other
:ran!h of the $o%ernent a" intru&e into this
e0!lusi%e power of the Supree Court'
S-$er*i%ion5 Co-rt% B it% Per%onne 6>A<
899A7
(2) Pe&ro 8asipa, file& with the A:u&san a
!oplaint a,ainst 13C >u&,e >ose Pala!pa! with
%iolation of +rti!le 20# of the 1e%ise& Penal Co&e
for Dnowin,l" ren&erin, an un;ust ;u&,ent in
Criinal Case No' )17' >u&,e Pala!pa! file& a
otion with the A:u&san to refer the !oplaint
to the Supree Court to &eterine whether an
a&inistrati%e aspe!t was in%ol%e& in the sai& !ase'
3he A:u&san &enie& the otion on the ,roun&
that no a&inistrati%e !ase a,ainst >u&,e Pala!pa!
relati%e to the &e!ision in Criinal Case No' )17
was file& an& pen&in, in his offi!e' State with
reasons whether the A:u&sanBs rulin, is
!orre!t' (#N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he A:u&sanBs rulin, is not !orre!t' <n&er
Se!tion )H +rti!le E555 of the ConstitutionH it is the
Supree Court whi!h is %este& with e0!lusi%e
a&inistrati%e super%ision o%er all !ourts an& its
personnel' Pres!in&in, fro this preiseH the
A:u&san !annot &eterine for itself an& :"
itself whether a !riinal !oplaint a,ainst a
;u&,eH or !ourt eplo"eeH in%ol%es an
a&inistrati%e atter' 3he A:u&san is &ut"
:oun& to ha%e all !ases a,ainst ;u&,es an& !ourt
personnel file& :efore itH referre& to the Supree
Court for &eterination as to whether an
a&inistrati%e aspe!t is in%ol%e& therein' (>u&,e
>ose Caoi:es %' A:u&sanH $'1' No' 132177H
>ul" 19H 2001)
Ta,$ayerG% S-it5 Lo"-% Standi 6199A7
No' 12: 6hen the 8ar!os a&inistration was
topple& :" the re%olutionar" ,o%ernentH the
8ar!oses left :ehin& se%eral Al& 8astersB
paintin,s an& anti?ue sil%erware sai& to ha%e
:een a!?uire& :" the as personal ,ifts'
Ne,otiations were then a&e with /llen 7a"ne of
7on&on for their &isposition an& sale at pu:li!
au!tion' 7aterH the ,o%ernent entere& into a
CConsi,nent +,reeentC allowin, /llen 7a"ne
of 7on&on to au!tion off the su:;e!t art pie!es'
<pon learnin, of the inten&e& saleH well*Dnown
artistsH patrons an& ,uar&ians of the arts of the
Philippines file& a petition in !ourt to en;oin the
sale an& &isposition of the %alue& ites assertin,
that their !ultural si,nifi!an!e ust :e preser%e&
for the :enefit of the Filipino people'
(1) Can the !ourt taDe !o,ni=an!e of the
!aseL /0plain'
(2) 6hat are the re?uisites for a ta0pa"erBs suit
to prosperL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1' NoH the !ourt !annot taDe !o,ni=an!e of the
!ase' +s hel& in >o"a %s' Presi&ential Coission
on $oo& $o%ernentH 222 SC1+ 2)9H sin!e the
petitioners were not the le,al owners of paintin,s
an& anti?ue sil%erwareH the" ha& no stan&in, to
?uestion their &isposition' 9esi&esH the paintin,s
an& the anti?ue sil%erware &i& not !onstitute
iportant !ultural properties or national !ultural
treasuresH as the" ha& no e0!eptional histori!al
an& !ultural si,nifi!an!e to the Philippines'
2' +!!or&in, to >o"a us' Presi&ential Coission
on $oo& $o%ernentH 222 SC1+
2)8' for a ta0pa"erBs suit to prosperH four
re?uisites ust :e !onsi&ere&:
(1) the ?uestion ust :e raise& :" the proper
part";
(2) there ust :e an a!tual !ontro%ers";
(3) the ?uestion ust :e raise& at the earliest
possi:le opportunit"; an&
(#) the &e!ision on the !onstitutional or le,al
?uestion ust :e ne!essar" to the &eterination
of the !ase'
5n or&er that a ta0pa"er a" ha%e stan&in, to
!hallen,e the le,alit" of an offi!ial a!t of the
,o%ernentH the a!t :ein, ?uestione& ust
in%ol%e a &is:urseent of pu:li! fun&s upon the
theor" that the e0pen&iture of pu:li! fun&s for an
un!onstitutional a!t is a isappli!ation of su!h
fun&sH whi!h a" :e en;oine& at the instan!e of a
ta0pa"er'
Ter+ o# O##i"e5 .-%ti"e% 6199?7
No' 9: +H an asso!iate ;usti!e of the Supree
Court rea!he& the a,e of se%ent" on >ul" 1H
199)' 3here was a !ase !alen&are& for
&eli:eration on that &a" where the %ote of + was
!ru!ial' Can + hol& o%er the position an&
parti!ipate in the &eli:eration of the !ase on >ul"
1H 199)L /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
No' + !annot hol& o%er his position as +sso!iate
>usti!e of the Supree Court an& parti!ipate in
the &eli:erations of the !ase on >ul" 1H 199)'
8e:ers of the Supree Court hol& offi!e until
the" rea!h the a,e of se%ent" "ears or :e!oe
in!apa!itate& to &is!har,e their &uties'
Constitutional offi!ers whose ters are fi0e& :"
the Constitution ha%e no ri,ht to hol& o%er their
positions until their su!!essors shall ha%e :een
appointe& an& ?ualifie& unless otherwise
pro%i&e& in the Constitution' (8e!heH + 3reaties
on the 7aw of Pu:li! Affi!es an& Affi!ersH p' 228')
(ote% reF-ired #or de"aring a a1
-n"on%tit-tiona 6199?7
No' 7: Can fi%e e:ers of the Supree Court
&e!lare a uni!ipal or&inan!e un!onstitutionalL
/0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
Oes' fi%e 8e:ers of the Supree Court sittin, en*
:an! !an &e!lare a uni!ipal or&inan!e
un!onstitutional' <n&er Se!tion #(2)' +rti!le E555 of
the ConstitutionH a uni!ipal or&inan!e !an :e
&e!lare& un!onstitutional with the !on!urren!e of a
a;orit" of the 8e:ers of the Supree Court who
a!tuall" tooD part in the &eli:eration on the issues
in the !ase an& %ote& thereon' 5f onl" ei,ht
8e:ers of the Supree Court a!tuall" tooD part
in &e!i&in, the !aseH there will still :e a ?uoru'
Fi%e 8e:ers will !onstitute a a;orit" of those
who a!tuall" tooD part in &e!i&in, the !ase'
ARTICLE I/ Con%tit-tiona
Co++i%%ion% Rotationa
S"'e+e 619997
No M555 * 6hat are the re?uisites for the effe!ti%e
operation of the so*!alle& C1otational S!heeC for
Constitutional CoissionsL (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+s hel& in 1epu:li! %' 5perialH 9) Phil' 770H for
the effe!ti%e operation of the rotational s!hee of
the Constitutional CoissionH the first
Coissioner shoul& start on a !oon &ate
an& an" %a!an!" :efore the e0piration of the ter
shoul& :e fille& onl" for the une0pire& :alan!e of
the ter'
Con%tit-tiona Co++i%%ion% B Co-n"i 6>7<
899?7
2' 3he le,islature a" a:olish this :o&": (2N)
'1 Coission on +ppointents
'2 A:u&san
'3 >u&i!ial an& 9ar Coun!il
'# Court of 3a0 +ppeals
'2 Coission on +u&it
32
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he le,islature a" a:olish the &) CA<13 AF
3+M +PP/+7S sin!e it is erel" a !reation of
law unliDe the Coission on +ppointentsH
A:u&sanH >u&i!ial an& 9ar Coun!il an&
Coission on +u&it whi!h are all !onstitutional
!reations' 3husH the latter a,en!ies a" onl" :e
a:olishe& :" wa" of an aen&ent or re%ision of
the Constitution'
ARTICLE I/ Ci*i Ser*i"e
Co++i%%ion
Career Ser*i"e5 C'ara"teri%ti"% 619997
No 5M * 6hat !hara!teri=es the !areer ser%i!e
an& what are in!lu&e& in the !areer ser%i!eL
(2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+!!or&in, to Se!tion 7H Chapter 2H 3itle 5H 9ooD E
of the +&inistrati%e Co&e of 1987H the !areer
ser%i!e is !hara!teri=e& :"
(1) /ntran!e :ase& on erit an& fitness to :e
&eterine& as far as pra!ti!a:le :" !opetiti%e
e0aination or :ase& on hi,hl" te!hni!al
?ualifi!ations;
(2) opportunit" for a&%an!eent to hi,her !areer
positions; an&
(3) se!urit" of tenure'
3he !areer ser%i!e in!lu&es:
(1) AP/N C+1//1 PAS535ANS for
appointent to whi!h prior ?ualifi!ations in an
appropriate e0aination is re?uire&;
(2) C7AS/- C+1//1 PAS535ANS whi!h are
s!ientifi! or hi,hl" te!hni!al in nature;
(3) Positions in the C+1//1 /M/C<35E/
S/1E5C/;
(#) Career offi!ers other than those in the !areer
e0e!uti%e ser%i!eH who are appointe& :" the
Presi&ent;
(2) Coissione& offi!ers an& enliste& en of
the +re& For!es;
()) Personnel of ,o%ernent *owne& or
!ontrolle& !orporationsH whether perforin,
,o%ernental or proprietar" fun!tionsH who &o not
fall un&er the non*!areer ser%i!e; an&
(7) Peranent la:orersH whether sDille&H
seisDille&H or unsDille&'
Ci*i Ser*i"e Co++i%%ion *%= COA 6899;7
69<a7 Forer $o%ernor PP of +-S Pro%in!e ha&
&isisse& se%eral eplo"ees to s!ale &own the
operations of his Affi!e' 3he eplo"ees
!oplaine& to the 8erit S"stes Prote!tion 9oar&H
whi!h rule& that the Ci%il Ser%i!e rules were
%iolate& when the eplo"ees were &isisse&' 3he
Ci%il Ser%i!e Coission (CSC) affire& the
8SP9 &e!isionH an& or&ere& +-S to reinstate the
eplo"ees with full :a!Dwa,es' +-S &i& not
appeal an& the or&er :e!ae final'
5nstea& of !opl"in, ie&iatel"H 9APH the
in!u:ent $o%ernor of +-SH referre& the atter
to the Coission on +u&it (CA+)H
whi!h rule& that the aounts &ue are the
personal lia:ilities of the forer $o%ernor who
&isisse& the eplo"ees in :a& faith' 3husH +-S
refuse& to pa"' 3he final CSC &e!isionH howe%erH
&i& not fin& the forer $o%ernor in :a& faith' 3he
forer $o%ernor was liDewise not hear& on the
?uestion of his lia:ilit"'
5s +-SB refusal ;ustifie&L Can CA+ &isallow the
pa"ent of :a!Dwa,es :" +-S to the &isisse&
eplo"ees &ue un&er a final CSC &e!isionL
-e!i&e an& reason :riefl"' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+' 3he refusal of +-S is not ;ustifie&H an& the
Coission on +u&it !annot &isallow the pa"ent
of :a!Dwa,es :" +-S to the &isisse& eplo"ee'
3he Coission on +u&it !annot aDe a rulin, that
it is the forer ,o%ernor who shoul& :e personall"
lia:leH sin!e the forer ,o%ernor was not ,i%en the
opportunit" to :e hear&' 5n a&&itionH the Coission
on +u&it !annot set asi&e a final &e!ision of the Ci%il
Ser%i!e Coission' 3he pa"ent of :a!Dwa,es to
ille,all" &isisse& ,o%ernent eplo"ee is not an
irre,ularH unne!essar"H e0!essi%eH e0tra%a,ant or
un!ons!iona:le e0pen&iture' (<" %' Coission on
+u&itH 328 SC1+ )07 P2000Q)'
F-n"tion o# CSC 6199;7
No' 12 * 2) Can the Ci%il Ser%i!e Coission
re%oDe an appointent :" the appointin, power
an& &ire!t the appointent of an in&i%i&ual of its
!hoi!eL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+!!or&in, to the rulin, in 8e&alla %s' Sto' 3oasH
208 SC1+ 321H the Ci%il Ser%i!e Coission
!annot &i!tate to the appointin, power who to
appoint' 5ts fun!tion is liite& to &eterinin,
whether or not the appointee eets the iniu
?ualifi!ation re?uireents pres!ri:e& for the
position' AtherwiseH it woul& :e en!roa!hin,
upon the &is!retion of the appointin, power'
2OCC% 4it'o-t Origina C'arter *%= 2OCC%
4it' Origina C'arter 619987
No 55'** 3he Constitution &istin,uishes :etween two
t"pes of owne& an&Ior !ontrolle& !orporations:
those with ori,inal !harters an& those whi!h are
su:si&iaries of su!h !orporations' 5n whi!h of the
followin, ruleIrules is su!h a &istin!tion a&eL
Consi&er ea!h of the followin, ites an& e0plain
:riefl" "our answerH !itin, pertinent pro%isions of
the Constitution'
1 3he rule prohi:itin, the appointent to
!ertain ,o%ernent positionsH of the spouse an&
relati%es of the Presi&ent within the fourth &e,ree
of !onsan,uinit" or affinit"' P2NQ
2 3he rule aDin, it in!opati:le for
e:ers of Con,ress to hol& offi!es or
eplo"ent in the ,o%ernent' P2NQ
3 3he rule prohi:itin, e:ers of the
Constitutional CoissionsH &urin, their tenureH
to :e finan!iall" intereste& in an" !ontra!t with or
an" fran!hise or pri%ile,e ,rante& :" the
,o%ernentH P2NQ
# 3he rule pro%i&in, for post au&it :" the
CA+ of !ertain ,o%ernent a,en!ies' P2NQ
2 3he rule re?uirin, Con,ress to pro%i&e for
the stan&ar&i=ation of !opensation of
,o%ernent offi!ials an& eplo"ees' P2NQ
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1 Se!tion 13' +rti!le E55 of the ConstitutionH
whi!h prohi:its the Presi&ent fro appointin, his
spouse an& relati%es within the fourth &e,ree of
!onsan,uinit" or affinit" &oes not &istin,uish :etween
,o%ernent !orporations with ori,inal !harters an&
their su:si&iariesH :e!ause the prohi:ition applies to
:oth'
2 Se!tion 13H +rti!le E55 of the ConstitutionH
whi!h prohi:its 8e:ers of Con,ress fro hol&in,
an" other offi!e &urin, their ter without forfeitin,
their seatH does no+ dis+ing*is- :etween ,o%ernent
!orporations with ori,inal !harters an& their
su:si&iariesH :e!ause the prohi:ition applies to :oth'
3 Se!tion 2H +rti!le 5M*+ of the ConstitutionH
whi!h prohi:its 8e:ers of the Constitutional
Coissions fro :ein, finan!iall" intereste& in an"
!ontra!t with or an" fran!hise or pri%ile,e ,rante& :"
the $o%ernentH does no+ dis+ing*is- :etween
,o%ernent !orporations with ori,inal !harters an&
their su:si&iariesH :e!ause the prohi:ition applies to
:oth'
# Se!tion 2(1)H +rti!le 5M*- of the Constitution
whi!h pro%i&es for post au&it :" the Coission on
au&it of ,o%ernent !orporationsH does no+ dis+ing*is-
:etween ,o%ernent !orporations with ori,inal
!harters an& their su:si&iariesH :e!ause the pro%ision
applies to :oth'
2 Se!tion 2H +rti!le 5M*9 of the ConstitutionH
whi!h pro%i&es for the stan&ar&i=ation of the
33
!opensation of ,o%ernent offi!ials an&
eplo"eesH dis+ing*is-es :etween ,o%ernent
!orporations an& their su:si&iariesH for the
pro%ision applies onl" to ,o%ernent !orporations
with ori,inal !harters'
.-ri%di"tion o*er t'e 2OCC% 619997
No 5M * 7u=%iin&a 8arfelH ;oine& :" ele%en other
retren!he& eplo"eesH file& a !oplaint with the
-epartent of 7a:or an& /plo"ent (-A7/) for
unpai& retren!hent or separation pa"H
un&erpa"ent of wa,es an& non*pa"ent of
eer,en!" !ost of li%in, allowan!e' 3he
!oplaint was file& a,ainst Foo& 3erinalH 5n!'
Foo& 3erinal 5n!' o%e& to &isiss on the
,roun& of la!D of ;uris&i!tionH theori=in, that it is a
,o%ernent*owne& an& !ontrolle& !orporation an&
its eplo"ees are ,o%erne& :" the Ci%il Ser%i!e
7aw an& not :" the 7a:or Co&e' 8arfel oppose&
the otion to &isissH !onten&in, that althou,h
Foo& 3erinalH 5n!' is a !orporation owne& an&
!ontrolle& :" the ,o%ernent earlier !reate& an&
or,ani=e& un&er the ,eneral !orporation law as
C3he $reater 8anila Foo& 3erinalH 5n!'CH it has
still the arDs of a pri%ate !orporation: it &ire!tl"
hires its eplo"ees without seeDin, appro%al fro
the Ci%il Ser%i!e Coission an& its personnel
are !o%ere& :" the So!ial Se!urit" S"ste an& not
the $o%ernent Ser%i!e 5nsuran!e S"steH 3he
?uestion pose& in the petition for !ertiorari at :ar is
whether or not a la:or law !lai a,ainst a
,o%ernent*owne& or !ontrolle& !orporation liDe
the Foo& 3erinalH 5n!' falls within the ;uris&i!tion
of the -epartent of 7a:or an& /plo"ent or
the Ci%il Ser%i!e CoissionL -e!i&e an&
ratio!inate' (#N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he !lai of the retren!he& eplo"ees falls un&er
the ;uris&i!tion of the National 7a:or 1elations
Coission an& not un&er the ;uris&i!tion of the
Ci%il Ser%i!e Coission' +s hel& in 7uanta %'
National 7a:or 1elations CoissionH 170 SC1+
79H sin!e Foo& 3erinalH 5n!' was or,ani=e&
un&er the Corporation 7aw an& was not !reate&
:" a spe!ial law in a!!or&an!e with Se!tion 2(1)H
+rti!le 5M*9 of the ConstitutionH it is not !o%ere& :"
the !i%il ser%i!e'
.-ri%di"tion o*er t'e 2OCC% 6899:7
No E55 * + !orporationH a hol&er of a !ertifi!ate of
re,istration issue& :" the Se!urities an& /0!han,e
CoissionH is owne& an& !ontrolle& :" the
1epu:li! of the Philippines' 3he Ci%il Ser%i!e
Coission (CSC)H in a
eoran&u*or&erH &ire!ts the !orporation to
!opl" with Ci%il Ser%i!e 1ules in the
appointent of all of its offi!ers an& eplo"ees'
3he eoran&u*or&er of the CSC is assaile& :"
the !orporationH as well as :" its offi!ers an&
eplo"eesH :efore the !ourt' @ow shoul& the !ase
:e resol%e&L
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he eoran&u*or&er of the Ci%il Ser%i!e
Coission shoul& :e &e!lare& %oi&' +s hel& in
$ao,ao %' PNAC Shippin, an& 3ransit
Corporation' 381 SC1+ 7#2 (2002)' un&er +rti!le
5M*9H Se!tion 2(1) of the 1987 Constitution
,o%ernent*owne& or !ontrolle& !orporations
or,ani=e& un&er the Corporation Co&e are not
!o%ere& :" the Ci%il Ser%i!e 7aw :ut :" the 7a:or
Co&eH :e!ause onl" ,o%ernent*owne& or
!ontrolle& !orporations with ori,inal !harters are
!o%ere& :" the Ci%il Ser%i!e'
0ode% o# Re+o*a #ro+ O##i"e 6199:7
No' 11: @ow a" the followin, :e reo%e& fro
offi!e: 1) Senators 4 Con,ressen 2) >u&,es of
lower !ourts 3) Affi!ers an& eplo"ees in the
Ci%il Ser%i!e
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1) SenatorsH Con,'H +rt' 555H se!tion 1)(3)H of the
ConstitutionH '''
2) >u&,esH +rt' E555H se!' 11 of the ConstitutionH
3) <n&er +rt' 5M*9' Se!' 2(3) of the ConstitutionH
offi!ers an& eplo"ees in the Ci%il Ser%i!e a"
onl" :e reo%e& for !ause as pro%i&e& :" law
an& after o:ser%an!e of &ue pro!ess'
3heir reo%al ust :e effe!te& :" the appropriate
&is!iplinar" authorit" in a!!or&an!e with Ch' 7
se!s' #7*#8 of 9ooD E of the +&inistrati%e Co&e
of 1987 an& the Ci%il Ser%i!e 1ules an&
1e,ulations'
Re"ei*ing o# Indire"t Co+$en%ation 619977
No' 18; +H while an in!u:ent $o%ernor of his
pro%in!eH was in%ite& :" the $o%ernent of
Ca:o&ia as its offi!ial ,uest' 6hile thereH the
so%erei,n Din, awar&e& $o%ernor + with a
&e!oration of honor an& ,ifte& hi with a ,ol&
rin, of insi,nifi!ant onetar" %alueH :oth of whi!h
he a!!epte&'
6as $o%ernor +Bs a!!eptan!e of the &e!oration
an& ,ift %iolati%e of the ConstitutionL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
OesH it %iolate& Se!tion 8H +rti!le 5M*9 of the
Constitution' For his a!!eptan!e of the
&e!oration of honor an& the ,ol& rin, fro the
$o%ernent of Ca:o&ia to :e %ali&H $o%ernor
+ shoul& first o:tain the !onsent of Con,ress'
Se"-rity o# Ten-re 619887
No' 10: /0er!isin, power he !lais ha& :een
,rante& hi :" the /0e!uti%e Ar&er on the
reor,ani=ation of the ,o%ernentH the
Coissioner of Custos suaril" &isisse&
two hun&re& si0t"*fi%e offi!ials an& eplo"ees of
the 9ureau of Custos' 8ost of the ouste&
eplo"ees appeale& to the Ci%il Ser%i!e
Coission !laiin, their ouster ille,al' 3he Ci%il
Ser%i!e CoissionH after hearin,H later or&ere&
the Coissioner of Custos to reinstate ost of
those &isisse&' 5nstea& of followin, the or&er of
the Ci%il Ser%i!e CoissionH Coissioner 8ison
inten&s to :rin, for re%iew :efore the Supree
CourtH the sae &e!ision of the Coission'
1' 5f "ou were the !ounsel for the Coissioner of
CustosH how woul& "ou ;ustif" his &isissal of
!ustos offi!ials an& eplo"eesL
2' 5f on the other han&H "ou were a !ounsel for
the &isisse& offi!ials an& eplo"eesH how
woul& "ou sustain the or&er of the Ci%il Ser%i!e
Coission reinstatin, ost of theL State "our
reasons'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1' 5 woul& in%oDe the resolution in >ose %' +rro"oH
$'1' No' 78#32H +u,' 11H 1987H in whi!h the
Supree Court hel& that un&er +rt' ME555H se!H 1)
of the ConstitutionH !areer ser%i!e eplo"ees
a" :e reo%e& Cnot for !ause :ut as a result of
the reor,ani=ation pursuant to Pro!laation No'
3 &ate& 8ar!h 22H 198) an& the reor,ani=ation
followin, the ratifi!ation of this Constitution'C 9"
%irtue of this pro%isionH it was hel& that the
reor,ani=ation of the 9ureau of Custos un&er
/0e!uti%e Ar&er NoH 127 a" !ontinue e%en after
the ratifi!ation of the ConstitutionH an& !areer
ser%i!e eplo"ees a" :e separate& fro the
ser%i!e without !ause as a result of su!h
reor,ani=ation'
2' 5 woul& ar,ue that art' ME555H se!' 1) &oes not
reall" authori=e the reo%al of !areer ser%i!e
eplo"ees :ut sipl" pro%i&es for the pa"ent of
separationH retireentH an& other :enefits a!!ruin,
to the un&er the appli!a:le laws' 3he referen!e
to !areer ser%i!e eplo"ees separate& Cas a result
of the reor,ani=ation followin, the ratifi!ation of
this ConstitutionC is onl" to those separate& as a
result of reor,ani=ation of the stru!ture an&
fun!tions of ,o%ernent (e','H as a result of
a:olition of offi!es) as &istin,uishe& fro the
reor,ani=ation of personnel whi!h is what is referre&
to therein as Cthe reor,ani=ation pursuant to
Pro!laation No' 3 &ate& 8ar!h 22H 198)'C For the
power of the ,o%ernent to terinate the
eplo"ent of ele!ti%e an& appointi%e offi!ials
pursuant to +rt' 555H se!' 2 of Pro!laation No' 3
(otherwise Dnown as the Pro%isional Constitution)H
throu,h the appointent or &esi,nation of their
su!!essors has :een repeate&l" hel& to ha%e en&e&
on Fe:ruar" 2H 1987H when the new Constitution
tooD effe!t' (-e 7eon %' /s,uerraH 123 SC1+ )02
(1987); 1e"es %' Ferrer $'1' No' 77801H -e!' 11H
1987; Asias %' FerrerH $'1H No' 770#9H 8ar!h 28H
1988)H 8oreo%erH su!h repla!eent of in!u:ents
!an onl" :e for !ause as pres!ri:e& :" /0e!uti%e
Ar&er No' 17H &ate& 8a" 28H 198)' Sin!e the
suar" &isissals in ?uestion are not for !auseH
the reo%al of the 9ureau of Custos offi!ials
%iolates art' 5MH 9H se!H 2(3) of the Constitution'
Se"-rity o# Ten-re 6>A<899A7
(3) 1i!ar&o was ele!te& -ean of the Colle,e of
/&u!ation in a State <ni%ersit" for a ter of fi%e (2)
"ears unless sooner terinate&' 8an" were not
please& with his perforan!e' 3o appease those
!riti!al of hiH the Presi&ent !reate& a new positionH
that of Spe!ial +ssistant to the Presi&ent with the
ranD of -eanH without re&u!tion in salar"H an&
appointe& 1i!ar&o to sai& position in the interest of
the ser%i!e' Conteporaneousl"H the <ni%ersit"
Presi&ent appointe& Santos as +!tin, -ean in pla!e
of 1i!ar&o' (2N)
(a) -oes the phrase Cunless sooner
terinate&C ean that the position of 1i!ar&o
is terina:le at willL
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
NoH the ter Cunless sooner terinate&C !oul&
not ean that his position is terina:le at will'
Se!urit" of tenure eans that &isissal shoul&
onl" :e for !auseH as pro%i&e& :" law an& not
otherwise' (Palera %' CSCH $'1' No' 1101)8H
+u,ust #H 199#)
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
NoH his position is not terina:le at will' 1i!ar&oBs
!ontra!t of eplo"ent has a fi0e& ter of fi%e
"ears' 5t is not an appointent in an a!tin,
!apa!it" or as offi!er*in*!har,e' + !olle,e &ean
appointe& with a ter !annot :e separate&
without !ause' 1i!ar&oH with a &efinite ter of
eplo"entH a" not thus :e
reo%e& e0!ept for !ause' (Sta' 8aria %' 7ope=H
$'1' No' 7*30773H Fe:ruar" 18H1970)
(:) 6as 1i!ar&o reo%e& fro his
position as -ean of the Colle,e of /&u!ation
or erel" transferre& to the position of Spe!ial
+ssistant to the Presi&entL /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1i!ar&o was reo%e& fro his position as &ean'
@a%in, an appointent with a fi0e& terH he
!annotH without his !onsentH :e transferre& :efore
the en& of his ter' @e !annot :e asDe& to ,i%e
up his post nor appointe& as &ean of another
!olle,eH u!h less transferre& to another position
e%en if it :e &i,nifie& with a &eanBs ranD' 8ore
than thisH the transfer was a &eotion :e!ause
&eanship in a uni%ersit"H :ein, an a!a&ei!
position whi!h re?uires learnin,H a:ilit" an&
s!holarshipH is ore e0alte& than that of a spe!ial
assistant who erel" assists the Presi&entH as the
title in&i!ates' 3he spe!ial assistant &oes not
aDe authoritati%e &e!isions unliDe the &ean who
&oes so in his own nae an& responsi:ilit"' 3he
position of &ean is !reate& :" lawH while the
spe!ial assistant is not so pro%i&e& :" law; it was
a !reation of the uni%ersit" presi&ent' (Sta' 8aria
%' 7ope=H $'1' No' 7*30773H Fe:ruar" 18H 1970)
Se"-rity o# Ten-re5 0eaning 619997
No 5M * *6hat is the eanin, an& ,uarantee of
se!urit" of tenureL (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+!!or&in, to Palera %' Ci%il Ser%i!e CoissionH
232 SC1+ 87H S/C<153O AF 3/N<1/ eans
that no offi!er or eplo"ee in the Ci%il Ser%i!e
shall :e suspen&e& or &isisse& e0!ept for !ause
as pro%i&e& :" law an& after &ue pro!ess'
ARTICLE I/ CO0ELEC Ee"tora
Trib-na5 F-n"tion% B Co+$o%ition 6>A<
899?7
1' 6hat is the fun!tion of the Senate
/le!toral 3ri:unal an& the @ouse of
1epresentati%es /le!toral 3ri:unalL (2'2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
<n&er +rti!le E5H Se!tion 17 of the 1987
ConstitutionH the Senate an& @ouse of
1epresentati%es /le!toral 3ri:unals shall :e the
sole ;u&,e of all !ontests relatin, to the ele!tionH
returnsH an& ?ualifi!ations of their respe!ti%e
8e:ers'
2' 6hat is the !oposition of ea!hL (2'2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
/a!h /le!toral 3ri:unal shall :e !opose& of
N5N/ 8e:ersH three of who shall :e >usti!es
of the Supree Court to :e &esi,nate& :" the
Chief >usti!eH an& the reainin, si0 shall :e
8e:ers of the Senate or the @ouse of
1epresentati%esH as the !ase a" :eH who shall
:e !hosen on the :asis of proportional
representation fro the politi!al parties an& the
parties or or,ani=ations re,istere& un&er the
part"*list s"ste represente& therein' 3he senior
>usti!e in the /le!toral 3ri:unal shall :e its
Chairan (+rti!le E5H Se!tion 17H1987
Constitution)'
Fair Ee"tion5 EF-a S$a"e B Ti+e in 0edia
619897
No' 1): + CA8/7/C (CA8/7/C) resolution
pro%i&es that politi!al parties supportin, a
!oon set of !an&i&ates shall :e allowe& to
pur!hase ;ointl" air tie an& the a,,re,ate
aount of a&%ertisin, spa!e pur!hase& for
!apai,n purposes shall not e0!ee& that allotte&
to other politi!al parties or ,roups that noinate&
onl" one set of !an&i&ates' 3he resolution is
!hallen,e& as a %iolation of the free&o of
spee!h an& of the press' 5s the resolution
!onstitutionall" &efensi:leL /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
OesH the resolution is !onstitutionall" &efensi:le'
<n&er Se!tion #H +rti!le 5M*C of the 1987
ConstitutionH &urin, the ele!tion perio& the
CA8/7/C a" super%ise or re,ulate the e&ia
of !ouni!ation or inforation to ensure e?ual
opportunit"H tieH an& spa!e aon, !an&i&ates
with the o:;e!ti%e of hol&in, freeH or&erl"H honestH
pea!efulH an& !re&i:le ele!tions' 3o allow
!an&i&ates whi!h are supporte& :" ore than one
politi!al part" to pur!hase ore air tie an&
a&%ertisin, spa!e than !an&i&ates supporte& :"
one politi!al part" onl" will &epri%e the latter of
e?ual tie an& spa!e in the e&ia'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
No' +lthou,h the e0pen&iture liitation applies
onl" to the pur!hase of air tieH thus lea%in,
politi!al parties free to spen& for other fors of
!apai,nH the liitation nonetheless results in a
&ire!t an& su:stantial re&u!tion of the ?uantit" of
politi!al spee!h :" restri!tin, the nu:er of
issues that !an :e &is!usse&H the &epth of their
&is!ussion an& the si=e of the au&ien!e that !an
:e rea!he&H throu,h the :roa&!ast e&ia' Sin!e
the purpose of the Free Spee!h Clause is to
proote the wi&est possi:le &isseination of
inforationH an& the realit" is that to &o this
re?uires the e0pen&iture of one"H a liitation on
e0pen&iture for this purpose !annot :e ;ustifie&H
not e%en for the purpose of e?uali=in,
the opportunit" of politi!al !an&i&ates' 3his is the
rulin, in 9u!Dle" %s' EaleoH #2# <'S' 1 (197))H
whi!h in%ali&ate& a law liitin, the e0pen&itures
of !an&i&ates for !apai,nin, in the <nite&
States' 5n the PhilippinesH a pro%ision of the
3aXa&a*Sin,son 7awH liitin, the perio& for
!apai,nin,H was nearl" in%ali&ate& on this sae
prin!ipleH e0!ept that the a;orit" of !ourt la!De&
one ore %ote to aDe their &e!ision effe!ti%e'
(See $on=ale= %s' Coele!H 27 SC1+ 832
(19)9)'
2rant o# Pardon in Ee"tion O##en%e% 619917
No' 11 * 5n !onne!tion with the 8a" 1987
Con,ressional ele!tionsH 7uis 8illanes was
prose!ute& for an& !on%i!te& of an ele!tion
offense an& was senten!e& to suffer iprisonent
for si0 "ears' 3he !ourt &i& not ipose the
a&&itional penalt" of &is?ualifi!ation to hol& pu:li!
offi!e an& of &epri%ation of the ri,ht of suffra,e as
pro%i&e& for in Se!tion 1)# of the Ani:us
/le!tion Co&e of the Philippines
(9'P' 9l,' 881)'
5n +pril 1991H the Presi&ent ,rante& hi a:solute
par&on on the :asis of a stron, re!oen&ation
of the 9oar& of Par&ons an& Parole'
3hen for the ele!tion in 8a" 1992H 7uis 8illanes
files his !ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" for the offi!e of
8a"or in his uni!ipalit"'
(a) 6hat is the effe!t of the failure of the !ourt to
ipose the a&&itional penalt"L
(:) 5s the par&on %ali&L
34
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(a) No nee& to e0pressl" ipose Y the" are
a!!essor" penalties'
(:) 3he par&on is %oi&H sin!e 7uis 8illanes was
!on%i!te& for the !oission of an ele!tion
offense an& his par&on was not a&e upon the
re!oen&ation of the CA8/7/C' <n&er +rti!le
5MH CH Se!' 2 of the ConstitutionH no par&on for
%iolation of an ele!tion law a" :e ,rante&
without the fa%ora:le re!oen&ation of the
CA8/7/C
.-di"ia Re*ie1 o# !e"i%ion% 689917
No ME5 * 5n an ele!tion protest in%ol%in, the
position of $o%ernor of the Pro%in!e of 7a,una
:etween C+CH the protesteeH an& C9CH the
protestantH the First -i%ision of the CA8/7/C
ren&ere& a &e!ision uphol&in, 9Bs protest
Can C+C file a petition for !ertiorari with the
Supree Court un&er 1ule )2 of the 1ules of
CourtH fro the &e!ision of the CA8/7/C First
-i%isionL 5f "es' 6h"L 5f not what pro!e&ural
step ust he un&ertaDe firstL ( 2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
C+C !annot file a petition for !ertiorari with the
Supree Court' +s hel& in 8astura %s'
CA8/7/CH 282 SC1+ #93 (1998)H the Supree
Court !annot re%iew the &e!isions or resolutions
of a &i%ision of the CA8/7/C' C+C shoul& first file
a otion for re!onsi&eration with the CA8/7/C
en :an!'
Re+o*a #ro+ O##i"e5 Co++i%%ioner% 619987
No 5M' * Suppose a Coissioner of the CA8/7/C
is !har,e& :efore the San&i,an:a"an for alle,e&l"
toleratin, %iolation of the ele!tion laws a,ainst
proliferation of prohi:ite& :ill:oar&s an& ele!tion
propa,an&a with the en& in %iew of reo%in, hi
fro offi!e' 6ill the a!tion prosperL P2NQ
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
NoH the a!tion will not prosper' <n&er Se!tion 8H
+rti!le M5 of the ConstitutionH the Coissioners of
the CA8/7/C are reo%a:le :" 58P/+C@8/N3'
+s hel& in the !ase of 5n re $on=ales' 1)0 SC1+
771H 77#772H a pu:li! offi!er who is reo%a:le :"
ipea!hent !annot :e !har,e& :efore the
San&i,an:a"an with an offense whi!h !arries with it
the penalt" of reo%al fro offi!e unless he is first
ipea!he&' AtherwiseH he will :e reo%e& fro
offi!e :" a etho& other than 5pea!hent'
Rig't to (ote5 .-ri%di"tion 689917
No 55 * 7et us suppose that Con,ress ena!te& a
law whi!h aen&e& the Ani:us /le!tion Co&e
(parti!ularl" Se!tions 138H 139H 1#2H 1#3) :"
%estin, H in the CA8/7/C the ;uris&i!tion o%er
in!lusion an& e0!lusion !ases file& :" %otersH
instea& of in the !ourts (83CH then 13C)' 5s the
law %ali& or notH an& wh"L (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he law ,rantin, the CA8/7/C ;uris&i!tion o%er
in!lusion an& e0!lusion !ases is un!onstitutional'
<n&er Se!tion 2(3)H +rti!le 5MC of the ConstitutionH
the CA8/7/C !annot &e!i&e the ri,ht to %oteH
whi!h refers to the in!lusion an& e0!lusion of
%oters' <n&er Se!tion 2())H +rti!le 5M*C of the
ConstitutionH it !an onl" file petitions in !ourt for
in!lusion or e0!lusion of %oters'
Ee"tion La1% 8nd
Pa"er R-e 6899:7
No E555 * 5n the uni!ipal a"oralt" ele!tions in
1980H the !an&i&ate who o:taine& the hi,hest
nu:er of %otes was su:se?uentl" &e!lare& to
:e &is?ualifie& as a !an&i&ate an& so ineli,i:le
for the offi!e to whi!h he was ele!te&' 6oul& this
fa!t entitle a !opetin, !an&i&ate who o:taine&
the se!on& hi,hest nu:er of %otes to asD an& to
:e pro!laie& the winner of the ele!ti%e offi!eL
1easons'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+!!or&in, to 3rini&a& %' CA8/7/C' 312 SC1+
172 P1999QH if the !an&i&ate who o:taine& the
hi,hest nu:er of %otes is &is?ualifie&H the
!an&i&ate who o:taine& the se!on& hi,hest
nu:er of %otes !annot :e pro!laie& the
winner' Sin!e he was not the !hoi!e of the
peopleH he !annot !lai an" ri,ht to the offi!e'
8nd Pa"er R-e 619997
No' 7: + file& a protest with the @ouse /le!toral
3ri:unal ?uestionin, the ele!tion of 9 as 8e:er
of the @ouse of 1epresentati%es in the 1987
national ele!tions on the ,roun& that 9 is not a
resi&ent of the &istri!t the latter is representin,'
6hile the !ase was pen&in,' 9 a!!epte& an a&*
interi appointent as Se!retar" of the
-epartent of >usti!e'
(1) 8a" + !ontinue with his ele!tion protest in
or&er to &eterine the real winner in the sai&
ele!tionsL State "our reason'
(2) Can +H who ,ot the se!on& hi,hest nu:er
of %otes in the ele!tionsH asD that he :e
pro!laie& ele!te& in pla!e of 9L /0plain "our
answer'
35
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(1) NoH + a" not !ontinue with his protest'
''''
(2) NoH + !annot asD that he :e pro!laie&
ele!te& in pla!e of 9' 3he %otes !ast for 9 were
not in%ali& %otes' @en!eH + ,arnere& onl" the
se!on& hi,hest nu:er of %otes' Anl" the
!an&i&ate who o:taine& the a;orit" or pluralit" of
the %otes is entitle& to :e pro!laie& ele!te&' An
this ,roun&H it was hel& in 7a:o %' CA8/7/CH
17) SC1+ 1H that the fa!t that the !an&i&ate who
o:taine& the hi,hest nu:er of %otes is not
eli,i:le &oes not entitle the !an&i&ate who
o:taine& the se!on& hi,hest nu:er of %otes to
:e pro!laie& the winner'
8nd Pa"er R-e5 in >-o 4arranto Ca%e%
619987
No' 1): /&win Ni!asioH :orn in the Philippines of
Filipino parents an& raise& in the pro%in!e of
Nue%a /!i;aH ran for $o%ernor of his hoe
pro%in!e' @e won an& he was sworn into offi!e' 5t
was re!entl" re%eale&H howe%erH that Ni!asio is a
naturali=e& +eri!an !iti=en' a) -oes he still
possess Philippine !iti=enshipL
:) 5f the se!on&*pla!er in the ,u:eatorial
ele!tions files a ?uo warranto suit a,ainst Ni!asio
an& he is foun& to :e &is?ualifie& fro offi!eH !an
the se!on&*pla!er :e sworn into offi!e as
,o%ernorL
!) 5fH instea&H Ni!asio ha& :een :orn (of the
sae set of parents) in the <nite& States an& he
there:" a!?uire& +eri!an !iti=enship :" :irthH
woul& "our answer :e &ifferentL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
a) NoH Ni!asio no lon,er possesses Philippine
!iti=enship' '''
:) 5n a!!or&an!e with the rulin, in +:ella us'
CA8/7/CH 201 SC1+ 223H the se!on& pla!er
!annot :e sworn to offi!eH :e!ause he lost the
ele!tion' 3o :e entitle& to the offi!eH he ust
ha%e ,arnere& the a;orit" or pluralit" of the
%otes'
!) Oes :e!ause he will :e a &ual !iti=en '''
8nd Pa"er R-e5 R-e o# S-""e%%ion 6199?7
No' 13: 1) + an& 9 were the onl" !an&i&ates for
a"or of 9i,aaH 9ula!an in the 8a" 1992 lo!al
ele!tions' + o:taine& 10H000 %otes as a,ainst
3H000 %otes for 9' 5n the sae ele!tionsH M ,ot the
hi,hest nu:er of %otes aon, the !an&i&ates
for the San,,unian, 9a"an of the sae town' +
&ie& the &a" :efore his pro!laation' a) 6ho
shoul& the 9oar& of Can%assers
pro!lai as ele!te& a"orH +H 9 or ML /0plainH :)
6ho is entitle& to &is!har,e the fun!tions of the
offi!e of the a"orH 9 or ML /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
5n a!!or&an!e with 9enito %s' CA8/7/CH 232
SC1+ #3)H it is + who shoul& :e pro!laie& as
winnerH :e!ause he was the one who o:taine&
the hi,hest nu:er of %otes for the position of
a"orH :ut a notation shoul& :e a&e that he
&ie& for the purpose of appl"in, the rule on
su!!ession to offi!e' 9 !annot :e pro!laie&H
:e!ause the &eath of the !an&i&ate who o:taine&
the hi,hest nu:er of %otes &oes not entitle the
!an&i&ate who o:taine& the ne0t hi,hest nu:er
of %otes to :e pro!laie& the winnerH sin!e he
was not the !hoi!e of the ele!torate' M is not
entitle& to :e pro!laie& ele!te& as a"orH
:e!ause he ran for the San,,unian, 9a"an'
Neither 9 nor M is entitle& to &is!har,e the
fun!tions of the offi!e of a"or' 9 is not entitle&
to &is!har,e the offi!e of a"orH sin!e he was
&efeate& in the ele!tion' M is not entitle& to
&is!har,e the offi!e of a"or' <n&er Se!tion ## of
the 7o!al $o%ernent Co&eH it is the %i!e a"or
who shoul& su!!ee& in !ase of peranent
%a!an!" in the offi!e of the a"or' 5t is onl" when
the position of the %i!e a"or is also %a!ant that
the e:er of the San,,unian, 9a"an who
o:taine& the hi,hest nu:er of %otes will su!!ee&
to the offi!e of a"or'
A$$re"iation o# &aot% 6199;7
No' 3; 5f a !an&i&ate for town a"or is an
en,ineer :" professionH shoul& %otes for hi with
the prefi0 C/n,ineerC :e in%ali&ate& as CarDe&
:allotsCL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3) NoH a :allot in whi!h the nae of a !an&i&ate
for town a"or who is an en,ineer whi!h is
prefi0e& with Cen,ineerC shoul& not :e in%ali&ate&
as a arDe& :allot' <n&er 1ule No' 12 of the
rules for the appre!iation of :allotsH :allots whi!h
!ontain su!h prefi0es are %ali&'
!i%F-ai#i"ation5 2ro-nd% 619917
No' 11 * 5n !onne!tion with the 8a" 1987
Con,ressional ele!tionsH 7uis 8illanes was
prose!ute& for an& !on%i!te& of an ele!tion
offense an& was senten!e& to suffer iprisonent
for si0 "ears' 3he !ourt &i& not ipose the
a&&itional penalt" of &is?ualifi!ation to hol& pu:li!
offi!e an& of &epri%ation of the ri,ht of suffra,e as
pro%i&e& for in Se!tion 1)# of the Ani:us
/le!tion Co&e of the Philippines
(9'P' 9l,' 881)'
5n +pril 1991H the Presi&ent ,rante& hi a:solute
par&on on the :asis of a stron, re!oen&ation
of the 9oar& of Par&ons an& Parole' 3hen for the
ele!tion in 8a" 1992H 7uis 8illanes files his
!ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" for the offi!e of 8a"or in
his uni!ipalit"'
(!) 5s a petition to &is?ualif" 8illanes
%ia:leL (&) 6hat are the effe!ts of a petition to &is?ualif"L
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(!) 5n a!!or&an!e with Se!' )8 of the Ani:us
/le!tion Co&eH 7uis 8illanes a" :e &is?ualifie&
fro runnin, for a"or as he was !on%i!te& of an
ele!tion offense'
(&) <n&er Se!' ) of the /le!toral 1efors 7awH
an" !an&i&ate who has :een &e!lare& :" final
;u&,ent to :e &is?ualifie& shall not :e %ote&
forH an& %otes !ast for hi shall not :e !ounte&'
36
5f :efore the ele!tion he is not &e!lare& :" final
;u&,ent to :e &is?ualifie& an& he is %ote& for
an& he re!ei%es the winnin, nu:er of %otesH the
hearin, on the ?uestion of &is?ualifi!ation shoul&
!ontinue' <pon otion of the !oplainant or an"
inter%enorH the !ourt or the CA8/7/C a" or&er
the suspension of the pro!laation of the winnin,
!an&i&ate if the e%i&en!e of his ,uilt is stron,'
!i%-ai#i"ation% 619997
No E * +'2' <n&er the 7o!al $o%ernent Co&eH
nae four persons who are &is?ualifie& fro
runnin, for an" ele!ti%e position' (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1: +2') <n&er Se!tion #0
of the 7o!al $o%ernent Co&eH the followin, are
&is?ualifie& fro runnin, for an" lo!al ele!ti%e
position: 1) 3hose senten!e& :" final ;u&,ent for
an
offense in%ol%in, oral turpitu&e or for an
offense punisha:le :" one (1) "ear or ore
of iprisonentH within two (2) "ears after
ser%in, senten!e;
2) 3hose reo%e& fro offi!e as a result of
an a&inistrati%e !ase;
3) 3hose !on%i!te& :" final ;u&,ent for
%iolatin, the oath of alle,ian!e to the 1epu:li! of
the Philippines;
#) 3hose with &ual !iti=enship; 2) Fu,iti%es
fro ;usti!e in !riinal or nonpoliti!al !ases
here or a:roa&;
)) Peranent resi&ents in a forei,n !ountr"
or those who ha%e a!?uire& the ri,ht to resi&e
a:roa& an& !ontinue to a%ail of the sae ri,ht
after the effe!ti%it" of the 7o!al $o%ernent
Co&e; an&
7) 3he insane or fee:le*in&e&'
E##e"t o# Fiing o# Certi#i"ate o# Candida"y5
A$$ointi*e O##i"er *% Ee"ti*e O##i"er 689987
No M555' +H a Cit" 7e,al Affi!erH an& 9H a Cit"
Ei!e*8a"orH file& !ertifi!ates of !an&i&a!" for the
position of Cit" 8a"or in the 8a" 1#H 2001
ele!tions' a) 6as + ipso fa!to !onsi&ere&
resi,ne& an&H
if soH effe!ti%e on what &ateL (2N) :) 6as 9 ipso
fa!to !onsi&ere& resi,ne& an&H
if soH effe!ti%e on what &ateL (3N) 5n :oth !asesH
state the reason or reasons for "our answer'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+) + was !onsi&ere& ipso fa!to resi,ne& upon
the filin, of his !ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!"H :e!ause
:ein, a Cit" 7e,al Affi!erH he is an appointi%e
offi!ial' Se!tion )) of the Ani:us /le!tion Co&e
pro%i&es that an" person hol&in, a pu:li!
appointi%e offi!e shall :e !onsi&ere& ipso fa!to
resi,ne& upon the filin, of his !ertifi!ate of
!an&i&a!"'
9) 9 is not !onsi&ere& ipso fa!to resi,ne&'
Se!tion )7 of the Ani:us /le!tion Co&e
!onsi&ers an" ele!ti%e offi!ial ipso fa!to resi,ne&
fro offi!e upon his filin, of a !ertifi!ate of
!an&i&a!" for an" offi!e other than the one he is
hol&in, e0!ept for Presi&ent an& Ei!e*Presi&entH
was repeale& :" the Fair /le!tion +!t
E##e"t o# Fiing o# Certi#i"ate o# Candida"y5
Fair Ee"tion A"t 6899:7
No M * (a) Pe&ro 1e"es is an in!u:ent Ei!e*
8a"or of (ue=on Cit"' @e inten&s to run in the
re,ular ele!tions for the position of Cit" 8a"or of
(ue=on Cit" whose in!u:ent a"or woul&
ha%e full" ser%e& three !onse!uti%e ters :"
200#' 6oul& Pe&ro 1e"es ha%e to ,i%e up his
position as Ei!e*8a"or*
(1) An!e he files his !ertifi!ate of
!an&i&a!"; or
(2) 6hen the !apai,n perio& starts; or
(3) An!e an& if he is pro!laie& winner in
the ele!tion; or
(#) <pon his assuption to the ele!ti%e
offi!e; or
(2) None of the a:o%e' Choose the
!orre!t answer
(:) 5f Pe&ro 1e"es wereH instea&H an in!u:ent
Con,ressan of (ue=on Cit"H who inten&s to
seeD the a"oralt" post in (ue=on Cit"H woul&
"our !hoi!e of answer in no'(1) a:o%e :e the
saeL 5f notH whi!h woul& :e "our !hoi!eL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(a) 3he !orre!t answer is (2)' Se!tion 1# of the
Fair /le!tion +!t repeale& Se!tion )7 of the
Ani:us /le!tion Co&eH whi!h pro%i&e& that an"
ele!te& offi!ialH whether national or lo!alH who runs
for an" offi!e other than the one he is hol&in, in a
peranent !apa!it"H e0!ept for Presi&ent an& Ei!e
Presi&entH shall :e !onsi&ere& ipso fa!to resi,ne&
fro his offi!e upon the filin, of his !ertifi!ate of
!an&i&a!"' Se!tion 1# of the Fair /le!tion +!t
liDewise ren&ere& ineffe!ti%e the first pro%iso in the
thir& para,raph of Se!tion 11 of 1epu:li! +!t No'
8#3)'
Conse?uentl"H Pe&ro 1e"es !an run for 8a"or
without ,i%in, up his position as Ei!e*8a"or' @e
will ha%e to ,i%e up his position as Ei!e*8a"or
upon e0piration of his ter as Ei!e*8a"or on
>une 30H 200#'
(<o+eB T-e 2*es+ion did no+ asC +-e e>a0inee
+o e>p'ain +-e reason )or -is c-oice and +-e
genera' ins+r*c+ions re2*ires s*c- disc*ssion
on'y +o a DyesD or DnoD ans&er.)
(:) 3he answer is the sae if Pe&ro 1e"es is a
Con,ressan of (ue=on Cit"H :e!ause the
repeal of Se!tion )7 of the Ani:us /le!tion
Co&e !o%ers :oth ele!ti%e national an& lo!al
offi!ials'
Ee"tion O##en%e%5 Con%$ira"y to &ribe (oter%
619917
No' 12: -is!uss the &isputa:le presuptions
(a) of !onspira!" to :ri:e %oters an& (:) of the
in%ol%eent of a !an&i&ate an& of his prin!ipal
!apai,n ana,ers in su!h !onspira!"'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(a) <n&er Se!H 28 of the /le!toral 1efors 7aw
proof that at least one %oter in &ifferent pre!in!ts
representin, at least twent" per !ent of the total
pre!in!ts in an" uni!ipalit"H !it" or pro%in!e was
offere&H proise& or ,i%en one"H %alua:le
!onsi&eration or other e0pen&iture :" the relati%esH
lea&er or s"pathi=er of a !an&i&ate for the
purpose of prootin, the !an&i&a!" of su!h
!an&i&ateH ,i%es rise to a &isputa:le presuption
of !onspira!" to :ri:e %oters'
(:) <n&er Se!' 28 if the proof affe!ts at least 20N
of the pre!in!ts of the uni!ipalit"H !it" or
pro%in!e to whi!h the pu:li! offi!e aspire& for :"
the fa%ore& !an&i&ate relatesH this shall !onstitute
a &isputa:le presuption of the in%ol%eent of
the !an&i&ate an& of his prin!ipal !apai,n
ana,ers in ea!h of the uni!ipalities
!on!erne&H in the !onspira!"'
Ee"tion Prote%t 619997
No' 7: + file& a protest with the @ouse /le!toral
3ri:unal ?uestionin, the ele!tion of 9 as 8e:er
of the @ouse of 1epresentati%es in the 1987
national ele!tions on the ,roun& that 9 is not a
resi&ent of the &istri!t the latter is representin,'
6hile the !ase was pen&in,' 9 a!!epte& an a&*
interi appointent as Se!retar" of the
-epartent of >usti!e'
(1) 8a" + !ontinue with his ele!tion protest in
or&er to &eterine the real winner in the sai&
ele!tionsL State "our reason'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(1) NoH + a" not !ontinue with his protest' 3here
is no &ispute as to who was the winner in the
ele!tionH as it is not &ispute& that it was 9 who
o:taine& the a;orit"' 3he purpose of the protest
is sipl" to seeD the reo%al of 9 fro offi!e on
the ,roun& that he is ineli,i:le' @owe%erH 9
forfeite& his !lai to the position of !on,ressan
:" a!!eptin, an a& interi appointent as
Se!retar" of >usti!eH the protest a,ainst hi has
:e!oe oot' Nothin, will :e ,aine& :"
resol%in, it' 5n the !ase of Purisia %'
SolisH #3 SC1+ 123H it was hel& that where a
protestant in an ele!tion !ase a!!epte& his
appointent as ;u&,eH he a:an&one& his !lai to
the pu:li! offi!e in%ol%e& in the protest' @en!eH
the protest ust :e &isisse& for ha%in, :e!oe
oot' Siilarl"H in Pere= % Pro%in!ial 9oar& of
Nue%a /!i;aH 113 SC1+ 187H it was hel& that the
!lai of a petitioner to an appointi%e offi!e ha&
:e!oe ootH :e!ause the petitioner ha&
forfeite& his !lai to the offi!e :" filin, a
!ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" for a"or'
Ee"tion Prote%t *%= >-o 4arranto 689917
No ME55 * <n&er the Ani:us /le!tion Co&e
(9'P' 881H as aen&e&)H :riefl" &ifferentiate an
ele!tion protest fro a ?uo warranto !aseH as to
who !an file the !ase an& the respe!ti%e ,roun&s
therefor' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER5
+n /7/C35AN P1A3/S3 a":e file& :" a losin,
!an&i&ate for the sae offi!e for whi!h the winner
file& his !ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!"' + (<A
6+11+N3A C+S/ a" :e file& :" an" %oter
who is a re,istere& %oter in the !onstituen!"
where the winnin, !an&i&ate sou,ht to :e
&is?ualifie& ran for offi!e'
5n an ele!tion !ontestH the issues are: (a) who
re!ei%e& the a;orit" or pluralit" of the %otes
whi!h were le,all" !ast an& (:) whether there
were irre,ularities in the !on&u!t of the ele!tion
whi!h affe!te& its results'
5n a ?uo warranto !aseH the issue is whether the
!an&i&ate who was pro!laie& ele!te& shoul& :e
&is?ualifie& :e!ause of ineli,i:ilit" or &islo"alt" to
the Philippines'
Ee"tion Prote%t *%= >-o 4arranto 6>A<899?7
-ifferentiate an ele!tion protest fro an a!tion
for ?uo warranto' (2'2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+n /7/C35AN P1A3/S3 is a pro!ee&in,
where:" a losin, !an&i&ate for a parti!ular
position !ontests the results of the ele!tion on
,roun&s of frau&H terrorisH irre,ularities or ille,al
a!ts !oitte& :eforeH &urin, or after the !astin,
an& !ountin, of %otes' An the other han&H a
P/3535AN FA1 (<A 6+11+N3A is file& :" an"
re,istere& %oter to !ontest the ele!tion of an"
!an&i&ate on ,roun&s of ineli,i:ilit" or &islo"alt"
to the 1epu:li! of the Philippines'
Ee"tion Prote%t5 .-ri%di"tion 6199?7
NoH 1#: 1) +s !ounsel for the protestantH where
will "ou file an ele!tion protest in%ol%in, a
!onteste& ele!ti%e position in:
a) the :aran,a"L :) the
uni!ipalit"L !) the pro%in!eL &)
the !it"L e) the @ouse of
1epresentati%esL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1) 5n a!!or&an!e with Se!tion 2(2)H +rti!le 5M*C
of the Constitution an ele!tion protest in%ol%in,
the ele!ti%e position enuerate& :elow shoul&
:e file& in the followin, !ourts or tri:unals:
a) 9aran,a" * 8etropolitan 3rial CourtH
8uni!ipal Cir!uit 3rial CourtH or
8uni!ipal 3rial Court
:) 8uni!ipalit" * 1e,ional 3rial Court
!) Pro%in!e * CA8/7/C
&) Cit" * CA8/7/C
e) <n&er Se!tion 17' +rti!le E5 of the
ConstitutionH an ele!tion protest
in%ol%in, the position of 8e:er of the
@ouse of 1epresentati%es shall :e file&
in the @ouse of 1epresentati%es
/le!toral 3ri:unal'
E,$iration o# ter+ bar% %er*i"e t'ereo# 689997
No ME5' 5n the ele!tions of 8a" 1992H Cru= an&
Santos were the !an&i&ates for the offi!e of
8uni!ipal 8a"orH the ter of whi!h was to e0pire
on >une 30H 1992' Fin&in, that he won :" a
ar,in of 20 %otesH the 8uni!ipal 9oar& of
Can%assers pro!laie& Cru= as the &ul" ele!te&
8a"or' Santos file& an ele!tion protest :efore the
1e,ional 3rial Court (13C) whi!h &e!i&e& that it
was Santos who ha& the pluralit" of 30 %otes an&
pro!laie& hi the winner' An otion a&eH the
13C ,rante& e0e!ution pen&in, the appeal of
Cru= to the CA8/7/C (Coele!) an& on this
:asis' Santos assue& offi!e an& ser%e& as
8uni!ipal 8a"or' 5n tieH the Coele! re%erse&
the rulin, of the 13C an& instea& rule& that Cru=
won :" a ar,in of #0 %otes an& pro!laie& hi
the &ul" ele!te& 8uni!ipal 8a"or' a) 5t is now
:e"on& >une 30H 1992' Can Cru= still hol& offi!e
for the portion of the ter he has faile& to ser%eL
6h"L (3N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER5
a) +s hel& in 8alaluan %' CA8/7/CH 22# SC1+
397 (199))' Cru= !an no lon,er hol& offi!e for the
portion of the ter he faile& to ser%e sin!e his
ter has e0pire&'
Petition to !e"are Fai-re o# Ee"tion%5
ReF-i%ite% B E##e"t% 6199A7
No' ): -ue to %iolen!e an& terroris atten&in,
the !astin, of %otes in a uni!ipalit" in 7anao
&el Sur &urin, the last 8 8a" 1992 ele!tionsH it
:e!ae ipossi:le to hol& therein freeH or&erl"
an& honest ele!tions' Se%eral !an&i&ates for
uni!ipal positions with&rew fro the ra!e' Ane
!an&i&ate for 8a"or petitione& the CA8/7/C for
the postponeent of the ele!tions an& the hol&in,
of spe!ial ele!tions after the !auses of su!h
postponeent or failure of ele!tions shall ha%e
!ease&'
1' @ow an" %otes of the CA8/7/C
Coissioners a" :e !ast to ,rant the petitionL
/0plain'
2' + person who was not a !an&i&ate at the tie
of the postponeent of the ele!tions &e!i&e& to
run for an ele!ti%e position an& file& a !ertifi!ate
of !an&i&a!" prior to the spe!ial ele!tions' 8a"
his !ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" :e a!!epte&L /0plain'
3' Suppose he ran as a su:stitute for a !an&i&ate
who pre%iousl" with&rew his !an&i&a!"H will "our
answer :e the saeL /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1' +!!or&in, to Se!tion 7H +rti!le 5M*+ of the
1987 ConstitutionH the CA8/7/C shall &e!i&e
:" a 8+>A153O EA3/ of all its e:ers an"
!ase or atter :rou,ht :efore it 5n Cua %s'
CA8/7/CH 12) SC1+282H the Supree Court
state& that a two*to*one &e!ision ren&ere& :" a
-i%ision of the CA8/7/C an& a three*to*two
&e!ision ren&ere& :" the CA8/7/C en :an!
was %ali& where onl" fi%e e:ers tooD part in
&e!i&in, the !ase'
2' NoH his !ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" !annot :e
a!!epte&' <n&er Se!tion 72 of the Ani:us
/le!tion Co&eH as a rule in !ases of postponeent
or failure of ele!tion no a&&itional !ertifi!ate of
!an&i&a!" shall :e a!!epte&'
3' NoH the answer will :e &ifferent' <n&er Se!tion
72 of the Ani:us /le!tion Co&eH an a&&itional
!ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" a" :e a!!epte& in !ases
of postponeent or failure of ele!tion if there was
a su:stitution of !an&i&ates; :ut the su:stitute
ust :elon, to an& ust :e en&orse& :" the
sae part"'
37
Pre<Pro"a+ation Conte%t 619877
No' E55: C+C an& C9C were !an&i&ates for
representati%es in the 1987 National /le!tionsH C9C
file& a pre*pro!laation !ontest with the
CA8/7/C on the ,roun& that rapant %ote
:u"in, an& terroris a!!opanie& the ele!tions'
Parti!ulars were supplie& of C9BsC followers :ou,ht*
off an& other followers
pre%ente& fro !astin, their %otes' 3he
CA8/7/C &isisse& the pre*pro!laation
!ontest on the ,roun& that all the returns appear
!oplete an& untapere&'
-eterine if the CA8/7/C &e!i&e& !orre!tl"
an& if C9C has an" re!ourse for !ontestin, C+BsC
ele!tion'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he CA8/7/C !orre!tl" &isisse& C9BsC P1/*
P1AC7+8+35AN CAN3/S3' Su!h a !ontest is
liite& to !lais that the ele!tion returns are
in!oplete or that the" !ontain aterial &efe!ts
or that the" ha%e :een tapere& withH falsifie& or
prepare& un&er &uress or that the" !ontain
&is!repan!ies in the %otes !re&ite& to the
!an&i&atesH the &ifferen!e of whi!h affe!ts the
result of the ele!tion' (Ani:us /le!tion Co&eH
sees' 2#3H 23#*23))
An the other han&H the ?uestion whether or not
there was terrorisH %ote :u"in, an& other
irre,ularities in the ele!tions !annot :e the
su:;e!t of a pre*pro!laation !ontest :ut ust :e
raise& in a re,ular ele!tion protest' (San!he=
%' CA8/7/CH $1' No' 78#)1; Pon!e /nrile %'
CA8/7/CH $'1' Nos' 791#) 4 79212H +u,' 12H
1987; +:es %' CA8/7/CH 21 SC1+ 1222 (19)7)
) Sin!e the :asis of C9BsC petition is that his
followers ha& :een :ou,ht while others ha& :een
pre%ente& fro !astin, their :allotsH his ree&"
is to file an ele!tion !ontest an& this shoul& :e
:rou,ht in the @ouse or Senate /le!toral 3ri:unal
whi!hH un&er +rt' E5H Se!' 17H is the sole ;u&,e of
the ele!tionH returns an& ?ualifi!ations of
e:ers of ea!h @ouse of Con,ress'
Pre<Pro"a+ation Conte%t 619887
No' 18: 5n ele!tion lawH what is a pre*
pro!laation !ontro%ers"L 6here a" it :e
liti,ate& with finalit"L +fter the ultiate winner
has :een &ul" pro!laie&H &oes the loser still
ha%e an" ree&" to the en& than he a" finall"
o:tain the position he aspire& for in the ele!tionL
/0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+ P1/*P1AC7+8+35AN CAN31AE/1SO refers
to an" ?uestion pertainin, to or affe!tin, the
pro!ee&in,s of the :oar& of !an%assers whi!h
a" :e raise& :" an" !an&i&ate or :" an"
re,istere& politi!al part" or !oalition of politi!al
parties :efore the :oar& or &ire!tl" with the
CA8/7/CH or an" atter raise& un&er se!s' 233*
23) of the Ani:us /le!tion Co&e in relation to
the preparationH transissionH re!eiptH !usto&" or
appre!iation of the ele!tion returns' (Ani:us
/le!tion Co&eH se!H 2#1)'
3he CA8/7/C has e0!lusi%e ;uris&i!tion of all
pre*pro!laation !ontro%ersies' (5&'H se!' 2#1) 5ts
&e!isions :e!oe e0e!utor" after the lapse of 2
&a"s fro re!eipt :" the losin, part" of the
&e!isionH unless restraine& :" the Supree
Court' (5&'H se!' 2#))
+ loser a" still :rin, an ele!tion !ontest
!on!ernin, the ele!tionH returnsH an& ?ualifi!ations
of the !an&i&ate pro!laie&' 5n the !ase of ele!ti%e
:aran,a" offi!ialsH the !ontest a" :e file& with the
uni!ipal trial !ourts; in the !ase of ele!ti%e
uni!ipal offi!ialsH in the 1e,ional 3rial Court; in
the !ase of ele!ti%e pro%in!ial an& !it" offi!ialsH in
the CA8/7/C (+rt' 5MH CH se!' 2(2)); in the !ase of
Senators or Con,ressenH in the Senate or @ouse
/le!toral 3ri:unals (+rt' E5H se!' 17); an& in the
!ase of the Presi&ent an& Ei!e Presi&entH in the
Presi&ential /le!toral 3ri:unal' (+rt' E55H se!' #)'
Pre<Pro"a+ation Conte%t *%= Ee"tion
Conte%t% 619977
NoH 17: State how (a) pre*pro!laation
!ontro%ersiesH on the one han&H an& (:) ele!tion
protestsH on the otherH are initiate&H hear& an&
finall" resol%e&'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(+) P1/*P1AC7+8+35AN CAN31AE/1S5/S
a) (uestions affe!tin, the !oposition or
pro!ee&in,s of the :oar& of !an%assers a"
:e initiate& in the :oar& of !an%assers or
&ire!tl" with the CA8/7/C'
:) (uestions in%ol%in, the ele!tion
returns an& the !ertifi!ates of !an%ass shall
:e :rou,ht in the first instan!e :efore the
:oar& of !an%assers onl"H (Se!tion 17H
1epu:li! +!t NoH 21))')
!) 3he :oar& of !an%assers shoul& rule
on the o:;e!tions suaril"' (Se!tion 20H
1epu:li! +!t No' 71))')
&) +n" part" a&%ersel" affe!te& a"
appeal to the CA8/7/C' (Se!tion 20'
1epu:li! +!t No' 71))')
e) 3he &e!ision of the Coission on
/le!tion a" :e :rou,ht to the Supree Court
on !ertiorari :" the a,,rie%e& part"H (Se!tion
7H +rti!le 5M*+ of the Constitution')
+ll pre*pro!laation !ontro%ersies pen&in, :efore
the CA8/7/C shall :e &eee& terinate& at the
:e,innin, of the ter of the offi!e in%ol%e& an&
the rulin,s of the :oar& of !an%assers shall :e
&eee& affire&H without
pre;u&i!e to the filin, of an ele!tion protest'
@owe%erH the pro!ee&in,s a" !ontinue when on
the :asis of the e%i&en!e presente& so farH the
CA8/7/C or the Supree Court &eterines that
the petition appears to :e eritorious' (Se!tion 1)H
1epu:li! +!t No' 71)))
(9) /7/C35AN CAN3/S3S +n ele!tion protest
is initiate& :" filin, a protest !ontainin, the
followin, alle,ations:
1' 3he protestant is a !an&i&ate who &ul" file& a
!ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" an& was %ote& for in the
ele!tion:
2' 3he protestee has :een pro!laie&;
an& 3' 3he &ate of the pro!laationH (8iro %s'
CA8/7/CH 121 SC1+ #)))
3he followin, ha%e ;uris&i!tion o%er ele!tion
!ontests:
a) 9aran,a" offi!ials * 5nferior Court;
:) 8uni!ipal offi!ials *1e,ional 3rial
Court;
!) 1e,ionalH pro%in!ialH an& !it" offi!ials
CA8/7/C (Se!tion 2(2)H +rt' 5M*C of
the Constitution);
&) Con,ressan *@ouse of
1epresentati%es /le!toral 3ri:unal'
e) Senators * Senate /le!toral 3ri:unal'
(Se!tion 1' +rti!le E5 of the
Constitution);
f) Presi&ent an& Ei!e Presi&ent *
Supree Court (Se!tion #H +rti!le E55 of
the Constitution)'
3he &e!ision of the inferior !ourt in ele!tion
!ontests in%ol%in, :aran,a" offi!ials an& of the
1e,ional 3rial Court in ele!tion !ontests in%ol%in,
uni!ipal offi!ials are appeala:le to the
CA8/7/C' (Se!tion 2(2)' +rti!le 5M*C of the
Constitution') 3he &e!ision of the CA8/7/C a"
:e :rou,ht to the Supree Court on !ertiorari on
?uestions of law' (1i%era %s' CA8/7/CH 199
SC1+ 178)
3he &e!ision of the CA8/7/C in ele!tion
!ontests in%ol%in, re,ionalH pro%in!ial an& !it"
offi!ials a" :e :rou,ht to the Supree Court on
!ertiorari (Se!tion 7H +rti!le 5M*+ an& Se!tion
2(2)H +rti!le 5M*C of the Constitution')
3he &e!isions of the Senate /le!toral 3ri:unal
an& of the @ouse of 1epresentati%es /le!toral
3ri:unal a" :e ele%ate& to the Supree Court
on !ertiorari if there was ,ra%e a:use of
&is!retion' (7a=atin %s CA8/7/C 1)8 SC1+
391)
Pre<Pro"a+ation Conte%t5 Pro$er I%%-e%
6199?7
NoH 1#: 2) $i%e three issues that !an :e properl"
raise& an& :rou,ht in a pre*pro!laation !ontest'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
2) +!!or&in, to Se!tion 2#3 of the Ani:us
/le!tion Co&eH the followin, issues !an :e
properl" raise&'
1 3he !oposition or pro!ee&in,s of the :oar& of
!an%assers are ille,al;
2 3he !an%asse& ele!tion returns are in!opleteH
!ontain aterial &efe!tsH appro%e& to :e tapere& withH
or !ontain &is!repan!" in the sae returns or in other
authenti!ate& !opies;
3 3he ele!tion returns were prepare& un&er &uressH
threatsH !oer!ionH or intii&ationH or the" are o:%iousl"
anufa!ture& or not authenti!; an&
# Su:stitute or frau&ulent returns in !ontro%erte&
pollin, pla!es were !an%asse&H the results of whi!h
ateriall" affe!te& the stan&in, of the a,,rie%e&
!an&i&ate or !an&i&ates'
@owe%erH a!!or&in, to Se!tion 12 of the
S"n!hroni=e& /le!tion 7aw no pre*pro!laation
!ases shall :e allowe& on atters relatin, to the
preparationH transissionH re!eiptH !usto&" an&
appre!iation of the ele!tion returns or the
!ertifi!ates of !an%ass with respe!t to the
positions of Presi&entH Ei!e*Presi&entH Senator
an& 8e:er of the @ouse of 1epresentati%es' No
pre*pro!laation !ase are allowe& in the !ase of
:aran,a" ele!tions'
Pro"e%%5 Iiterate (oter% 619877
No' M55: C+CH while of le,al a,e an& of soun&
in&H is illiterate' @e has asDe& "our a&%i!e on
how he !an %ote in the !oin, ele!tion for his
:rotherH who is runnin, for a"or' 3his will :e
the first tie C+C will %ote an& he has ne%er
re,istere& as a %oter :efore' 6hat a&%i!e will
"ou ,i%e hi on the pro!e&ure he nee&s to follow
in or&er to :e a:le to %oteL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he Constitution pro%i&es that until Con,ress
shall ha%e pro%i&e& otherwiseH illiterate an&
&isa:le& %oters shall :e allowe& to %ote un&er
e0istin, laws an& re,ulations (+rtH EH Se!' 2)' 5t is
ne!essar" for an" ?ualifie& %oter to re,ister in
or&er to %ote' (Ani:us /le!tion Co&eH Se!' 112)
5n the !ase of illiterate an& &isa:le& %otersH their
%oterBs affi&a%it a" :e prepare& :" an" relati%e
within the fourth !i%il &e,ree of !onsan,uinit" or
affinit" or :" an" e:er of the :oar& of ele!tion
inspe!tors who shall
prepare the affi&a%it in a!!or&an!e with the &ata
supplie& :" the appli!ant' (5&'H se!' 127)
Pro"e%%5 Prin"i$e o# Ide+ Sonan% 6199;7
No' 3; 1) 6hat is "our un&erstan&in, of the
prin!iple of i&e sonans as applie& in the
/le!tion 7awL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1) <n&er 1ule No' 7 of the rules for the
appre!iation of :allots in Se!tion 211 of the
Ani:us /le!tion Co&eH the i&e sonans rule
eans that a nae or surnae in!orre!tl" written
whi!hH when rea&H has a soun& siilar to the
nae or surnae of a !an&i&ate when !orre!tl"
written shall :e !ounte& in his fa%or'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ERS:
a) 5&e sonans literall" eans the sae or
siilar soun&' 3his prin!iple is a&e anifest in
one of the rules for the appre!iation of :allots
e:o&ie& in the Ani:us /le!tion Co&e (Se!'
211H 9P 881) statin, that C+ nae or surnae
in!orre!tl" written whi!h when rea&H has a soun&
siilar to the nae or surnae of a !an&i&ate
when !orre!tl" written shall :e !ounte& in his
fa%or' 3husH if the nae as spelle& in the :allotH
thou,h &ifferent fro the !orre!t spellin, thereofH
!on%e"s to the ears when pronoun!e& a!!or&in,
to the !oonl" a!!epte& etho&sH a soun&
pra!ti!all" 5&enti!al with the soun& of the !orre!t
nae as !oonl" pronoun!e&H the nae thus
,i%en is a suffi!ient &esi,nation of the person
referre& to' 3he ?uestion whether one nae is
i&e sonans with another is not a ?uestion of
spellin, :ut of pronun!iation' (8an&a! %'
SaonteH #9 Phil' 28#)' 5ts appli!ation is aie& at
reali=in, the o:;e!ti%e of e%er" ele!tion whi!h is to
o:tain the e0pression of the %oters will'
:) 3he ter eans soun&in, the sae or nearl"
aliDe' 3he rule is :ase& on the 5&ea that the
isspellin, of a nae or la!D of sDill in writin,
shoul& not :e taDen as a ,roun& for re;e!tin, the
%otes apparentl" inten&e& for a !an&i&ateH so
lon, as the intention of the %oter appears to :e
!lear' 3he Supree Court has rule& that the
prin!iple of i&e sonans is li:erall" !onstrue&'
Corpu= %' 5:a"H 8# Phil' 18# (19#9)'
Pro"e%%5 Stray &aot 6199;7
No' 3; 2) 6hat is a Cstra" :allotCL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
2) <n&er 1ule No' 19 of the rules for the
appre!iation of :allots in Se!tion 211 of the
Ani:us /le!tion Co&eH stra" :allot is one !ast
in fa%or of a person who has not file& a
!ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" or in fa%or of a !an&i&ate
for an offi!e for whi!h he &i& not present hiself'
+lthou,h the Co&e &oes not pro%i&e for stra"
:allotH it is presue& that stra" :allot refers to
stra" %ote'
Re"a 689987
No ME5' Suppose the people of a pro%in!e want
to re!all the pro%in!ial ,o%ernor :efore the en&
of his three*"ear ter of offi!eH
+' An what ,roun& or ,roun&s !an the pro%in!ial
,o%ernor :e re!alle&L (1N)
9' @ow will the re!all :e initiate&L (2N)
C' 6hen will the re!all of an ele!ti%e lo!al offi!ial
:e !onsi&ere& effe!ti%eL U2NT
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
5n a!!or&an!e with Se!tion )9 of the 7o!al
$o%ernent Co&eH the $o%ernor !an :e re!alle&
for 7ASS AF CANF5-/NC/'
<n&er Se!tion 70 of the 7o!al $o%ernent Co&eH
the re!all a" :e initiate& :" a resolution a&opte&
:" a a;orit" of all the e:ers of the
preparator" re!all asse:l"H whi!h !onsists of all
the a"orsH the %i!e*a"orsH an& the
san,,unian, e:ers of the uni!ipalities an&
!oponent !itiesH or :" a written petition si,ne&
:" at least twent"*fi%e per !ent (22N) of the total
nu:er of re,istere& %oters in the pro%in!e'
+!!or&in, to Se!tion 72 of the 7o!al $o%ernent
Co&eH the re!all of an ele!ti%e lo!al offi!ial shall
taDe effe!t upon the ele!tion an& pro!laation of
a su!!essor in the person of the !an&i&ate
re!ei%in, the hi,hest nu:er of %otes !ast &urin,
the ele!tion on re!all'
T'ree<Ter+ Li+it R-e 689917
No M5M * 5n the 8a" 1992 ele!tionsH 8anuel
8analo an& Se,un&o Parate were ele!te& as
8a"or an& Ei!e 8a"orH respe!ti%el"' <pon the
&eath of 8analo as in!u:ent uni!ipal a"orH
Ei!e 8a"or Se,un&o Parate su!!ee&e& as a"or
an& ser%e& for the reainin, portion of the ter of
offi!e' 5n the 8a" 1992 ele!tionH Se,un&o Parate
ran for an& won as a"or an& then ser%e& for the
full ter' 5n the 8a" 1998 ele!tionsH Parate ran for
reele!tion as 8a"or an& won a,ain' 5n the 8a"
2001 ele!tionH Se,un&o Parate file& his !ertifi!ate
of !an&i&a!" for the sae position of a"orH :ut
his ri%al a"oralt" !an&i&ate sou,ht his
&is?ualifi!ation alle,in, %iolation of the three*ter
liit for lo!al ele!ti%e offi!ials pro%i&e& for in the
Constitution an& in the 7o!al $o%ernent Co&e'
-e!i&e whether the &is?ualifi!ation !ase will
prosper or not' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he &is?ualifi!ation !ase shoul& :e &isisse&'
+s hel& in 9or;a %s' CA8/7/CH 292 SC1+127
(199))H in !oputin, the three*ter liitation
ipose& upon ele!ti%e lo!al offi!ialsH onl" the
ter for whi!h he was ele!te& to shoul& :e
!onsi&ere&' 3he ter whi!h he ser%e& as a
result of su!!ession shoul& not :e in!lu&e&' 5t is
not enou,h that the offi!ial has ser%e& three
!onse!uti%e ters' @e ust ha%e :een ele!te&
to the sae position three !onse!uti%e ties'
T'ree<Ter+ Li+it5 #ro+ 0-ni"i$aity to Ne1y<
Created City 6>9<899A7
2' 8anuel was ele!te& 8a"or of the 8uni!ipalit" of
3u:a in the ele!tions of 1992H 1992 an& 1998' @e
full" ser%e& his first two tersH an& &urin, his thir&
terH the uni!ipalit" was !on%erte& into the
!oponent Cit" of 3u:a' 3he sai& !harter
pro%i&e& for a hol&o%er an& so without
interre,nu 8anuel went on to ser%e as the
8a"or of the Cit" of 3u:a'
5n the 2001 ele!tionsH 8anuel file& his !ertifi!ate
of !an&i&a!" for Cit" 8a"or' @e &is!lose&H
thou,hH that he ha& alrea&" ser%e& for three
!onse!uti%e ters as ele!te& 8a"or when 3u:a
was still a uni!ipalit"' @e also state& in his
!ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" that he is runnin, for the
position of 8a"or for the first tie now that 3u:a
is a !it"'
1e"esH an a&%ersar"H ran a,ainst 8anuel an&
petitione& that he :e &is?ualifie& :e!ause he ha&
alrea&" ser%e& for three !onse!uti%e ters as
8a"or' 3he petition was not tiel" a!te& uponH
an& 8anuel was pro!laie& the winner with
20H000 %otes o%er the 10H000 %otes re!ei%e& :"
1e"es as the onl" other !an&i&ate' 5t was onl"
after 8anuel tooD his oath an& assue& offi!e
that the CA8/7/C rule& that he was &is?ualifie&
for ha%in, ran an& ser%e& for three !onse!uti%e
ters' (2N)
(a) +s law"er of 8anuelH present the
possi:le ar,uents to pre%ent his
&is?ualifi!ation an& reo%al'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+s law"er of 8anuelH 5 woul& ar,ue that he shoul&
not :e &is?ualifie& an& reo%e& :e!ause he was
a three*ter a"or of the uni!ipalit" of 3u:aH
an&H with its !on%ersion to a !oponent !it"H the
latter has a totall" separate an& &ifferent
!orporate personalit" fro that of the uni!ipalit"'
8oreo%erH as a
ruleH in a representati%e &eo!ra!"H the people
shoul& :e allowe& freel" to !hoose those who
will ,o%ern the' @a%in, won the ele!tionsH the
!hoi!e of the people shoul& :e respe!te&'
(:) @ow woul& "ou rule on whether or not
8anuel is eli,i:le to run as 8a"or of the
newl"*!reate& Cit" of 3u:a ie&iatel" after
ha%in, alrea&" ser%e& for three (3)
!onse!uti%e ters as 8a"or of the 8uni!ipalit"
of 3u:aL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
8anuel is not eli,i:le to run as a"or of the !it" of
3u:a' 3he 1987 Constitution spe!ifi!all" in!lu&e&
an e0!eption to the peopleBs free&o to !hoose
those who will ,o%ern the in or&er to a%oi& the
e%il of a sin,le person a!!uulatin, e0!essi%e
power o%er a parti!ular territorial ;uris&i!tion as a
result of a prolon,e& sta" in the sae offi!e' 3o
allow 8anuel to %ie for the position of !it" a"or
after ha%in, ser%e& for three !onse!uti%e ters as
a uni!ipal a"or woul& o:%iousl" &efeat the %er"
intent of the fraers when the" wrote this
e0!eption' Shoul& he :e allowe& another three
!onse!uti%e ters as a"or of the Cit" of 3u:aH
8anuel woul& then :e possi:l" hol&in, offi!e as
!hief e0e!uti%e o%er the sae territorial
;uris&i!tion an& inha:itants for a total of ei,hteen
!onse!uti%e "ears' 3his is the %er" s!enario
sou,ht to :e a%oi&e& :" the ConstitutionH if not
a:horre& :" it' (7atasa %' CA8/7/CH $'1' No'
12#829H -e!e:er 10H 2003)
(!) +ssuin, that 8anuel is not an
eli,i:le !an&i&ateH re:ut 1e"esB !lai that he
shoul& :e pro!laie& as winner ha%in,
re!ei%e& the ne0t hi,her nu:er of %otes'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
1e"es !annot :e pro!laie& winner for re!ei%in,
the se!on& hi,hest nu:er of %otes' 3he
Supree Court has !onsistentl" rule& that the fa!t
that a pluralit" or a a;orit" of the %otes are !ast
for an ineli,i:le !an&i&ate at a popular ele!tionH or
that a !an&i&ate is later &e!lare& to :e &is?ualifie&
to hol& offi!eH &oes not entitle the !an&i&ate who
,arnere& the se!on& hi,hest nu:er of %otes to
:e &e!lare& ele!te&' 3he sae erel" results in
aDin, the winnin, !an&i&ateBs ele!tion a nullit"'
5n the present !aseH 10H000 %otes were !ast for
pri%ate respon&ent 1e"es as a,ainst the 20H000
%otes !ast for petitioner 8anuel' 3he se!on&
pla!er is o:%iousl" not the !hoi!e of the people in
this
parti!ular ele!tion' 3he peranent %a!an!" in the
!onteste& offi!e shoul& :e fille& :" su!!ession'
(7a:o %' CA8/7/CH $'1' No' 102111H >ul"
3H1992)
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
1e"es !oul& not :e pro!laie& as winner
:e!ause he &i& not win the ele!tion' 3o allow the
&efeate& !an&i&ate to taDe o%er the 8a"oralt"
&espite his re;e!tion :" the ele!torate is to
&isenfran!hise the ele!torate without an" fault on
their part an& to un&erine the iportan!e an&
eanin, of &eo!ra!" an& the peopleBs ri,ht to
ele!t offi!ials of their !hoi!e' (9enito %'
CA8/7/CH $'1' No' 10)023H +u,ust 17H 199#)
(a"an"y5 E##e"t o# (i"e<0ayor A"ting A%
0ayor 689987
No M5E' Suppose +H a 8uni!ipal 8a"orH went on
a si!D lea%e to un&er,o e&i!al treatent for a
perio& of four (#) onths' -urin, that tie
+' 6ill 9H the 8uni!ipal Ei!e*8a"orH :e
perforin, e0e!uti%e fun!tionsL 6h"L (2N)
9' 6ill 9 at the sae tie :e also
perforin, le,islati%e fun!tions as presi&in,
offi!er of the San,,unian, 9a"anL 6h"L (3N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+' Sin!e the 8uni!ipal 8a"or is teporaril"
in!apa!itate& to perfor his &utiesH in a!!or&an!e
with Se!tion #)(a) of the 7o!al $o%ernent Co&eH
the 8uni!ipal Ei!e*8a"or shall e0er!ise his
powers an& perfor his &uties an& fun!tions' 3he
8uni!ipal Ei!e*8a"or will :e perforin, e0e!uti%e
fun!tionsH :e!ause the fun!tions of the 8uni!ipal
8a"or are e0e!uti%e'
9' 3he 8uni!ipal Ei!e*8a"or !annot !ontinue as
presi&in, offi!er of the San,,unian, 9a"an while
he is a!tin, 8uni!ipal 8a"or' 5n a!!or&an!e with
$a:oa %' +,uirreH 310 SC1+ 8)7 (1999)H un&er
the 7o!al $o%ernent Co&eH the Ei!e*8uni!ipal
8a"or was &epri%e& of the power to presi&e o%er
the San,,unian, 9a"an an& is no lon,er a
e:er of it' 3he teporar" %a!an!" in the offi!e
of the 8uni!ipal 8a"or !reates a !orrespon&in,
teporar" %a!an!" in the Affi!e of the 8uni!ipal
Ei!e*8a"or when he a!ts as 8uni!ipal 8a"or'
3his !onstitutes ina:ilit" on his part to presi&e
o%er the sessions of the San,,unian, 9a"an'
(a"an"y5 R-e o# S-""e%%ion 6199A7
No' 7: 3he Ei!e 8a"or of a uni!ipalit" file& his
!ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" for the sae offi!e in the
last ele!tions' 3he 8uni!ipal 8a"or was
also runnin, for re*ele!tion' 9oth were offi!ial
!an&i&ates of the sae politi!al part"' +fter the
last &a" for the filin, of !ertifi!ates of !an&i&a!"H
the 8a"or &ie&' <n&er these fa!ts * a) Can the
Ei!e 8a"or su!!ee& to the offi!e of
8a"or pursuant to the pro%isions of the
7o!al $o%ernent Co&eL /0plain' :) +ssuin,
that the Ei!e 8a"or su!!ee&s to
the position of 8a"or after the in!u:ent
&ie&H whi!h position is now &ifferent fro
the one for whi!h he has file& his !ertifi!ate
of !an&i&a!"H !an he still !ontinue to run as
Ei!e 8a"orL /0plain' !) 5s there an" le,al
ipe&ient to the Ei!e
8a"or to repla!e the re*ele!tionist 8a"or
who &ie&L /0plainH SU22ESTE! ANS4ER: OesH
the %i!e a"or !an su!!ee& to the offi!e of a"or'
<n&er Se!tion ## of the 7o!al $o%ernent Co&eH
he stan&s ne0t in line to the offi!e of a"or in
!ase of a peranent %a!an!" in it' @is filin, of a
Certifi!ate of Can&i&a!" for 8a"or &i& not
autoati!all" result to his :ein, !onsi&ere&
resi,ne& (Se!' )7H Ani:us /le!tion Co&e)'
OesH the %i!e a"or !an !ontinue to run as %i!e
a"or' +t the tie that he file& his !ertifi!ate of
!an&i&a!"H the %i!e a"or ran for the sae offi!e
he was hol&in,' 5n &eterinin, whether a
!an&i&ate is runnin, for a position other than the
one he is hol&in, in a peranent !apa!it" an&
shoul& :e !onsi&ere& resi,ne&H it is the offi!e he
was hol&in, at the tie he file& his !ertifi!ate of
!an&i&a!" shoul& :e !onsi&ere&' 3here is no le,al
ipe&ient to the %i!e a"or runnin, as a"or to
repla!e the %i!e a"or who &ie& un&er Se!tion 77
of the Ani:us /le!tion Co&eH if a !an&i&ate &ies
after the last &a" for filin, !ertifi!ates of !an&i&a!"H
he a" :e repla!e& :" a person :elon,in, to his
politi!al part"' @owe%erH it is re?uire& that he
shoul& first with&raw his Certifi!ate of Can&i&a!"
for Ei!e*8a"or an& file a new Certifi!ate of
Can&i&a!" for 8a"or'
(a"an"y5 S&5 R-e on S-""e%%ion 689987
No ME' + %a!an!" o!!urre& in the san,,unian,
:a"an of a uni!ipalit" when MH a e:erH &ie&'
M &i& not :elon, to an" politi!al part"'
3o fill up the %a!an!"H the pro%in!ial ,o%ernor
appointe& + upon the re!oen&ation of the
san,,unian, panlalawi,an' An the other han&H
for the sae %a!an!"H the uni!ipal a"or
appointe& 9 upon the re!oen&ation of the
san,,unian, :a"an' 6hi!h of these
appointents is %ali&L (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+s hel& in Farinas %' 9ar:aH 22) SC1+ 39)
(199))H neither of the appointents is %ali&' <n&er
Se!tion #2 of the 7o!al $o%ernent Co&eH in !ase
of a peranent %a!an!" in the San,,unian,
9a"an !reate& :" the !essation in offi!e of a
e:er who &oes not :elon, to an" politi!al part"H
the $o%ernor shall appoint a ?ualifie& person
re!oen&e& :" the San,,unian, 9a"an' Sin!e
+ was not re!oen&e& :" the San,,unian,
9a"anH his appointent :" the $o%ernor is not
%ali&' Sin!e 9 was not appointe& :" the $o%ernor
:ut :" the 8uni!ipal 8a"orH his appointent is
also not %ali&'
ARTICLE I/ Co++i%%ion on
A-dit COA5 .-ri%di"tion 689917
No E555 * 3he Philippine National 9anD was then
one of the lea&in, ,o%ernent*owne& :anDs an&
it was un&er the au&it ;uris&i!tion of the
Coission on +u&it (CA+)' + few "ears a,oH it
was pri%ati=e&'
6hat is the effe!tH if an"H of the pri%ati=ation of
PN9 on the au&it >uris&i!tion of the CA+L (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
5n a!!or&an!e with the rulin, in Philippine +irlines
%s' Coission on +u&itH 2#2 SC1+ 39H(1992)H
sin!e the Philippine National 9anD is no lon,er
owne& :" the $o%ernentH the Coission on
+u&it no lon,er has ;uris&i!tion to au&it it as an
institution' <n&er Se!tion 2(2)H +rti!le 5M*- of the
ConstitutionH it is ,o%ernent*owne& or !ontrolle&
!orporations an& their su:si&iaries whi!h are
su:;e!t to au&it :" the Coission on +u&it'
@owe%erH in a!!or&an!e with Se!tion 2(1)H +rti!le
5M*- of the ConstitutionH the Coission on +u&it
!an au&it the Philippine National 9anD with respe!t
to its a!!ounts :e!ause the $o%ernent still has
e?uit" in it'
COA5 0oney Cai+% 619987
No 5' * 3he -epartent of National -efense
entere& into a !ontra!t with 1aintree Corporation
for the suppl" of pon!hos to the +re& For!es of
the Philippines (+FP)H stipulatin, thatH in the e%ent
of :rea!hH a!tion a" :e file& in the proper !ourts
in 8anila'
Suppose the +FP fails to pa" for &eli%ere&
pon!hosH where ust 1aintree Corporation file
its !laiL 6h"L P 10NQ
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1aintree Corporation ust file its !lai with the
Coission on +u&itH <n&er Se!tion 2(1) 5M*-
of the ConstitutionH the Coission on +u&it has
the authorit" to settle all a!!ounts pertainin, to
e0pen&iture of pu:li! fun&s' 1aintree Corporation
!annot file a !ase in !ourt' 3he 1epu:li! of the
Philippines &i& not wai%e its iunit" fro suit
when it entere& into the !ontra!t with 1aintree
Corporation for the suppl" of pon!hos for the use
of the +re& For!es of the Philippines' 3he
!ontra!t in%ol%es the &efense of the Philippines
an& therefore relates to a so%erei,n fun!tion'
5n <nite& States %s' 1ui=H 13) SC1+ #87H #92H
the Supree Court hel&; C3he restri!ti%e
appli!ation of State iunit" is proper onl"
when the pro!ee&in,s arise out of !oer!ial
transa!tions of the forei,n so%erei,n' 5ts
!oer!ial a!ti%ities or e!onoi! affairs'
State& &ifferentl"H a State a" :e sai& to ha%e
&es!en&e& to the le%el of an in&i%i&ual an&
!an thus :e &eee& to ha%e ta!itl" ,i%en its
!onsent to :e sue& onl" when it enters into
:usiness !ontra!ts' 5t &oes not appl" where
the !ontra!t relates to the e0er!ise of its
so%erei,n fun!tions' 5n this !ase the pro;e!ts
are an inte,ral part of the na%al :ase whi!h is
&e%ote& to the &efense of :oth the <nite&
States an& the PhilippinesH in&isputa:l" a
fun!tion of the ,o%ernent of the hi,hest
or&er; the" are not utili=e& for nor &e&i!ate& to
!oer!ial or :usiness purposes'C
3he pro%ision for %enue in the !ontra!t &oes not
!onstitute a wai%er of the State 5unit" fro
suitH :e!ause the e0press wai%er of this iunit"
!an onl" :e a&e :" a statute'
5n 1epu:li! us' Purisia 78 SC1+ #70H #7#H
the Supree Court rule&: C+pparentl"
respon&ent >u&,e was isle& :" the ters of
the !ontra!t :etween the pri%ate respon&entH
plaintiff in his sala an& &efen&ant 1i!e an&
Corn +&inistration whi!hH a!!or&in, to hiH
anti!ipate& the !ase of a :rea!h of !ontra!t
:etween the parties an& the suits that a"
thereafter arise' 3he !onsentH to :e effe!ti%e
thou,hH ust !oe fro the State a!tin,
throu,h a &ul" ena!te& statute as pointe& out
:" >usti!e 9en,=on in 8o:il'C
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
5n a!!or&an!e with the &o!trine of e0haustion of
a&inistrati%e ree&iesH 1aintree Corporation
shoul& first file a !lai with the Coission on
+u&it' 5f the !lai is &enie&H it shoul& file a
petition for !ertiorari with the Supree Court'
ARTICLE / Lo"a 2o*ern+ent
A$$oint+ent o# &-dget O##i"er5 "ontro *%
%-$er*i%ion 619997
No E * -' An 8a" 17H 1988H the position of
Pro%in!ial 9u&,et Affi!er of Pro%in!e M :e!ae
%a!ant' Pe&ro CastahonH ,o%ernor of the pro%in!eH
pursuant to Se!' 1 of /'A' No' 112H su:itte& the
naes of three noinees for the aforesai&
position to the -epartent of 9u&,et
8ana,eent (-98)H one of who was that of
8arta 8ahonhon' + onth laterH Castahon
infore& the -98 that 8ahonhon ha& assue&
the offi!e of P9A an& re?ueste& that she :e
e0ten&e& the appropriate appointent' 3he -98
Se!retar" appointe& >osefa Gala"on instea&'
Castahon proteste& the appointent of Gala"on
insistin, that it is he who ha& the ri,ht to !hoose
the P9A :" su:ittin, the naes of his three
noinees an& Gala"on was not one of the' 3he
-98 !ountere& that none of the ,o%ernorBs
noinees ha%e the ne!essar" ?ualifi!ations for
the position' Spe!ifi!all"H 8ahonhon la!De& the
fi%e*"ear e0perien!e in :u&,etin,' @en!eH the
-98 was left with no alternati%e :ut to nae one
who possesses all the re?uisite ?ualifi!ations in
the person of Gala"on' 5t !ite& Se!tion )'0 of the
-98 7o!al 9u&,et Cir!ular No' 31 whi!h statesH
C3he -98 reser%es the ri,ht to fill up an" e0istin,
%a!an!" where none of the noinees of the lo!al
!hief e0e!uti%e eet the pres!ri:e&
re?uireents'C
(a) 6as the -98Bs appointent %ali&L (2N)
(:) 6hat !an "ou sa" re,ar&in, the a:o%e*
?uote& Se!tion )'0 of -98Bs 7o!al 9u&,et
Cir!ular No' 31L /0plain "our answers' (2N)
38
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
-' (a) <n&er Se!tion 1 of /0e!uti%e Ar&er No'
112H the Pro%in!ial 9u&,et Affi!er ust :e
re!oen&e& :" the $o%ernor' Sin!e >osefa
Gala"on was not re!oen&e& :" the $o%ernorH
her appointent is not %ali&' +s hel& in San >uan
%' Ci%il Ser%i!e CoissionH 19) SC1+ )9H if the
person re!oen&e& :" the $o%ernor is not
?ualifie&H what the Se!retar" of 9u&,et an&
8ana,eent shoul& &o is to asD hi to
re!oen& soeone who is eli,i:le'
(:) -98 7o!al 9u&,et Cir!ular No' 31 is not %ali&H
sin!e it is in!onsistent with /0e!uti%e Ar&er No'
112H whi!h re?uires that the appointee for
Pro%in!ial 9u&,et Affi!er :e re!oen&e& :" the
$o%ernor' (<n&er the 7o!al $o%ernent Co&eH it
is now the lo!al !hief e0e!uti%e who is
epowere& to appoint the :u&,et offi!er)'
&o-ndary !i%$-te Re%o-tion5 L2U5 RTCJ%
.-ri%di"tion 6>19<899A7
1 * 3here was a :oun&ar" &ispute :etween
-uenasH a uni!ipalit"H an& PassiH an
in&epen&ent !oponent !it"H :oth of the sae
pro%in!e' State how the two lo!al ,o%ernent
units shoul& settle their :oun&ar" &ispute' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
9oun&ar" &isputes :etween lo!al ,o%ernent
units shoul&H as u!h as possi:leH :e settle&
ai!a:l"' +fter efforts at settleent failH then the
&ispute a" :e :rou,ht to the appropriate
1e,ional 3rial Court in the sai& pro%in!e' Sin!e
the 7o!al $o%ernent Co&e is silent as to what
:o&" has e0!lusi%e ;uris&i!tion o%er the settleent
of :oun&ar" &isputes :etween a uni!ipalit" an&
an in&epen&ent !oponent !it" of the sae
pro%in!eH the 1e,ional 3rial Courts ha%e ,eneral
;uris&i!tion to a&;u&i!ate the sai& !ontro%ers"'
(8un' of Ganan,a %' 8a&ronaH $'1' No' 1#1372H
+pril 30H 2003)
&o-ndary !i%$-te Sette+ent5 A-t'ority5
.-ri%di"tion 619997
No E * C' 6hat :o&" or :o&ies are %este& :" law
with the authorit" to settle &isputes in%ol%in,:
(1) two or ore towns within the sae pro%in!e;
(1N)
(2) two or ore hi,hl" ur:ani=e& !ities' (1N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1') <n&er Se!tion 118(:) of the 7o!al
$o%ernent Co&eH :oun&ar" &isputes in%ol%in,
two or ore uni!ipalities within the sae
pro%in!e shall :e settle& :" the san,,unian,
panlalawi,an !on!erne&'
2') <n&er Se!tion 118(&) of the 7o!al
$o%ernent Co&eH :oun&ar" &isputes in%ol%in,
two or ore hi,hl" ur:ani=e& !ities shall :e
settle& :" the san,,unian, panlun,so& of the
parties'
Creation o# Ne1 Lo"a 2o*ern+ent Unit%5
Pebi%"ite ReF-ire+ent 6899;7
NA' E55 * 8+-+GA is a uni!ipalit" !opose&
of 80 :aran,a"sH 30 west of 8a&aDo 1i%er an&
20 east thereof' 3he 30 western :aran,a"sH
feelin, left out of e!onoi! initiati%esH wish to
!onstitute thesel%es into a new an& separate
town to :e !alle& 8asi,la'
+' $rantin, that 8asi,laFs proponents su!!ee& to
se!ure a law in their fa%orH woul& a ple:is!ite :e
ne!essar" or notL 5f it is ne!essar"H who shoul&
%ote or parti!ipate in the ple:is!iteL -is!uss
:riefl"' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+ ple:is!ite is ne!essar"H :e!ause this is
re?uire& for the !reation of a new uni!ipalit"'
(Se!tion 10H +rti!le M of the 1987 Constitution')
3he %oters of :oth 8a&aDo an& 8asi,la shoul&
parti!ipate in the ple:is!iteH :e!ause :oth are
&ire!tl" affe!te& :" the !reation of 8asi,la' 3he
territor" of 8a&aDo will :e re&u!e&' (3an %'
CA8/7/CH 1#2 SC1+ 727 P198))'
!e Fa"to P-bi" Cor$oration%5 E##e"t 6899;7
NA' E55 * 8+-+GA is a uni!ipalit" !opose& of
80 :aran,a"sH 30 west of 8a&aDo 1i%er an& 20
east thereof' 3he 30 western :aran,a"sH feelin,
left out of e!onoi! initiati%esH wish to !onstitute
thesel%es into a new an& separate town to :e
!alle& 8asi,la' + law is passe& !reatin, 8asi,la
an& a ple:is!ite is a&e in fa%or of the law'
9' Suppose that one "ear after 8asi,la was
!onstitute& as a uni!ipalit"H the law !reatin, it is
%oi&e& :e!ause of &efe!ts' 6oul& that in%ali&ate
the a!ts of the uni!ipalit" an&Ior its uni!ipal
offi!ersL /0plain :riefl"' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+lthou,h the uni!ipalit" !annot :e !onsi&ere&
as a &e fa!to !orporationH :e!ause there is no
%ali& law un&er whi!h it was !reate&H the a!ts of
the uni!ipalit" an& of its offi!ers will not :e
in%ali&ate&H :e!ause the e0isten!e of the law
!reatin, it is an operati%e fa!t :efore it was
&e!lare& un!onstitutional' @en!eH the pre%ious
a!ts of the uni!ipalit" an& its offi!ers shoul& :e
,i%en effe!t as a atter of fairness an& ;usti!e'
(8uni!ipalit" of8ala:an, %' 9enitoH 27 SC1+
233 P19)9Q
!e*o-tion o# Po1er 619997
-efine &e%olution with respe!t to lo!al ,o%ernent
units'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
Se!tion 17(e) of the 7o!al $o%ernent Co&e
&efines &e%olution as the a!t :" whi!h the
National $o%ernent !onfers power an& authorit"
upon the %arious lo!al ,o%ernent units to
perfor spe!ifi! fun!tions an& responsi:ilities'
Fran"'i%e5 $rior a$$ro*a o# L2U ne"e%%ary
619887
No' 9: 8a!a:e:eH Papan,a has se%eral :arrios
alon, the Papan,a ri%er' 3o ser%i!e the nee&s
of their resi&ents the uni!ipalit" has :een
operatin, a ferr" ser%i!e at the sae ri%erH for a
nu:er of "ears alrea&"'
Soetie in 1987H the uni!ipalit" was ser%e&
a !op" of an or&er fro the 7an& 3ansportation
Fran!hisin, an& 1e,ulator" 9oar& (73F19)H
,rantin, a !ertifi!ate of pu:li! !on%enien!e to 8r'
1i!ar&o 8a!apinla!H a resi&ent of 8a!a:e:eH to
operate ferr" ser%i!e a!ross the sae ri%er an&
:etween the sae :arrios :ein, ser%i!e&
presentl" :" the uni!ipalit"Bs ferr" :oats' + !he!D
of the re!or&s of the appli!ation of 8a!apinla!
shows that the appli!ation was file& soe onths
:eforeH set for hearin,H an& noti!es of su!h
hearin, were pu:lishe& in two newspapers of
,eneral !ir!ulation in the town of 8a!a:e:eH an&
in the pro%in!e of Papan,a' 3he uni!ipalit" ha&
ne%er :een &ire!tl" ser%e& a !op" of that noti!e of
hearin, nor ha& the San,,unian, 9a"an :een
re?ueste& :" 8a!apinla! for an" operate' 3he
uni!ipalit" ie&iatel" file& a otion for
re!onsi&eration with the 73F19 whi!h was &enie&'
5t the went to the Supree Court on a petition for
!ertiorari to nullif" the or&er ,rantin, a !ertifi!ate
of pu:li! !on%enien!e to 8a!apinla! on two
,roun&s:
(1) -enial of &ue pro!ess to the uni!ipalit"; an&
(2) For failure of 8a!apinla! to se!ure appro%al of
the San,,unian, 9a"an for hi to operate a ferr"
ser%i!e in 8a!a:e:eH
1esol%e the two points in the petition with
reasons'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he petition for !ertiorari shoul& :e ,rante&H
1' +s a part" &ire!tl" affe!te& :" the operation of
the ferr" ser%i!eH the 8uni!ipalit" of 8a!a:e:eH
Papan,a was entitle& to :e &ire!tl" notifie& :"
the 73F19 ''''
2' 5t has :een hel& that where a ferr" operation
lies entirel" within the uni!ipalit"H the prior
appro%al of the 8uni!ipal ,o%ernent is
ne!essar"' An!e appro%e&H the operator ust
then appl" with the 73F19 for a !ertifi!ate of
pu:li! !on%enien!e an& shall :e su:;e!t to
73F19 super%isionH (8uni!ipalit" of /!ha,ue %'
+:elleraH supra)'
39
La1 #i,ing t'e ter+% o# o"a ee"ti*e o##i"ia%
6>;<899?7
/0plain :riefl"'
3' + law fi0in, the ters of lo!al ele!ti%e
offi!ialsH other than :aran,a" offi!ialsH to ) "ears'
(2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he law is in%ali&' <n&er +rti!le MH Se!tion 8 of
the 1987 ConstitutionH Cthe ter of offi!e of
ele!ti%e lo!al offi!ialsH e0!ept :aran,a" offi!ialsH
whi!h shall :e &eterine& :" lawH shall :e three
"ears an& no su!h offi!ial shall ser%e for ore
than three !onse!uti%e ters'C 3he law !learl"
,oes a,ainst the aforesai& !onstitutional
re?uireent of three "ear ters for lo!al offi!ials
e0!ept for :aran,a" offi!ials'
Ordinan"e5 U%e B Lea%e o# Pro$ertie%5 P-bi"
U%e 619977
No' 9: -ue to o%er*!row&in, in the pu:li! arDet
in Pa!oH 8anilaH the Cit" Coun!il passe& an
or&inan!e allowin, the lease to %en&ors of parts
of the streets where the pu:li! arDet is lo!ate&H
pro%i&e& that the lessees pa" to the !it"
,o%ernent a fee of P20 per s?uare eter of the
area o!!upie& :" the lessees' 3he resi&ents in
the area !oplaine& to the 8a"or that the lease
of the pu:li! streets woul& !ause serious traffi!
pro:les to the' 3he 8a"or !an!elle& the lease
an& or&ere& the reo%al of the stalls !onstru!te&
on the streets' 6as the a!t of the 8a"or le,alL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he !an!ellation of the lease an& the reo%al of
the stalls are %ali&' +s hel& in 8a!asiano %s'
-ioDnoH 212 SC1+ #)#H the lease of pu:li!
streets is %oi&H sin!e the" are reser%e& for pu:li!
use an& are outsi&e the !oer!e of an'
Ordinan"e5 (aidity5 Co%-re or Lea%e o#
Pro$ertie% #or P-bi" U%e 6899:7
No M5 * +n a,,rie%e& resi&ent of the Cit" of
8anila file& an&aus pro!ee&in,s a,ainst the
!it" a"or an& the !it" en,ineer to !opel these
offi!ials to reo%e the arDet stalls fro !ertain
!it" streets whi!h the" ha& &esi,nate& as flea
arDets' Portions of the sai& !it" streets were
lease& or li!ense& :" the respon&ent offi!ials to
arDet stallhol&ers :" %irtue of a !it" or&inan!e'
-e!i&e the &ispute'
3he petition shoul& :e ,rante&' 5n a!!or&an!e
with 8a!asiano %' -ioDno' 212 SC1+ #)# P1992QH
sin!e pu:li! streets are properties for pu:li! use
an& are outsi&e the !oer!e of anH the Cit"
8a"or an& the Cit" /n,ineer !annot lease or
li!ense portions of the !it" streets to arDet
stallhol&ers'
3he petition shoul& :e &enie&' <n&er Se!tion
21(&)of the 7o!al $o%ernent Co&eH a !it" a"
:" or&inan!e teporaril" !lose a street so that a
flea arDet a" :e esta:lishe&'
Ordinan"e5 (aidity5 Co+$en%ation5 Tort-o-% A"t
o# an E+$oyee 6199;7
No' ); >ohnn" was eplo"e& as a &ri%er :" the
8uni!ipalit" of CalupitH 9ula!an' 6hile &ri%in,
re!Dlessl" a uni!ipal &up tru!D with its loa& of
san& for the repair of uni!ipal streetsH
>ohnn" hit a ;eepne"' 3wo passen,ers of the
;eepne" were Dille&'
3he San,,unian, 9a"an passe& an or&inan!e
appropriatin, P300H000 as !opensation for
the heirs of the %i!tis' 1) 5s the uni!ipalit"
lia:le for the ne,li,en!e of >ohnn"L 2) 5s the
uni!ipal or&inan!e %ali&L
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
2) 3he or&inan!e appropriatin, P300H000'00 for
the heirs of the %i!tis of >ohnn" is %oi&' 3his
aounts to appropriatin, pu:li! fun&s for a
pri%ate purpose' <n&er Se!tion 332 of the 7o!al
$o%ernent Co&eH no pu:li! one" shall :e
appropriate& for pri%ate purposes'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER5
<pon the fore,oin, !onsi&erationsH the uni!ipal
or&inan!e is null an& %oi& for :ein, ultra %ires' 3he
uni!ipalit" not :ein, lia:le to pa" !opensation
to the heirs of the %i!tisH the or&inan!e is utterl"
&e%oi& of le,al :asis' 5t woul& in fa!t !onstitute an
ille,al use or e0pen&iture of pu:li! fun&s whi!h is a
!riinal offense' 6hat is oreH the or&inan!e &oes
not eet one of the re?uisites for %ali&it" of
uni!ipal or&inan!esH ie'H that it ust :e in
!onsonan!e with !ertain well*esta:lishe& an&
:asi! prin!iples of a su:stanti%e natureH to wit: it
&oes not !ontra%ene the Constitution or the lawH it
is not unfair or oppressi%e' 5t is not partial or
&is!riinator"' 5t is !onsistent with pu:li! poli!"H
an& it is not unreasona:le'
Ordinan"e5 (aidity5 Lo"a Ta,ation *%= S$e"ia
A%%e%%+ent 619877
1987 No' E: State whether or not the followin,
!it" or&inan!es are %ali& an& ,i%e reasons in
support of "our answers:
(:) +n or&inan!e on :usiness esta:lishents to
raise fun&s for the !onstru!tion an& aintenan!e
of roa&s in pri%ate su:&i%isionsH whi!h roa&s are
open for use :" se,ents of the pu:li! who a"
ha%e :usiness insi&e the su:&i%ision'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(:) 3he or&inan!e is %ali&' 3he !har,e on the
:usiness esta:lishents is not a ta0 :ut a
SP/C5+7 +SS/SS8/N3' @en!eH the hol&in, in
Pas!ual %' Se!retar" of Pu:li! 6orDsH 110 Phil'
331 (19)0)H that pu:li! fun&s !annot :e
appropriate& for the !onstru!tion of roa&s in a
pri%ate su:&i%isionH &oes not appl"' +s hel& in
+postoli! Prefe!t %' Cit" 3reasurer of 9a,uioH 71
Phil' 2#7 (19#1)H spe!ial assessents a"
:e !har,e& to propert" owners :enefite& :" pu:li!
worDsH :e!ause the essential &ifferen!e :etween
a ta0 an& su!h assessent is pre!isel" that the
latter is :ase& wholl" on :enefits re!ei%e&'
@owe%erH if the or&inan!e le%ies a ta0 on all
:usiness esta:lishents lo!ate& outsi&e the
pri%ate su:&i%isionH then it is o:;e!tiona:le on the
,roun& that it appropriate pri%ate fun&s for a
pu:li! purpose' (Pas!ual %' Se!retar" of Pu:li!
6orDsH supra)
Ordinan"e5 (aidity5 Pre*enting I++oraity
619877
(!) +n or&inan!e prohi:itin, :ar:ershop operators
fro ren&erin, assa,e ser%i!e to their
!ustoers in a separate roo'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(!) 3he or&inan!e is %ali&' 5n Eelas!o %H Eille,asH
120 SC1+ )28 (1983) su!h or&inan!e was
uphel& on the ,roun& that it is a eans of
ena:lin, the Cit" of 8anila to !olle!t a fee for
operatin, assa,e !lini!s an& of pre%entin,
ioralit" whi!h i,ht :e !oitte& :" allowin,
the !onstru!tion of separate roos in :ar:er
shops'
Ordinan"e5 (aidity5 Utii)ation B !e*eo$+ent5
Nationa 4eat' 619917
No' 2; 3he pro%in!e of Palawan passes an
or&inan!e re?uirin, all ownersIoperators of
fishin, %essels that fish in waters surroun&in, the
pro%in!e to in%est ten per!ent (10N) of their net
profits fro operations therein in an" enterprise
lo!ate& in Palawan'
N+1CA Fishin, Corp'H a Filipino !orporation with
hea& offi!e in Na%otasH 8etro 8anilaH !hallen,es
the or&inan!e as un!onstitutional' -e!i&e the
!ase'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he or&inan!e is in%ali&' 3he or&inan!e was
apparentl" ena!te& pursuant to +rti!le MH Se!' 7 of
the ConstitutionH whi!h entitles lo!al ,o%ernents
to an e?uita:le share in the pro!ee&s of the
utili=ation an& &e%elopent of the national wealth
within their respe!ti%e areas' @owe%erH this shoul&
:e a&e pursuant to law' + law is nee&e& to
ipleent this pro%ision an& a lo!al ,o%ernent
!annot !onstitute itself unto a law' 5n the a:sen!e
of a law the or&inan!e in ?uestion is in%ali&'
Ordinan"e%5 (aidity5 A+ending NatJ La1%
619887
No' #: >ose O' Sa:ater is a real estate &e%eloper'
@e a!?uires raw lan&s an& !on%erts
the into su:&i%isions' +fter a!?uirin, a lot of
aroun& 12 he!tares in Ca:anatuan Cit"H he
!ause& the preparation of a su:&i%ision plan for
the propert"' 9efore he was a:le to su:it the
su:&i%ision plan to the 9ureau of 7an&s an&Ior
7an& 1e,istration Coission for %erifi!ation
an&Ior appro%alH he was infore& that he ust
first present the plan to the Cit" /n,ineer who
woul& &eterine whether the =onin, or&inan!e of
the Ca:anatuan Cit" ha& :een o:ser%e&' @e was
surprise& when he was asDe& to pa" the !it"
,o%ernent a ser%i!e fee of P0'30 per s?uare
eter of lan&H !o%ere& :" his su:&i%ision plan' @e
was e%en ore surprise& when infore& that a
fine of P200'00 an&Ior iprisonent for not
e0!ee&in, si0 onths or :othH ha%e :een fi0e& in
the or&inan!e as penalt" for %iolation thereof'
9elie%in, that the !it" or&inan!e is ille,alH he file&
suit to nullif" the sae' -e!i&e the !ase with
reasons'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he or&inan!e is null an& %oi&' 5n Eilla!orta %'
9ernar&oH 1#3 SC1+ #80 (198)) the Supree
Court hel& that a uni!ipal or&inan!e !annot
aen& a national law in the ,uise of ipleentin,
it' 5n this !aseH the re?uireent a!tuall" !onfli!ts
with se!' ## of +!t No' #9) :e!ause the latter
&oes not re?uire su:&i%ision plans to :e su:itte&
to the Cit" /n,ineer :efore the" !an :e su:itte&
for appro%al toH an& %erifi!ation :"H the 7an&
1e,istration Coission an&Ior the 9ureau of
7an&s'
Ordinan"e%5 (aidity5 2a+bing Pro'ibition
6199A7
No' #: 2' P+$CA1 &e!i&e& to operate a !asino in
3a!lo:an Cit" un&er authorit" of P'-' No' 18)9' 5t
lease& a portion of a :uil&in, :elon,in, to /llen
8!$uire reno%ate& an& e?uippe& it in preparation
for its inau,uration' 3he San,,unian, Panlun,so&
of 3a!lo:an Cit" ena!te& an or&inan!e prohi:itin,
the operation of !asinos in the Cit" an& pro%i&in,
penalt" for its %iolation' /llen 8!$uire an&
P+$CA1 assaile& the %ali&it" of the or&inan!e in
!ourt' @ow woul& "ou resol%e the issueL -is!uss
full"'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he or&inan!e shoul& :e &e!lare& in%ali&' +s hel&
in 8a,ta;as %s' Pr"!e Properties Corporation' 5n!'H
23# SC1+ 222' su!h an or&inan!e !ontra%enes
Presi&ential -e!ree No' 18)9H whi!h authori=es
the Philippine +useent an& $ain,
Corporation to operate !asinos within the territorial
>uris&i!tion of the PhilippinesH :e!ause it pre%ents
the sai& !orporation fro e0er!isin, the power
!onferre& on it to operate a !asino in 3a!lo:an
Cit"' 3he
power of 3a!lo:an Cit" to suppress ,a:lin,
an& prohi:ite& ,aes of !han!e e0!lu&es of
!han!e peritte& :" law' 5plie& repeals are not
fa%ore&' (9as!o %' P+$CA1)
Ordinan"e%5 (aidity5 Li+itation o# Penatie%
619917
No' 10: 3he uni!ipalit" of +l!o"H Ce:uH passe&
Ar&inan!e No' 10H series of 1991H re?uirin,
ownersH a&inistratorsH or tenants of :uil&in,s
an& preises to Deep an& aintain the in
sanitar" !on&itionH an& shoul& the" fail to &o soH
!ause the to :e !leare& an& Dept in sanitar"
!on&ition an& the !ost thereof to :e assesse&
a,ainst the ownerH a&inistrator or tenantH as the
!ase a" :eH whi!h !ost shall !onstitute a lien
a,ainst the propert"' 5t further penali=es %iolation
thereof with a fine not e0!ee&in, Ane 3housan&
Pesos (P1H000'00) or iprisonent for one (1)
"ear at the &is!retion of the !ourt' 5s the
or&inan!e %ali&L
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he or&inan!e is %ali& insofar as it re?uires
ownersH a&inistratorsH or tenants of :uil&in,s
an& preises to Deep an& aintain the in
sanitar" !on&ition an& pro%i&es that shoul& the"
fail to &o soH the uni!ipalit" shall !ause the to
:e !leane& an& the !ost shall :e assesse&
a,ainst the ownerH a&inistratorH or tenant an&
shall :e a lien a,ainst the propert"' 3his is
e0pressl" authori=e& :" Se!' 1#9(DD) of the 7o!al
$o%ernent Co&e'
@owe%erH the penalt" for the %iolation of the
or&inan!e is in%ali&H :e!ause it is e0!essi%e' 3he
penalt" in this !ase is a fine not e0!ee&in, P1H000
or iprisonent for one "earH in the &is!retion of
the !ourt' <n&er Se!' 1#9 (!) of the 7o!al
$o%ernent Co&eH howe%erH the penalt" for the
%iolation of a uni!ipal or&inan!e !an not e0!ee&
a fine of P1H000'00 or 5prisonent for si0
onthsH or :oth at the &is!retion of the !ourt'
Ordinan"e%5 (eto Po1er 6199?7
(1) @ow &oes the lo!al le,islati%e asse:l"
o%erri&e the %eto :" the lo!al !hief e0e!uti%e of an
or&inan!eL
(2) An what ,roun&s !an a lo!al !hief e0e!uti%e
%eto an or&inan!eL
(3) @ow !an an or&inan!e %etoe& :" a lo!al !hief
e0e!uti%e :e!oe a law without it :ein,
o%erri&&en :" the lo!al le,islati%e asse:l"L
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(1) <n&er Se!tions 2# (a) an& 22 (!) of the 7o!al
$o%ernent Co&eH the lo!al le,islati%e asse:l"
!an o%erri&e the %eto
of the lo!al !hief e0e!uti%e :" two*thir&s %ote
of all its e:ers'
(2) <n&er Se!tion 22PaQ of the 7o!al
$o%ernent Co&eH the lo!al !hief e0e!uti%e a"
%eto an or&inan!e on the ,roun& that it is 6LTRA
?IR:7 or PR:E6;ICIAL TO T@: P6BLIC
W:L8AR:.
(3) Pursuant to Se!tion 2#(:) of the 7o!al
$o%ernent Co&eH an or&inan!e %etoe& :" the
lo!al !hief e0e!uti%e shall :e &eee& appro%e& if
he &oes not !ouni!ate his %eto to the lo!al
le,islati%e asse:l" within 12 &a"s in the !ase of
a pro%in!e an& 10 &a"s in the !ase of a !it" or a
uni!ipalit"' 7iDewiseH if the %eto :" the lo!al
e0e!uti%e has :een o%erri&&en :" the lo!al
le,islati%e asse:l"H a se!on& %eto will :e %oi&'
<n&er Se!tion 22(!) of the 7o!al $o%ernent
Co&eH the lo!al !hief e0e!uti%e a" %eto an
or&inan!e onl" on!e'
Poi"e Po1er5 LL!A 6199A7
No' 9: 3he 8uni!ipalit" of 9inan,onanH 1i=alH
passe& a resolution authori=in, the operation of an
open ,ar:a,e &upsite in a 9* he!tare lan& in the
1e"es /state within the 8uni!ipalit"Bs territorial
liits' Soe !on!erne& resi&ents of 9inan,onan
file& a !oplaint with the 7a,una 7aDe
-e%elopent +uthorit" (77-+) to stop the
operation of the &upsite &ue to its harful effe!ts
on the health of the resi&ents' 3he 77-+ !on&u!te&
an on*site in%esti,ationH onitorin,H testin, an&
water saplin, an& foun& that the &upsite woul&
!ontainate 7a,una &e 9a" an& the surroun&in,
areas of the 8uni!ipalit"' 3he 77-+ also
&is!o%ere& that no en%ironental !learan!e was
se!ure& :" the 8uni!ipalit" fro the -epartent of
/n%ironent an& Natural 1esour!es (-/N1) an&
the 77-+ as re?uire& :" law' 3he 77-+ therefore
issue& to the 9inan,onan uni!ipal ,o%ernent a
!ease an& &esist or&er to stop the operation of the
&upsite' 3he 8uni!ipalit" of 9inan,onan file& a
!ase to annul the or&er issue& :" the 77-+'
(1) Can the 8uni!ipalit" of 9inan,onan in%oDe
poli!e power to pre%ent its resi&ents an& the
77-+ fro interferin, with the operation of the
&upsite :" the 8uni!ipalit"L /0plain'
(2) Can the 77-+ ;ustif" its or&er :" assertin,
that the health of the resi&ents will :e a&%ersel"
affe!te&' /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
1' NoH the 8uni!ipalit" of 9inan,onan !annot
in%oDe its poli!e power' +!!or&in, to 7a,una
7aDe -e%elopent +uthorit" %s' Court of +ppealsH
231 SC1+ 292H un&er 1epu:li! +!t NoH #820H the
7a,una 7aDe -e%elopent +uthorit" is an&ate&
to proote the &e%elopent of the 7a,una 7aDe
areaH in!lu&in, the surroun&in, Pro%in!e of 1i=alH
with &ue re,ar& to the pre%ention of pollution' 3he
7a,una 7aDe -e%elopent +uthorit" is an&ate&
to pass upon an& appro%e or &isappro%e all
pro;e!ts propose& :" lo!al ,o%ernent offi!es
within the re,ion'
2' OesH the 7a,una 7aDe -e%elopent +uthorit"
!an ;ustif" its or&er' Sin!e it has :een authori=e&
:" /0e!uti%e Ar&er No' 927 to aDe or&ers
re?uirin, the &is!ontinuan!e of pollutionH its power
to issue the or&er !an :e inferre& fro this'
AtherwiseH it will :e a toothless a,en!"'
8oreo%erH the 7a,una 7aDe -e%elopent
+uthorit" is spe!ifi!all" authori=e& un&er its
Charter to issue !ease an& &esist or&ers'
Po1er to I%%-e S-b$oena B Cite For Conte+$t
6199:7
No ): 8a"or +lfre&o 7i !lose& the funhouses in
the /rita &istri!t suspe!te& of :ein, fronts for
prostitution' 3o &eterine the feasi:ilit" of puttin,
up a le,ali=e& re& li,ht &istri!tH the !it" !oun!il
!on&u!te& an in?uir" an& in%ite& operators of the
!lose& funhouses to ,et their %iews' No one
honore& the 5n%itation' 3he !it" !oun!il issue&
su:poenas to !opel the atten&an!e of the
operators :ut whi!h were !opletel" &isre,ar&e&'
3he !oun!il &e!lare& the operators ,uilt" of
!ontept an& issue& warrants for their arrest'
3he operators !oe to "ou for le,al a&%i!eH
asDin, the followin, ?uestions:
(1) 5s the !oun!il epowere& to issue
su:poenas to !opel their atten&an!eL (2) -oes the !oun!il ha%e the power to !ite for
!onteptL
40
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(1) 3he !it" !oun!il is not epowere& to issue
su:poenas to !opel the atten&an!e of the
operators of the fun*houses 5n the /rita &istri!t'
3here is no pro%ision in the ConstitutionH the 7o!al
$o%ernent Co&eH or an" law e0pressl" ,rantin,
lo!al le,islati%e :o&ies the power to su:poena
witnesses' +s hel& in Ne,ros Ariental 55 /le!tri!
Cooperati%eH 5n!' %s' San,,unian, Panlun,so& of
-ua,ueteH 122 SC1+ #21H su!h power !annot
:e iplie& fro the ,rant of &ele,ate& le,islate&
power' Su!h power is >u&i!ial' 3o allow lo!al
le,islati%e :o&ies to e0er!ise su!h power without
e0press statutor" :asis woul& %iolate the
&o!trine of separation of powers'
(2) 3he !it" !oun!il &oes not ha%e the power to
!ite for !ontept' 3here is liDewise no pro%ision in
the ConstitutionH the 7o!al $o%ernent Co&eH or
an" other laws ,rantin, lo!al le,islati%e :o&ies the
power to !ite for !ontept' Su!h power !annot :e
&eee& iplie& in the &ele,ation of le,islati%e
power to lo!al le,islati%e :o&iesH for the e0isten!e
of su!h power poses a potential &ero,ation of
in&i%i&ual ri,hts'
Po1er5 E+inent !o+ain5 L2U5 Rig't to
E,er"i%e 6>19<899A7
3he San,,unian, 9a"an of the 8uni!ipalit" of
SantaH 5lo!os Sur passe& 1esolution No' 1
authori=in, its 8a"or to initiate a petition for the
e0propriation of a lot owne& :" Christina as site
for its uni!ipal sports !enter' 3his was appro%e&
:" the 8a"or' @owe%erH the San,,unian,
Panlalawi,an of 5lo!os Sur &isappro%e& the
1esolution as there i,ht still :e other a%aila:le
lots in Santa for a sports !enter'
NonethelessH the 8uni!ipalit" of SantaH throu,h its
8a"orH file& a !oplaint for einent &oain'
Christina oppose& this on the followin, ,roun&s: (a)
the 8uni!ipalit" of Santa has no power to
e0propriate; (:) 1esolution No' 1 has :een %oi&e&
sin!e the San,,unian, Panlalawi,an &isappro%e&
it for :ein, ar:itrar"; an& (!) the 8uni!ipalit" of
Santa has other an& :etter lots for that purpose'
1esol%e the !ase with reasons' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
<n&er Se!tion 19 of 1'+' No' 71)0H the power of
einent &oain is e0pli!itl" ,rante& to the
uni!ipalit"H :ut ust :e e0er!ise& throu,h an
or&inan!e rather than throu,h a resolution'
(8uni!ipalit" ofParana?ue %' E'8' 1ealt" Corp'H
$'1' No' 127820H >ul" 20H 1998)
3he San,,unian, Panlalawi,an of 5lo!os Sur was
without the authorit" to &isappro%e 1esolution No'
1 as the uni!ipalit" !learl" has the power to
e0er!ise the ri,ht of einent &oain an& its
San,,unian, 9a"an the !apa!it" to proul,ate
sai& resolution' 3he onl" ,roun& upon whi!h a
pro%in!ial :oar& a" &e!lare an" uni!ipal
resolutionH or&inan!e or or&er in%ali& is when su!h
resolutionH or&inan!e or or&er is :e"on& the
powers !onferre& upon the !oun!il or presi&ent
aDin, the sae' Su!h is not the situation in this
!ase' (8o&a" %' Court
of +ppealsH $'1' No' 10791)H Fe:ruar" 20H 1997)
3he ?uestion of whether there is ,enuine
ne!essit" for the e0propriation of ChristinaBs lot or
whether the uni!ipalit" has other an& :etter lots
for the purpose is a atter that will ha%e to :e
resol%e& :" the Court upon presentation of
e%i&en!e :" the parties to the !ase'
Po1er% o# &arangay A%%e+by 6899:7
Can a 9aran,a" +sse:l" e0er!ise an" poli!e
powerL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
NoH the 9aran,a" +sse:l" !annot e0er!ise an"
poli!e power' <n&er Se!tion 398 of the 7o!al
$o%ernent Co&eH it !an onl" re!oen& to the
San,,unian, 9aran,a" the a&option of easures
for the welfare of the :aran,a" an& &e!i&e on the
a&option of an initiati%e'
Po1er%5 Liga ng +ga &arangay 6899:7
Can the 7i,a n, ,a 9aran,a" e0er!ise
le,islati%e powersL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he 7i,a n, 8,a 9aran,a" !annot e0er!ise
le,islati%e powers' +s state& in 9ito*Anon %'
Fernan&e=' 320 SC1+ 732 P2001QH it is not a lo!al
,o%ernent unit an& its priar" purpose is to
&eterine representation of the ,a in the
san,,unians; to %entilateH arti!ulateH an& !r"stalli=e
issues affe!tin, :aran,a" ,o%ernent
a&inistration; an& to se!ure solutions for the
throu,h proper an& le,al eans'
ReF-i%ite%5 Contra"t% In*o*ing L2U 619917
3he 8uni!ipalit" of Si:on,aH Ce:uH wishes to
enter into a !ontra!t in%ol%in, e0pen&iture of
pu:li! fun&s' 6hat are the le,al re?uisites
thereforL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he followin, are the le,al re?uisites for the
%ali&it" of a !ontra!t to :e entere& into :" the
8uni!ipalit" of Si:on,aH whi!h in%ol%es the
e0pen&iture of pu:li! fun&s:
(1) 3he !ontra!t ust :e within the power of the
uni!ipalit";
(2) 3he !ontra!t ust :e entere& into :" the
proper offi!erH i'e'H the a"orH upon resolution of
the San,,unian, 9a"an pursuant to Se!tion 1#2
of the 7o!al $o%ernent Co&e;
(3) 5n a!!or&an!e with Se!' )0) of the 1e%ise&
+&inistrati%e Co&eH there ust :e an
appropriation of the pu:li! fun&s; an& in
a!!or&an!e with Se!' )07H there ust :e a
!ertifi!ate of a%aila:ilit" of fun&s issue& :"
the uni!ipal treasurer; an&
(#) 3he !ontra!t ust !onfor with the foral
re?uisites of written !ontra!ts pres!ri:e& :" law'
ReF-i%ite%5 Contra"t% in*o*ing L2U 6199A7
No' #: 1' 6hat are the !on&itions un&er whi!h a
lo!al e0e!uti%e a" enter into a !ontra!t in
:ehalf of his ,o%ernent unitL S<$$/S3/-
+NS6/1:
1' 3he followin, are the !on&itions un&er whi!h a
lo!al e0e!uti%e a" enter into a !ontra!t in
:ehalf of the ,o%ernent until:
(1) 3he lo!al ,o%ernent unit ust ha%e the
power to enter into the parti!ular !ontra!t;
(2) Pursuant to Se!tion 22(!) of the 7o!al
$o%ernent Co&eH there ust :e a prior
authori=ation :" the san,,unian, !on!erne&H an& a
le,i:le !op" of the !ontra!t shall :e poste& at a
!onspi!uous pla!e in the pro%in!ial !apitol or the
!it"H uni!ipal or :aran,a" hall'
(3) 5n a!!or&an!e with Se!tions #) an& #7H
Chapter 8H Su:title 9' 9ooD E of the 1987
+&inistrati%e Co&eH if the !ontra!t 5n%ol%es the
e0pen&iture of pu:li! fun&sH there ust :e an
appropriation therefore an& a !ertifi!ate of
a%aila:ilit" of fun&s :" the treasurer of the lo!al
,o%ernent unit'
(#) 3he !ontra!t ust !onfor with the foral
re?uisites of written !ontra!ts pres!ri:e& :" law'
(2) Pursuant to Se!tion 20)8 of the 1e%ise&
+&inistrati%e Co&eH if a pro%in!e is a part" to a
!ontra!t !on%e"in, title to real propert"H the
!ontra!t ust :e appro%e& :" the Presi&ent' <n&er
Se!tion 219) of the 1e%ise& +&inistrati%e Co&eH
if a uni!ipalit" is a part" to a !ontra!t !on%e"in,
real propert" or an" 5nterest in it or !reatin, a lien
upon itH the !ontra!t ust :e appro%e& :" the
pro%in!ial ,o%ernor'
Ta,ation5 2OCC Liabiity For Rea E%tate Ta,
619997
No E5 * C' 3he Pro%in!e of M re?uire& the
National -e%elopent Copan" to pa" real
estate ta0es on the lan& :ein, o!!upie& :" N-C
an& the latter ar,ue& that sin!e it is a
,o%ernent*owne& !orporationH its properties are
e0ept fro real estate ta0es' 5f "ou were the
>u&,eH how woul& "ou &e!i&e the !aseL 1eason
out' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
5n National -e%elopent Copan" %' Ce:u Cit"H
212 SC1+ 382H the Supree Court hel& that the
National -e%elopent Copan" was
not lia:le for real estate ta0 on the propert"
:elon,in, to the ,o%ernent whi!h it o!!up"'
@owe%erH Se!tion 23# of the 7o!al $o%ernent
Co&e su:se?uentl" with&rew the e0eption fro
real propert" ta0es of ,o%ernent*owne& or
!ontrolle& !orporations' 5f 5 were the >u&,eH 5
woul& hol& the National -e%elopent Copan"
lia:le for real estate ta0es'
Ta,ation5 So-r"e% o# Re*en-e 619997
No E *<n&er the ConstitutionH what are the three
ain sour!es of re%enues of lo!al ,o%ernent
unitsL (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he followin, are the ain sour!es of re%enues of
lo!al ,o%ernent units un&er the Constitution:
1 3a0esH feesH an& !har,es' (Se!tion 2H
+rti!le M)
2 Share in the national ta0es' (Se!tion )H
+rti!le M)
3 Share in the pro!ee&s of the utili=ations
an& &e%elopent of the national wealth within
their areas' (Se!tion 7H +rti!le MT
4it'dra1a o# P-bi" Pro$erty #ro+ P-bi"
U%e 619997
No' 8: MO.H a !orporation or,ani=e& un&er the
laws of @on,Don,H with 100N forei,n e?uit"H
o:taine& fro the Se!urities an& /0!han,e
Coission a li!ense to operate a prawn
hat!her" pro;e!t on a pie!e of lan& lease& fro
the Cit" of -a,upan' 3he lan& was forerl" a
parD an& pla=a :elon,in, to the Cit" an& was
!on%erte& :" the Cit" to &eri%e u!h nee&e&
fun&s'
(1) 8a" the Cit" of -a,upan lawfull" !on%ert the
parD to prawn pon&s an& lease the saeL
/0plain "our answer'
(2) 8a" the Cit" of -a,upan an& MO. !orporation
%ali&l" enter into the lease !ontra!t for the prawn
pon&sL +nswer with reasons'
41
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(1) OesH the Cit" of -a,upan a" lawfull" !on%ert
the parD into prawn pon&s an& lease the' + !it"
a" !lose a parD an& pla=a an& on!e the
propert" has :een with&rawn fro pu:li! useH it
falls within the !oer!e of an an& a" :e
lease&' Se!tion 10 of the 7o!al $o%ernent
Co&e pro%i&es:
C+ lo!al ,o%ernent unit a" liDewiseH
throu,h its hea& a!tin, pursuant to a
resolution of its san,,unian an& in
a!!or&an!e with e0istin, law an& the
pro%isions of this Co&eH !lose an"
:aran,a"H uni!ipalH !it" or pro%in!ial
roa&H streetH alle" parD or s?uare' No su!h
wa" or pla!e or an" part thereof
shall :e !lose& without in&enif"in, an"
person pre;u&i!e& there:"' + propert"
thus with&rawn fro pu:li! use a" :e
use& or !on%e"e& for an" purpose for
whi!h other real propert" :elon,in, to the
lo!al unit !on!erne& i,ht :e lawfull"
use& or !on%e"e&'C
5n Fa%is %' Cit" 9a,uioH 27 SC1+ 10)0H it was
hel& that the Cit" of 9a,uio !oul& !lose a street
an& lease it sin!e it ha& :e!oe patrionial
propert"' 7iDewiseH in Ce:u A0",en an&
+!et"lene Copan"H 5n!' a 9er!elesH )) SC1+
#81H it was hel& that the Cit" of Ce:u !oul& !lose
a street an& sell it thereafter'
(2) Sin!e the Cit" of -a,upan has the power to
!on%ert the parD into prawn pon&s it !an also
lease it to MO. e%en thou,h MO. is a 100Nforei,n
!orporation' 3he operation of a prawn hat!her"
&oes not in%ol%e e0ploitation of natural resour!es
within the eanin, of Se!tions 2 an& 3H +rti!le M55
of the 1987 Constitution' (Se!retar" of >usti!eH
Ap' No' 3H s' 1988) Sin!e the portion of the parD
ha& :een with&rawn fro pu:li! useH it !oul& :e
&ispose& for an" lawful purpose in!lu&in, leasin,
it to a forei,n !orporation'
ARTICLE /I A""o-ntabiity o#
P-bi" O##i"er%
Abandon+ent o# O##i"e 689997
No E55' +l!antara was ele!te& :aran,a" !hairan
an& later presi&ent of the +sso!iation of 9aran,a"
Coun!ils in his uni!ipalit"' 5n that !apa!it"H he was
appointe& :" the Presi&ent as e:er of the
San,,unian, 9a"an of his uni!ipalit"' 7aterH the
Se!retar" of 5nterior an& 7o!al $o%ernents
appointe& +l!antara as e:er of the San,,unlan,
Panlalawi,an of their pro%in!e to eet a
reor,ani=ational !ontin,en!"H an& 8en&o=a tooD his
pla!e in the San,,unian, 9a"an' +l!antara then
wrote a letter of resi,nation fro the San,,unian,
9a"an a&&resse& to the 8a"or of the uni!ipalit"H
!ease& fun!tionin, as e:er thereof an& assue&
offi!e an& perfore& his fun!tions as e:er of the
San,,unlan, Panlalawi,an' 7aterH the
reor,ani=ation of the San,,unian, Panlalawi,an
an& the appointent of 8en&o=a were %oi&e&' Can
+l!antara reassue offi!e as e:er of the
San,,unian, 9a"an or has he lost it :e!ause of
resi,nationL a:an&onentL /0plain' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
+l!antara !annot reassue offi!e as e:er of
the San,,unian, 9a"an' +s hel& in San,,unian,
9a"an of San +n&res %' Court of +ppealsH 28#
SC1+ 27) (1998)H +l!antara shoul& :e &eee& to
ha%e a:an&one& his position as e:er of the
San,,unian, 9a"an' @is intention to a:an&on his
position is shown :" his failure to perfor his
fun!tion as e:er of the San,,unian, 9a"anH
his failure to !olle!t the salar" for the positionH his
failure to o:;e!t to the appointent of his
repla!eentH an& his failure to initiate an" a!t to
reassue his post after the reor,ani=ation of the
San,,unian, 9a"an was %oi&e&'
+l!antara effe!te& his intention :" his letter of
resi,nationH his assuption of offi!e as e:er of
the San,,unian, Panlalawi,anH his &is!har,e of
his &uties as its e:erH an& his re!eipt of the
salar" for su!h post'
+l!antara !annot :e &eee& to ha%e lost his
offi!e as e:er of the San,,unian, 9a"an :"
resi,nation' <n&er Se!tion 82 of the 7o!al
$o%ernent Co&eH the resi,nation shoul& :e
su:itte& to the San,,unian, 9a"an' @e
su:itte& it to the 8a"or instea&H an& the
resi,nation was not a!!epte&'
!i%"i$ine5 Ce+en"y5 !o"trine o# Condonation
689997
No E5' + pro%in!ial ,o%ernor &ul" ele!te& to offi!e
was !har,e& with &islo"alt" an& suspen&e& fro
offi!e pen&in, the out!oe of the foral
in%esti,ation of the !har,es a,ainst hi' 3he
Se!retar" of 5nterior an& 7o!al $o%ernents
foun& hi ,uilt" as !har,e& an& reo%e& hi
fro offi!e' @e file& a petition :efore the Supree
Court ?uestionin, his reo%al' 6hile the !ase was
pen&in, :efore the Supree CourtH he file& his
!ertifi!ate of !an&i&a!" for the position of
$o%ernor an& wonH an& was pro!laie& $o%ernor'
@e !lais his reele!tion to the position of
$o%ernor has ren&ere& the pen&in, a&inistrati%e
!ase a,ainst hi oot an& a!a&ei!' 5s he
!orre!tL /0plain' (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
OesH the re*ele!tion of the ,o%ernor has ren&ere&
the pen&in, a&inistrati%e !ase a,ainst hi oot'
+s e0plaine& in +,uinal&o %' SantosH 212 SC1+
7)8 (1992)H a lo!al ele!ti%e offi!ial !annot :e
reo%e& fro offi!e for is!on&u!t !oitte&
&urin, his pre%ious terH :e!ause ea!h ter is
separate an& the people :" re*ele!tin, hi are
&eee& to ha%e for,i%en his is!on&u!t'
!i%"i$ine5 E##e"t o# Pardon 2ranted in Fa*or
o# P-bi" O##i"er% 619997
No 5E * C' + Cit" +ssistant 3reasurer was
!on%i!te& of /stafa throu,h falsifi!ation of pu:li!
&o!uent' 6hile ser%in, senten!eH he was
,rante& a:solute par&on :" the Presi&ent'
1 +ssuin, that the position of +ssistant Cit"
3reasurer has reaine& %a!antH woul& he :e entitle&
to a reinstateent without the nee& of a new
appointentL /0plain' (2N)
2 5f later the sae position :e!oes %a!antH
!oul& he reappl" an& :e reappointe&L /0plain' (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
C' 1') +s hel& in 8onsanto %' Fa!toranH 170
SC1+ 190H par&on erel" frees the in&i%i&ual
fro all the penalties an& le,al &isa:ilities
ipose& upon hi :e!ause of his !on%i!tion' 5t
&oes not restore hi to the pu:li! offi!e
relin?uishe& :" reason of the !on%i!tion'
F51S3 +73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1:
2') 3he +ssistant Cit" 3reasurer !an reappl" an&
:e appointe& to the positionH sin!e the par&on
reo%e& the &is?ualifi!ation to hol& pu:li! offi!e'
S/CAN- +73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1:
2') 3he +ssistant Cit" 3reasurer !annot reappl"
an& :e appointe& to the positionH <n&er +rti!le
3) of the 1e%ise& Penal Co&eH a par&on &oes
not restore the ri,ht to hol& pu:li! offi!e unless
su!h ri,ht :e e0pressl" restore& :" the par&on;
!i%"i$ine5 Pre*enti*e S-%$en%ion B A$$ea5
entite+ent to %aary $endente 689917
No ME * +lfonso 9eitH a suppl" offi!er in the
-epartent of S!ien!e an& 3e!hnolo," (-AS3)H
was !har,e& a&inistrati%el"' Pen&in,
in%esti,ationH he was pre%enti%el" suspen&e& for
90 &a"s' 3he -AS3 Se!retar" foun& hi ,uilt"
an& ete& hi the penalt" of reo%al fro offi!e'
@e appeale& to the Ci%il Ser%i!e Coission
(CSC)' 5n the eantieH the &e!ision was
e0e!ute& pen&in, appeal' 3he CSC ren&ere& a
&e!ision whi!h o&ifie& the appeale& &e!ision :"
iposin, onl" a penalt" of reprian&H an& whi!h
&e!ision :e!ae final'
a) Can +lfonso 9elt !lai salar" for the perio&
that his !ase was pen&in, in%esti,ationL 6h"L
(3N)
:) Can he !lai salar" for the perio& that his
!ase was pen&in, appealL 6h"L (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1;
a) +lfonso 9eit !annot !lai an" salar" for the
perio& of his pre%enti%e suspension &urin, the
pen&en!" of the in%esti,ation' +s hel& in $loria
%s' Court of +ppealsH 30) SC1+ 287 (1997)H
un&er Se!tion 22 of the Ci%il Ser%i!e 7awH the
pro%ision for pa"ent of salaries &urin, the perio&
of pre%enti%e suspension &urin, the pen&en!" of
the in%esti,ation has :een &elete&' 3he
pre%enti%e suspension was not a penalt"' 5ts
iposition was lawfulH sin!e it was authori=e& :"
law'
:) 5f the penalt" was o&ifie& :e!ause +lfonso
9eit was e0onerate& of the !har,e that was the
:asis for the &e!ision or&erin, his &isissalH he
is entitle& to :a!D wa,esH otherwiseH this woul&
:e tantaount to punishin, hi after e0oneration
fro the !har,e whi!h !ause& his &isissal'
P$loria %s' Court of +ppealsH 3A) SC1+ 287
(1997)Q' 5f he was reprian&e& for the sae
!har,e whi!h was the :asis of the &e!ision
or&erin, his &isissalH +lfonso 9elt is not entitle&
to :a!D wa,esH :e!ause he was foun& ,uilt"H an&
the penalt" was erel" !oute&' (-ela Cru=
%s' Court of +ppealsH 302 SC1+ 303 (1998)Q'
!i%"i$ine5 Pre*enti*e S-%$en%ion 619997
No' ): 5n 198)H FH then the offi!er*in*!har,e of
9otolanH .a:alesH was a!!use& of ha%in, %iolate&
the +nti*$raft an& Corrupt Pra!ti!es +!t :efore the
San&i,an:a"an' 9efore he !oul& :e arrain,e&H he
was ele!te& $o%ernor of .a:alesH +fter his
arrai,nentH he was put un&er pre%enti%e
suspension :" the San&i,an:a"an Cfor the &uration
of the trialC'
(1) Can F su!!essfull" !hallen,e the le,alit" of
his pre%enti%e suspension on the ,roun& that the
!riinal !ase a,ainst hi in%ol%e& a!ts
!oitte& &urin, his ter as offi!er*in*!har,e
an& not &urin, his ter as $o%ernorL
(2) Can F %ali&l" o:;e!t to the aforestate&
&uration of his suspensionL
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
(1) NoH F !annot su!!essfull" !hallen,e the
le,alit" of his pre%enti%e suspension on the
,roun& that the !riinal !ase a,ainst hi in%ol%e
a!ts !oitte& &urin, his ter as A5C an& not
&urin, his ter as ,o%ernor :e!ause
suspension fro offi!e un&er 1epu:li! +!t 3019
refers to an" offi!e that the respon&ent is
presentl" hol&in, an& not ne!essaril" to the one
whi!h he hol& when he !oitte& the !rie with
whi!h he is !har,e&' 3his was the rulin, in
-eloso %' San&i,an:a"an 173 SC1+ #09'
(2) OesH F !an %ali&l" o:;e!t to the &uration of the
suspension' 5n -eloso u' San&i,an:a"anH 173
SC1+ #09H it was hel& that the iposition of
pre%enti%e suspension for an in&efinite perio& of
tie is unreasona:le an& %iolates the ri,ht of the
a!!use& to &ue pro!ess' 3he people who ele!te&
the ,o%ernor to offi!e woul& :e &epri%e& of his
ser%i!es for an in&efinite perio&H an& his ri,ht to
hol& offi!e woul& :e nullifie&' 8oreo%erH sin!e
un&er Se!tion #2 of the Ci%il Ser%i!e -e!ree the
&uration of pre%enti%e suspension shoul& :e
liite& to ninet" (90) &a"sH e?ual prote!tion
&ean&s that the &uration of pre%enti%e
suspension un&er the +nti*$raft an& Corrupt
Pra!ti!es +!t he also liite& to ninet" (90) &a"s'
!i%"i$ine5 Pre*enti*e S-%$en%ion 689987
No 55' Sieon Ealera was forerl" a Pro%in!ial
$o%ernor who ran an& won as a 8e:er of the
@ouse of 1epresentati%es for the Se!on&
Con,ressional -istri!t of lloilo' For %iolation of
+!t (1'+' No'3019)H as aen&e&H alle,e&l"
!oitte& when he was still a Pro%in!ial
$o%ernorH a !riinal !oplaint was file& a,ainst
hi :efore the Affi!e of the A:u&san for
whi!hH upon a fin&in, of pro:a:le !auseH a
!riinal !ase was file& with the San&i,an:a"an'
-urin, the !ourse of trialH the San&i,an:a"an
issue& an or&er of pre%enti%e suspension for 90
&a"s a,ainst hi'
1epresentati%e Ealera ?uestione& the %ali&it" of
the San&i,an:a"an or&er on the ,roun& thatH
un&er +rti!le E5 H Se!tion 1)(3) of the
ConstitutionH he !an :e suspen&e& onl" :" the
@ouse of 1epresentati%es an& that the !riinal
!ase a,ainst hi &i& not arise fro his a!tuations
as a e:er of the @ouse of 1epresentati%es'
5s 1epresentati%e EaleraBs !ontention !orre!tL
6h"L (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
3he !ontention of 1epresentati%e Ealera is not
!orre!t +s hel& in Santia,o %' San&i,an:a"anH
32) SC1+ )3)H the suspension !onteplate& in
+rti!le E5H Se!tion 1)(3) of the Constitution is a
punishent that is ipose& :" the Senate or
@ouse of 1epresentati%es upon an errin,
e:erH it is &istin!t fro the suspension un&er
+!tH whi!h is not a penalt" :ut a pre%enti%e
easure' Sin!e Se!tion 13 of the +nti*$raft an&
Corruption Pra!ti!es +!t &oes not state that the
pu:li! offi!er ust :e suspen&e& onl" in the
offi!e where he is alle,e& to ha%e !oitte& the
a!ts whi!h he has :een !har,e&H it applies to an"
offi!e whi!h he a" :e hol&in,'
Ee"ti*e and A$$ointi*e O##i"ia%: di%"i$inary
a-t'ority 6899;7 899; 6:<b7 C3-H a Coissioner
of the National 7a:or 1elations Coission
(N71C)H sports a No' 10 !ar plate' + &is,runtle&
liti,ant file& a !oplaint a,ainst hi for %iolation of
the +nti*$raft an& Corrupt Pra!ti!es +!t :efore the
A:u&san' C3- now seeDs to en;oin the
A:u&san in a petition for prohi:itionH alle,in,
that he !oul& :e in%esti,ate& onl" :" the Supree
Court un&er its power of super%ision ,rante& in the
Constitution' @e !onten&s that un&er the law
!reatin, the N71CH he has the ranD of a >usti!e of
the Court of +ppealsH an& entitle& to the
!orrespon&in, pri%ile,es' @en!eH the A89 has no
;uris&i!tion o%er the !oplaint a,ainst hi' Shoul&
C3-Bs petition :e ,rante& or &isisse&L 1eason
:riefl"' (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1: 3he petition of C3-
shoul& :e &isisse&' Se!tion 21 of the
A:u&san +!t %ests the Affi!e of the
A:u&san with &is!iplinar" authorit" o%er all
ele!ti%e an& appointi%e offi!ials of the
,o%ernentH e0!ept offi!ials who a" :e reo%e&
onl" :" ipea!hentH 8e:ers of Con,ressH an&
the >u&i!iar"' 6hile C3- has the ranD of a >usti!e
of the Court of +ppealsH he &oes not :elon, to the
>u&i!iar" :ut to the /0e!uti%e -epartent' 3his
sipl" eans that he has the sae !opensation
an& pri%ile,es as a >usti!e of the Court of
+ppeals' 5f the Supree Court were to in%esti,ate
C3-H it woul& :e perforin, a non*;u&i!ial
fun!tion' 3his will %iolate the prin!iple of
separation of powers' (No:le;as %' 3eehanDeeH 23
SC1+ #02 P19)8Q)
Ee"ti*e P-bi" O##i"er5 !e Fa"to O##i"er
689997
No ME5' 5n the ele!tions of 8a" 1992H Cru= an&
Santos were the !an&i&ates for the offi!e of
8uni!ipal 8a"orH the ter of whi!h was to e0pire
on >une 30H 1992' Fin&in, that he won :" a
ar,in of 20 %otesH the 8uni!ipal 9oar& of
Can%assers pro!laie& Cru= as the &ul" ele!te&
8a"or' Santos file& an ele!tion protest
:efore the 1e,ional 3rial Court (13C) whi!h
&e!i&e& that it was Santos who ha& the pluralit"
of 30 %otes an& pro!laie& hi the winner' An
otion a&eH the 13C ,rante& e0e!ution
pen&in, the appeal of Cru= to the CA8/7/C
(Coele!) an& on this :asis' Santos assue&
offi!e an& ser%e& as 8uni!ipal 8a"or' 5n tieH the
Coele! re%erse& the rulin, of the 13C an&
instea& rule& that Cru= won :" a ar,in of #0
%otes an& pro!laie& hi the &ul" ele!te&
8uni!ipal 8a"or'
a) 5t is now :e"on& >une 30H 1992' Can Cru=
still hol& offi!e for the portion of the ter he has
faile& to ser%eL 6h"L (3N)
:) 6as Santos a usurper an& shoul& he pa"
:a!D what he has re!ei%e& while hol&in, the
offi!e as 8uni!ipal 8a"orL 6h"L (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1;
a) Cru= !an no lon,er hol& offi!e for the portion
of the ter he faile& to ser%e sin!e his ter has
e0pire&'
:) Santos was not a usurper' @e was a &e fa!to
offi!erH sin!e he ha& a !olor of ele!tion to the
offi!e of 8uni!ipal 8a"or :" %irtue of the
&e!ision in the ele!tion protest' @en!eH he is
entitle& to the eoluents of the offi!e'
Ee"ti*e P-bi" O##i"er%5 !e Fa"to O##i"er5
e##e"t% 6899;7
/<9' +E/ ran for Con,ressan of (< pro%in!e'
@owe%erH his opponentH 9+13H was the one
pro!laie& an& seate& as the winner of the
ele!tion :" the CA8/7/C' +E/ file& seasona:l"
a protest :efore @1/3 (@ouse of 1epresentati%es
/le!toral 3ri:unal)' +fter two "earsH @1/3
re%erse& the CA8/7/CFs &e!ision an& +E/ was
pro!laie& finall" as the &ul" ele!te&
Con,ressan' 3husH he ha& onl" one "ear to
ser%e in Con,ress'
Can +E/ !olle!t salaries an& allowan!es fro the
,o%ernent for the first two "ears of his ter as
Con,ressanL
Shoul& 9+13 refun& to the ,o%ernent the
salaries an& allowan!es he ha& re!ei%e& as
Con,ressanL
6hat will happen to the :ills that 9+13 alone
authore& an& were appro%e& :" the @ouse of
1epresentati%es while he was seate& as
Con,ressanL 1eason an& e0plain :riefl"' (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
9' +E/ !annot !olle!t salaries an& allowan!es
fro the ,o%ernent for the first two "ears of his
terH :e!ause in the eanwhile 9+13 !olle!te&
the salaries an& allowan!es' 9+13 was a &e
fa!to offi!er while he was in possession of the
offi!e' 3o allow +E/ to !olle!t the salaries an&
allowan!es will result in aDin, the ,o%ernent
pa" a se!on& tie' (8e!heH + 3reatise on the
7aw of Pu:li! Affi!es an& Pu:li! Affi!ersH P1890Q
pp' 222*223')
9+13 is not re?uire& to refun& to the ,o%ernent
the salaries an& allowan!es he re!ei%e&' +s a &e
fa!to offi!erH he is entitle& to the salaries an&
allowan!es :e!ause he ren&ere& ser%i!es &urin,
his in!u:en!"' (1o&ri,ue= %' 3anH 91 Phil' 72#
119220'
3he :ills whi!h 9+13 alone authore& an& were
appro%e& :" the @ouse of 1epresentati%es are
%ali& :e!ause he was a &e fa!to offi!er &urin,
his in!u:en!"' 3he a!ts of a &e fa!to offi!er are
%ali& insofar as the pu:li! is !on!erne&' (People
%' $ar!iaH 313 SC1+ 279 P19990'
2ra#t and Corr-$tion5 Pre%"ri$tion o# Cri+e
689987
No M55' Suppose a pu:li! offi!er has !oitte& a
%iolation of Se!tion 3 (:) an& (!) of the +nti*$raft
an& Corrupt Pra!ti!es +!t U1+ NoH 3019)H as
aen&e&H :" re!ei%in, onetar" an& other
aterial !onsi&erations for !ontra!ts entere& into
:" hi in :ehalf of the ,o%ernent an& in
!onne!tion with other transa!tionsH as a result of
whi!h he has aasse& ille,all" a!?uire& wealth'
(a) -oes the !riinal offense !oitte&
pres!ri:eL (2N)
(:) -oes the ri,ht of the ,o%ernent to re!o%er
the ille,all" a!?uire& wealth pres!ri:eL (3N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
(a) + %iolation of Se!tion 3(:) an& (!) of the +nti*
$raft an& Corrupt Pra!ti!es +!t pres!ri:es' +s
hel& in Presi&ential +&*@o! Fa!t*Fin&in,
Coittee on 9ehest 7oans %' -esiertoH 317
SC1+ 272 (1999)H +rti!le M5H Se!tion 12 of the
Constitution &oes not appl" to !riinal !ases for
%iolation of the +nti*$raft an& Corrupt Pra!ti!es
+!t
(:) +rti!le M5H Se!tion 12 of the Constitution
pro%i&es that the ri,ht of the State to re!o%er
properties unlawfull" a!?uire& :" pu:li! offi!ials
or eplo"eesH or fro the or fro their
42
noinees or transfereesH shall not :e :arre& :"
pres!ription'
I+$ea"'+ent5 Cronyi%+ 689997
No 55' 5s !ron"is a le,al ,roun& for the
ipea!hent of the Presi&entL /0plain' (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
OesH !ron"is is a le,al ,roun& for the
ipea!hent of the Presi&ent' <n&er Se!tion 2H
+rti!le M5 of the ConstitutionH :etra"al of pu:li!
trust is one of the ,roun&s for 5pea!hent' 3his
refers to %iolation of the oath of offi!e an&
in!lu&es !ron"is whi!h in%ol%es un&ul" fa%orin,
a !ron" to the pre;u&i!e of pu:li! interestH (1e!or&
of the Constitutional CoissionH Eol' 55H p' 272)
I+$ea"'+ent5 2ro-nd% 619997
No ME *6hat are the ,roun&s for ipea!hent'
/0plain' (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
<n&er Se!tion 2H +rti!le M5 of the ConstitutionH
the ,roun&s for ipea!hent are
1 Culpa:le %iolation of the Constitution *eans
intentional %iolation of the Constitution an& not
%iolations !oitte& in ,oo& faith'
2 3reason * the sae eanin, as in the 1e%ise&
Penal Co&e
3 9ri:er" * the sae eanin, as in the 1e%ise&
Penal Co&e
# $raft an& Corruption *refers to prohi:ite& a!ts
enuerate& in the +nti*$raft an& Corrupt Pra!ti!es +!t'
2 other @i,h Cries * refer to offenses that striDe
at the %er" life or or&erl" worDin, of the ,o%ernent'
) an& 9etra"al of Pu:li! 3rust * refers to an"
%iolation of the oath of offi!e' (Cru=H Philippine Politi!al
7awH 1998 e&'H pp' 33)*337; 9ernasH 3he 1987
Constitution of the Philippines: + Coentar"H 199)
e&'H pp' 991*992)
I+$ea"'+ent5 Nat-re5 2ro-nd%5 P! 1?9?
619887
No' 1#: 1' 6hat is ipea!hentH what are the
,roun&s thereforH an& who are the hi,h offi!ials
reo%a:le there:"L
2' Presi&ential -e!ree No' 1)0) pro%i&es that
>usti!es of the San&i,an:a"an a" :e reo%e&
onl" :" ipea!hent' 5s this Presi&ential -e!ree
still %ali&L 6h"L
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
1' 5pea!hent is a etho& :" whi!h persons
hol&in, ,o%ernent positions of hi,h authorit"H
presti,eH an& &i,nit" an& with &efinite tenure
a" :e reo%e& fro offi!e for !auses !losel"
relate& to their !on&u!t as pu:li! offi!ialsH (E'$'
S5NCAH P@575PP5N/ PA7535C+7 7+6 373 (llth
e&' 19)2))'
3he ,roun&s for ipea!hent are !ulpa:le
%iolation of the ConstitutionH treasonH :ri:er"H
,raft an& !orruptionH other hi,h !ries an&
:etra"al of pu:li! trust' (+rt' M5H se!' 2)'
3he offi!ials reo%a:le :" ipea!hent are the
Presi&entH Ei!e Presi&entH the 8e:ers of the
Supree CourtH 8e:ers of the Constitutional
Coissions an& the A:u&san' (5&')
2' P- No' 1)0)H se!' 1H in so far as it pro%i&es for
the reo%al of the e:ers of the
San&i,an:a"an onl" :" ipea!hent ust :e
&eee& to ha%e :een ren&ere& inoperati%e :" the
new Constitution whi!h pro%i&es that with the
e0!eption of the offi!ials there entione&H C+ll
other pu:li! offi!ers an& eplo"ees a" :e
reo%e& fro offi!e as pro%i&e& :" lawH :ut not
:" ipea!hent'C 8oreo%erH un&er +rt' E555H se!H
11H the power to reo%e lower !ourt ;u&,es is
%este& in the Supree Court en :an! whi!hH :"
the %ote of a a;orit" of the e:ers who
a!tuall" taDe part in the &eli:eration on the issues
in the !ase an& %ote thereonH !an &isiss lower
!ourt ;u&,es'
La1 o# P-bi" O##i"er%5 Ne,t<in<RanI R-e
6199;7
No' 12 Pe&ro Cru=H the Cit" /n,ineer of 9a,uioH
retire&' 3o fill the %a!ant positionH the Cit" 8a"or
appointe& >ose 1e"esH a !i%il en,ineer who
forerl" worDe& un&er Cru= :ut ha& :een
assi,ne& to the Affi!e of the 8a"or for the past
fi%e "ears'
Ei!ente /stra&aH the +ssistant Cit" /n,ineer file&
a protest with the Ci%il Ser%i!e Coission
!laiin, that :ein, the offi!er ne0t in ranD he
shoul& ha%e :een appointe& as Cit" /n,ineer'
1) 6ho has a :etter ri,ht to :e appointe& to the
!onteste& positionL
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
1) An the assuption that >ose 1e"es possesses
the iniu ?ualifi!ation
re?uireents pres!ri:e& :" law for the positionH
the appointent e0ten&e& to hi is %ali&'
Conse?uentl"H he has a :etter ri,ht than Ei!ente
/stra&a'
3he !lai of /stra&a that :ein, the offi!er ne0t in
ranD he shoul& ha%e :een appointe& as Cit"
/n,ineer is not eritorious' 5t is a settle& rule that
the appointin, authorit" is not liite& to prootion
in fillin, up %a!an!ies :ut a" !hoose to fill the
:" the appointent of persons with !i%il ser%i!e
eli,i:ilit" appropriate to the position' /%en if a
%a!an!" were to :e fille& :" prootionH the !on!ept
of Cne0t in ranDC &oes not iport an" an&ator"
re?uireent that the person ne0t in ranD ust :e
appointe& to the %a!an!"' 6hat the !i%il ser%i!e law
pro%i&es is that if a %a!an!" is fille& :" prootionH
the person hol&in, the position ne0t in ranD thereto
Cshall :e !onsi&ere& for prootion'C /spanol %'
Ci%il Ser%i!e Coission 20) SC1+ 712H
+73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1;
Neither >ose 1e"es nor Ei!ente /stra&a has a
:etter ri,ht to :e appointe& Cit" /n,ineer' +s
hel& in 9arro=o %s' Ci%il Ser%i!e CoissionH
198 SC1+ #87H the appointin, authorit" is not
re?uire& to appoint the one ne0t*in*ranD to fill a
%a!an!"' @e is allowe& to fill it also :" the
transfer of an eplo"ee who possesses !i%il
ser%i!e eli,i:ilit"'
Liabiity For !a+age% in Per#or+an"e o#
O##i"ia F-n"tion% 619997
No' 10: 3he Se!retar" of Pu:li! 6orDsH after an
in%esti,ationH or&ere& the &eolition of the
fishpon& of M as a nuisan!e per se on the ,roun&
that it en!roa!he& on na%i,a:le ri%ers an&
ipe&e& the use of the ri%ers' 3he Se!retar"
su:itte& to the Presi&ent of the Philippines a
report of sai& in%esti,ationH whi!h report !ontaine&
!learl" li:elous atters a&%ersel" affe!tin, the
reputation of MH a well*Dnown !i%i! an& reli,ious
lea&er in the !ounit"'
3he Supree Court later foun& that the ri%ers
were an*a&e an& were !onstru!te& on pri%ate
propert" owne& :" M'
(1) 8a" M re!o%er &aa,es fro the Se!retar" of
Pu:li! 6orDs for the !ost in%ol%e& in re:uil&in,
the fishpon&s an& for lost profitsL State "our
reason'
(2) Suppose M files a li:el suit a,ainst the
Se!retar" of Pu:li! 6orDs' 6ill the sai& li:el suit
prosperL /0plain "our answer'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
(1) NoH M !annot re!o%er &aa,es fro the
Se!retar" of Pu:li! 6orDs' 3he Se!retar" of
Pu:li! 6orDs or&ere& the &eolition of the
fishpon& in the perforan!e of his offi!ial &uties'
@e &i& not a!t in :a& faith or with ,ross ne,li,en!e'
@e issue& the or&er onl" after &ue in%esti,ation' 5n
8a:utol %' Pas!ualH 12# SC1+ 87)H it was hel&
that the e:ers of the +& @o! Coittee
!reate& to ipleent Presi&ential -e!ree No' 29)
an& 7etter of 5nstru!tion NoH 19H whi!h or&ere& the
&eolition of stru!tures o:stru!tin, pu:li!
waterwa"sH !oul&B not :e sue& for &aa,es
althou,h the" or&ere& the &eolition of a :uil&in,
that en!roa!he& upon a !reeDH :e!ause the pu:li!
offi!ers !on!erne& &i& not a!t in :a& faith'
(2) NoH the li:el suit will not prosper' 3he report
su:itte& :" the Se!retar" of Pu:li! 6orDs to the
Presi&ent !onstitutes pri%ile,e& !ouni!ationH
as it was sent in the perforan!e of offi!ial &ut"'
+rti!le 32# of the 1e%ise& Penal Co&e pro%i&es;
C/%er" &efaator" iputation is presue& to :e
ali!iousH e%en if it :e trueH if no ,oo& intention
an& ;ustifia:le oti%e for aDin, it is shownH e0!ept
in the followin, !ases:
1' + pri%ate !ouni!ation a&e :" an" person
to another in the perforan!e of an" le,alH oral
or so!ial &ut";C
5n -eano %' $o&ine=H 12 SC1+ #83H it was hel&
that a report sent :" a pu:li! offi!ial to his superior
is pri%ile,e& !ouni!ationH :e!ause its
su:ission is pursuant to the perforan!e of a
le,al &ut"'
9esi&esH in sen&in, his reportH the Se!retar" of
Pu:li! 6orDs a!te& in the &is!har,e of his offi!ial
&uties' @en!eH he was a!tin, in :ehalf of the
1epu:li! of the Philippines an& within the s!ope
of his authorit" +!!or&in, to the rulin, in San&ers
%' Eeri&ianoH 1)2 SC1+ 88H a suit :rou,ht a,ainst
a pu:li! offi!ial for writin, a letter whi!h is alle,e&
to :e li:elous :ut whi!h was written while he was
a!tin, as a,ent of the ,o%ernent an& within the
s!ope of his authorit" is a!tuall" a suit a,ainst the
State without its !onsent'
+73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1:
3he ?uestion &oes not spe!if" how the li:el was
!oitte&' 5f the li:elous stateent was not
rele%ant to the report on the alle,e& ille,al
en!roa!hent of the ri%erH the fa!t that it was
a&e in the !ourse of an offi!ial report &oes not
iuni=e the Se!retar" of Pu:li! 6orDs fro
lia:ilit" for li:el'
Lo"a Ee"ti*e O##i"ia%5 Li+itation% On
Additiona !-tie% 6199A7
No' 10: + Cit" 8a"or in 8etro 8anila was &esi,nate&
as 8e:er of the 7o!al +nest" 9oar& (7+9) as
allowe& un&er the 1ules an& 1e,ulations
5pleentin, +nest" Pro!laation Nos' 3#7 an&
3#8' as aen&e& :" Pro!laation No' 377' 3he 7+9
is entruste& with the fun!tions of re!ei%in, an&
pro!essin, appli!ations for anest" an&
re!oen&in, to the National +nest" Coission
appro%al or &enial of the appli!ations' 3he ter of the
Coission an&H ne!essaril"H the 7o!al +nest"
9oar&s un&er it e0pires upon the !opletion of its
assi,ne& tasDs as a" :e &eterine& :" the
Presi&ent'
8a" the Cit" 8a"or a!!ept his &esi,nation without
forfeitin, his ele!ti%e position in the li,ht of the
pro%ision of Se!' 7H 1st par' +rt' 5M*9 of the 1987
Constitution whi!h pertinentl" states that CPNQo
ele!ti%e offi!ial shall :e eli,i:le for appointent or
&esi,nation in an" !apa!it" to an" pu:li! offi!e or
position &urin, his tenureLC -is!uss full"H
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
NoH the Cit" 8a"or a" not a!!ept his &esi,nation
without forfeitin, his ele!ti%e positions' +s state&
in Flores %s' -rilon 223 SC1+ 2)8H it is the
intention of Se!tion 7H +rti!le M*9 of the 1987
Constitution that lo!al ele!ti%e offi!ials shoul&
&e%ote their full tie to their !onstituents' 6hile
se!on& para,raph of Se!tion 7H +rti!le 5M*9 of the
1987 Constitution allows appointi%e offi!ials to
hol& other offi!es when allowe& :" law or :" the
priar" fun!tions of their positionsH no su!h
e0!eption is a&e in the first para,raphH whi!h
&eals with ele!ti%e offi!ials' 5t is the 5ntention of
the 1987 Constitution to :e ore strin,ent with
ele!ti%e lo!al offi!ials'
+73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1:
OesH he a" a!!ept su!h &esi,nation without
forfeitin, his a"orship' 3he Constitutional pro%ision
:ein, !ite& !onteplates a Cpu:li! offi!e or positionC'
5t is :elie%e& that the 7o!al +nest" 9oar& is not
su!h an offi!e sin!e it is erel" an a& ho! :o&"'
9esi&esH it is :elie%e& that its fun!tions are not
Cso%erei,nC in !hara!ter whi!h is one of the eleents
of a pu:li! offi!e'
O+b-d%+an: Po1er to S-%$end5 Pre*enti*e
S-%$en%ion 6899;7
6?7 -ire!tor 6A6 faile& the lifest"le !he!D
!on&u!te& :" the A:u&sanBs Affi!e :e!ause
6A6s assets were ,rossl" &isproportionate to his
salar" an& allowan!es' 8oreo%erH soe assets
were not in!lu&e& in his Stateent of +ssets an&
7ia:ilities' @e was !har,e& of ,raft an& !orrupt
pra!ti!es an& pen&in, the !opletion of
in%esti,ationsH he was suspen&e& fro offi!e for
si0 onths'
+' +,,rie%e&H 6A6 petitione& the Court of
+ppeals to annul the pre%enti%e suspension or&er
on the ,roun& that the A:u&san !oul& onl"
re!oen& :ut not ipose the suspension'
8oreo%erH a!!or&in, to 6A6H the suspension
was ipose& without an" noti!e or hearin,H in
%iolation of &ue pro!ess' 5s the petitionerBs
!ontention eritoriousL -is!uss :riefl"' (2N)
43
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1: 3he !ontention of
-ire!tor 6A6 is not eritorious' 3he suspension
ete& out to hi is pre%enti%e an& not puniti%e'
Se!tion 2# of 1epu:li! +!t No' )770 ,rants the
A:u&san the power to ipose pre%enti%e
suspension up to si0 onths' Pre%enti%e
suspension a":e ipose& without an" noti!e or
hearin,' 5t is erel" a preliinar" step in an
a&inistrati%e in%esti,ation an& is not the final
&eterination of the ,uilt of the offi!er !on!erne&'
($ar!ia %' 8o;i!aH 31# SC1+ 207 P1999Q)'
9' For his partH the A:u&san o%e& to
&isiss 6A6s petition' +!!or&in, to the
A:u&san the e%i&en!e of ,uilt of 6A6 is
stron,H an& petitioner faile& to e0haust
a&inistrati%e ree&ies' 6A6 a&itte& he file&
no otion for re!onsi&erationH :ut onl" :e!ause
the or&er suspen&in, hi was ie&iatel"
e0e!utor"' Shoul& the otion to &isiss :e
,rante& or notL -is!uss :riefl"' (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
9' 3he otion to &isiss shoul& :e &enie&' Sin!e
the suspension of -ire!tor 6A6 was
ie&iatel" e0e!utor"H he woul& ha%e suffere&
irrepara:le in;ur" ha& he trie& to e0haust
a&inistrati%e ree&ies :efore filin, a petition in
!ourt (<ni%ersit" of the Philippines 9oar& of
1e,ents %' 1asulH 200 SC1+ )82 P199109esi&esH
the ?uestion in%ol%e& is purel" le,al' (+=ar!on %'
9una,anH 399 SC1+ 3)2 P2003Q)'
O+b-d%+an5 Po1er to In*e%tigate 6899:7
No 55 + ,roup of losin, liti,ants in a !ase &e!i&e&
:" the Supree Court file& a !oplaint :efore
the A:u&san !har,in, the >usti!es with
Dnowin,l" an& &eli:eratel" ren&erin, an un;ust
&e!ision in utter %iolation of the penal laws of the
lan&' Can the A:u&san %ali&l" taDe
!o,ni=an!e of the !aseL /0plain'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
NoH the A:u&san !annot entertain the
!oplaint' +s state& in the !ase of 5n re: 7aureta'
1#8 SC1+ 382 P1987QH pursuant to the prin!iple of
separation of powersH the !orre!tness of the
&e!isions of the Supree Court as final ar:iter of
all ;usti!ia:le &isputes is !on!lusi%e upon all other
&epartents of the ,o%ernent; the A:u&san
has no power to re%iew the &e!isions of the
Supree Court :" entertainin, a !oplaint
a,ainst the >usti!es of the Supree Court for
Dnowin,l" ren&erin, an un;ust &e!ision'
S/CAN- +73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1:
+rti!le M5H Se!tion 1 of the 1987 Constitution
pro%i&es that pu:li! offi!ers ust at all ties :e
a!!ounta:le to the people' Se!tion 22 of the
A:u&san +!t pro%i&es that the Affi!e of the
A:u&san has the power to in%esti,ate an"
serious is!on&u!t alle,e&l" !oitte& :"
offi!ials reo%a:le :" ipea!hent for the
purpose of filin, a %erifie& !oplaint for
ipea!hent if warrante&' 3he A:u&san !an
entertain the !oplaint for this purpose'
O+b-d%+an5 Po1er to S-%$end5 Pre*enti*e
S-%$en%ion 6199?7
No' 10: 2) +n a&inistrati%e !oplaint for %iolation
of the +nti*$raft an& Corrupt Pra!ti!es +!t a,ainst M
was file& with the A:u&san' 5e&iatel" after
taDin, !o,ni=an!e of the !ase an& the affi&a%its
su:itte& to hiH the A:u&san or&ere& the
pre%enti%e suspension of M pen&in, preliinar"
in%esti,ation' M ?uestione& the suspension or&erH
!onten&in, that the A:u&san !an onl" suspen&
pre%enti%el" su:or&inate eplo"ees in his own
offi!e'
5s M !orre!tL /0plain'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
NoH M is not !orre!t' +s hel& in 9uenase&a %s'
Fla%ierH 22) SC1+ )#2' un&er Se!tion 2# of
1epu:li! +!t No' )770H the A:u&san !an
pla!e un&er pre%enti%e suspension an" offi!er
un&er his &is!iplinar" authorit" pen&in, an
in%esti,ation' 3he oent a !oplaint is file&
with the A:u&sanH the respon&ent is un&er
his authorit"' Con,ress inten&e& to epower the
A:u&san to suspen& all offi!ersH e%en if the"
are eplo"e& in other offi!es in the $o%ernent'
3he wor&s Csu:or&inateC an& Cin his :ureauC &o
not appear in the ,rant of su!h power to the
A:u&san'
Po1er to I%%-e S-b$oena5 *aidity o#
deegation 619897
No' 17: +ssue that un&er the !harter of the Cit"
of 8anilaH the Cit" 8a"or has the power to
in%esti,ate !it" offi!ials an& eplo"ees appointe&
:" hi an& in !onne!tion therewithH a&inister
oathH taDe testion" an& issue su:poenas' 3he
a"or issue& an e0e!uti%e or&er !reatin, a
!oitteeH !haire& :" CMCH to in%esti,ate
anoalies in%ol%in, li!ense& inspe!tors of the
7i!ense 5nspe!tion -i%ision of the Affi!e of the Cit"
3reasurerH 5n the !ourse of its in%esti,ationH CMC
su:poenae& COCH a pri%ate !iti=en worDin, as
:ooDDeeper of +sia @ar&ware' COC refuse& to
appear !onten&in, that the Coittee of CMC has
no power to issue su:poenas' -e!i&e'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
OesH the !oittee has no power to issue
su:poenas a!!or&in, to Carelo %sH 1aosH )
SC1+ 83)' 5n !reatin, the !oitteeH the a"or
&i& not ,rant it the power to issue su:poenas'
9esi&esH the a"or !annot &ele,ate his power to
issue su:poenas'
Pro'ibition On Ee"ti*e O##i"er to Hod P-bi"
O##i"e 689987
No E55' M was ele!te& pro%in!ial ,o%ernor for a
ter of three "ears' @e was su:se?uentl"
appointe& :" the Presi&ent of the Philippines
ser%in, at her pleasureH as !on!urrent Presi&ential
+ssistant for Politi!al +ffairs in the Affi!e of the
Presi&entH without a&&itional !opensation'
5s MBs appointent %ali&L (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
3he appointent of M is not %ali&H :e!ause the
position of Presi&ential +ssistant for Politi!al
+ffairs is a pu:li! offi!e' +rti!le 5M*9 Se!tion 7 of
the Constitution pro%i&es that no ele!ti%e offi!ial
shall :e eli,i:le for appointent or &esi,nation in
an" !apa!it" to an" pu:li! offi!e or position
&urin, his tenure' +s hel& in Flores
%' -rilonH 223 SC1+ 2)8 (1993)H sin!e an
ele!ti%e offi!ial is ineli,i:le for an appointi%e
positionH his appointent is not %ali&'
P-bi" O##i"e5 P-bi" Tr-%t 619987
No E' * Suppose Con,ress passe& a law to
5pleent the Constitutional prin!iple that a
pu:li! offi!e is a pu:li! trustH :" pro%i&in, as
follows:
CNo eplo"ee of the Ci%il Ser%i!e shall :e e0!use&
fro atten&in, an& testif"in, or fro pro&u!in, :ooDsH
re!or&sH !orrespon&en!eH &o!uents or other
e%i&en!e in an" a&inistrati%e in%esti,ation
!on!ernin, the offi!e in whi!h he is eplo"e& on the
,roun& that his testion" or the e%i&en!e re?uire& of
hi a" ten& to in!riinate hi or su:;e!t hi to a
penalt" or forfeiture; :ut his testion" or an" e%i&en!e
pro&u!e& :" hi shall not :e use& a,ainst hi in
!riinal prose!ution :ase& on the transa!tionH atter
or thin, !on!ernin, whi!h is !opelle&H after in%oDin,
his pri%ile,e a,ainst self*in!riinationH to testif" or
pro&u!e e%i&en!e' Pro%i&e&H howe%erH that su!h
in&i%i&ual so testif"in, shall not :e e0ept fro
prose!ution an& punishent for per;ur" !oitte& in
so testif"in, nor shall he :e e0ept fro &eotion or
reo%al fro offi!e' +n" eplo"ee who refuses to
testif" or pro&u!e an" &o!uents un&er this +!t shall
:e &isisse& fro the ser%i!eHC
Suppose furtherH that An,H a e:er of the
Professional 1e,ulator" 9oar&H is re?uire& to
answer ?uestions in an in%esti,ation re,ar&in, a
7/+G+$/ in a e&i!al e0aination'
1' Can An, refuse to answer ?uestions on the
,roun& that he woul& in!riinate hiselfL P#NQ
2' Suppose he refuses to answerH an& for that
reasonH is &isisse& fro the ser%i!eH !an he
pausi:l" ar,ue that the Ci%il Ser%i!e Coission
has inferre& his ,uilt fro his refusal to answer in
%iolation of the ConstitutionL W3NQ
3' SupposeH on the other han&H he answers the
?uestion an& on the :asis of his answersH he is
foun& ,uilt" an& is &isisse&' Can he plausi:l"
assert that his &isissal is :ase& on !oer!e&
!onfessionL 53NQ
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
1' NoH An, !annot refuse to answer the ?uestion
on the ,roun& that he woul& in!riinate hiselfH
sin!e the law ,rants hi iunit" an& prohi:its
the use a,ainst hi in a !riinal prose!ution of
the testion" or e%i&en!e pro&u!e& :" hi' +s
state& :" the <nite& States Supree Court in
9rown %s' 6alDer' 1)1 <'S' 291H 297H what the
!onstitutional prohi:ition a,ainst self*
in!riination seeDs to pre%ent is the !on%i!tion of
the witness on the :asis of testion" eli!ite&
fro hi' 3he rule is satisfie& when he is ,rante&
iunit"'
+73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1:
1' 5n a!!or&an!e with /%an,elista %s' >aren!ioH
)8 SC1+ 99H 107*108H 5f An, is :ein, !ite&
erel" as a witnessH he a" not refuse to
answer' @owe%erH if the ?uestion ten&s to %iolate
his ri,ht a,ainst self*in!riinationH he a" o:;e!t
to it' An the other han&H un&er the rulin, in
Cha%e= %s' Court of +ppealsH 2# SC1+ ))3H )80H
5f he is a respon&entH An, a" refuse to answer
an" ?uestion :e!ause of his ri,ht a,ainst self*
in!riination'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
2' No An, !annot ar,ue that the Ci%il Ser%i!e
Coission inferre& his ,uilt fro his refusal
to answer' @e was not &isisse& :e!ause of
his in%ol%eent in the leaDa,e in the e&i!al
e0aination :ut for his refusal to answer'
3his is a %iolation of the law' @e !oul& :e
!opelle& to answer the ?uestion on pain of
:ein, &isisse& in !ase of his refusalH
:e!ause he was ,rante& 5unit"'
5n 7efDowit= %s' 3urle"' #1# <'S' 70H 8#H the
<nite& States Supree Court hel&:
CFurtheroreH the a!!oo&ation :etween the
interest of the State an& the Fifth +en&ent
re?uires that the State ha%e eans at its &isposal to
se!ure testion" if iunit" is supplie& an&
testion" is still refuse&' 3his is re!o,ni=e& :" the
power of !ourts to !opel testion"H after a ,rant of
iunit"H :" use of !i%il !ontept an& !oer!e&
iprisonent' Shilitani %' <nite& StatesH 38# <S
3)#' 1) 7 /& 2& )22' 8) 2 Ct 1231 (19)))' +lsoH
,i%en a&e?uate iunit" the State a" plainl" insist
that eplo"ees either answer ?uestions un&er oath
a:out the perforan!e of their ;o: or suffer the loss
of eplo"ent'C
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
3' >es An, !an ar,ue that his &isissal was :ase&
on !oer!e& !onfession' 5n $arrit" %s' New >erse"H
382 <'S' #93H 200H the <nite& States Supree
Court hel&: C6e now hol& the prote!tion of the
in&i%i&ual un&er the Fourteenth +en&ent
a,ainst !oer!e& stateents prohi:its use in
su:se?uent !riinal pro!ee&in,s of stateents
o:taine& un&er threat of reo%al fro offi!eH an&
that it e0ten&s to allH whether the" are poli!een or
other e:ers of the :o&" politi!'C
Retire+ent &ene#it% 6199?7
No' 9: 2) +H an eplo"ee of the National
3reasurerH retire& on >anuar" 10H 199)' 9efore
she !oul& !olle!t her retireent :enefitsH the
National 3reasurer &is!o%ere& that + ha& :een
ne,li,ent in the en!ashent of falsifie& treasur"
warrants' 5t appearsH howe%erH that + ha& re!ei%e&
all one" an& propert" !learan!es fro the
National 3reasurer :efore her retireent'
Can the National 3reasurer withhol& the
retireent of + pen&in, &eterination of her
ne,li,en!e in the en!ashent of the falsifie&
treasur" warrantsL /0plain'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
2) 5n a!!or&an!e with 3antui!o %s' -oin,oH 230
SC1+ 391 an& Cru= us' 3antui!oH 1)) SC1+ )70H
the National 3reasurer !annot withhol& the
pa"ent of the retireent :enefits of + pen&in,
&eterination of her lia:ilit" for ne,li,en!e in the
en!ashent of the falsifie& treasur" warrantsH
:e!ause her retireent :enefits are e0ept fro
e0e!ution'
ARTICLE /II Nationa E"ono+y
and Patri+ony
A"F-i%ition and Lea%e o# P-bi" Land%
619987
/0press "our a,reeent or &isa,reeent with
an" of the followin, stateents' 9e,in "our
answer with the stateent: C5 +$1//C or
C-5S+$1//C as the !ase a" :e'
1' +n"oneH whether 5n&i%i&ualH !orporation or
asso!iationH ?ualifie& to a!?uire pri%ate lan&s is
also ?ualifie& to a!?uire pu:li! lan&s in the
Philippines' P2NQ
2' + reli,ious !orporation is ?ualifie& t
o ha%e lan&s in the Philippines on whi!h it a"
:uil& 5ts !hur!h an& aDe other ipro%eents
pro%i&e& these are a!tuall"H &ire!tl" an&
e0!lusi%el" use& for reli,ious purposes' P2NQ
3' + reli,ious !orporation !annot lease pri%ate
lan&s 5n the Philippines' P2NQ
#' + reli,ious !orporation !an a!?uire pri%ate
lan&s in the Philippines pro%i&e& all its e:ers
are !iti=ens of the Philippines' P2NQ
2' + forei,n !orporation !an onl" lease pri%ate
lan&s in the Philippines' P2NQ
44
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
1' 5 &isa,ree' <n&er Se!tion 7H +rti!le M55 of the
ConstitutionH a !orporation or asso!iation whi!h is
si0t" per!ent owne& :" Filipino !iti=ens !an
a!?uire pri%ate lan&H :e!ause it !an lease pu:li!
lan& an& !an therefore hol& pu:li! lan&' @owe%erH
it !annot a!?uire pu:li! lan&' <n&er Se!tion 3H
+rti!le M55 of the ConstitutionH pri%ate !orporations
an& asso!iations !an onl" lease an& !annot
a!?uire pu:li! lan&'
<n&er Se!tion 8H +rti!le M55 of the ConstitutionH a
natural*:orn Filipino !iti=en who lost his Philippine
!iti=enship a" a!?uire pri%ate lan& onl" an&
!annot a!?uire pu:li! lan&'
2' 5 &isa,ree' 3he ere fa!t that a !orporation is
reli,ious &oes not entitle it to own pu:li! lan&' +s
hel& 5n 1e,ister of -ee&s %s' <n, Siu Si 3epleH
97 Phil' 28H )1H lan& tenure is not in&ispensa:le
to the free e0er!ise an& en;o"ent of reli,ious
profession of worship' 3he reli,ious !orporation
!an own pri%ate lan& onl" if it is at least si0t" per
!ent owne& :" Filipino !iti=ens'
3' 5 &isa,ree' <n&er Se!tion 1 of Presi&ential
-e!ree No' #71H !orporations an& asso!iations
owne& :" aliens are allowe& to lease pri%ate
lan&s up to twent"*fi%e "earsH renewa:le for
another perio& of twent"*fi%e "ears upon
a,reeent of the lessor an& the lessee' @en!eH
e%en if the reli,ious !orporation is owne& :"
aliensH it !an lease pri%ate lan&s'
#' 5 &isa,ree' For a !orporationB to ?ualif" to
a!?uire pri%ate lan&s in the PhilippinesH un&er
Se!tion 7H +rti!le Mn of the Constitution in relation
to Se!tion 2H +rti!le M55 of the ConstitutionH onl"
si0t" per !ent ()0N) of the !orporation is re?uire&
to :e owne& :" Filipino !iti=ens for it to ?ualif" to
a!?uire pri%ate lan&s'
2' 5 a,ree' + forei,n !orporation !an lease pri%ate
lan&s onl" an& !annot lease pu:li! lan&' <n&er
Se!tion 2H +rti!le M55 of the ConstitutionH the
e0plorationH &e%elopent an& utili=ation of pu:li!
lan&s a" :e un&ertaDen throu,h !o*pro&u!tion'
>oint %enture or pro&u!tion*sharin, a,reeents
onl" with Filipino !iti=en or !orporations or
asso!iations whi!h are at least si0t" per !ent
owne& :" Filipino !iti=en'
A"F-i%ition o# Land% 619877
No' ME: An 8ar!h 1H 1987H C+9CC CorporationH
a !opan" en,a,e& in the e0port tra&eH applie&
for ;u&i!ial !onfiration of its title o%er ten
he!tares of ti:er lan&s' 3he !opan" :ou,ht
the lan& fro CMC who in turn inherite& it fro his
father COC' 3he latter ha& :een in openH
notoriousH pu:li! an& !ontinue& possession of the
lan& sin!e 1922' An what %ali& ,roun&s !an
appl#!at#o$ for !o$f#r-at#o$ of t#tle o$ the
3rou$. that u$.er Art. XII+ Se!. < t#-ber la$.s
!a$$ot be al#e$ate.. The rul#$3 #$ 8#re!tor of
La$.s . IAC+ =,? SCRA &E* %=*>?(+ a$.
8#re!tor of La$.s + 5e$3Ao$+ No. &,E,&+ Ful4
)>+ =*>;+ re#terate. #$ 8#re!tor of La$.s .
Ma$#la Ele!tr#! Co.+ 9.R+ No. &;,?=+ Sept. ==+
=*>;+ to the effe!t that a !orporat#o$ #s e$t#tle.
to the !o$f#r-at#o$ of #-perfe!t t#tle to la$.s
a!@u#re. b4 #t fro- pr#ate #$.##.uals "ho
hae possesse. the sa-e for <E 4ears+ u$.er
bo$a f#.e !la#- of o"$ersh#p+ for the reaso$
that su!h perso$s are presu-e. to hae
perfor-e. all !o$.#t#o$s esse$t#al to a
3oer$-e$t 3ra$t a$.+ therefore+ are e$t#tle. to
the #ssua$!e of a !ert#f#!ate of t#tle+ appl#es o$l4
to a3r#!ultural la$.s.
A"F-i%ition o# Land% 689997
No ME555' * a) +n&" 7iH an ethni! ChineseH
:e!ae a naturali=e& Filipino in 1932' 9ut later
he lost his Filipino !iti=enship when he :e!ae a
!iti=en of Cana&a in 1971' 6antin, the :est of
:oth worl&sH he :ou,htH in 1987H a resi&ential lot
in For:es ParD an& a !oer!ial lot in 9inon&o'
+re these sales %ali&L 6h"L (3N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
NoH the sales are not %ali&' <n&er Se!tion 8H
+rti!le M55 of the ConstitutionH onl" a natural*:orn
!iti=en of the Philippines who lost his Philippine
!iti=enship a" a!?uire pri%ate lan&' Sin!e +n&"
7i was a forer naturali=e& Filipino !iti=enH he
is not ?ualifie& to a!?uire pri%ate lan&s'
A"F-i%ition o# Land% by Hereditary S-""e%%ion
689987
No M5' * +H a Filipino !iti=enH an& his wife 9H a
>apanese nationalH :ou,ht a fi%e*he!tare
a,ri!ultural lan& fro MH a Filipino !iti=en' 3he
!ouple later e0e!ute& a &ee& of &onation o%er the
sae lan& in fa%or of their onl" !hil& C' + "ear
laterH howe%erH C &ie& in %ehi!ular
a!!i&ent without lea%in, a last will an& testaent'
NowH M :rou,ht suit to re!o%er the lan& on the
,roun& that 9H :ein, an alienH was not ?ualifie&
to :u" the lan& when 9 an& + ;ointl" :ou,ht the
lan& fro hi an& thatH upon the &eath of CH the
lan& was inherite& :" his parents :ut 9 !annot
le,all" a!?uire an&Ior inherit it'
@ow shoul& the !ase :e &e!i&e&L 5f M file& the
suit a,ainst C when the latter was still ali%eH
woul& "our answer :e the saeL 6h"L (2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
M !annot re!o%er the lan& whether fro C or +
an& 9' <n&er +rti!le 5EH Se!tion 1 (2) of the
ConstitutionH C is a Filipino !iti=en sin!e his father
is a Filipino' 6hen + an& 9 &onate& the lan& to
CH it :e!ae propert" of a Filipino !iti=en' +s hel&
in @alili %' Court of +ppealsH 287 SC1+ #)2
(1998)H the sale of lan& to an alien !an no lon,er
:e annulle& if it has :een !on%e"e& to a Filipino
!iti=en' Sin!e C left no will an& his parents are his
heirsH in a!!or&an!e with +rti!le M55H Se!tion 7 of
the ConstitutionH 9 !an a!?uire the lan& :"
here&itar" su!!ession'
A"F-i%ition o# Land%5 Citi)en%'i$ i%%-e 619897
No' 1: 8ariaH a natural*:orn Filipino !iti=enH went
to the <nite& States in 19)2 to worD as a nurse'
6ith her sa%in,sH she :ou,ht a par!el of lan&
!onsistin, of 1H000 s?uare eters in a resi&ential
su:&i%ision in 8etro 8anila' She ha& the sai&
propert" title& in her nae in 1970' 5n >ul"H 1972H
8aria a!?uire& +eri!an !iti=enship :"
naturali=ation' 3wo onths laterH she arrie& her
Cana&ian :o"frien&'
(1) Can 8aria %ali&l" sell this par!el of lan& to
the "oun,er sister of her hus:an& who is also a
Cana&ian !iti=enL
(2) Supposin, 8ariaBs hus:an& &ies an& she
&e!i&es to resi&e in the Philippines peranentl"H
!an 8aria :u" the par!el of lan& !onsistin, of #00
s?uare eters nei,h:orin, her ownL
"ouH as Soli!itor $eneralH appli!ationL oppose the
ANS4ER: +s Soli!itor $eneralH 5 !an oppose the
45
ANS4ER:
(1) NoH 8aria !annot %ali&l" sell the par!el of lan&
to the "oun,er sister of her hus:an& who is a
Cana&ian !iti=en' <n&er Se!tion 7H +rti!le M55 of
the 1987 ConstitutionH as a ,eneral ruleH aliens
!annot a!?uire pri%ate lan& sin!e pursuant to
Se!tion 2H in relation to Se!tion 3H +rti!le M55H of
the 1987 Constitution the" are not ?ualifie& to
a!?uire or hol& lan&s of the pu:li!
&oain' <n&er Se!tion 7H +rti!le M55 of the 1987
ConstitutionH an alien !an a!?uire pu:li! lan& :"
here&itar" su!!ession' <n&er Se!tion 8H +rti!le M55
of the 1987 ConstitutionH a natural*:orn Philippine
!iti=en who lost his Philippine !iti=enship a" :e
a transferee of pri%ate lan&' 3he "oun,er sister of
the hus:an& of 8aria is not a!?uirin, the pri%ate
lan& :" here&itar" su!!ession :ut :" sale' Neither
is she a forer natural*:orn Philippine !iti=en who
lost her Philippine !iti=enship' Conse?uentl"H
neither of the e0!eptions foun& in the a:o%e*
entione& pro%isions is appli!a:le to her'
(2) NoH 8aria !annot :u" the a&;oinin, par!el of
lan&' <n&er Se!tion 2 of 9atas Pa:ansa 9l,'
182H a natural*:orn Philippine !iti=en who lost his
Philippine !iti=enshipH a" a!?uire onl" up to
1H000 s?uare eters of pri%ate ur:an lan&' Sin!e
8aria has pre%iousl" a!?uire& a par!el of lan&
with an area of 1H000 s?uare etersH she !an no
lon,er pur!hase an" a&&itional par!el of ur:an
lan&'
+lternati%e +nswer:
OesH she !an a!?uire the a&;a!ent lan& whi!h has
an area of #00 s?uare eters sin!e the law liits
a!?uisition of lan&s to 1H000 s?uare eters after
the loss of Philippine !iti=enship'
A"F-i%ition o# Land%5 Citi)en%'i$ i%%-e 6199;7
No' 17: + an& 9 lease& their resi&ential lan&
!onsistin, of one thousan& (1H000) s?uare eters
to Peter CoH a Chinese !iti=enH for a perio& of fift"
(20) "ears' 5n 1992H :efore the ter of the lease
e0pire&' Co asDe& + an& 9 to !on%e" the lan& to
hi as the !ontra!t ,a%e hi the option to
pur!hase sai& lan& if he :e!ae a naturali=e&
Filipino !iti=en' Co tooD his oath as a Filipino
!iti=en in 1991'
1) 6as the !ontra!t of lease for a perio& of fift"
(20) "ears %ali& !onsi&erin, that the lessee was
an alienL
2) 6hat is the effe!t of the naturali=ation of Peter
Co as a Filipino !iti=en on the %ali&it" of the
option to pur!hase ,i%en hiL
ANS4ER:
1) +s hel& in Philippine 9anDin, Corporation %s'
7ui She' 21 SC1+ 22H the lease of a par!el of
lan& with an option to :u" to an alien is a %irtual
transfer of ownership to the alien an& falls within
the s!ope of the prohi:ition in
Se!tion 7H +rti!le M55 of the Constitution a,ainst
the a!?uisition of pri%ate lan&s :" aliens'
2) 9e!ause of the naturali=ation of Peter Co as a
Filipino !iti=enH he !an e0er!ise the option to
pur!hase the lan&' 5n a!!or&an!e with the rulin,
in Oap %s' $ra,e&aH 121 SC1+ 2##' sin!e he is
?ualifie& to own lan&H the poli!" to preser%e lan&s
for Filipinos will :e a!hie%e&'
A"F-i%ition o# Land%5 Citi)en%'i$ i%%-e 6199A7
No 11; 5n >une 1978 spouses >oel an& 8i!helle
pur!hase& a par!el of lan&' 7ot No' 1#3H
Ca&astral Sur%e" No' 38*-H with an area of )00
s?uare eters for their resi&en!e in CaintaH 1i=alH
fro Ce!ille who :" herself an& her pre&e!essor*
in*interest ha& :een in openH pu:li!H pea!efulH
!ontinuous an& e0!lusi%e possession of the
propert" un&er a :ona fi&e !lai of ownership
lon, :efore 12 >une 19#2' +t the tie of
pur!haseH the spouses >oel an& 8i!helle were
then natural :orn Filipino !iti=ens'
5n Fe:ruar" 1987 the spouses file& an appli!ation
for re,istration of their title :efore the proper !ourt'
3his tie howe%er >oel an& 8i!helle were no
lon,er Filipino !iti=ens' 3he ,o%ernent oppose&
their appli!ation for re,istration alle,in, that the"
ha%e not a!?uire& proprietar" ri,hts o%er the
su:;e!t lot :e!ause of their su:se?uent
a!?uisition of Cana&ian !iti=enshipH an& that
unre,istere& lan&s are presue& to :e pu:li!
lan&s un&er the prin!iple that lan&s of whate%er
!lassifi!ation :elon, to the State un&er the
1e,alian &o!trineH hen!eH the" still pertain to the
State'
@ow will "ou resol%e the issues raise& :" the
appli!ants an& the oppositorL -is!uss full"'
ANS4ER:
3he ar,uent of the ,o%ernent that unre,istere&
lan&s are presue& to :e pu:li! lan&s is utterl"
uneritorious' +s hel& in 1epu:li! %s' Court of
+ppeals' 232 SC1+ 2)2H in a!!or&an!e with
Se!tion #8 of the Pu:li! 7an& +!tH sin!e the
pre&e!essors*in* interest of >oel an& 8i!helle ha&
:een in openH pu:li!H pea!efulH !ontinuous an&
e0!lusi%e possession of the lan& un&er a :ona fi&e
!lai of ownership lon, :efore >une 12' 19#2H
their pre&e!essors* in*interest ha& a!?uire& the
lan&H :e!ause the" were !on!lusi%el" presue& to
ha%e perfore& all !on&itions essential to a
,o%ernent ,rant' 3he lan& !ease& to :e a part
of the pu:li! &oain' 5t is aliena:le an&
&isposa:le lan&' >oel an& 8i!helle a!?uire& the
ri,hts of their pre&e!essors*in*interest :" %irtue of
the sale to the'
>oel an& 8i!helle !an ha%e the lan& re,istere& in
their naes' 3he" were natural*:orn Filipino
!iti=ens at the tie of their a!?uisition of the lan&'
5n an" e%ent the" were Filipino !iti=ens at the
tie of their a!?uisition of the lan&' 3heir
:e!oin, Cana&ian !iti=ens su:se?uentl" is
iaterial' +rti!le M55H Se!' 8 of the 1987
Constitution presupposes that the" pur!hase&
the lan& after the" lost Filipino !iti=enship' 5t &oes
not appl" in this !ase at all'
A"F-i%ition o# Land%5 Pro'ibition5 a"F-i%ition o#
$ri*ate and% by aien% 6199;7
No'18; >ohn SithH a <S nationalH was arrie& to
Petra &e >esusH a Filipino !iti=enH on >une 2H
1980' 3wo (2) "ears laterH Petra pur!hase& a
par!el of resi&ential lan& fro >ose Cru= usin, her
own fun&s' 3he -ee& of Sale states that the lan&
was sol& to CPetra arrie& to >ohn SithC an&
was re,istere& as su!h' 6ith the Dnowle&,e of
>ohn SithH Petra a&inistere& the lan&H leasin,
parts thereof to se%eral in&i%i&uals' 3hree (3)
"ears laterH PetraH without the Dnowle&,e of >ohn
SithH sol& the lan& to -a%i& Pere=' <pon
learnin, of the transa!tionH >ohn Sith file& a
!ase to annul the -ee& of Sale' Citin, +rt' 1)0 of
the Ci%il Co&eH he ar,ue& that sai& sale was
without his !onsentH the propert" :ein, !on;u,al
as it was pur!hase& at the tie he was arrie& to
Petra' @e presente& the -ee& of Sale e0e!ute&
:" Petra statin, that she is arrie& to >ohn Sith'
@e wants to re!o%er at least his !on;u,al share'
1) 5s >ohn Sith entitle& to his !on;u,al shareL
2) 8a" the -ee& of Sale e0e!ute& :" Petra 5n
fa%or of -a%i& Pere= :e annulle&L
ANS4ER:
1) NoH >ohn Sith is not entitle& to his !on;u,al
share in the lan&' Firstl"H sin!e it was a!?uire&
with the personal fun&s of Petra &e >esusH in
a!!or&an!e with the rulin, in 8irasol %s' 7iH 29
Phil' 701H the presuption that the propert" is
!on;u,al has :een re:utte&' Se!on&l"H a
&e!laration that >ohn Sith is entitle& to a
!on;u,al share in the lan& will %iolate the
prohi:ition a,ainst the !on%e"an!e of pri%ate
lan&s to aliens e:o&ie& in Se!tion 7H +rti!le M55
of the Constitution'
2) 3he -ee& of Sale !annot :e annulle&' +s hel&
in Cheesan %s' 5ntere&iate +ppellate CourtH
193 SC1+ 93' to a!!or& to >ohn SithH an alienH
the ri,ht to ha%e a &e!isi%e %ote as to the
&isposition of the lan& woul& perit an in&ire!t
!ontro%ersion of the !onstitutional prohi:ition
a,ainst the a!?uisition of pri%ate lan&s :" aliens'
Citi)en%'i$ ReF-ire+ent in 0anage+ent o#
Ad*erti%ing Ind-%try 619897
No' 11: (2) 8a" a forei,ner who owns su:stantial
sto!Dhol&in,s in a !orporation en,a,e& in the
a&%ertisin, in&ustr" sit as a treasurer of sai&
!orporationL Cite the !onstitutional pro%ision in
point'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
Se!tion 11(1)H +rti!le ME5 of the 1987 Constitution
pro%i&es;
(2) NoH a forei,ner who owns shares of sto!D in a
!orporation en,a,e& in the a&%ertisin, in&ustr"
!annot ser%e as treasurer in the !orporationH for a
treasurer is an e0e!uti%e or ana,in, offi!er'
Se!tion 11(2)H +rti!le ME5 of the 1987
Constitution pro%i&es:
C3he parti!ipation of forei,n in%estors in
the ,o%ernin, :o&" of entities in su!h
in&ustr" shall :e liite& to their
proportionate share in the !apital thereofH
an& all the e0e!uti%e an& ana,in,
offi!ers of su!h entities ust :e !iti=ens of
the Philippines'C
Engage+ent in &-%ine%% B E,er"i%e o#
Pro#e%%ion 619877
No' 5M: 3he Philippine entere& into a 3reat" of
Frien&shipH Coit" an& Coer!e with 5n&onesia
with the followin, pro%isions:
(1 ) 3he nationals of ea!h !ontra!tin, State
a&itte& to the pra!ti!e of law in sai& StateH to
pra!ti!e law without taDin, the :ar e0ainations
in the other !ontra!tin, State'
(2) 3he nationals of ea!h !ontra!tin, State to
en,a,e in retail tra&e :usiness in the territor" of
the other !ontra!tin, State'
5s the treat" %ali&L
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
3he treat" is %ali&'
(1) +rt' M55H Se!' 1# pro%i&es that the pra!ti!e of
all professions in the Philippines shall :e
liite& to Filipino !iti=ensH sa%e in !ases
pres!ri:e& :" law' @ere the treat" has the for!e
of law'
(2) +rt' M55' Se!' 10 pro%i&es that Con,ress shall
reser%e to !iti=ens of the Philippines or to
!orporations or asso!iations at least )0N of the
!apital of whi!h is owne& :" su!h !iti=ens !ertain
areas of in%estent' 3here !an :e no ?uestion
then as to the %ali&it" of the Nationali=ation of
1etail 3ra&e 7awH the !onstitutionalit" of whi!h
was sustaine& in 5!hon, %' @ernan&e=H 101 Phil'
1122 (1927) e%en in the a:sen!e of a siilar
e0press ,rant of power to Con,ress un&er the
1932 Constitution' +lthou,h Con,ress !an repeal
or aen& su!h lawH it a" not :e aen&e& :" a
treat" in %iew of +rt' M55H Se!' 22 whi!h &e!lares
a!ts of !ir!u%ent or ne,ate an" pro%isions of this
+rt' M55 to :e inii!al to national interest an&
su:;e!t the offen&ers to !riinal an& !i%il
san!tions' For then the 1etail 3ra&e
Nationali=ation 7aw :e!oes part of +rt' M55H
ha%in, :een passe& pursuant to the an&ate in
Se!' 10'
@owe%erH it a" also :e plausi:l" ar,ue& that a
treat" a" aen& a prior law an& treat" of
frien&shipH !oit" an& !oer!e with 5n&onesia
a" :e &eee& to ha%e !reate& an e0!eption in
the Nationali=ation of 1etail 3ra&e 7aw in fa%or of
5n&onesian !iti=en'
E,$oration and !e*eo$+ent o# 0inera%
6199;7
No' 11: 5n the &esire to ipro%e the fishin,
etho&s of the fisherenH the 9ureau of
FisheriesH with the appro%al of the Presi&entH
entere& into a eoran&u of a,reeent to
allow 3hai fisheren to fish within 200 iles fro
the Philippine sea !oasts on the !on&ition that
Filipino fisheren :e allowe& to use 3hai fishin,
e?uipent an& %esselsH an& to learn o&ern
te!hnolo," in fishin, an& !annin,'
1) 5s the a,reeent %ali&L
2) Suppose the a,reeent is for a ;oint %enture
on the sae area with a 3hai oil !orporation for
the e0ploration an& e0ploitation of inerals with
the 3hai !orporation pro%i&in, te!hni!al an&
finan!ial assistan!e' 5s the a,reeent %ali&L
+NS6/1;
1) No' Anl" Filipinos a" fish in e0!lusi%e
e!onoi! =one'''
2) 3he Presi&ent !an enter into a eoran&u of
a,reeent with a 3hai oil
!orporation in%ol%in, te!hni!al an& finan!ial
assistan!e for the e0ploration an& e0ploitation of
ineralsH :ut there shoul& :e no >oint %enture'
Se!tion 2H +rti!le M55 of the Constitution authori=es
the Presi&ent to enter into a,reeents with
forei,n*owne& !orporations in%ol%in, te!hni!al or
finan!ial assistan!e for the e0plorationH
&e%elopentH an& utili=ation of inerals' @owe%erH
the sae pro%ision states the ;oint %enture for the
e0plorationH &e%elopent an& utili=ation of natural
resour!es a" :e un&ertaDen onl" with Filipino
!iti=ensH or !orporations or asso!iations at least
si0t" per !ent of whose !apital is owne& :" Filipino
!iti=en'
E,$ro$riation o# P-bi" Utiitie% 619987
No' 11 * 3he Philippine Coo&ities Affi!e
(PCA)H a ,o%ernent a,en!"H wishes to esta:lish
a &ire!t !oputer an& fa0 linDup with tra&in,
!enters in the <nite& States' 3he a&%an!e&
te!hnolo," of a pri%ate !opan"H Philippine Pa!ifi!
3ele!ouni!ationsH is ne!essar" for that
purpose :ut ne,otiations :etween the parties ha%e
faile&' 3he 1epu:li!H in :ehalf of the PCAH files
suit to !opel the tele!ouni!ations !opan" to
e0e!ute a !ontra!t with PCA for PCABs a!!ess
an& use of the !opan"Bs fa!ilities'
-e!i&e' 5f the !ase will not prosperH what
alternati%e will "ou propose to the 1epu:li!L
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
3he a!tion will not prosper' +s hel& in 1epu:li! of
the P-i'ippines /s. P-i'ippine Long ;is+ance
Te'ep-one Co0panyH 2) SC1+ )20H parties !annot
:e !opelle& to enter into a !ontra!t' @owe%erH
sin!e un&er Se!tion 18H +rti!le M55 of the
ConstitutionH the State a" e0propriate pu:li!
utilitiesH the 1epu:li! of the Philippines a" !opel
the Philippine Pa!ifi! 3ele!ouni!ations to allow
a!!ess to its fa!ilities' 5f the 1epu:li! of the
Philippines !an taDe title to the fa!ilities of Philippine
Pa!ifi! 3ele!ouni!ations :" its power of
e0propriationH there is no reason wh" it !annot use
su!h power to ipose onl" a :ur&en upon
Philippine Pa!ifi! 3ele!ouni!ation without loss
of title'
Lea%e o# Pri*ate Agri"-t-ra Land% 689917
No 5E * + is an alien' State whetherH in the
PhilippinesH he:
a) Can :e a lessee of a pri%ate a,ri!ultural lan&H
(3N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER5
OesH an alien !an :e a lessee of pri%ate
a,ri!ultural lan&' +s state& in Gri%enDo %s'
1e,ister of -ee&s of 8anilaH 79 Phil' #)1 (19#7)H
aliens !an lease pri%ate a,ri!ultural lan&H
:e!ause the" are ,rante& teporar" ri,hts onl"
an& this is not prohi:ite& :" the Constitution'
Nationa E"ono+y B Patri+ony5 Con%tit-tiona
Pro'ibition 6899;7 68<b7 9' /+P is a ,o%ernent
!orporation !reate& for the purpose of re!laiin,
lan&s in!lu&in, foreshore an& su:er,e& areasH as
well as to &e%elopH ipro%eH a!?uireH lease an& sell
an" an& all Din&s of lan&s' + law was passe&
transferrin, title to /+P of lan&s alrea&" re!laie& in
the foreshore an& offshore areas of 88 9a"H
parti!ularl" the so*!alle& 7i:ert" 5slan&sH as aliena:le
an& &isposa:le lan&s of the pu:li! &oain' 3itles
were &ul" issue& in /+PBs nae'
Su:se?uentl"H /+P entere& into a ;oint %enture
a,reeent (>E+) with +15H a pri%ate forei,n
!orporationH to &e%elop 7i:ert" 5slan&s'
+&&itionall"H the >E+ pro%i&e& for the re!laation
of 220 he!tares of su:er,e& lan& in the area
surroun&in, 7i:ert" 5slan&s' /+P a,ree& to sell
an& transfer to +15 a portion of 7i:ert" 5slan&s an&
a portion of the area to :e re!laie& as the
!onsi&eration for +15Bs role an& parti!ipation in the
;oint %entureH upon appro%al :" the Affi!e of the
Presi&ent' 5s there an" !onstitutional o:sta!le to
the sale an& transfer :" /+P to +15 of :oth
portions as pro%i&e& for in the >E+L (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
9' +15 !annot a!?uire a portion of 7i:ert" 5slan&s
:e!auseH althou,h /+P has title to 7i:ert" 5slan&s
an& thus su!h lan&s are aliena:le an& &isposa:le
lan&H the" !annot :e sol&H onl" lease&H to pri%ate
!orporations' 3he portion of the area to :e
re!laie& !annot :e sol& an& transferre& to +15
:e!ause the sea:e& is inaliena:le lan& of the
pu:li! &oain' (Se!tion 3H +rti!le M55 of the 1987
Constitution; Cha%e= %' Pu:li! /states +uthorit"H
38# SC1+ 122 P2002Q)'
Nationa Patri+ony5 de#inition 619997
No M55 * 6hat is eant :" National Patrion"L
/0plain the !on!ept of National Patrion"L (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
+!!or&in, to Aani'a Prince @o+e' /.
3o/ern0en+ 7er/ice Ins*rance 7ys+e0H 2)7
SC1+ #08H the national patrion" refers not
onl" to our natural resour!es :ut also to our
!ultural herita,e'
Nationai)ed A"ti*itie% 6199;7
1) $i%e a :usiness a!ti%it" the e?uit" of whi!h
ust :e owne& :" Filipino !iti=ens:
a) at least )0N
:) at least 70N
!) 100N
2) $i%e two !ases in whi!h aliens a" :e allowe&
to a!?uire e?uit" in a :usiness a!ti%it" :ut !annot
parti!ipate in the ana,eent thereofL
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
1) a) +t least si0t" per !ent ()0N) of the e?uit"
of the entities en,a,e& in the followin, :usiness
ust :e owne& :" Filipino !iti=ens un&er the
Constitution'
1 Co*pro&u!tionH >oint %entureH or
pro&u!tion*sharin, a,reeent with the
State for the e0plorationH &e%elopentH
an& utili=ation of natural resour!es
(Se!tion 2H +rti!le M55)
2 Aperation of a pu:li! utilit"
(Se!tion 11H +rti!le M55)
3 /&u!ation (Se!tion #(2)H +rti!le
M5E)
:) +t least se%ent" per!ent (70N) of the e?uit" of
:usiness entities en,a,e& in a&%ertisin, ust :e
owne& :" Filipino !iti=ens un&er the Constitution'
(Se!tion 11(2)H +rti!le ME5)
!) 8ass e&ia ust :e wholl" owne& :" Filipino
!iti=ens un&er the Constitution (Se!tion 11(1)H
+rti!le ME5)'
2) <n&er the ConstitutionH aliens a" a!?uire
e?uit" :ut !annot parti!ipate in the ana,eent of
:usiness entities en,a,e& in the followin,
a!ti%ities:
1) Pu:li! utilities (Se!tion 11H +rti!le
M55)
2) /&u!ation (Se!tion #(2) '+rti!le M5E)
3) +&%ertisin, (Se!tion 11(2)H +rti!le
ME5)
O1ner%'i$ ReF-ire+ent o# 0a%% 0edia 619897
No' 11: (1) + &oesti! !orporation with 30N
forei,n e?uit" proposes to pu:lish a weeDl"
a,a=ine for ,eneral !ir!ulation in 8etro 8anila
whi!h will feature the lifest"les of the ri!h an& the
faous' 8a" this :e &oneL Cite the !onstitutional
pro%ision in point'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
(1) NoH the !orporation !annot pu:lish a weeDl"
a,a=ine sin!e it is en,a,e& in the operation of
a ass e&ia an& is not wholl" owne& :"
Philippine !iti=ens'
Se!tion 11(1)H +rti!le ME5 of the 1987 Constitution
pro%i&es; C3he ownership an& ana,eent of
ass e&ia shall :e liite& to !iti=ens of the
PhilippinesH or to !orporationsH !ooperati%es or
asso!iationsH wholl"*owne& an& ana,e& :"
su!h !iti=ens'C
C'ine%e "iti)en%5 engaging in retai trade 6>;<
899?7
State whether or not the followin, laws are
!onstitutional' /0plain :riefl"'
#' + law prohi:itin, Chinese !iti=ens fro
en,a,in, in retail tra&e' (2N) S<$$/S3/-
+NS6/1: 3he law is in%ali& as it sin,les out an&
&epri%es Chinese !iti=ens fro en,a,in, in retail
tra&e' 5n 5!hon, %' @ernan&e=H
$'1' No' 7*7992H 8a" 31H1927H the !ourt
hel& that the 3reat" of +it" :etween the
1epu:li! of the Philippines an& the 1epu:li!
of China ,uarantees e?ualit" of treatent to
the Chinese nationals Cupon the sae ters
as the nationals of an" other !ountr"'C 3husH
the !ourt rule& therein that the nationals of
China are not &is!riinate& a,ainst :e!ause
nationals of all other !ountriesH e0!ept those
of the <nite& StatesH who are ,rante&
spe!ial ri,hts :" the ConstitutionH are all
prohi:ite& fro en,a,in, in the retail tra&e'
5n the !ase at :arH the law &is!riinates onl"
a,ainst Chinese !iti=ens an& thus %iolates
the e?ual prote!tion !lause'
E,$oration3 de*eo$+ent3 and -tii)ation o#
nat-ra re%o-r"e% 6>;<899?7
/0plain :riefl"'
2' + law !reatin, a state !orporation to
e0ploitH &e%elopH an& utili=e !opresse& natural
,as' (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1: 3he law is %ali& as
un&er +rti!le M55H Se!tion 2 of the 1987
ConstitutionH the e0plorationH &e%elopentH
an& utili=ation of natural resour!es shall :e
un&er the full !ontrol an& super%ision of the
State' 5t is also pro%i&e& that the State a"
&ire!tl" un&ertaDe su!h a!ti%ities or it a"
enter into !o*pro&u!tionH ;oint %enture or
sharin, a,reeents with Filipino !iti=ens or
!orporations or asso!iationsH at least )0N
Filipino*owne&'
FurtheroreH the Presi&ent a" enter into
a,reeents with forei,n*owne& !orporations
in%ol%in, te!hni!al or finan!ial assistan!e for
lar,e*s!ale e0plorationH &e%elopentH an&
utili=ation of ineralsH petroleu an& other
ineral oilsH a!!or&in, to ters an& !on&itions
pro%i&e& :" law' + state !orporationH unliDe a
pri%ate !orporationH a" :e !reate& :" spe!ial
law an& pla!e& un&er the !ontrol of the
Presi&entH su:;e!t to su!h !on&itions as the
!reatin, statute a" pro%i&e'
ARTICLE /III So"ia .-%ti"e and
H-+an Rig't% Agrarian Re#or+ La15
Co*erage 619987
No' 12: 3eo&oro 7u=un, is en,a,e& in the
:usiness of prawn farin,H 3he prawns are
nurture& in his fishpon&s in 8in&oro an&H upon
har%estH are ie&iatel" fro=en for e0port'
Con,ress passe& the Coprehensi%e +,rarian
1efor 7aw of 1988 whi!h pro%i&es aon,
others that all pri%ate lan&s &e%ote& to a,ri!ulture
shall :e su:;e!t to a,rarian refor' 3he law
in!lu&es un&er the ter Ca,ri!ultureC the
followin, a!ti%ities: !ulti%ation of the soilH plantin,
of !ropsH ,rowin, of fruit treesH raisin, of
li%esto!DH poultr" or fish' 3he -epartent of
+,rarian 1efor issue& an ipleentin, or&er
whi!h pro%i&es that !oer!ial fars use& for
a?ua*!ultureH in!lu&in, salt*:e&sH fishpon&s an&
prawn fars are within the s!ope of the law'
Can the law :e &e!lare& un!onstitutionalL
-e!i&e'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
+s hel& in L*= 8ar0s /s. 7ecre+ary o) +-e
;epar+0en+ o) Agrarian Re)or0H 192 SC1+ 21H the
law is un!onstitutional insofar as it in!lu&e&
li%esto!DH poultr" an& swine raisin,' 5n the &efinition
of the a,ri!ultural lan& whi!h the Constitutional
Coission a&opte& in
!onne!tion with a,rarian reforH lan&s &e%ote& to
su!h purposes were not in!lu&e&' @owe%erH :oth
the law an& the ipleentin, or&er are
!onstitutional insofar as the" in!lu&e& fishpon&s'
3he &efinition of a,ri!ultural lan& whi!h the
Constitutional Coission a&opte& in!lu&e&
fishpon&s'
Co++i%%ion on H-+an Rig't%5 Po1er to
in*e%tigate 619987
No' 12 *6alan, Su,atH a %i,ilante ,roup
!opose& of pri%ate :usinessen an& !i%i!
lea&ers pre%iousl" %i!tii=e& :" the Nationalist
Patrioti! +r" (NP+) re:el ,roupH was ipli!ate&
in the torture an& Di&nappin, of -r' 8en,eleH a
Dnown NP+ s"pathi=er'
:) -oes the Coission on @uan 1i,hts ha%e
the power to in%esti,ate an& a&;u&i!ate the
atterL
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1;
:) <n&er Se!tion 18H +rti!le M555 of the
ConstitutionH the Coission on @uan 1i,hts
has the power to in%esti,ate all fors of huan
ri,hts %iolations in%ol%in, !i%il an& politi!al ri,hts
an& to onitor the !oplian!e :" the ,o%ernent
with international treat" o:li,ations on huan
ri,hts' +s hel& in Carino %s' Coission on
@uan 1i,htsH 20# SC1+ #83H the Coission
on @uan 1i,hts has no power to &e!i&e !ases
in%ol%in, %iolations of !i%il an& politi!al ri,hts' 5t
!an onl" in%esti,ate the an& then refer the
atter to the appropriate ,o%ernent a,en!"'
+73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1:
5f what is referre& to in the pro:le is the
Coission on @uan 1i,hts un&er the <nite&
National /!onoi! an& So!ial Coun!ilH the !ase
a" :e in%esti,ate& :" the Coission :ase& on
a spe!ial pro!e&ure for fa!t*fin&in, an& in?uir"
:ase& on the !onsent of the States !on!erne&'
@owe%erH this &oes not !onstitute in%esti,ation in
the usual sense of the terH with no o:;e!ti%e of
esta:lishin, !ulpa:ilit"' 3he Coission on
@uan 1i,hts is not epowere& to aDe
a&;u&i!ations'
i%%-e TRO 619977
No' 8 * +:out a hun&re& people o!!upie& a
par!el of lan& in (ue=on Cit" :elon,in, to the
!it" ,o%ernent an& :uilt shanties thereon whi!h
the" utili=e& for &wellin,H sari*sari storesH et!' 3he
Cit" 8a"or issue& an or&er &ire!tin,
the o!!upants to %a!ate the stru!tures within fi%e
&a"s fro noti!eH otherwise the" woul& :e e%i!te&
an& relo!ate& an& their shanties reo%e&H in
or&er that the par!el of lan& !oul& :e !on%erte&
into a parD for pu:li! use an& en;o"ent' 3he
inha:itants of the par!el of lan& !oplaine& to the
Coission on @uan 1i,hts ur,in, that the
8a"or of (ue=on Cit" :e stoppe& fro &oin,
what he has threatene& to &o' 3he Coission
on @uan 1i,htsH after !on&u!tin, an
in%esti,ation an& fin&in, that the shanties of
petitioners were alrea&" :ein, &eolishe& :"
thenH or&ere& the (ue=on Cit" 8a"or an& persons
5pleentin, his or&er to !ease an& &esist fro
&eolishin, petitionersB shanties un&er pain of
!ontept'
6hat ha%e "ou to sa" on the %ali&it" of the
a!tuation of the Coission on @uan 1i,hts in
relation to that of the (ue=on Cit" 8a"orL
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
3he a!tuation of the Coission on @uan
1i,hts is %oi&' 5n 7i0on /s. Co00ission on
@*0an Rig-+sH 229 SC1+ 117' the Court hel&
that the Coission on @uan 1i,hts has no
power to issue a restrainin, or&er or a writ of
in;un!tion an& has no power to !ite for !ontept
for %iolation of the restrainin, or&er or a writ of
preliinar" in;un!tion' 3he !ease an& &esist
or&erH a!!or&in, to the CourtH is a seanti!
5nterpla" for a restrainin, or&er' 5ts power to !ite
for !ontept shoul& :e un&erstoo& to appl" onl"
to %iolations of its a&opte& operational ,ui&elines
an& rules of pro!e&ure essential to !arr" out its
in%esti,atorial powersH whi!h it is !onstitutionall"
authori=e& to a&opt'
i%%-e TRO 689917
No E5 * 5n or&er to ipleent a :i, ,o%ernent
floo& !ontrol pro;e!tH the -epartent of Pu:li!
6orDs an& @i,hwa"s (-P6@) an& a lo!al
,o%ernent unit (7$<) reo%e& s?uatters fro
the :anD of a ri%er an& !ertain esteros for
relo!ation to another pla!e' 3heir shanties were
&eolishe&' 3he Coission on @uan 1i,hts
(C@1) !on&u!te& an in%esti,ation an& issue& an
or&er for the -P6@ an& the 7$< to !ease an&
&esist fro effe!tin, the reo%al of the s?uatters
on the ,roun& that the huan ri,hts of the
s?uatters were :ein, %iolate&' 3he -P6@ an&
the 7$< o:;e!te& to the or&er of the C@1
1esol%e whi!h position is !orre!t' 1easons (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1;
3he position of the -epartent of Pu:li! 6orDs
an& @i,hwa"s an& of the lo!al ,o%ernent unit is
!orre!t' +s hel& in /0port Pro!essin, .one
+uthorit" %' Coission on @uan 1i,htsH 208
SC1+122 (1992)H no pro%ision in the Constitution
or an" law !onfers on the Coission on @uan
1i,hts ;uris&i!tion to issue teporar" restrainin,
or&ers or writs of preliinar" in;un!tion' 3he
Coission on @uan 1i,hts has no ;u&i!ial
power' 5ts powers are erel" in%esti,ator"'
Co++i%%ion on H-+an Rig't%5 Po1er5
Li+itation% 6>;<899A7
(2) S?uatters an& %en&ors ha%e put up
stru!tures in an area inten&e& for a PeopleBs ParDH
whi!h are ipe&in, the flow of traffi! in the
a&;oinin, hi,hwa"' 8a"or Cru= ,a%e noti!e for the
stru!tures to :e reo%e&H an& the area %a!ate&
within a onthH or elseH fa!e &eolition an&
e;e!tent' 3he o!!upants file& a !ase with the
Coission on @uan 1i,hts (C@1) to stop the
8a"orBs o%e'
3he C@1 then issue& an Cor&er to &esistC
a,ainst 8a"or Cru= with warnin, that he
woul& :e hel& in !ontept shoul& he fail to
!opl" with the &esistan!e or&er' 6hen the
allotte& tie lapse&H 8a"or Cru= !ause& the
&eolition an& reo%al of the stru!tures'
+!!or&in,l"H the C@1 !ite& hi for !ontept'
(2N)
(a) 6hat is "our !on!ept of @uan 1i,htsL
-oes this !ase in%ol%e %iolations of huan
ri,hts within the s!ope of the C@1Bs
;uris&i!tionL S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1: <n&er
the <ni%ersal -e!laration of @uan 1i,htsH the
5nternational Co%enant on /!onoi!H So!ial
an& Cultural 1i,hts an& 5nternational Co%enant
on Ci%il an& Politi!al 1i,htsH the s!ope of
huan ri,hts in!lu&es C+-ose +-a+ re'a+e +o an
indi/id*a'Fs socia'( econo0ic( c*'+*ra'( po'i+ica'
and ci/i' re'a+ions... a'ong &i+- &-a+ is
genera''y considered +o be -is in-eren+ and
ina'ienab'e rig-+s( enco0passing a'0os+ a''
aspec+s o) 'i)e'C
5n the !ase at :arH the lan& a&;oins a :us"
national hi,hwa" an& the !onstru!tion of
the s?uatter shanties ipe&es the flow of
traffi!' 3he
!onse?uent &an,er to life an& li: !annot
:e i,nore&' 5t is para&o0i!al that a ri,ht
whi!h is !laie& to ha%e :een %iolate& is
one that !annotH in the first pla!eH e%en :e
in%oDe&H if it isH in fa!tH e0tant' 9ase& on
the !ir!ustan!es o:tainin, in this
instan!eH the C@1 or&er for &eolition &o
not fall within the !opartent of huan
ri,hts %iolations in%ol%in, !i%il an& politi!al
ri,hts inten&e& :" the Constitution' (Sion
%' Coission on @uan 1i,htsH $'1' No'
100120H >anuar" 2H 199#)
(:) Can the C@1 issue an Cor&er to &esistC or
restrainin, or&erL S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1: 3he
C@1 a" not issue an Cor&er to &esistC or
restrainin, or&er' 3he !onstitutional pro%ision
&ire!tin, the C@1 to pro%i&e for pre%enti%e
easures to those whose huan ri,hts ha%e
:een %iolate& or nee& prote!tion a" not :e
!onstrue& to !onfer ;uris&i!tion on the
Coission to issue a restrainin, or&er or writ
of in;un!tion forH it that were the intentionH the
Constitution woul& ha%e e0pressl" sai& so'
>uris&i!tion is !onferre& onl" :" the Constitution
or :" law' 5t is ne%er &eri%e& :" ipli!ation'
(/0port Pro!essin, .one +uthorit" %'
Coission on @uan 1i,htsH $'1' No'
101#7)H +pril 1#H 1992)
(!) 5s the C@1 epowere& to &e!lare 8a"or
Cru= in !onteptL -oes it ha%e !ontept
powers at allL S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1: 3he
C@1 &oes not possess a&;u&i!ati%e fun!tions
an& thereforeH on its ownH is not epowere& to
&e!lare 8a"or Cru= in !ontept for issuin,
the Cor&er to &esist'C @owe%erH un&er the 1987
ConstitutionH the C@1 is !onstitutionall"
authori=e&H in the e0er!ise of its in%esti,ati%e
fun!tionsH to Ca&opt its operational ,ui&elines
an& rules of pro!e&ureH an& !ite for !ontept
for %iolations thereof in a!!or&an!e with the
1ules of Court'C +!!or&in,l"H the C@1H in the
!ourse of an in%esti,ationH a" onl" !ite or
hol& an" person in !ontept an& ipose the
appropriate penalties in a!!or&an!e with the
pro!e&ure an& san!tions pro%i&e& for in the
1ules of Court' (Carino %' Coission on
@uan 1i,htsH $'1' No' 9))81H -e!e:er
2H 1991)
Labor5 Rig't to Se#<Organi)ation 619887
No' 2: 9e!ause of the arDe& in!rease in the
in!i&en!e of la:or striDes an& of worD stoppa,es in
in&ustrial esta:lishentsH Con,ress inten&in, to
help proote in&ustrial pea!eH passe&H o%er the
o:;e!tions of ilitant la:or unionsH an aen&ent
to the 7a:or Co&eH pro%i&in, that no person who is
or has :een a e:er of the Counist Part"
a" ser%e as an offi!er of an" la:or or,ani=ation in
the !ountr"' +n asso!iation of forer NP+s (New
Peoples +r") who ha& surren&ere&H a%aile& of
anest"H an& are presentl" lea&in, ?uiet an&
pea!eful li%esH !oes to "ou asDin, what !oul& :e
&one a,ainst the aen&ent' 6hat woul& "ou
a&%ise the asso!iation to &oL /0plain'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
5n PA8L6 /. 7ecre+ary o) LaborH 27 SC1+ #0
(19)9) the Supree Court uphel& the %ali&it" of
se!' 23 of the 5n&ustrial Pea!e +!t re?uirin, la:or
unions to su:itH within )0 &a"s of the ele!tion of
its offi!ersH affi&a%its of the latter that the" are not
e:ers of the Counist Part"H a,ainst the
!lai that the re?uireent un&ul" !urtaile&
free&o of asse:l" an& asso!iation' 3he Court
pointe& out that the filin, of the affi&a%its was
erel" a !on&ition for the a!?uisition :" a la:or
or,ani=ation of le,al personalit" an& the
en;o"ent of !ertain ri,hts an& pri%ile,es whi!h
the Constitution &oes not ,uarantee' An the other
han&H the re?uireent !onstitutes a %ali& e0er!ise
of the StateBs poli!e power to prote!t the pu:li!
a,ainst a:useH frau& an& ipostors'
9ut the &is?ualifi!ation of e:ers of the CPP
an& its ilitar" arH the NP+H fro :ein, offi!ers
of a la:or union woul& (1) nullif" the anest"
,rante& :" the Presi&ent with the !on!urren!eH it
a" :e assue&H of the a;orit" of the e:ers
of Con,ress an& (2) perit the !on&enation of
the forer NP+ e:ers without ;u&i!ial trial in a
wa" that aDes it !ontrar" to the prohi:ition
a,ainst the ena!tent of :ill of attain&er an& e0
post fa!to law' 3he anest" ,rante& to the forer
NP+s o:literate& their offense an& relie%e& the
of the punishent ipose& :" law' (9arrio?uinto
%H Fernan&e=H 82 Phil' )#2 (19#9))' 3he
aen&ent woul& aDe the ,uilt" of an a!tH
that of ha%in, :een forer e:ers of the NP+H
for whi!h the" ha%e alrea&" :een for,i%en :"
Presi&ential anest"'
For these reasonsH 5 woul& a&%ise the
asso!iation to worD for the %eto of the :ill an&H if
it is not %etoe& :ut :e!oes a lawH to !hallen,e
it in !ourt'
Labor5 Rig't to StriIe 619887
No= 1: @earin,s :efore a !on,ressional !oittee
ha%e esta:lishe& that an" firs at the 9ataan
/0port Pro!essin, .one ha& !lose& &own or
pulle& out :e!ause of unsta:le la:or !on&itions
resultin, in so an" striDes' 3o ree&" the
situation an& in;e!t %italit" to the e0port e0pansion
pro,raH soe !on,ressional lea&ers an&
:usiness e0e!uti%es propose that striDe*free
e0port =ones :e esta:lishe&'
-o "ou :elie%e that un&er the present
ConstitutionH it is le,all" possi:le to put up su!h a
striDe*free e0port pro!essin, =one in the !ountr"L
6h" or wh" notL
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
No' 3he fa!t that an" firs at the 9ataan /P.+
ha%e :een for!e& to !lose &own :" unsta:le la:or
!on&ition :rou,ht a:out :" striDe &oes not ;ustif"
the :an on striDe' 3he Constitution ,uarantees the
ri,hts of worDers to en,a,e in Cpea!eful !on!erte&
a!ti%itiesH in!lu&in, the ri,ht to striDe in
a!!or&an!e with law'C (+rt' M555H se!' 3)' 5t is ille,al
striDes whi!h !an :e prohi:ite& :ut not all striDes'
For striDe is la:orBs le,itiate weapon' 5n the
a:sen!e of a !opellin, interest of the state (su!h
as health an& safet"H e','H the prohi:ition of striDe
in hospitals an& in&ustries in&ispensa:le to the
national interest) it !annot :e prohi:ite&'
Labor5 Rig't to StriIe 6199:7
No' 12: Con,ressan Chen, sa"s he is one of
the !o*authors of the Su:i! 9a" 8etropolitan
+uthorit" Charter' @e &e!lares that the S98+ is
the answer to rapi& e!onoi! ,rowth an& the
attainent of the Presi&entBs Philippine 2000C
&rea' @owe%erH Chen, is worrie& that forei,n
!apital i,ht :e slow in !oin, in &ue to unsta:le
worDin, !on&itions resultin, fro too an"
striDes' 3o ree&" this situation' Chen, proposes
an aen&ent to S98+ law &e!larin, it as a
striDe*free =one or total :an on striDes' 5s this
proposal le,all" &efensi:leL /0plain :riefl"'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
+rt' M555' se!' 3 of the Constitution ,uarantees
the ri,ht of all worDers to en,a,e in pea!eful
!on!erte& a!ti%itiesH in!lu&in, the ri,ht to striDe
in a!!or&an!e with law' 3husH a law !annot totall"
prohi:it the ri,ht to striDe :ut !an onl" re,ulate the
e0er!ise thereof' @is proposal to :an striDes
totall" in the Su:i! Spe!ial /!onoi! an&
Freeport .one isH therefore un!onstitutional'
+73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1:
6hile the Constitution ,uarantees to worDers the
ri,ht to en,a,e in pea!eful !on!erte& a!ti%itiesH
5n!lu&in, the ri,ht to striDeH su!h ri,ht !an onl" :e
e0er!ise& in a!!or&an!e with law' 3he phrase Cin
a!!or&an!e with lawC was 5nserte& pre!isel" to
5n&i!ate that in soe e0!eptional !ases worDers
woul& not ha%e the ri,ht to striDe if it is prohi:ite& :"
law' @en!eH the proposal to :an striDes totall" in the
Su:i! Spe!ial /!onoi! an& Freeport .one is
!onstitutional' (So!ial Se!urit" S"ste /plo"ees
+sso!iation %s' Court of +ppealsH 172 SC1+ )8)H
>ul" 28' 1989; 8anila Pu:li! S!hool 3ea!hers
+sso!iation %' 7a,uioH 200 SC1+ 323 (1991))'
So"ia .-%ti"e -nder t'e Pre%ent Con%tit-tion
6199A7
No' 1* 1' -is!uss the !on!ept of so!ial ;usti!e
un&er the 1987 ConstitutionH
2' @ow &oes it !opare with the ol& !on!ept of
so!ial >usti!e un&er the 1973 ConstitutionL <n&er
the 1932 ConstitutionL
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1
1' Se!tion 10H +rti!le 55 of the 1987 Constitution
pro%i&es' C3he State shall proote so!ial ;usti!e
in all phases of national &e%elopentC' +s state&
in 8ar?ue= %s' Se!retar" of 7a:orH 171 SC1+
337H so!ial ;usti!e eans that the State shoul&
assist the un&erpri%ile,e&' 6ithout su!h helpH
the" i,ht not :e a:le to se!ure ;usti!e for
thesel%es' Sin!e the pro%ision on so!ial ;usti!e
in the 1987 Constitution !o%ers all phases of
national &e%elopentH it is not liite& to the
reo%al of so!io*e!onoi! ine?uities :ut also
in!lu&es politi!al an& !ultural ine?uities' 3he 1987
Constitution ela:orate& on the !on!ept of so!ial
;usti!e :" &e%otin, an entire arti!leH +rti!le M555H to
it'
+lternati%e +nswers:
a) Se!tion 2H +rti!le 55 of the 1932 Constitution
pro%i&e&H C3he prootion of so!ial ;usti!e to
5nsure the well*:ein, an& e!onoi! se!urit" of all
the people shoul& :e the !on!ern of the State'C
6hile this pro%ision e:o&ie& the !on!ept of
so!ial ;usti!e as an o:li,ation of the
State to alle%iate the pli,ht of the un&erpri%ile,e&
:" reo%in, 5ne?uitiesH it sipl" a&e a ,eneral
poli!" &e!laration an& fo!use& on so!ial an&
e!onoi! ine?uitiesH
:) 5n the 1987 ConstitutionH so!ial >usti!e is
!on!eptuali=e& as a set of spe!ifi! e!onoi!H
so!ial an& !ultural ri,hts'
!) 3he 1987 Constitutional pro%ision on so!ial
;usti!e in!lu&es all phases of national
&e%elopent' 5t in!lu&es e!onoi!H politi!alH so!ial
an& !ultural ri,hts'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1
2' 5n Calalan, %' 6illiasH et' al'' 70 Phil' 72)H
so!ial ;usti!e was &efine& as Cneither !ounis
nor &espotisH nor atoisH nor anar!h"H :ut the
huani=ation of laws an& the e?uali=ation of
so!ial an& e!onoi! for!es :" the State so that
;usti!e in its rational an& o:;e!ti%el" se!ular
!on!eption a" at least :e appro0iate&' So!ial
;usti!e eans the prootion of the welfare of all
the peopleH the a&option :" the ,o%ernent of
easures !al!ulate& to insure e!onoi! sta:ilit"
of all the !opetent eleents of so!iet"H throu,h
the aintenan!e of a proper e!onoi! an& so!ial
e?uili:riu in the interrelations of the e:ers of
the !ounit"HC
An the other han&H Se!tion )H +rti!le 55 of the 1973
Constitution pro%i&e&' 3he State shall proote
so!ial ;usti!e to ensure the &i,nit"H welfareH an&
se!urit" of all the people' 3owar& this en&' the
State shall re,ulate the a!?uisitionH ownershipH
useH en;o"entH an& &isposition of pri%ate propert"H
an& e?uita:l" &iffuse propert" ownership an&
profits'C 3his pro%ision e0poun&e& on the !on!ept
of so!ial ;usti!e :" e0pressl" entionin, the
re,ulation of propert" an& the e?uita:le &iffusion of
ownership'
Note: 5t is su,,este& that the e0ainer shoul&
!orrelate the answers to :oth ?uestions an& ,i%e
!re&it to answers whi!h state that there is an
e0pansion of the ran,e of so!ial >usti!e in the
1987 Constitution !opare& to the 1932 an& the
1973 Constitution'
4o+en 689997
No 5M' :) 6hat are the pro%isions of the
Constitution on woenL (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
:) 3he followin, are the pro%isions of the
Constitution on woen:
1) C5t (the State) shall e?uall" prote!t
the life of the other an& the life of the
un:orn fro !on!eption'C (Se!tion 12H +rti!le
55)
2) 3he State re!o,ni=es the role of
woen in nation*:uil&in,H an& shall ensure
the fun&aental e?ualit" :efore the law of
woen an& en'C (Se!tion 1#H +rti!le 55)
3) C3he State shall prote!t worDin,
woen :" pro%i&in, safe an& healthful
worDin, !on&itionsH taDin, into a!!ount their
aternal fun!tionsH an& su!h fa!ulties an&
opportunities that will enhan!e their welfare
an& ena:le the to reali=e their full potential
in the ser%i!e of the nation'C (Se!tion 1#H
+rti!le M555)
ARTICLE /I( Ed-"ation3
S"ien"e and Te"'noogy3 Art%
Ed-"ation5 A"ade+i" Freedo+ 619877
No' M: CMCH a son of a ri!h fail"H applie& for
enrolent with the San Carlos Seinar" in
8an&alu"on,H 8etro 8anila' 9e!ause he ha&
:een pre%iousl" e0pelle& fro another seinar"
for s!holasti! &efi!ien!"H the 1e!tor of San Carlos
Seinar" &enie& the appli!ation without ,i%in, an"
,roun&s for the &enial' +fter CMC was refuse&
a&issionH the 1e!tor a&itte& another appli!antH
who is the son of a poor farer who was also
a!a&ei!all" &efi!ient'
000
(:) Prepare a :rief ar,uent !itin, rulesH lawsH or
Constitutional pro%isions in support of the
1e!torBs &enial of the otion for re!onsi&eration'
(!) $i%e "our &e!ision on the appeal of CMC fro
the 1e!torBs &enial of CMBsC appli!ationH
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
(:) 3he seinar" has institutional autono"
whi!h ,i%es it the ri,htH all thin,s :ein, e?ualH to
!hoose who it will a&it as stu&ent' ($ar!ia %'
Fa!ult" of +&issionH 7o"ola S!hool of 3heolo,"H
)8 SC1+ 277 (1972); Eillar %' 3e!hnolo,i!al
5nstitute of the PhilippinesH 132 SC1+ 70)
(1982); 3an,onan
%' Cru= PanoH 137 SC1+ 2#2 (1982) ) 3his
autono" is suffi!ientl" lar,e to perit in this
!ase the seinar" to !hoose :etween the ri!h
anBs son an& the poor anBs son'
46
(!) 3he preferen!e ,i%en to the poor anBs son is
;ustifie&' Not onl" is the seinar" entitle& to
!hoose who it will a&it :e!ause it en;o"s
institutional autono" (+rt' M5EH Se!' 2(2) ) :ut
the !hoi!e a&e in this !ase is a wise an&
;u&i!ious one' 3he ri!h anBs son ha& :een
e0pelle& fro another s!hool :e!ause of
a!a&ei! &elin?uen!"' -espite the e!onoi!
a&%anta,e an& opportunit" he ha&H he still faile&
in his s!hool worDH warrantin, a fin&in, that he
!annot reall" &o s!hool worD' An the other han&H
the poor anBs son a" :e a!a&ei!all" &efi!ient
pre!isel" as a result of po%ert" so that if relie%e&
of its effe!ts it is pro:a:le he will &o :etter in
s!hool' 3he &eo!rati=ation of wealth an& powerH
ipli!it in +rt' M555H Se!' 1H an& ;ustifies the
&e!ision of the 1e!tor in this !ase'
Ed-"ation5 A"ade+i" Freedo+ 619897
No' 9: 6hat &o "ou un&erstan& :" a!a&ei!
free&oL
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
+!!or&in, to Si&ne" @ooDH a!a&ei! free&o is
the free&o of professionall" ?ualifie& persons to
in?uireH &is!o%erH pu:lish an& tea!h the truth as
the" see it in the fiel& of their !opeten!e without
:ein, su:;e!t to an" !ontrol or authorit" e0!ept
the !ontrol or authorit" of the rational etho&s :"
whi!h truths or !on!lusions are sou,ht an&
esta:lishe& in these &is!iplines'
5n $ar!ia %s' Fa!ult" +&ission CoitteeH )8
SC1+ 277H it was hel& that the a!a&ei! free&o
of institutions of hi,her learnin, in%ol%es a wi&e
sphere of autono" in &e!i&in, their o:;e!ti%es
an& the :est eans of attainin, the without
outsi&e interferen!e e0!ept when o%erri&in, pu:li!
welfare !alls for soe restraint' 3husH a s!hool
!an &eterine for itself who a" tea!hH who a"
:e tau,htH how it shall :e tau,htH an& who a" :e
a&itte& to stu&"' 5n 3an,onon %s' PanoH 137
SC1+ 2#2H it was hel& that the a!a&ei! free&o
of an institution of hi,her learnin, in!lu&es the
ri,ht to pres!ri:e a!a&ei! stan&ar&s an& to
refuse re*enrollent to stu&ents for a!a&ei!
&efi!ien!ies an& %iolation of &is!iplinar"
re,ulations' +!!or&in, to <ni%ersit" of San Carlos
%s' Court of +ppealsH
$'1' No' 79237H A!to:er 18H 1988H a!a&ei!
free&o in!lu&es the ri,ht to pres!ri:e
re?uireents for the !onferent of honors'
Ed-"ation5 A"ade+i" Freedo+ 6199:7
No' 18: 3in,H a stu&ent of 9an,Derohan <ni%ersit"H
was ,i%en a failin, ,ra&e :" Professor 8ahi,pit'
3in, !onfronte& Professor 8ahi,pit at the !orri&or
after !lass an& a heate& ar,uent ensue&' Cooler
hea&s pre%ente& the %er:al war en&in, in ph"si!al
!onfrontation' 8ahi,pit left the !apus an& went
shoppin, 5n a &epartent store' 3in, saw 8ahi,pit
an& without an" warnin, aule& the latter'
8ahi,pit file& an a&inistrati%e !oplaint a,ainst
3in, :efore the -ean of Stu&ents for :rea!h of
uni%ersit" rules an& re,ulations' 3he -ean set the
!oplaint for hearin,' @owe%erH 3in, file& a
petition :efore the 13C to prohi:it the -ean an&
the s!hool fro in%esti,atin, hi !onten&in, that
the aulin, in!i&ent happene& outsi&e the s!hool
preises an& thereforeH outsi&e the s!hoolBs
;uris&i!tion' 3he s!hool an& the -ean answere&
that the s!hool !an in%esti,ate 3in, sin!e his
!on&u!t outsi&e s!hool hours an& e%en outsi&e of
s!hool preises affe!t the welfare of the s!hool;
an& furtheroreH the !ase in%ol%es a stu&ent an&
fa!ult" e:er' 5f "ou were the ;u&,eH how woul&
"ou &e!i&e the !aseL
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
5f 5 were the >u&,eH 5 woul& &isiss the petition'
5n Ange'es / 7isonH 112 SC1+ 2)H it was hel&
that a s!hool !an su:;e!t to &is!iplinar" a!tion a
stu&ent who assaulte& a professor outsi&e the
s!hool preisesH :e!ause the is!on&u!t of the
stu&ent in%ol%es his status asH a stu&ent or
affe!ts the ,oo& nae or reputation of the
s!hool' 3he is!on&u!t of 3in, &ire!tl" affe!ts
his suita:ilit" as a stu&ent'
e$1o4e. b4 #$st#tut#o$s of h#3her lear$#$3. %)'(
SU99ESTE8 ANSWER/
A. A!!or.#$3 to Reyes /. Co*r+ o) Appea'sH 19#
SC1+ #02H a!a&ei! free&o is the free&o of a
fa!ult" e:er to pursue his stu&ies in his
parti!ular spe!ialt" an& thereafter to aDe Dnown
or pu:lish the result of his en&ea%ors without fear
that retri:ution woul& :e %isite& on hi in the
e%ent that his !on!lusions are foun& &istasteful or
o:;e!tiona:le :" the powers that :eH whether in
the politi!alH e!onoi!H or a!a&ei!
esta:lishents'
5n 3arcia /. 8ac*'+y Ad0ission Co00i++eeH )8
SC1+ 277H it was hel& that the
a!a&ei! free&o of an institution of hi,her
learnin, in!lu&es the free&o to &eterine who
a" tea!hH what a" :e tau,htH how it shall :e
tau,htH an& who a" :e a&itte& to stu&"'
9e!ause of a!a&ei! free&oH an institution of
hi,her learnin, !an refuse to re*enroll a stu&ent
who is a!a&ei!all" &efi!ient or who has %iolate&
the rules of &is!ipline' +!a&ei! free&o ,rants
institutions of hi,her learnin, the &is!retion to
forulate rules for the ,rantin, of honors'
7iDewiseH :e!ause of a!a&ei! free&oH an
institution of hi,her learnin, !an !lose a s!hool'
Ed-"ation5 Aien Enroee% B !onor% 619997
No 55 * C' 6hat is the rule on the nu:er of aliens
who a" enroll in e&u!ational institutions in the
Philippines' $i%e the e0!eption to the rule' 8a"
su!h institutions a!!ept &onations fro forei,n
stu&ents un&er the prete0t that su!h &onations are
to :e use& to :u" e?uipent an& ipro%e s!hool
fa!ilitiesL /0plain' (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
C' <n&er Se!tion #(2)H +rti!le M5E of the
ConstitutionH no ,roup of aliens shall !oprise
ore than one*thir& of the enrollent in an"
s!hool' 3he e0!eption refers to s!hools
esta:lishe& for forei,n &iploati! personnel an&
their &epen&ents an&H unless otherwise pro%i&e&
:" lawH for other forei,n teporar" resi&ents'
/&u!ational institutions a" a!!ept &onations
fro forei,n stu&ents' No pro%ision in the
Constitution or an" law prohi:its it'
Ed-"ation5 !-tie% o# State in Re Ed-"ation
619997
No 55 * 9' $i%e two &uties of the state an&ate& :"
the Constitution re,ar&in, e&u!ation' (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
9' +rti!le M5E of the Constitution iposes the
followin, &uties re,ar&in, e&u!ation upon the
State:
1' 3he State shall prote!t an& proote
the ri,ht of all !iti=ens to ?ualit" e&u!ation at
all le%els an& shall taDe appropriate steps to
aDe su!h e&u!ation a!!essi:le to all'
(Se!tion 1)
1 3he State shall esta:lishH aintain an& support a
!opleteH a&e?uateH an& inte,rate& s"ste of e&u!ation
rele%ant to the nee&s of the people an& so!iet"' PSe!tion
2(1)Q
2 3he State shall esta:lish an& aintain a s"ste of
free pu:li! e&u!ation in the eleentar" an& hi,h s!hool
le%els' PSe!tion 2(2)Q
3 3he State shall esta:lish an& aintain a s"ste of
s!holarship ,rantsH stu&ent loan pro,rasH su:si&iesH an&
other in!enti%es whi!h shall :e a%aila:le to &eser%in,
stu&ents in :oth pu:li! an& pri%ate s!hoolsH espe!iall" to
the un&erpri%ile,e&' PSe!tion 2(3)Q
# 3he State shall en!oura,e non*foralH inforal
an& in&i,enous learnin, s"stesH as well as self*learnin,H
in&epen&ent an& out*ofs!hool stu&" pro,ra parti!ularl"
those that respon& to !ounit" nee&sH PSe!tion 2W#WQ
2 3he State shall pro%i&e a&ult !iti=ensH the
&isa:le&H an& out*of*s!hool "outh with trainin, in !i%i!sH
%o!ational effi!ien!" an& other sDills' PSe!tion 2(2)Q
) 3he State shall taDe into a!!ount re,ional an&
se!toral nee&s an& !on&itions an& shall en!oura,e lo!al
plannin, in the &e%elopent of e&u!ational poli!ies an&
pro,ras' PSe!tion 2(1WQ
7 3he State shall enhan!e the ri,hts of tea!hers to
professional a&%an!eent' Non*tea!hin, a!a&ei! an&
non*a!a&ei! personnel shall en;o" the prote!tion of the
State' PSe!tion 2(#)Q
8 3he State shall assi,n the hi,hest :u&,etar"
priorit" to e&u!ation an& ensure that tea!hin, will attra!t
an& retain its ri,htful share of the :est a%aila:le talents
throu,h a&e?uate reuneration an& other eans of ;o:
satisfa!tion an& fulfillent' PSe!tion 2(2)Q
PNote: 3he ?uestion asDs for two !onstitutional
&uties of the state re,ar&in, e&u!ation'Q
Ed-"ation5 Fag Sa-te 619877
No' M555: 3he re?uireent that s!hool !hil&ren
parti!ipate in fla, !ereonies has :een the
su:;e!t of !ontro%ers"' An the one han& it is the
%iew that the re?uireent %iolates reli,ious
free&o; on the other is the Supree Court
&e!ision that :e!ause of rele%ant pro%isions of
the 1932 Constitution the fla, salute a" :e
%ali&l" re?uire&'
6hi!h of the a:o%e fin&s support on 1987
ConstitutionH Cite at least two pro%isions to pro%e
"our point'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
3he %iew that fla, salute a" %ali&l" :e re?uire&
fin&s support in the followin, pro%isions of the
1987 Constitution:
(a) +rtH M5EH Se!' 3(2)H whi!h pro%i&es that all
e&u!ational institutions shall in!ul!ate in stu&entsH
aon, other !i%il %irtuesH patriotis an&
nationalis an& tea!h the the ri,hts an& &uties
of !iti=enship' 3hus !onsi&era:l" :roa&enin, the
ais of s!hools is ori,inall" state& in the 1932
Constitution whi!h the Supree Court relie& upon
for its &e!ision in $erona %' Se!retar" of
/&u!ationH 10) Phil' 2 (1929)H uphol&in, the fla,
salute in the Philippines' 3he 1932 Constitution
sipl" entione& the &e%elopent of !i%i!
!ons!ien!e an& the tea!hin, of the &uties of
!iti=enship'
(:) +rt 55H Se!H 13 an&ates the State to Cin!ul!ate
in the "outh patriotis an& nationalisHC while
Se!' 17 re?uires the State to ,i%e priorit" to
e&u!ationH aon, other !on!ernsH Cto foster
patriotis an& nationalis'C
Ed-"ation5 A"ade+i" Freedo+5 E,tent 619997 No 55 * +'
6hat is +!a&ei! Free&oL -is!uss the e0tent of
+!a&ei! Free&o
47
Ed-"ation5 Rig't to C'oo%e Pro#e%%ion 689997
No 5E' <n&aunte& :" his three failures in the
National 8e&i!al +&ission 3est (N8+3)H Cru=
applie& to taDe it a,ain :ut he was refuse&
:e!ause of an or&er of the -epartent of
/&u!ationH Culture an& Sports (-/CS) &isallowin,
flunDers fro taDin, the test a fourth tie' Cru=
file& suit assailin, this rule raisin, the
!onstitutional ,roun&s of a!!essi:le ?ualit"
e&u!ationH a!a&ei! free&o an& e?ual
prote!tion' 3he ,o%ernent opposes thisH
uphol&in, the !onstitutionalit" of the rule on the
,roun& of e0er!ise of poli!e power' -e!i&e the
!ase &is!ussin, the ,roun&s raise&' (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
Sports %' San -ie,oH180 SC1+
233 (1989)H the rule is a %ali& e0er!ise of poli!e
power to ensure that those a&itte& to the e&i!al
profession are ?ualifie&' 3he ar,uents of Cru=
are not eritorious' 3he ri,ht to ?ualit" e&u!ation
an& a!a&ei! free&o are not a:solute' <n&er
Se!tion 2(3)H +rti!le M5E of the ConstitutionH the
ri,ht to !hoose a profession is su:;e!t to fairH
reasona:le an& e?uita:le a&ission an& a!a&ei!
re?uireents' 3he rule &oes not %iolate e?ual
prote!tion' 3here is a su:stantial &istin!tion
:etween e&i!al stu&ents an& other stu&ents'
<nliDe other professionsH the e&i!al profession
&ire!tl" affe!ts the li%es of the people'
Ed-"ation5 Rig't to >-aity Ed-"ation 6899:7
No 555 * Chil&ren who are e:ers of a reli,ious
se!t ha%e :een e0pelle& fro their respe!ti%e
pu:li! s!hools for refusin,H on a!!ount of their
reli,ious :eliefsH to taDe part in the fla, !ereon"
whi!h in!lu&es pla"in, :" a :an& or sin,in, the
national antheH salutin, the Philippine fla, an&
re!itin, the patrioti! ple&,e' 3he stu&ents an&
their parents assail the e0pulsion on the ,roun&
that the s!hool authorities ha%e a!te& in %iolation
of their ri,ht to free pu:li! e&u!ationH free&o of
spee!hH an& reli,ious free&o an& worship'
-e!i&e the !ase'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
3he stu&ents !annot :e e0pelle& fro s!hool' +s
hel& in :bra'inag /. T-e ;i/ision 7*perin+enden+
o) 7c-oo's o) Ceb*. 219 SC1+ 22) P1993QH to
!opel stu&ents to taDe part in the fla, !ereon"
when it is a,ainst their reli,ious :eliefs will %iolate
their reli,ious free&o' 3heir e0pulsion also
%iolates the &ut" of the State un&er +rti!le M5EH
Se!tion 1 of the Constitution to prote!t an&
proote the ri,ht of all !iti=ens to ?ualit"
e&u!ation an& aDe su!h e&u!ation a!!essi:le to
all'
Ed-"ation5 Tea"'ing o# Reigion 619997
No 55 * -' 6hat is the !onstitutional pro%ision
!on!ernin, the tea!hin, of reli,ion in the
eleentar" an& hi,h s!hools in the PhilippinesL
/0plain' (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
-' <n&er Se!tion 3(3)H +rti!le M5E of the
ConstitutionH at the option e0presse& in writin, :"
the parents or ,uar&iansH reli,ion shall :e
allowe& to :e tau,ht to their !hil&ren or war&s in
pu:li! eleentar" an& hi,h s!hools within the
re,ular !lass hours :" instru!tors &esi,nate& or
appro%e& :" the reli,ious authorities to whi!h the
!hil&ren or war&s :elon,H without a&&itional !ost
to the $o%ernent'
Ed-"ation5 (aidity o# A"ade+i" ReF-ire+ent%
6199;7
No' 12; 3he -epartent of /&u!ationH Culture
an& Sports 5ssue& a !ir!ular &is?ualif"in, an"one
who fails for the fourth tie in the National
/ntran!e 3ests fro a&ission to a Colle,e of
-entistr"'
M who was thus &is?ualifie&H ?uestions the
!onstitutionalit" of the !ir!ular'
1) -i& the !ir!ular &epri%e her of her
!onstitutional ri,ht to e&u!ationL
2) -i& the !ir!ular %iolate the e?ual prote!tion
!lause of the ConstitutionL
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
1) NoH the !ir!ular &is?ualif"in, an"one who fails
for the fourth tie in the National /ntran!e 3ests
fro a&ission to the Colle,e of -entistr" &i& not
&epri%e M of her !onstitutional ri,ht to e&u!ation'
Sports %s' San -ie,oH 180 SC1+ 233H this ri,ht is
not a:solute' Se!tion 2(3)' +rti!le M5E of the
Constitution pro%i&es that the ri,ht to !hoose a
profession or !ourse of stu&" is su:;e!t to fairH
reasona:le an& e?uita:le a&ission an&
a!a&ei! re?uireents' 1e?uirin, that those who
will enroll in a Colle,e of -entistr" shoul& pass the
National /ntran!e 3est is %ali&H :e!ause it is
inten&e& to ensure that onl" those who are
?ualifie& to :e &entists are a&itte& for enrollent'
2) NoH the !ir!ular &i& not %iolate the e?ual
prote!tion !lause of the Constitution' '''
ARTICLE /(I 2enera
Pro*i%ion%
2enera Pro*i%ion%5 Lo"a !iae"t 619877
No' E: State whether or not the followin, !it"
or&inan!es are %ali& an& ,i%e reasons in support
of "our answers:
(a) +n or&inan!e pres!ri:in, the use of the
lo!al &iale!t as e&iu of instru!tion in the
priar" ,ra&es'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
(a) 3he or&inan!eH whi!h pres!ri:es the use of the
lo!al &iale!t as e&iu of instru!tion in the
priar" ,ra&esH is in%ali&' 3he Constitution
pro%i&es in +rt M5EH Se!' 7 for the use of re,ional
&iale!t as au0iliar" e&iu of instru!tion' 5f the
or&inan!e pres!ri:es the use of lo!al &iale!t not
as au0iliar"H :ut as e0!lusi%e lan,ua,e of
instru!tionH then it is %iolati%e of the Constitution
for this a&&itional reason' 3he or&inan!e woul&
thus allow ore &iale!ts to :e use& than it is
&esira:le an& aDe the ?uest for national unit"
ore &iffi!ult'
AFP5 i+itation on a""e$ting additiona d-tie%
6199?7
No' 7: Can the >u&,e*+&%o!ate $eneral of the
+re& For!es of the Philippines :e appointe& a
3rustee of the $o%ernent Ser%i!e 5nsuran!e
S"steL /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
NoH the >u&,e +&%o!ate $eneral of the +re&
For!es of the Philippines !annot :e appointe& as
trustee of the $o%ernent Ser%i!e 5nsuran!e
S"ste' <n&er Se!tion 2(#)' +rti!le ME5 of the
ConstitutionH no e:er of the +re& For!es of
the Philippines in the a!ti%e ser%i!e shall at an"
tie :e appointe& or &esi,nate& in an" !apa!it" to
a !i%ilian position in the $o%ernentH in!lu&in,
,o%ernent*owne& or !ontrolle& !orporations'
ARTICLE /(II A+end+ent% or
Re*i%ion% Peo$eJ% Initiati*e 6899;7 6;<b7
+n aen&ent to or a re%ision of the present
Constitution a" :e propose& :" a Constitutional
Con%ention or :" the Con,ress upon a %ote of
three*fourths of all its e:ers' 5s there a thir&
wa" of proposin, re%isions of or aen&ents to
the ConstitutionL 5f soH howL (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1: 3here is no thir& wa" of
proposin, re%isions to the Constitution; howe%erH
the people throu,h initiati%e upon petition of at
least twel%e per !ent of the total nu:er of
re,istere&H %otersH of whi!h e%er" le,islati%e &istri!t
ust :e represente& :" at least three per !ent of
the re,istere& %oters in itH a" &ire!tl" propose
aen&ents to the Constitution' 3his ri,ht is not
operati%e without an ipleentin, law' (Se!tion 2H
+rti!le ME55 of the 1987 Constitution')
A+end+ent% and Re*i%ion%5 0ode% 619977
No' 20: State the %arious o&es ofH an& steps inH
re%isin, or aen&in, the Philippine Constitution'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
3here are three o&es of aen&in, the
Constitution'
1' <n&er Se!tion 1H +rti!le ME555 of the
Constitution' Con,ress a" :" three*fourths %ote
of all its 8e:ers propose an" aen&ent to or
re%ision of the Constitution'
2' <n&er the sae pro%isionH a !onstitutional
!on%ention a" propose an" aen&ent to or
re%ision of the Constitution' +!!or&in, to Se!tion
3H +rti!le ME55 of the Constitution' Con,ress a"
:" a two*thir&s %ote of all its 8e:ers !all a
!onstitutional !on%ention or :" a a;orit" %ote of
all its 8e:ers su:it the ?uestion of !allin, su!h
a !on%ention to the ele!torate'
3' <n&er Se!tion 2' +rti!le ME55 of the
ConstitutionH the people a" &ire!tl" propose
aen&ents to the Constitution throu,h initiati%e
upon a petition of at least twel%e per !ent of the
three per !ent of the re,istere& %oters therein'
+!!or&in, to Se!tion #H +rti!le ME55 of the
ConstitutionH to :e %ali& an" aen&ent to or
re%ision of the Constitution ust :e ratifie& :"
a a;orit" of the %otes !ast 5n a ple:is!ite'
REFEREN!U0 *%= INITIATI(E 6>1<899A7
(a) 3he present Constitution intro&u!e& the
!on!epts an& pro!esses of 5nitiati%e an&
1eferen&u' Copare an& &ifferentiate one fro
the other' (3N) S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
5N535+35E/ is the power of the people to propose
aen&ents to the Constitution or to propose
an& ena!t le,islations throu,h an ele!tion !alle&
for the purpose' <n&er the 1987 ConstitutionH the
people throu,h initiati%e !an propose
aen&ents to the Constitution upon a petition of
at least twel%e per !entu of the total nu:er of
re,istere& %otersH of whi!h e%er" le,islati%e
&istri!t ust :e represente& :" at least three per
!entu of the re,istere& %oters therein'
1/F/1/N-<8 is the power of the ele!torate to
appro%e or re;e!t a le,islation throu,h an ele!tion
!alle& for the purpose' (Se!' 3H 1'+' No' )732
P1989Q)'
An the other han&H the 7o!al $o%ernent Co&e
(1'+' No' 71)0) &efines 7AC+7 5N535+35E/ as
the le,al pro!ess where:" the re,istere& %oters
of a lo!al ,o%ernent unit a" &ire!tl" proposeH
ena!tH or aen& an" or&inan!e (Se!' 120) an&
7AC+7 1/F/1/N-<8 as the le,al pro!ess
where:" the re,istere& %oters of the lo!al
,o%ernent units a" appro%eH aen& or re;e!t
an" or&inan!e ena!te& :" the San,,unian' (Se!'
12))
ARTICLE /(III Tran%itory
Pro*i%ion% Tran%itory Pro*i%ion%5 Foreign
0iitary &a%e% 6199?7
No' # * 1) <n&er the e0e!uti%e a,reeent entere&
into :etween the Philippines an& the other
e:ers of the +S/+NH the other e:ers will
ea!h sen& a :attalion*si=e unit of their respe!ti%e
are& for!es to !on&u!t a !o:ine& ilitar"
e0er!ise in the Su:i! 9a" +rea' + ,roup of
!on!erne& !iti=ens sou,ht to en;oin the entr" of
forei,n troops as %iolati%e of the 1987 Constitution
that prohi:ite& the stationin, of forei,n troops an&
the use :" theH of lo!al fa!ilities'
+s the >u&,eH &e!i&e the !ase' /0plain'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
1) +s a ;u&,eH 5 shall &isiss the !ase' 6hat
Se!tion 22H +rti!le ME55 of the Constitution
prohi:its in the a:sen!e of a treat" is the
stationin, of troops an& fa!ilities of forei,n
!ountries in the Philippines' 5t &oes not in!lu&e
the teporar" presen!e in the Philippines of
forei,n troops for the purpose of a !o:ine&
ilitar" e0er!ise' 9esi&esH the hol&in, of the
!o:ine& ilitar" e0er!ise is !onne!te& with
&efenseH whi!h is a so%erei,n fun!tion' 5n
a!!or&an!e with the rulin, in 9aer %s' 3i=onH 27
SC1+ 1H the filin, of an a!tion interferin, with the
&efense of the State aounts to a suit a,ainst the
State without its !onsent'
Tran%itory Pro*i%ion%5 Foreign 0iitary &a%e%
619887
No' 22: 3he Se!retar" of >usti!e ha& re!entl" rule&
that the Presi&ent a" ne,otiate for a o&ifi!ation
or e0tension of ilitar" :ases a,reeent with the
<nite& States re,ar&less of the Cno nuDesC
pro%isions in the 1987 Constitution' 3he Presi&ent
forthwith announ!e& that she fin&s the sae opinion
Ca!!epta:leC an& will a&opt it' 3he Senators on
the other han&H le& :" the Senate Presi&entH are
sDepti!alH an& ha& e%en warne& that no treat" or
international a,reeent a" ,o into effe!t
without the !on!urren!e of two*thir&s of all
e:ers of the Senate'
+ forer senator ha& sai&H Cit is !opletel" wron,H if
not erroneousHC an& Cis an aen&ent of the
Constitution :" isinterpretation'C Soe e:ers
of the 7ower @ouse a,ree with Se!retar" Ar&one=H
while others laent the latterBs opinion as
C?uestiona:leH unfortunateH an& without an" :asis at
all'C
-o "ou or &o "ou not a,ree with the
aforeentione& rulin, of the -epartent of
>usti!eL 6h"L
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
No' 3he Constitution pro%i&es that if forei,n
ilitar" :asesH troops or fa!ilities are to :e
allowe& after the e0piration of the present
Philippine*+eri!an 8ilitar" 9ases +,reeent in
1991H it ust :e Cun&er a treat" &ul" !on!urre& in
:" the Senate an&H when the Con,ress so
re?uiresH ratifie& :" a a;orit" of the %otes !ast :"
the people in a national referen&u'C (+rt' ME555H
se!' 22) + ere a,reeentH thereforeH not a
treat"H without the !on!urren!e of at least 2I3 of
all the e:ers of the Senate will not :e %ali&
(+rt' E55H se!' 21H +rt' ME555H se!' #)' 6ith respe!t
to the pro%ision allowin, nu!lear weapons within
the :asesH the Constitution appears to :an su!h
weapons fro the Philippine territor"' 5t &e!lares
as a state poli!" that Cthe PhilippinesH !onsistent
with the national interestH a&opts an& pursues a
poli!" of free&o fro nu!lear weapons in its
territor"'C (+rtH 55H se!' 8) @owe%erH the
&eli:erations of the Constitutional Coission
woul& see to in&i!ate that this pro%ision of the
Constitution is Cnot soethin, a:solute nor 100
per!ent without e0!eption'C 5t a" therefore :e
that !ir!ustan!es a" ;ustif" a pro%ision on
nu!lear weapons'
PU&LIC INTERNATIONAL LA4
&a%i" Prin"i$e% in P-bi" IntJ La1 619917
Sele!t an" fi%e (2) of the followin, an& e0plain
ea!hH usin, e0aples:
(a) 1eprisal
(:) 1etorsion
(!) -e!larator" 3heor" of 1e!o,nition Prin!iple
(&) 1e!o,nition of 9elli,eren!" (e) Continental Shelf (f)
/0e?uatur (,) Prin!iple of -ou:le Criinalit" (h)
Prote!ti%e Personalit" (i) 5nno!ent Passa,e (;) >us
!o,ens in 5nternational 7aw
48
SU99ESTE8 ANSWER/
%a( REPRISAL #s a !oer!#e -easure short of
"ar+ .#re!te. b4 a state a3a#$st a$other+ #$
retal#at#o$ for a!ts of the latter a$. as -ea$s of
obta#$#$3 reparat#o$ or sat#sfa!t#o$ for su!h
a!ts. Repr#sal #$oles retal#ator4 a!ts "h#!h b4
the-seles "oul. be #lle3al. For e7a-ple+ for
#olat#o$ of a treat4 b4 a state+ the a33r#ee.
state se#Aes o$ the h#3h seas the sh#ps of the
offe$.#$3 state.
%b( RETORSION #s a le3al but .el#beratel4
u$fr#e$.l4 a!t .#re!te. b4 a state a3a#$st
a$other #$ retal#at#o$ for a$ u$fr#e$.l4 thou3h
le3al a!t to !o-pel that state to alter #ts
u$fr#e$.l4 !o$.u!t. A$ e7a-ple of retors#o$ #s
ba$$#$3 e7ports to the offe$.#$3 state.
%!( The 8ECLARATORG THEORG OF
RECO9NITION #s a theor4 a!!or.#$3 to "h#!h
re!o3$#t#o$ of a state #s -erel4 a$
a!:$o"le.3-e$t of the fa!t of #ts e7#ste$!e. I$
other "or.s+ the re!o3$#Ae. state alrea.4 e7#sts
a$. !a$ e7#st ee$ "#thout su!h re!o3$#t#o$. For
e7a-ple+ "he$ other !ou$tr#es re!o3$#Ae.
5a$3la.esh+ 5a$3la.esh alrea.4 e7#ste. as a
state ee$ "#thout su!h re!o3$#t#o$.
%.( RECO9NITION OF 5ELLI9ERENCG #s the
for-al a!:$o"le.3-e$t b4 a th#r. part4 of the
e7#ste$!e of a state of "ar bet"ee$ the !e$tral
3oer$-e$t a$. a port#o$ of that state.
5ell#3ere$!4 e7#sts "he$ a s#Aeable port#o$ of
the terr#tor4 of a state #s u$.er the effe!t#e
!o$trol of a$ #$sur3e$t !o--u$#t4 "h#!h #s
see:#$3 to establ#sh a separate 3oer$-e$t a$.
the #$sur3e$ts are #$ .e fa!to !o$trol of a
port#o$ of the terr#tor4 a$. populat#o$+ hae a
pol#t#!al or3a$#Aat#o$+ are able to -a#$ta#$ su!h
!o$trol+ a$. !o$.u!t the-seles a!!or.#$3 to
the la"s of "ar. For e7a-ple+ 9reat 5r#ta#$
re!o3$#Ae. a state of bell#3ere$!4 #$ the U$#te.
States .ur#$3 the C##l War+
%e( CONTINENTAL SHELF of a !oastal state
!o-pr#ses the seaCbe. a$. subso#l of the
sub-ar#$e areas that e7te$. be4o$. #ts terr#tor#al
sea throu3hout the $atural prolo$3at#o$ of #ts
la$. terr#tor4 to the outer e.3e of the !o$t#$e$tal
-ar3#$+ or to a .#sta$!e of )EE $aut#!al -#les
fro- the 0basel#$es fro- "h#!h the brea.th of the
terr#tor#al sea #s -easure. "here the outer e.3e
of the !o$t#$e$tal shelf .oes $ot e7te$. up to that
.#sta$!e.
%f( EXEHUATUR #s a$ author#Aat#o$ fro- the
re!e##$3 state a.-#tt#$3 the hea. of a !o$sular
post to the e7er!#se of h#s fu$!t#o$s. For
e7a-ple+ #f the Ph#l#pp#$es appo#$ts a !o$sul
3e$eral for Ne" Gor:+ he !a$$ot start
perfor-#$3 h#s fu$!t#o$s u$less the Pres#.e$t of
the U$#te. States #ssues a$ e7e@uatur to h#-+
%3( The pr#$!#ple of 8OU5LE CRIMINALITG #s
the rule #$ e7tra.#t#o$ "h#!h states that for a
re@uest to be ho$ore. the !r#-e for "h#!h
e7tra.#t#o$ #s re@ueste. -ust be a !r#-e #$
both the re@uest#$3 state a$. the state to "h#!h
the fu3#t#e has fle.. For e7a-ple+ s#$!e
-ur.er #s a !r#-e both #$ the Ph#l#pp#$es a$. #$
Ca$a.a+ u$.er the Treat4 o$ E7tra.#t#o$
bet"ee$ the Ph#l#pp#$es a$. Ca$a.a+ the
Ph#l#pp#$es !a$ re@uest Ca$a.a to e7tra.#te a
F#l#p#$o "ho has fle. to Ca$a.a.
%h( PROTECTI6E PERSONALITG pr#$!#ple #s the
pr#$!#ple b4 "h#!h the state e7er!#se
1ur#s.#!t#o$ oer the a!ts of a$ al#e$ ee$ #f
!o--#tte. outs#.e #ts terr#tor4+ #f su!h a!ts are
a.erse to the #$terest of the $at#o$al state.
%#( INNOCENT PASSA9E -ea$s the r#3ht of
!o$t#$uous a$. e7pe.#t#ous $a#3at#o$ of a
fore#3$ sh#p throu3h the terr#tor#al sea of a
state for the purpose of traers#$3 that sea
"#thout e$ter#$3 the #$ter$al "aters or !all#$3
at a roa.stea. or port fa!#l#t4 outs#.e #$ter$al
"aters+ or pro!ee.#$3 to or fro- #$ter$al "aters
or a !all at su!h roa.stea. or port fa!#l#t4. The
passa3e #s #$$o!e$t so lo$3 as #t #s $ot
pre1u.#!#al to the pea!e+ 3oo. or.er or se!ur#t4
of the !oastal state.
%1( FUS CO9ENS #s a pere-ptor4 $or- of 3e$eral
#$ter$at#o$al la" a!!epte. a$. re!o3$#Ae. b4 the
#$ter$at#o$al !o--u$#t4 as a "hole as a $or-
fro- "h#!h $o .ero3at#o$ #s per-#tte. a$. "h#!h
!a$ be -o.#f#e. o$l4 b4 a subse@ue$t $or- of
3e$eral #$ter$at#o$al la" ha#$3 the sa-e
!hara!ter+ A$ e7a-ple #s the proh#b#t#o$ a3a#$st
the use of for!e.
Con%tit-ti*e T'eory *%= !e"aratory T'eory
6899;7
(2*a*#) -istin,uish: 3he !onstituti%e theor" an&
the &e!larator" theor" !on!ernin, re!o,nition of
states'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1: +!!or&in, to the
CANS353<35E/ 3@/A1OH re!o,nition is the last
in&ispensa:le eleent that !on%erts the state
:ein, re!o,ni=e& into an international person'
+!!or&in, to the -/C7+1+3A1O 3@/A1OH
re!o,nition is erel" an a!Dnowle&,ent of the
pre*e0istin, fa!t that the state :ein, re!o,ni=e&
is an international person'(Cru=H 5nternational
7awH 2003 e&')
Contig-o-% @one *%= E,"-%i*e E"ono+i"
@one 6899;7
II<+' -istin,uish :riefl" :ut !learl" :etween:
2) 3he !onti,uous =one an& the e0!lusi%e
e!onoi! =one'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
(2) CAN35$<A<S .AN/ is a =one !onti,uous to
the territorial sea an& e0ten&s up to t1e*e
na-ti"a +ie% fro the territorial sea an& o%er
whi!h the !oastal state a" e0er!ise !ontrol
ne!essar" to pre%ent infrin,eent of its !ustosH
fis!alH ii,ration or sanitar" laws an&
re,ulations within its territor" or territorial sea'
(+rti!le 33 of the Con%ention on the 7aw of the
Sea')
3he /MC7<S5E/ /CANA85C .AN/ is a =one
e0ten&in, up to 200 nauti!al iles fro the
:aselines of a state o%er whi!h the !oastal state
has so%erei,n ri,hts for the purpose of e0plorin,
natural resour!esH whether li%in, or nonli%in,H of
the waters super;a!ent to the sea:e& an& of the
e0ploration of the =one' (+rti!les 2) an& 27 of the
!i$o+ati" I++-nity 689997
No MM *+ forei,n a:assa&or to the Philippines
lease& a %a!ation house in 3a,a"ta" for his
personal use' For soe reasonH he faile& to pa"
rentals for ore than one "ear' 3he lessor file& an
a!tion for the re!o%er" of his propert" in !ourt'
a) Can the forei,n a:assa&or in%oDe his
&iploati! iunit" to resist the lessorBs a!tionL
(3N)
:) 3he lessor ,ets hol& of e%i&en!e that the
a:assa&or is a:out to return to his hoe
!ountr"' Can the lessor asD the !ourt to stop the
a:assa&orBs &eparture fro the PhilippinesL
(2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
a) NoH the forei,n a:assa&or !annot in%oDe
his &iploati! iunit" to resist the a!tionH sin!e
he is not usin, the house in 3a,a"ta" Cit" for the
purposes of his ission :ut erel" for %a!ation'
<n&er +rti!le 3(l)(a) of the Eienna Con%ention on
-iploati! 1elationsH a &iploati! a,ent has no
iunit" in !ase of a real a!tion relatin, to pri%ate
io%a:le propert" situate& in the territor" of the
re!ei%in, State unless he hol&s it on :ehalf of the
sen&in, State for purposes of the ission'
:) NoH the lessor !annot asD the !ourt to
stop the &eparture of the a:assa&or fro the
Philippines' <n&er +rti!le 29 of the Eienna
Con%entionH a &iploati! a,ent shall not :e
lia:le to an" for of arrest or &etention'
(per -on&ee) 3he ,roun&s !ite& :" O. is
tena:le on the :asis that the pre!ept that a
State !annot :e sue& in the !ourts of a forei,n
state is a lon,*stan&in, rule of !ustoar"
international law then !losel" i&entifie& with the
personal iunit" of a forei,n so%erei,n fro
suit an&H with the eer,en!e of &eo!rati!
statesH a&e to atta!h not ;ust to the person of
the hea& of stateH or his representati%eH :ut also
&istin!tl" to the state itself in its so%erei,n
!apa!it"' 5f the a!ts ,i%in, rise to a suit are
those of a forei,n ,o%ernent &one :" its
forei,n a,entH althou,h not ne!essaril" a
&iploati! persona,eH :ut a!tin, in his offi!ial
!apa!it"H the !oplaint !oul& :e :arre& :" the
iunit" of the forei,n so%erei,n fro suit
without its !onsent' Suin, a representati%e of a
state is :elie%e& to :eH in effe!tH suin, the state
itself' (G@AS1A6 85N<C@/1 %s' CA<13 AF
+PP/+7SH $'1' No' 1#239)' Fe:ruar" 11H
2003)
!i$o+ati" I++-nity 689917
No MM * -r' EelenH an offi!ial of the 6orl& @ealth
Ar,ani=ation (6@A) assi,ne& in the PhilippinesH
arri%e& at the Nino" +?uino 5nternational +irport
with his personal effe!ts !ontaine& in twel%e
!rates as una!!opanie& :a,,a,e' +s su!hH his
personal effe!ts were allowe& free entr" fro
&uties an& ta0esH an& were &ire!tl" store& at
+rshaine CorporationBs
warehouse at 8aDatiH pen&in, -r' EelenBs
relo!ation to his peranent ?uarters'
+t the instan!e of poli!e authoritiesH the 1e,ional
3rial Court (13C) of 8aDati issue& a warrant for
the sear!h an& sei=ure of -r' EelenBs personal
effe!ts in %iew of an alle,e& %iolation of the 3ariff
an& CustoBs Co&e' +!!or&in, to the poli!eH the
!rates !ontaine& !ontra:an& ites' <pon protest
of 6@A offi!ialsH the Se!retar" of Forei,n +ffairs
forall" a&%ise& the 13C as to -r' EelenBs
iunit"' 3he Soli!itor $eneral liDewise ;oine&
-r' EelenBs plea of iunit" an& otion to ?uash
the sear!h warrant' 3he 13C &enie& the otion'
5s the &enial of the otion to ?uash properL (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
3he &enial of the otion is iproper' +s hel& in
6orl& @ealth Ar,ani=ation %s' +?uinoH #8 SC1+
2#2 (1972)' as an offi!ial of the 6orl& @ealth
Ar,ani=ationH -r' Eelen en;o"e& &iploati!
iunit" an& this in!lu&e& e0eption fro &uties
an& ta0es' Sin!e &iploati! iunit" in%ol%es a
politi!al ?uestionH where a plea of &iploati!
iunit" is re!o,ni=e& an& affire& :" the
/0e!uti%e -epartentH it is the &ut" of the !ourt to
a!!ept the !lai of iunit"'
!i$o+ati" I++-nity 6899:7
No ME555 * + ,roup of hi,h*ranDin, offi!ials an&
ranD*an&*file eplo"ees statione& in a forei,n
e:ass" in 8anila were arreste& outsi&e
e:ass" ,roun&s an& &etaine& at Cap Crae
on suspi!ion that the" were a!ti%el" !olla:oratin,
with CterroristsC out to o%erthrow or &esta:ili=e the
Philippine $o%ernent' 3he Forei,n +:assa&or
sou,ht their ie&iate releaseH !laiin, that the
&etaine& e:ass" offi!ials an& eplo"ees
en;o"e& &iploati! iunit"' 5f in%ite& to e0press
"our le,al opinion on the atterH what a&%i!e
woul& "ou ,i%eL
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
5 shall a&%i!e that the hi,h*ranDin, offi!ials an&
ranD*an&*file eplo"ees :e release& :e!ause of
their &iploati! iunit"' +rti!le 29 of the Eienna
Con%ention on -iploati! 1elations pro%i&es:
C3he person of a &iploati! a,ent shall
:e in%iola:le' @e shall not :e lia:le to
an" for of arrest or &etention'C
<n&er +rti!le 37 of the Eienna Con%ention on
-iploati! 1elationsH e:ers of the
a&inistrati%e an& te!hni!al staff of the &iploati!
issionH shallH if the" are not nationals of or
peranent resi&ents in the re!ei%in, StateH en;o"
the pri%ile,es an& iunities spe!ifie& in +rti!le
29'
<n&er +rti!le 9 of the Eienna Con%ention on
-iploati! 1elationsH the ree&" is to &e!lare the
hi,h*ranDin, offi!ials an& ranD*an&*file eplo"ees
personae non ,ratae an& asD the to lea%e'
+73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1:
<n&er the Eienna Con%ention on -iploati!
1elationsH a &iploati! a,ent Cshall not :e lia:le to
an" for of arrest or &etention (+rti!le 29) an& he
en;o"s iunit" fro !riinal ;uris&i!tion (+rti!le
31)'
3his iunit" a" !o%er the Chi,h*ranDin,
offi!ialsC in ?uestionH who are assue& to :e
&iploati! offi!ers or a,ents' 6ith respe!t to the
CranD*an&*file eplo"eesC the" are !o%ere& :"
the iunit" referre& to a:o%eH pro%i&e& the" are
not nationals or peranent resi&ents of the
PhilippinesH pursuant to +rti!le 37(2) of the sai&
Con%ention'
5f the sai& ranD*an&*file eplo"ees :elon, to the
ser%i!e staff of the &iploati! ission (su!h as
&ri%ers) the" a" :e !o%ere& :" the iunit"
(e%en if the" are not Philippine nationals or
resi&ents) as set out in +rti!le 37(3)H if at the tie
of the arrest the" were in Ca!ts perfore& in the
!ourse of their &uties'C 5f a &ri%er was aon, the
sai& ranD*an&*file eplo"ees an& he was arreste&
while &ri%in, a &iploati! %ehi!le or en,a,e& in
relate& a!tsH still he woul& :e !o%ere& :"
iunit"'
!i$o+ati" I++-nity 6899;7 68<a7 +' 89CH an
alien :usinessan &ealin, in !arpets an& !a%iarH
file& a suit a,ainst poli!een an& O.H an atta!he
of MM /:ass"H for &aa,es :e!ause of
ali!ious prose!ution' 89C alle,e& that O.
!on!o!te& false an& ali!ious !har,es that he
was en,a,e& in &ru, traffi!Din,H whereupon
nar!oti!s poli!een !on&u!te& a C:u"*:ustC
operation an& without warrant arreste& hiH
sear!he& his houseH an& sei=e& his one" an&
;ewelr"H then &etaine& an& torture& hi in %iolation
of his !i%il an& huan ri,hts as well as !ausin,
hiH his fail" an& :usiness serious &aa,es
aountin, to two illion pesos' 89C a&&e& that
the trial !ourt a!?uitte& hi of the &ru, !har,es'
+ssailin, the !ourtBs ;uris&i!tion: O. now o%es to
&isiss the !oplaintH on the ,roun& that (1) he is
an e:ass" offi!er entitle& to &iploati! iunit";
an& that (2) the suit is reall" a suit a,ainst his hoe
state without its !onsent' @e presents &iploati!
notes fro MM /:ass" !ertif"in, that he is an
a!!re&ite& e:ass" offi!er re!o,ni=e& :" the
Philippine ,o%ernent' @e perfors offi!ial &utiesH
he sa"sH on a ission to !on&u!t sur%eillan!e on
&ru, e0porters an& then infor lo!al poli!e offi!ers
who aDe the a!tual arrest of suspe!ts' +re the two
,roun&s !ite& :" O. to &isiss the suit tena:leL
(2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
+' 3he !lai of &iploati! iunit" of O. is not
tena:leH :e!ause he &oes not possess an
a!Dnowle&,e& &iploati! title an& is not
perforin, &uties of a &iploati! nature'
@owe%erH the suit a,ainst hi is a suit a,ainst MM
without its !onsent' O. was a!tin, as an a,ent of
MM an& was perforin, his offi!ial fun!tions when
he !on&u!te& sur%eillan!e on &ru, e0porters an&
infore& the lo!al poli!e offi!ers who arreste&
89C' @e was perforin, su!h &uties with the
!onsent of the Philippine ,o%ernentH thereforeH
the suit a,ainst O. is a suit a,ainst MM without its
!onsent' (8inu!her %' Court of +ppealsH 397
SC1+ 2## P1992Q)'
+73/1N+35E/ S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
!i$o+ati" I++-nity5 A+ba%%ador 6>:899A7
(1) 5tal"H throu,h its +:assa&orH entere& into a
!ontra!t with +:a& for the aintenan!e an&
repair of spe!ifie& e?uipent at its /:ass" an&
+:assa&orBs 1esi&en!eH su!h as air
!on&itionin, unitsH ,enerator setsH ele!tri!al
fa!ilitiesH water heatersH an& water otor pups'
5t was stipulate& that the a,reeent shall :e
effe!ti%e for a perio& of four "ears an&
autoati!all" renewe& unless !an!elle&' FurtherH
it pro%i&e& that an" suit arisin, fro the !ontra!t
shall :e file& with the proper !ourts in the Cit" of
8anila'
Claiin, that the 8aintenan!e Contra!t was
unilaterall"H :aselessl" an& ar:itraril"
terinate&H +:a& sue& the State of 5tal" an&
its +:assa&or :efore a !ourt in the Cit" of
8anila' +on, the &efensesH the" raise&
were Cso%erei,n iunit"C an& C&iploati!
iunit"'C (2N)
(a) +s !ounsel of +:a&H refute the
&efenses of Cso%erei,n iunit"C an&
C&iploati! iunit"C raise& :" the State of
5tal" an& its +:assa&or' S<$$/S3/-
+NS6/1: +s !ounsel for +:a&H 5 will ar,ue
that so%erei,n iunit" will not lie as it is an
esta:lishe& rule that when a State enters into a
!ontra!tH it wai%es its iunit" an& allows itself
to :e sue&' 8oreo%erH there is a pro%ision in
the !ontra!t that an" suit arisin, therefro shall
:e file& with the proper !ourts of the Cit" of
8anila' An the issue of &iploati! iunit"H 5
will assert that the a!t of the +:assa&or
unilaterall" terinatin, the a,reeent is
tortuous an& &one with ali!e an& :a& faith
an& not a so%erei,n or &iploati! fun!tion'
(:) +t an" rateH what shoul& :e the !ourtBs
rulin, on the sai& &efensesL S<$$/S3/-
+NS6/1: 3he !ourt shoul& rule a,ainst sai&
&efenses' 3he aintenan!e !ontra!t an& repair
of the /:ass" an& +:assa&orBs 1esi&en!e
is a !ontra!t in ;us iperiiH :e!ause su!h repair
of sai& :uil&in,s is in&ispensa:le to the
perforan!e of the offi!ial fun!tions of the
$o%ernent of 5tal"' @en!eH the !ontra!t is in
pursuit of a so%erei,n a!ti%it" in whi!h !aseH it
!annot :e &eee& to ha%e wai%e& its iunit"
fro suit'
An the atter of whether or not the
+:assa&or a" :e sue&H +rti!le 31 of
the Eienna Con%ention on -iploati!
1elations pro%i&es that a &iploati!
a,ent en;o"s iunit" fro the !riinalH
!i%il an& a&inistrati%e ;uris&i!tion of the
re!ei%in, state e0!ept if the a!t
perfore& is outsi&e his offi!ial
fun!tionsH in a!!or&an!e with the
prin!iple of fun!tional ne!essit"' 5n this
!aseH the a!t of enterin, into the
!ontra!t :" the +:assa&or was part of
his offi!ial fun!tions an& thusH he is
entitle& to &iploati! iunit"'
(1epu:li! of 5n&onesia %' Ein=onsH
$'1' No' 12#702H >une 2)H 2003)
!i$o+ati" I++-nity5 A+ba%%ador% 619997
No' 2: -H the +:assa&or of the Gin,&o of
Nepal to the PhilippinesH lease& a house in
9a,uio Cit" as his personal %a!ation hoe' An
a!!ount of ilitar" &istur:an!e in NepalH - &i&
not re!ei%e his salar" an& allowan!es fro his
,o%ernent an& so he faile& to pa" his rentals for
ore than one "ear' /H the lessorH file& an a!tion
for re!o%er" of his propert" with the 1e,ional
3rial Court of 9a,uio Cit"'
(1) Can the a!tion a,ainst - prosperL
(2) Can / asD for the atta!hent of the furniture
an& other personal properties of - after ,ettin,
hol& of e%i&en!e that - is a:out to lea%e the
!ountr"L
49
(3T Can / asD for the !ourt to stop -Bs &eparture
fro the PhilippinesL
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
(1) OesH the a!tion !an prosper' +rti!le 31 of the
Eienna Con%ention on -iploati! 1elations
pro%i&es:
C1' + &iploati! a,ent shall en;o" iunit"
fro the !riinal ;uris&i!tion of the re!ei%in,
State' @e shall also en;o" iunit" fro its
!i%il an& a&inistrati%e ;uris&i!tionH e0!ept in
the !ase of:
(a) + real a!tion relatin, to pri%ate
io%a:le propert" situate& in the
territor" of the re!ei%in, StateH unless he
hol&s it on :ehalf of the sen&in, State for
the purposes of the ission;C
3he a!tion a,ainst the +:assa&or is a real a!tion
in%ol%in, pri%ate io%a:le propert" situate& within
the territor" of the Philippines as the re!ei%in,
state' 3he a!tion falls within the e0!eption to the
,rant of iunit" fro the !i%il an& a&inistrati%e
;uris&i!tion of the Philippines'
+73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1;
NoH the a!tion will not prosper' +lthou,h the
a!tion is a real a!tion relatin, to pri%ate
io%a:le propert" within the territor" of the
PhilippinesH nonethelessH the %a!ation house a"
:e !onsi&ere& propert" hel& :" the +:assa&or
5n :ehalf of his state (the Gin,&o of Nepal) for
the purposes of the ission an&H thereforeH su!h
is :e"on& the !i%il an& a&inistrati%e ;uris&i!tion
of the PhilippinesH in!lu&in, its !ourtsH
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
(2) NoH / !annot asD for the atta!hent of the
personal properties of the +:assa&or' +rts' 30
an& 31 of the Eienna Con%ention on -iploati!
1elations pro%i&es that the papersH !orrespon&en!e
an& the propert" of &iploat a,ents shall :e
in%iola:le' 3hereforeH a writ of atta!hent !annot
:e issue& a,ainst his furniture an& an" personal
properties' 8oreo%erH on the assuption that the
Gin,&o of Nepal ,rants siilar prote!tion to
Philippine &iploati! a,ents' Se!tion # of 1epu:li!
+!t No' 72 pro%i&es that an" writ or pro!ess issue&
:" an" !ourt in the Philippines for the atta!hent of
the ,oo&s or !hattels of the a:assa&or of a
forei,n State to the Philippines shall :e %oi&'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
(3) NoH / !annot asD the !ourt to stop the
&eparture of the +:assa&or of the Gin,&o of
Nepal fro the Philippines' +rti!le 29 of the
Eienna Con%ention on -iploati! 1elations
pro%i&es: C3he person of a &iploati! a,ent shall
:e in%iola:le' @e shall not :e lia:le to an" for of
arrest or &etention'C
!i$o+ati" I++-nity5 Co*erage 6>:<899A7
(2) +&as an& 9aDer are +eri!an !iti=ens
resi&in, in the Philippines' +&as :efrien&e&
9aDer an& :e!ae a fre?uent %isitor at his house'
Ane &a"H +&as arri%e& with 30 e:ers of the
Philippine National Poli!eH are& with a Sear!h
6arrant authori=in, the sear!h of 9aDerBs house
an& its preises for &an,erous &ru,s :ein,
traffi!De& to the <nite& States of +eri!a'
3he sear!h purporte&l" "iel&e& positi%e
resultsH an& 9aDer was !har,e& with Eiolation
of the -an,erous -ru,s +!t' +&as was the
prose!utionBs prin!ipal witness' @owe%erH for
failure to pro%e his ,uilt :e"on& reasona:le
&ou:tH 9aDer was a!?uitte&'
9aDer then sue& +&as for &aa,es for filin,
trupe&*up !har,es a,ainst hi' +on, the
&efenses raise& :" +&as is that he has
&iploati! iunit"H !onfora:l" with the
Eienna Con%ention on -iploati! 1elations' @e
presente& -iploati! Notes fro the +eri!an
/:ass" statin, that he is an a,ent of the
<nite& States -ru, /nfor!eent +,en!"
tasDe& with C!on&u!tin, sur%eillan!e
operationsC on suspe!te& &ru, &ealers in the
Philippines :elie%e& to :e the sour!e of
prohi:ite& &ru,s :ein, shippe& to the <'S' 5t
was also state& that after ha%in, as!ertaine&
the tar,etH +&as woul& then
infor the Philippine nar!oti! a,ents to aDe
the a!tual arrest' (2N)
a) +s !ounsel of plaintiff 9aDerH ar,ue
wh" his !oplaint shoul& not :e &isisse& on
the ,roun& of &efen&ant +&asB &iploati!
iunit" fro suit' S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1'
+s !ounsel for 9aDerH 5 woul& ar,ue that
+&as is not a &iploati! a,ent !onsi&erin,
that he is not a hea& of ission nor is he part
of the &iploati! staff that is a!!or&e&
&iploati! ranD' 3husH the suit shoul& not :e
&isisse& as +&as has no &iploati!
iunit" un&er the 19)1 Eienna Con%ention
on -iploati! 1elations'
:) +s !ounsel of &efen&ant +&asH ar,ue
for the &isissal of the !oplaint'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1 +s !ounsel for
+&asH 5 woul& ar,ue that he worDe& for the
<nite& States -ru, /nfor!eent +,en!" an&
was tasDe& to !on&u!t sur%eillan!e of
suspe!te& &ru, a!ti%ities within the !ountr"
with the appro%al of the Philippine ,o%ernent'
<n&er the &o!trine of State 5unit" fro
SuitH if the a!ts ,i%in, rise to a suit are those of
a forei,n ,o%ernent &one :" its forei,n
a,entH althou,h not ne!essaril" a &iploati!
persona,eH :ut a!tin, in his offi!ial !apa!it"H
the !oplaint !oul& :e :arre& :" the iunit"
of the forei,n so%erei,n fro suit without its
!onsent' +&as a" not :e a &iploati! a,ent
:ut the Philippine ,o%ernent has ,i%en its
ipriaturH if not !onsentH to the a!ti%ities
within Philippine territor" of +&as an& thus
he is entitle& to the &efense of state iunit"
fro suit' (8inu!her %' C+H $'1' No' 1#239)H
Fe:ruar" 11H 2003)
!i$o+ati" I++-nity5 !i$o+ati" En*oy and
Con%-ar O##i"er% 6199A7
No' 3:
1' -is!uss the &ifferen!esH if an"H in the
pri%ile,es or iunities of &iploati! en%o"s an&
!onsular offi!ers fro the !i%il or !riinal
;uris&i!tion of the re!ei%in, state'
2' + !onsul of a South +eri!an !ountr"
statione& in 8anila was !har,e& with serious
ph"si!al in;uries' 8a" he !lai 5unit" fro
;uris&i!tion of the lo!al !ourtL /0plain'
3' Suppose after he was !har,e&H he was
appointe& as his !ountr"Bs a:assa&or to the
Philippines' Can his newl"*,aine& &iploati!
status :e a ,roun& for &isissal of his !riinal
!aseL /0plain'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
1' <n&er +rti!le 32 of the Eienna Con%ention on
-iploati! 1elationsH a &iploati! a,ent shall
en;o" iunit" fro the !riinal ;uris&i!tion of the
re!ei%in, State' @e shall also en;o" iunit" fro
its !i%il an& a&inistrati%e ;uris&i!tion e0!ept in
the !ase of:
(a) + real a!tion relatin, to pri%ate io%a:le
propert" situate& in the territor" of the re!ei%in,
StateH unless he hol&s it on :ehalf of the sen&in,
State for the purposes of the ission;
(:) +n a!tion relatin, to su!!ession in whi!h the
&iploati! a,ent is in%oDe& as e0e!utorH
a&inistratorH heir or le,atee as a pri%ate person
an& not on :ehalf of the sen&in, State;
(!) +n a!tion relatin, to an" professional or
!oer!ial a!ti%it" e0er!ise& :" the &iploati!
a,ent in the re!ei%in, State outsi&e his offi!ial
fun!tions'
An the other han&H un&er +rti!le #1 of the Eienna
Con%ention on Consular 1elationsH a !onsular
offi!er &oes not en;o" 5unit" fro the Criinal
;uris&i!tion of the re!ei%in, State' <n&er +rti!le
#3 of the Eienna Con%ention on Consular
1elationsH !onsular offi!ers are not aena:le to
the >uris&i!tion of the >u&i!ial or a&inistrati%e
authorities of the re!ei%in, State in respe!t of
a!ts perfore& in the e0er!ise of !onsular
fun!tions' @owe%erH this &oes not appl" in
respe!t of a !i%il a!tion either:
(a) arisin, out of a !ontra!t !on!lu&e& :" a
!onsular offi!er in whi!h he &i& not !ontra!t
e0pressl" or iplie&l" as an a,ent of the sen&in,
State; or
(:) :" a thir& part" for &aa,e arisin, fro an
a!!i&ent in the re!ei%in, State !ause& :" a
%ehi!leH %esselH or air!raft'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
2' NoH he a" not !lai iunit" fro the
;uris&i!tion of the lo!al !ourt' <n&er +rti!le #1 of
the Eienna Con%ention of Consular 1elationsH
!onsuls &o not en;o" iunit" fro the !riinal
>uris&i!tion of the re!ei%in, State' @e is not
lia:le to arrest or &etention pen&in, trial unless
the offense was !oitte& a,ainst his fatherH
otherH !hil&H as!en&antH &es!en&ant or spouse'
Consuls are not lia:le to arrest an& &etention
pen&in, trial e0!ept in the !ase of a ,ra%e !rie
an& pursuant to a &e!ision :" the !opetent
;u&i!ial authorit"' 3he !rie of ph"si!al 5n;uries is
not a ,ra%e !rie unless it :e !oitte& a,ainst
an" of the a:o%e*entione& persons'
(S!hne!Den:ur,er %' 8oran )3 Phil' 2#9)'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
3' OesH the !ase shoul& :e &isisse&' <n&er
+rti!le #0 of the Eienna Con%ention on -iploati!
1elationsH if a &iploati! a,ent is in the territor" of
a thir& StateH whi!h has ,rante& hi a passport
%isa if su!h %isa was ne!essar"H while pro!ee&in,
to taDe up his postH the thir& State shall a!!or&
hi in%iola:ilit" an& su!h other iunities as a"
:e re?uire& to ensure his transit'
!i$o+ati" I++-nity5 !i$o+ati" En*oy and
Con%-ar O##i"er% 619977
No 19: MH a Se!retar" an& Consul in the
+eri!an /:ass" in 8anilaH :ou,ht fro 9 a
&iaon& rin, in the aount of P20H000'00 whi!h
he later ,a%e as a :irth&a" present to his Filipino
,irlfrien&' 3he pur!hase pri!e was pai& in !he!D
&rawn upon the Citi:anD' <pon presentent for
pa"entH the !he!D was &ishonore& for
insuffi!ien!" of fun&s' 9e!ause of MBs failure to
aDe ,oo& the &ishonore& !he!DH 9 file& a
!oplaint a,ainst M in the Affi!e of the Cit"
Prose!utor of 8anila for %iolation of 9atas
Pa:ansa 9i,' 22' +fter preliinar" in%esti,ationH
the inforation was file& a,ainst M in the Cit"
Court of 8anila' M file& a otion to &isiss the
!ase a,ainst hi on the ,roun& that he is a
Se!retar" an& Consul in the +eri!an /:ass"
en;o"in, &iploati! iunit" fro !riinal
prose!ution in the Philippines'
5f "ou were the >u&,eH how woul& "ou resol%e
the otion to &isissL
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
5f 5 were the >u&,eH 5 woul& ,rant the otion to
&isiss'
+s !onsulH M is not iune fro !riinal
prose!ution' <n&er Para,raph 3 of +rti!le #1 of
the Eienna Con%ention on Consular 1elationsH a
!onsular offi!er is not iune fro the !riinal
;uris&i!tion of the re!ei%in, state' 5n
S!hne!Den:ur,er %s' 8oronH )3 Phil' 2#9H it
was hel& that a !onsul is not e0ept fro !riinal
prose!ution in the !ountr" where he is assi,ne&'
@owe%erH as se!retar" in the +eri!an /:ass"H
M en;o"s &iploati! iunit" fro !riinal
prose!ution +s se!retar"H he is a &iploati! a,ent'
<n&er Para,raph 1 of +rti!le 31 of the Eienna
Con%ention on -iploati! 1elationsH a &iploati!
a,ent en;o"s iunit" fro the !riinal
;uris&i!tion of the re!ei%in, State'
E,"-%i*e E"ono+i" @one 689997
No M5M' :) 6hat is the !on!ept of the e0!lusi%e
e!onoi! =one un&er the <N Con%ention on the
7aw of the SeaL (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
:) 3he e0!lusi%e e!onoi! =one un&er the
Con%ention on the 7aw of the Sea is an area
:e"on& an& a&;a!ent to the territorial seaH whi!h
shall not e0ten& :e"on& 200 nauti!al iles fro
the :aselines fro whi!h the territorial sea is
easure&' 3he !oastal State has in the e0!lusi%e
e!onoi! =one:
(a) So%erei,n ri,hts for the purpose of e0plorin,
natural resour!esH whether li%in, or non*li%in,H if
the waters super;a!ent to the sea*:e& an& of the
e0ploration of the =oneH su!h as the pro&u!tion of
ener," fro the waterH !urrents an& win&s;
(:) >uris&i!tion as pro%i&e& in the rele%ant
pro%isions of the Con%ention with re,ar& to:
(i) the esta:lishent an& use of artifi!ial
islan&sH installations an& stru!tures;
(ii) arine s!ientifi! resear!h; an&
(iii) the prote!tion an& preser%ation of the
arine en%ironent;
(!) Ather ri,hts an& &uties pro%i&e& for the
Con%ention' P+rti!le 2) of the Con%ention of the
7aw of the Sea')
50
E,e"-ti*e Agree+ent%5 &inding E##e"t
6899:7
No MM +n /0e!uti%e +,reeent was e0e!ute&
:etween the Philippines an& a nei,h:orin, State'
3he Senate of the Philippines tooD it
upon itself to pro!ure a !ertifie& true !op" of the
/0e!uti%e +,reeent an&H after &eli:eratin, on itH
&e!lare&H :" a unanious %oteH that the
a,reeent was :oth unwise an& a,ainst the :est
interest of the !ountr"' 5s the /0e!uti%e
+,reeent :in&in, (a) fro the stan&point of
Philippine law an& (:) fro the stan&point of
international lawL /0plain
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
(a) +s to Philippine lawH the /0e!uti%e
+,reeent is :in&in,''''
(:) 3he /0e!uti%e +,reeent is also :in&in,
fro the stan&point of international law' +s hel&
in 9a%an %' .aora' 3#2 SC1+ ##9 P2000QH in
international law e0e!uti%e a,reeents are
e?uall" :in&in, as treaties upon the States who
are parties to the' +&&itionall"H un&er +rti!le
2U1)(a) of the Eienna Con%ention on the 7aw of
3reatiesH whate%er a" :e the &esi,nation of a
written a,reeent :etween StatesH whether it is
in&i!ate& as a 3reat"H Con%ention or /0e!uti%e
+,reeentH is not le,all" si,nifi!ant' Still it is
!onsi&ere& a treat" an& ,o%erne& :" the
international law of treaties'
E,tradition *%= !e$ortation 6199:7
No' 10: 1) 6hat is the &ifferen!e if an" :etween
e0tra&ition an& &eportationL
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
1) 3he followin, are the &ifferen!es :etween
e0tra&ition an& &eportation:
1 /M31+-535AN is effe!te& for the :enefit of the
state to whi!h the person :ein, e0tra&ite& will :e
surren&ere& :e!ause he is a fu,iti%e !riinal in that
stateH while -/PA13+35AN is effe!te& for the prote!tion
of the State e0pellin, an alien :e!ause his presen!e is
not !on&u!i%e to the pu:li! ,oo&'
2 /M31+-535AN is effe!te& on the :asis of an
e0tra&ition treat" or upon the re?uest of another stateH
while -/PA13+35AN is the unilateral a!t of the state
e0pellin, an alien'
3 5n /M31+-535ANH the alien will :e surren&ere&
to the state asDin, for his e0tra&itionH while in
-/PA13+35AN the un&esira:le alien a" :e sent to
an" state willin, to a!!ept hi'
51
E,tradition5 !o"trine o# S$e"iaty 6199:7
No' 10: 2) Patri!D is !har,e& with ille,al
re!ruitent an& estafa :efore the 13C of 8anila'
@e ;upe& :ail an& ana,e& to es!ape to
+eri!a' +ssue that there is an e0tra&ition
treat" :etween the Philippines an& +eri!a an& it
&oes not in!lu&e ille,al re!ruitent as one of the
e0tra&ita:le offenses' <pon surren&er of Patri!D
:" the <'S' $o%ernent to the PhilippinesH Patri!D
proteste& that he !oul& not :e trie& for ille,al
re!ruitent' -e!i&e'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
2) <n&er the prin!iple of spe!ialt" in e0tra&itionH
Patri!D !annot :e trie& for ille,al re!ruitentH
sin!e this is not in!lu&e& in the list of e0tra&ita:le
offenses in the e0tra&ition treat" :etween the
Philippines an& the <nite& StatesH unless the
<nite& States &oes not o:;e!t to the trial of
Patri!D for 5lle,al re!ruitent'
E,tradition5 E##e"ti*ity o# treaty 6199?7
No' ); 1) 3he /0tra&ition 3reat" :etween Fran!e
an& the Philippines is silent as to its appli!a:ilit"
with respe!t to !ries !oitte& prior to its
effe!ti%it"'
a) Can Fran!e &ean& the e0tra&ition of +H a
Fren!h national resi&in, in the PhilippinesH for an
offense !oitte& in Fran!e prior to the effe!ti%it"
of the treat"L /0plain'
:) Can + !ontest his e0tra&ition on the ,roun& that
it %iolates the e0 post fa!to pro%ision of the
Philippine ConstitutionL /0plain'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
1' a) OesH Fran!e !an asD for the e0tra&ition of +
for an offense !oitte& in Fran!e :efore the
effe!ti%it" of the /0tra&ition 3reat" :etween
Fran!e an& the Philippines' 5n Cleu,h %s'
StraDosh' 109 F2& 330H it was hel& that an
e0tra&ition treat" applies to !ries !oitte&
:efore its effe!ti%it" unless the e0tra&ition treat"
e0pressl" e0epts the' +s 6hitean points outH
e0tra&ition &oes not &efine !ries :ut erel"
pro%i&es a eans :" whi!h a State a" o:tain the
return an& punishent of persons !har,e& with or
!on%i!te& of ha%in, !oitte& a !rie who fle&
the ;uris&i!tion of the State whose law has :een
%iolate&' 5t is therefore iaterial whether at the
tie of the !oission of the !rie for whi!h
e0tra&ition is sou,ht no treat" was in e0isten!e' 5f
at the tie e0tra&ition is re?ueste& there is in
for!e :etween the re?uestin, an& Cthe re?ueste&
States a treat" !o%erin, the offense on whi!h
the re?uest is :ase&H the treat" is appli!a:le'
(6hiteanH -i,est of 5nternational 7awH Eol' )H
pp' 723*72#')
:) NoH + !annot !ontest his e0tra&ition on the
,roun& that it %iolates the e0 post fa!to pro%ision
of the Constitution' +s hel& in 6ri,ht %s' Court of
+ppealsH 232 SC1+ 3#1H the prohi:ition a,ainst
e0 post fa!to laws in Se!tion 22H +rti!le 555 of the
Constitution applies to penal laws onl" an& &oes
not appl" to e0tra&ition treaties'
E,tradition5 2ro-nd% 689987
No ME555' >ohn is a forer Presi&ent of the
1epu:li! MH :ent on re,ainin, power whi!h he
lost to Presi&ent @arr" in an ele!tion' Full"
!on%in!e& that he was !heate&H he set out to
&esta:ili=e the ,o%ernent of Presi&ent @arr" :"
eans of a series of protest a!tions' @is plan
was to weaDen the ,o%ernent an&H when the
situation :e!ae ripe for a taDe*o%erH to
assassinate Presi&ent @arr"'
6illiaH on the other han&H is a :elie%er in huan
ri,hts an& a forer follower of Presi&ent @arr"'
Notin, the s"steati! a!ts of harassent
!oitte& :" ,o%ernent a,ents a,ainst farers
protestin, the sei=ure of their lan&sH la:orers
!oplainin, of low wa,esH an& stu&ents seeDin,
free tuitionH 6illia or,ani=e& ,roups whi!h hel&
pea!eful rallies in front of the Presi&ential Pala!e
to e0press their ,rie%an!es'
An the e%e of the assassination atteptH >ohnBs
en were !au,ht :" e:ers of the Presi&ential
Se!urit" $roup' Presi&ent @arr" went on air
threatenin, to prose!ute plotters an& &issi&ents of
his a&inistration' 3he ne0t &a"H the ,o%ernent
!har,e& >ohn with assassination attept an&
6illia with in!itin, to se&ition'
>ohn fle& to 1epu:li! +' 6illiaH who was in
1epu:li! 9 atten&in, a le!ture on &eo!ra!"H
was a&%ise& :" his frien&s to sta" in 1epu:li! 9'
9oth 1epu:li! + an& 1epu:li! 9 ha%e
!on%entional e0tra&ition treaties with 1epu:li!
M'
5f 1epu:li! M re?uests the e0tra&ition of >ohn
an& 6illiaH !an 1epu:li! + &en" the re?uestL
6h"L State "our reason full"' (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
1epu:li! + !an refuse to e0tra&ite >ohnH :e!ause
his offense is a politi!al offense' >ohn was
plottin, to taDe o%er the ,o%ernent an&
the plan of >ohn to assassinate Presi&ent @arr"
was part of su!h plan' @owe%erH if the e0tra&ition
treat" !ontains an attentat !lauseH 1epu:li! + !an
e0tra&ite >ohnH :e!ause un&er the attentat !lauseH
the taDin, of the life or attept a,ainst the life of a
hea& of state or that of the e:ers of his fail"
&oes not !onstitute a politi!al offense an& is
therefore e0tra&ita:le'
F51S3 +73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1:
1epu:li! + a" or !an refuse the re?uest of
e0tra&ition of 6illia :e!ause he is not in its
territor" an& thus it is not in the position to &eli%er
hi to 1epu:li! M'
/%en if 6illia were in the territorial ;uris&i!tion of
1epu:li! +H he a" not :e e0tra&ite& :e!ause
in!itin, to se&itionH of whi!h he is !har,e&H
!onstitutes a politi!al offense' 5t is a stan&ar&
pro%ision of e0tra&ition treatiesH su!h as the one
:etween 1epu:li! + an& 1epu:li! MH that politi!al
offenses are not e0tra&ita:le'
S/CAN- +73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1:
1epu:li! 9 !an &en" the re?uest of 1epu:li! M to
e0tra&ite 6illiaH :e!ause his offense was not a
politi!al offense' An the :asis of the
pre&oinan!e or proportionalit" test his a!ts
were not &ire!tl" !onne!te& to an" purel" politi!al
offense'
E,tradition5 Retroa"ti*e A$$i"ation 6>8<
899A7
(1) 3he Philippines an& +ustralia entere& into a
3reat" of /0tra&ition !on!urre& in :" the Senate
of the Philippines on Septe:er 10H 1990' 9oth
,o%ernents ha%e notifie& ea!h other that the
re?uireents for the entr" into for!e of the 3reat"
ha%e :een !oplie& with' 5t tooD effe!t in 1990'
3he +ustralian ,o%ernent is re?uestin, the
Philippine ,o%ernent to e0tra&ite its !iti=enH
$i:sonH who has !oitte& in his !ountr" the
in&i!ta:le offense of A:tainin, Propert" :"
-e!eption in 1982' 3he sai& offense is aon,
those enuerate& as e0tra&ita:le in the 3reat"'
For his &efenseH $i:son asserts that the
retroa!ti%e appli!ation of the e0tra&ition treat"
aounts to an e0 post fa!to law' 1ule on
$i:sonBs !ontention' (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1: $i:son is
in!orre!t' 5n 6ri,ht %' Court of +ppealsH $'1'
No'113213H +u,ust 12H199#H it was hel& that
the retroa!ti%e appli!ation of the 3reat" of
/0tra&ition &oes not %iolate
the prohi:ition a,ainst e0 post fa!to lawsH
:e!ause the 3reat" is neither a pie!e of
!riinal le,islation nor a !riinal pro!e&ural
statute' 5t erel" pro%i&e& for the e0tra&ition of
persons wante& for offenses alrea&"
!oitte& at the tie the treat" was ratifie&'
Fag State *%= Fag o# Con*enien"e 6899;7
(3) 3he fla, state an& the fla, of !on%enien!e'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
F7+$ S3+3/ eans a ship has the nationalit"
of the fla, of the state it fliesH :ut there ust :e a
,enuine linD :etween the state an& the ship'
(+rti!le 91 of the Con%ention on the 7aw of the
Sea')
F7+$ AF CANE/N5/NC/ refers to a state with
whi!h a %essel is re,istere& for %arious reasons
su!h as low or non*e0istent ta0ation or low
operatin, !osts althou,h the ship has no ,enuine
linD with that state' (@arrisH Cases an& 8aterials
on 5nternational 7awH 2th e&'H 1998H p' #22')
2eno"ide 619887
6hat is C$eno!i&eHC an& what is the foreost
e0aple thereof in re!ent histor"L
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
C$eno!i&eC refers to an" of the followin, a!tsH
whether !oitte& in tie of war or pea!eH with
intent to &estro" in whole or in part nationalH
ethni!H ra!ial or reli,ious ,roup:
(a) Gillin, e:ers of a ,roup;
(:) Causin, :o&il" or ental har to its
e:ers;
(!) -eli:eratel" infli!tin, on the ,roup
!on&itions of life !al!ulate& to :rin, a:out its
ph"si!al &estru!tion in whole or in part;
(&) 5posin, easures to pre%ent :irths
within the ,roup; an&
(e) For!i:l" transforin, !hil&ren of the
,roup to another ,roup' (>' S+7AN$+ 4 P'
O+PH P<975C 5N3/1N+35AN+7 7+6 399*
#00 (19))))'
3he foreost e0aple of ,eno!i&e is the
@olo!aust (1933*19#2) where a:out ) illion
>ews (two thir&s of the >ewish population of
/urope :efore 6orl& 6ar 55) were e0terinate&
:" the Na=is' +lon, with the >ewsH another 9 to
10 illion people ($"psies an& Sla%s) were
assa!re&' (6A17- +78+N+C 120 (#0th e&'H
1987))'
H-+an Rig't% 619997
1999 No M * +' $i%e three ultilateral
!on%entions on @uan 1i,hts a&opte& un&er the
&ire!t auspi!es of the <nite& NationsL (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
+' 3he followin, are ultilateral !on%entions on
@uan 1i,hts a&opte& un&er the &ire!t auspi!es
of the <nite& Nations:
1' 5nternational Co%enant on Ci%il an& Politi!al
1i,hts;
2' Con%ention on the /liination of +ll Fors of
-is!riination a,ainst 6oen;
3' Con%ention on the 1i,hts of the
Chil&;
#' Con%ention a,ainst 3orture an& Ather CruelH
5nhuan or -e,ra&in, 3reatent or Punishent;
2' 5nternational Con%ention on the /liination of
+ll Fors of 1a!ial -is!riination;
)' Con%ention on the Pre%ention an& Punishent
of the Crie of $eno!i&e; an&
7' 5nternational Con%ention on /!onoi!H So!ialH
an& Cultural 1i,hts
H-+an Rig't%5 Ci*i and Poiti"a Rig't%
619987
No' 12: 6alan, Su,atH a %i,ilante ,roup
!opose& of pri%ate :usinessen an& !i%i!
lea&ers pre%iousl" %i!tii=e& :" the Nationalist
Patrioti! +r" (NP+) re:el ,roupH was ipli!ate&
in the torture an& Di&nappin, of -r' 8en,eleH a
Dnown NP+ s"pathi=er'
a) <n&er pu:li! international lawH what rules
properl" appl"L 6hat lia:ilitiesH if an"H arise
thereun&er if 6alan, Su,atBs in%ol%eent is
!onfire&'
:) -oes the Coission on @uan 1i,hts ha%e
the power to in%esti,ate an& a&;u&i!ate the
atterL
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
a) An the assuption that -r' 8en,ele is a
forei,nerH his torture %iolates the 5nternational
Co%enant on Ci%il an& Politi!al 1i,htsH to whi!h
the Philippine has a!!e&e&' +rti!le 7 of the
Co%enant on Ci%il an& Politi!al 1i,hts pro%i&es: CNo
one shall :e su:;e!te& to torture or to !ruelH
inhuan or &e,ra&in, treatent or punishent'C
5n a!!or&an!e with +rti!le 2 of the Co%enant on
Ci%il an& Politi!al 1i,htsH it is the o:li,ation of the
Philippines to ensure that -r' 8en,ele has an
effe!ti%e ree&"H that he shall ha%e his ri,ht to
su!h a ree&" &eterine& :" !opetent
authorit"H an& to ensure the enfor!eent of su!h
ree&" when ,rante&'
+73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1: An the assuption
that -r' 8en,ele is a forei,nerH his !lai will ha%e
to :e &ire!te& a,ainst the e:ers of 6alan,
Su,at on the :asis of the Philippine law an& :e
a&&resse& to the ;uris&i!tion of Philippine !ourts'
@is !lai a" :e :ase& on the ,enerall"
a!!epte& prin!iples of international lawH whi!h
for part of Philippine law un&er Se!tion 2H
+rti!le 55 of the Constitution' @is !lai a" :e
preise& on rele%ant nors of international law
of huan ri,hts'
<n&er international lawH -r' 8en,ele ust first
e0haust the ree&ies un&er Philippine law :efore
his in&i%i&ual !lai !an :e taDen up :" the State
of whi!h he is a national unless the sai& State !an
satisfa!toril" show it is its own interests that are
&ire!tl" in;ure&' 5f this !on&ition is fulfille&H the sai&
StateBs !lai will :e &ire!te& a,ainst the
Philippines as a su:;e!t of international law' 3hus
it woul& !ease to :e an in&i%i&ual !lai of -r'
8en,ele'
-r' 8en,eleBs !ase a" !on!ern international
law nors on State responsi:ilit"' 9ut the
appli!ation of these nors re?uire that the :asis
of responsi:ilit" is the rele%ant a!ts that !an :e
attri:ute& to the Philippines as a State'
@en!eH un&er the prin!iple of attri:ution it is
ne!essar" to show that the a!ts of the %i,ilante
,roup 6alan, Su,at !an :e le,all" attri:ute& to
the Philippines :" the State of whi!h -r' 8en,ele
is a national'
3he appli!ation of treat" nors of international
law on huan ri,htsH su!h as the pro%ision
a,ainst torture in the 5nternational Co%enants in
Ci%il an& Politi!al 1i,hts pertain to States' 3he
a!ts of pri%ate !iti=ens !oposin, 6alan, Su,at
!annot thesel%es !onstitute a %iolation :" the
Philippines as a State'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
:) Can onl" in%esti,ateH no power of a&;u&i!ation
H-+an Rig't%5 Ci*i and Poiti"a Rig't%
6199?7
199? No' 1: 1) -istin,uish !i%il ri,hts fro
politi!al ri,hts an& ,i%e an e0aple of ea!h ri,ht'
2) 6hat are the relations of !i%il an& politi!al
ri,hts to huan ri,htsL /0plain'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
1) 3he ter CC5E57 15$@3SC refers to the ri,hts
se!ure& :" the !onstitution of an" state or !ountr"
to all its 5nha:itants an& not !onne!te& with the
or,ani=ation or a&inistration of ,o%ernentH
P9la!DH @an&:ooD of +eri!an Constitutional
7awH #th e&'H 22)') PA7535C+7 15$@3S !onsist
in the power to parti!ipateH &ire!tl" or in&ire!tl"H in
the ana,eent of the ,o%ernent' 3husH !i%il
ri,hts ha%e no relation to the esta:lishentH
ana,eent or support of the ,o%ernent'
(+nthon" %s' 9urrowH 129 F 783)'
C5E57 15$@3S &efines the relations of in&i%i&ual
aon,st thesel%es while PA7535C+7 15$@3S
&efines the relations of 5n&i%i&uals %is*a*%is the
state' C5E57 15$@3S e0ten& prote!tion to all
inha:itants of a stateH while PA7535C+7 15$@3S
prote!t erel" its !iti=ens'
/0aples of !i%il ri,hts are the ri,hts a,ainst
in%oluntar" ser%itu&eH reli,ious free&oH the
,uarantee a,ainst unreasona:le sear!hes an&
sei=uresH li:ert" of a:o&eH the prohi:ition a,ainst
iprisonent for &e:tH the ri,ht to tra%elH e?ual
prote!tionH &ue pro!essH the ri,ht to arr"H ri,ht to
return to this !ountr" an& ri,ht to e&u!ation'
/0aples of politi!al ri,hts are the ri,ht of
suffra,eH the ri,ht of asse:l"H an& the ri,ht to
petition for re&ress of ,rie%an!es'
2) @uan ri,hts are :roa&er in s!ope than !i%il
an& politi!al ri,hts' 3he" also in!lu&e so!ialH
e!onoi!H an& !ultural ri,hts' @uan ri,hts are
inherent in persons fro the fa!t of their huanit"'
/%er" an possesses the e%er"where an& at all
ties sipl" :e!ause he is a huan :ein,' An the
other han&H soe !i%il an& politi!al ri,hts are not
natural ri,hts' 3he" e0ist :e!ause the" are
prote!te& :" a
!onstitution or ,rante& :" law' For e0apleH the
li:ert" to enter into !ontra!ts is not a huan ri,ht
:ut is a !i%il ri,ht'
IntJ Co-rt o# .-%ti"e5 .-ri%di"tion O*er State%
199; No' 20: 3he so%erei,nt" o%er !ertain
islan&s is &ispute& :etween State + an& State
9' 3hese two states a,ree& to su:it their
&isputes to the 5nternational Court of >usti!e
P5C>Q'
1) -oes the 5C> ha%e ;uris&i!tion to taDe
!o,ni=an!e of the !aseL
2) 6ho shall represent the parties :efore the
CourtL
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
1) 3he 5nternational Court of >usti!e has
;uris&i!tion o%er the !aseH :e!ause the parties
ha%e ;ointl" su:itte& the !ase to it an& ha%e
thus in&i!ate& their !onsent to its ;uris&i!tion'
2) Parties to a !ase a" appoint a,ents to
appear :efore the 5nternational Court of >usti!e
in their :ehalfH an& these a,ents nee& not :e
their own nationals' @owe%erH un&er +rti!le 1) of
the Statutes of the 5nternational Court of >usti!eH
no e:er of the !ourt a" appear as a,ent in
an" !ase'
IntJ Co-rt o# .-%ti"e5 .-ri%di"tion O*er State%
6199;7
No' 19; 3he State of No%aH !ontrolle& :" an
authoritarian ,o%ernentH ha& unfrien&l" relations
with its nei,h:orin, stateH +eri!a' 9reslaH another
nei,h:orin, stateH ha& :een shippin, ars an&
aunitions to No%a for use in atta!Din, +eria'
3o forestall an atta!DH +eria pla!e& floatin,
ines on the territorial waters surroun&in, No%a'
+eria supporte& a ,roup of re:els or,ani=e& to
o%erthrow the ,o%ernent of No%a an& to repla!e
it with a frien&l" ,o%ernent'
No%a &e!i&e& to file a !ase a,ainst +eria in the
5nternational Court of >usti!e
1) An what ,roun&s a" No%aBs !auses of a!tion
a,ainst +eria :e :ase&L
2) An what ,roun&s a" +eria o%e to
&isiss the !ase with the 5C>L
-e!i&e the !ase'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
1) 5f No%a an& +eria are e:ers of the <nite&
NationsH No%a !an preise its !ause of a!tion on
a %iolation of +rti!le 2(#) of the <nite& Nations
CharterH whi!h re?uires e:ers to refrain fro
the threat or use of for!e '''
2) 9" %irtue of the prin!iple of so%erei,n
iunit"H no so%erei,n state !an :e a&e a
part" to a pro!ee&in, :efore the 5nternational
Court of >usti!e unless it has ,i%en its !onsent' 5f
+eria has not a!!epte& the >uris&i!tion of the
5nternational Court of >usti!e' +eria !an in%oDe
the &efense of la!D of ;uris&i!tion' /%en if +eria
has a!!epte& the ;uris&i!tion of the !ourt :ut the
a!!eptan!e is liite& an& the liitation applies to
the !aseH it a" in%oDe su!h liitation its !onsent
as a :ar to the assuption of ;uris&i!tion'
5f ;uris&i!tion has :een a!!epte&H +eria !an
in%oDe the principle of anticipatory self-defenseH
re!o,ni=e& un&er !ustoar" international lawH
:e!ause No%a is plannin, to laun!h an atta!D
a,ainst +eria :" usin, the ars it :ou,ht fro
9resia'
3) 5f ;uris&i!tion o%er +eria is esta:lishe&H the
!ase shoul& :e &e!i&e& in fa%or of No%aH '''' if
;uris&i!tion o%er +eria is not esta:lishe&H the
!ase shoul& :e &e!i&e& in fa%or of +eria
:e!ause of the prin!iple of so%erei,n iunit"'
IntJ Co-rt o# .-%ti"e5 Li+itation% On
.-ri%di"tion 619997
No M * 9' <n&er its StatuteH ,i%e two liitations
on the ;uris&i!tion of the 5nternational Court of
>usti!eL (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
9' 3he followin, are the liitations on the
;uris&i!tion of the 5nternational Court of >usti!e
un&er its Statute:
1' Anl" states a" :e parties in !ases :efore it'
(+rti!le 3#)
2' 3he !onsent of the parties is nee&e& for the
!ourt to a!?uire ;uris&i!tion o%er a !ase' (+rti!le
3))
52
IntJ Co-rt o# .-%ti"e5 Partie%5 Peading% and
Ora Arg-+ent 6199;7
No' 20: 3he so%erei,nt" o%er !ertain islan&s is
&ispute& :etween State + an& State 9' 3hese
two states a,ree& to su:it their &isputes to the
5nternational Court of >usti!e P5C>Q'
3) 6hat lan,ua,e shall :e use& in the plea&in,s
an& oral ar,uentL
#) 5n !ase State +H the petitionerH falls to appear
at the oral ar,uentH !an State 9H the
respon&entH o%e for the &isissal of the
petitionL
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
3) <n&er +rti!le 39 of the Statutes of the
5nternational Court of >usti!eH the offi!ial
lan,ua,es of the !ourt are /n,lish an& Fren!h' 5n
the a:sen!e of an a,reeentH ea!h part" a"
use the lan,ua,e it prefers' +t the re?uest of an"
part"H the !ourt a" authori=e a part" to use a
lan,ua,e other than /n,lish or Fren!h'
#) <n&er +rti!le 23 of the Statutes of the
5nternational Court of >usti!eH whene%er one of
the parties &oes not appear :efore the !ourt or
fails to &efen& its !aseH the other part" a" asD
the !ourt to &e!i&e in fa%or of its !lai'
@owe%erH the !ourt ustH :efore &oin, soH
satisf" itself it has >uris&i!tion an& that the
!lai is well foun&e& in fa!t an& law'
Internationa Con*ention5 La1 o# t'e Sea
6899;7
(2*:) /n route to the tuna fishin, ,roun&s in the
Pa!ifi! A!eanH a %essel re,istere& in Countr" 36
entere& the 9alintan, Channel north of 9a:u"an
5slan& an& with spe!ial hooDs an& nets &ra,,e&
up re& !orals foun& near 9atanes' 9"
international !on%ention !ertain !orals are
prote!te& spe!iesH ;ust :efore the %essel rea!he&
the hi,h seasH the Coast $uar& patrol inter!epte&
the %essel an& sei=e& its !ar,o in!lu&in, tuna'
3he aster of the %essel an& the owner of the
!ar,o proteste&H !laiin, the ri,hts of transit
passa,e an& inno!ent passa,eH an& sou,ht
re!o%er" of the !ar,o an& the release of the ship'
5s the !lai eritorious or notL 1eason :riefl"'
(2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1; 3he !lai of inno!ent
passa,e is not eritorious' 6hile the %essel has
the ri,ht of inno!ent passa,eH it shoul& not !oit
a %iolation of an" international !on%ention' 3he
%essel &i& not erel" na%i,ate throu,h the
territorial seaH it also &ra,,e& re& !orals in
%iolation of the international !on%ention whi!h
prote!te& the re& !orals' 3his is pre;u&i!ial to the
,oo& or&er of the Philippines' (+rti!le 19(2) of the
Con%ention on the 7aw of the Sea)
Internationa Co-rt o# .-%ti"e 6>9<899?7
1 6here is the seat of the 5nternational Court
of >usti!eL 11N) 3he seat of the 5nternational Court
of >usti!e is at the @a,ue or elsewhereH as it a"
&e!i&eH e0!ept &urin, the ;u&i!ial %a!ations the
&ates an& &uration of whi!h it shall fi0 (5'C'>'
StatuteH +rt' 22)'
2 @ow an" are its e:ersL (1N) 3he
Court is !opose& of fifteen e:ers who ust :e
of hi,h oral !hara!ter an& possess the
?ualifi!ations re?uire& in their respe!ti%e !ountries
for appointent to the hi,hest ;u&i!ial offi!e or are
;uris!onsults of re!o,ni=e& !opeten!e in
international law (5'C'>' StatuteH +rt' 2)'
3 6hat is the ter of their offi!eL (1N) 3he"
are ele!te& for a ter of nine "earsH sta,,ere& at
three*"ear inter%als :" &i%i&in, the ;u&,es first
ele!te& into three e?ual ,roups an& assi,nin, the
:" lotter" ters of threeH si0 an& nine "ears
respe!ti%el"' 5e&iate re*ele!tion is allowe&
(5'C'>' StatuteH +rt' 13)'
# 6ho is its in!u:ent presi&entL (1N) 3he
in!u:ent Presi&ent is 1osal"n @i,,ins'
2 6hat is hisIher nationalit"L (1 N) She is a
national of the <nite& Gin,&o or a 9ritish su:;e!t'
(NA3/: Sin!e ?uestions 5M(#) an& 5M(2) &o not test
the e0aineesB Dnowle&,e of the lawH it is
su,,este& that the" :e &isre,ar&e&)
) 5n 1980H the <nite& States file& with the
5nternational Court of >usti!e a !oplaint a,ainst
5ran alle,in, that the latter is &etainin, +eri!an
&iploats in %iolation of 5nternational 7aw' /0plain
how the 5nternational Court of >usti!e !an a!?uire
;uris&i!tion o%er these !onten&in, !ountries' (2N)
<n&er +rti!le 3) of the 5'C'>' StatutesH :oth parties
ust a,ree to su:it thesel%es to the ;uris&i!tion
of the 5nternational Court of >usti!e'
Internationa La1 *%= 0-ni"i$a La15 Territoria
Prin"i$e5 Internationa Cri+e% 6>8<899A7
(2) Poli!e Affi!er @enr" 8a,itin, of the
Nar!oti!s Se!tion of the 6estern Poli!e -istri!t
applie& for a sear!h warrant in the 1e,ional 3rial
Court of 8anila for %iolation
of Se!tion 11H +rti!le 55 (Possession of
Prohi:ite& -ru,s) of 1epu:li! +!t (1'+') No'
91)2 (Coprehensi%e -an,erous -ru,s +!t
of 2002) for the sear!h an& sei=ure of heroin
in the !a:in of the Captain of the 8SS
SeastarH a forei,n*re,istere& %essel whi!h
was oore& at the South @ar:orH 8anilaH its
port of &estination'
9ase& on the affi&a%its of the appli!antBs
witnesses who were !rew e:ers of the
%esselH the" saw a :o0 !ontainin, ten (10)
Dilo,ras of heroin un&er the :e& in the
CaptainBs !a:in' 3he 13C foun& pro:a:le
!ause for the issuan!e of a sear!h warrant;
ne%erthelessH it &enie& the appli!ation on the
,roun& that Philippine !ourts ha%e no
!riinal ;uris&i!tion o%er %iolations of 1'+'
No' 91)2 !oitte& on forei,n*re,istere&
%essels foun& in Philippine waters'
5s the rulin, of the !ourt !orre!tL Support
"our answer with reasons' (2N)
+73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1: 3he !ourtBs rulin,
is not !orre!t' 3he forei,n*re,istere& %essel
was not in transit' 5t was oore& in South
@ar:orH 8anilaH its port of &estination' @en!eH
an" !rie !oitte& on :oar& sai& %esselH
liDe possession of heroinH is tria:le :" our
!ourts (<'S' %' +h Sin,H $'1' No' 13002H
A!to:er 10H 1917)H e0!ept if the !rie
in%ol%es the internal ana,eent of the
%essel'
+73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1: 3he 13C a"
assert its ;uris&i!tion o%er the !ase :" in%oDin,
the territorial prin!ipleH whi!h pro%i&es that
!ries !oitte& within a stateBs territorial
:oun&aries an& persons within that territor"H
either peranentl" or teporaril"H are su:;e!t
to the appli!ation of lo!al law' >uris&i!tion a"
also :e asserte& on the :asis of the
uni%ersalit" prin!ipleH whi!h !onfers upon all
states the ri,ht to e0er!ise ;uris&i!tion o%er
&eli!ta ;uris ,entiu or international !riesH
su!h as the international traffi! nar!oti!s' 3he
possession of 10 D,s' of heroin !onstitutes
!oer!ial ?uantit" an& therefore ?ualifies as
traffi!Din, of nar!oti!s'
Conse?uentl"H the &enial of the sear!h
warrant shoul& ha%e :een an!hore& on the
failure of the !ourt to !on&u!t personal
e0aination of the witnesses to the !rie in
or&er to esta:lish pro:a:le !auseH as re?uire&
:" Se!tions 3 an& # of 1ule 12)' 5n an"
e%entH there is no showin, that the re?uisite
?uantu of pro:a:le !ause was esta:lishe&
:" ere referen!e to the affi&a%its an& other
&o!uentar" e%i&en!e presente&'
0andate% and Tr-%t Territorie% 6899:7
No ME55 * 6hat are the so*!alle& 8an&ates an&
3rust 3erritoriesL -oes the <nite& Nations
e0er!ise so%erei,nt" o%er these territoriesL 5n the
affirati%eH how is this ;uris&i!tion e0er!ise&L
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
3he 8an&ates were the o%erseas possessions of
the &efeate& states of $eran" an& 3urDe" whi!h
were pla!e& :" the 7ea,ue of Nations un&er the
a&inistration of an&atories to proote their
&e%elopent an& ultiate in&epen&en!e' (@arrisH
Cases an& 8aterials on 5nternational 7awH 2th e&'H
p' 131') 6hen the <nite& Nations repla!e& the
7ea,ue of NationsH the s"ste of 8an&ates was
repla!e& :" the S"ste of 3rust 3erritories' 3he
<nite& Nations e0er!ise& resi&uar" so%erei,nt"
o%er the 3rust 3erritories throu,h the 3rustee
PowersH who e0er!ise& the powers of so%erei,nt"
su:;e!t to super%ision :" an& a!!ounta:ilit" to the
<nite& Nations' (Appenhei*7auterpa!htH
5nternational 7awH Eol' 5H 7th e&'H pp' 213*21#')
(Sin!e there are no ore 3rust 3erritoriesH this is
;ust a atter of histori!al interest')
+73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1:
8an&ates pertains to the an&ate s"ste
esta:lishe& un&er +rti!le 22 of the Co%enant of the
7ea,ue of Nations for the tutela,e an&
,uar&ianship of !olonies an& territories forerl"
hel& :" $eran" an& 3urDe" :efore the First
6orl& 6arH :" a %i!torious power on :ehalf of the
7ea,ue of Nations until the" were prepare& for
in&epen&en!e' 3erritories un&er an&ate were not
un&er the so%erei,nt" of an" State; the" were
a&inistere& :" a an&ator" power whi!h was
responsi:le to the 7ea,ue of Nations for the
&e%elopent an& welfare of the &isa&%anta,e&
su:;e!t peoples towar&s in&epen&en!e' 3husH
an&ate& territories were un&er the ;uris&i!tion of
the an&ator" powerH su:;e!t to the super%ision of
the 7ea,ue of Nations'
3he ,eneral le,al fraeworD of the an&ate
s"ste passe& into the trusteeship s"ste of the
<nite& NationsH to,ether with
an&ate& territories whi!h &i& not attain
in&epen&en!e status :" the en& of the Se!on&
6orl& 6ar' 3rust territories an& the 3rusteeship
Coun!il are !reate& :" the <N Charter'
3he trusteeship s"ste un&er Chapters M55 an&
M555 of the <N Charter is esta:lishe& un&er the
super%ision of the <N 3rusteeship Coun!il un&er
the authorit" of the $eneral +sse:l" for the
prootion of politi!al an& so!io*e!onoi!
&e%elopent of peoples in trust territories
towar&s in&epen&ent status' + new feature of the
<N trusteeship s"ste is the !reation of a new
!ate,or" of territoriesH the strate,i! trust
territoriesH whi!h is un&er the super%ision of the
Se!urit" Coun!il instea& of the 3rusteeship
Coun!il'
<n&er the fore,oin, !on&itionsH the <nite& Nations
a" not :e sai& to e0er!ise so%erei,nt" o%er trust
territoriesH the fun!tions an& powers of the
3rusteeship Coun!il an& the $eneral +sse:l"
:ein, liite& to a&inistration an& super%ision
un&er the prin!iple of self*&eterination as set forth
in
Trusteesh#p Cou$!#l u$.er the author#t4 of the
9e$eral Asse-bl4+ e7!ept "#th respe!t to
strate3#! areas or terr#tor#es "h#!h are pla!e.
u$.er the 1ur#s.#!t#o$ of the Se!ur#t4 Cou$!#l.
0-ni"i$a La1 *%= Internationa La1 6899:7
No ME5* +n or,ani=ation of law stu&ents
sponsore& an inter*s!hool &e:ate aon, three
teas with the followin, assi,nents an&
propositions for ea!h tea to &efen&:
3ea C+C * 5nternational law pre%ails o%er
uni!ipal law' 3ea C9C * 8uni!ipal law pre%ails
o%er international law' 3ea CCC * + !ountr"Bs
Constitution pre%ails o%er international law :ut
international law pre%ails o%er uni!ipal statutes'
5f "ou were ,i%en a !han!e to !hoose the !orre!t
propositionH whi!h woul& "ou taDe an& wh"L
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
5 shall taDe the proposition for 3ea C'
5nternational 7aw an& uni!ipal law are supree
in their own respe!ti%e fiel&s' Neither has
he,eon" o%er the other' (9rownlieH Prin!iples of
Pu:li! 5nternational 7awH #th e&' p' 127') <n&er
+rti!le 55H Se!tion 2 of the 1987 ConstitutionH the
,enerall" a!!epte& prin!iples of international law
for part of the law of the lan&' Sin!e the" erel"
ha%e the for!e of lawH if
it is Philippine !ourts that will &e!i&e the !aseH the"
will uphol& the Constitution o%er international law'
5f it is an international tri:unal that will &e!i&e the
!aseH it will uphol& international law o%er uni!ipal
law' +s hel& :" the Peranent 5nternational Court
of >usti!e in the !ase of the Polish Nationals in
-an=i,H a State !annot in%oDe its own Constitution
to e%a&e o:li,ations in!u:ent upon it un&er
international law'
+73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1
5 woul& taDe the proposition assi,ne& to 3ea CCC
as :ein, nearer to the le,al realit" in the
PhilippinesH nael"H C+ !ountr"Bs Constitution
pre%ails o%er international law :ut international law
pre%ails o%er uni!ipal statutesC'
3his isH howe%erH su:;e!t to the pla!e of
international law in the Philippine Constitutional
settin, in whi!h treaties or !ustoar" nors in
international law stan& in parit" with statutes an&
in !ase of irre!on!ila:le !onfli!tH this a" :e
resol%e& :" Ie0 posteriori &ero,at le0 priori as the
Supree Court o:iter &i!tu in +::as %'
CA8/7/C hol&s' @en!eH a statute ena!te& later
than the !on!lusion or effe!ti%it" of a treat" a"
pre%ail'
5n the Philippine le,al s"steH there are no nors
hi,her than !onstitutional nors' 3he fa!t that the
Constitution aDes ,enerall" a!!epte& prin!iples
of international law or !on%entional international
law as part of Philippine law &oes not aDe the
superior to statutor" lawH as !larifie& in Se!retar"
of >usti!e
%' 7antion an& Philip 8orris &e!isions'
Ne-traity o# State% 619887
No' 20: Swit=erlan& an& +ustralia are outstan&in,
e0aples of neutrali=e& statesH
1' 6hat are the !hara!teristi!s of a neutrali=e&
stateL
2' 5s neutralit" s"non"ous with neutrali=ationL 5f
notH &istin,uish one fro the other'
in&i%i&ual trust a,reeents !on!lu&e& in a!!or&an!e with
the <N Charter' <N ;urisi&i!tion is e0er!ise& throu,h the
53
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
1' 6hether siple or !opositeH a State is sai& to
:e neutrali=e& where its in&epen&en!e an&
inte,rit" are ,uarantee& :" an international
!on%ention on the !on&ition that su!h State
o:li,ates itself ne%er to taDe up ars a,ainst an"
other StateH e0!ept for self*&efenseH or enter into
su!h international o:li,ations as woul& in&ire!tl"
in%ol%e it in war' + State seeDs neutrali=ation
where it is weaD an& &oes not
wish to taDe an a!ti%e part in international politi!s'
3he power that ,uarantee its neutrali=ation a" :e
oti%ate& either :" :alan!e of power !onsi&erations
or :" the &esire to aDe the weaD state a :uffer
:etween the territories of the ,reat powers' (>'
S+7AN$+ 4 P' O+PH P<975C 5N3/1N+35AN+7
7+6 7) (19))))'
2' Firstl"H neutralit" o:tains onl" &urin, warH
whereas neutrali=ation is a !on&ition that applies
in pea!e or in war' Se!on&l"H neutrali=ation is a
status !reate& :" eans of treat"H whereas
neutralit" is a status !reate& un&er international
lawH :" eans of a stan& on the part of a state not
to si&e with an" of the parties at war' 3hir&l"H
neutralit" is :rou,ht a:out :" a unilateral
&e!laration :" the neutral StateH while
neutrali=ation !annot :e effe!te& :" unilateral a!tH
:ut ust :e re!o,ni=e& :" other States' (5&')
O-ter S$a"e5 .-ri%di"tion 6899:7
No M5M * 6hat is outer*spa!eL 6ho or whi!h
!an e0er!ise ;uris&i!tion o%er astronauts while in
outer spa!eL
+73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1:
3here are se%eral s!hools of thou,ht re,ar&in, the
&eterination of outer spa!eH su!h as the liit of
air fli,htH the hei,ht of atospheri! spa!eH infinit"H
the lowest altitu&e of an artifi!ial satelliteH an& an
altitu&e appro0iatin, aero&"nai! lift' +nother
s!hool of thou,ht pro!ee&s :" analo," to the law
of the sea' 5t proposes that a State shoul& e0er!ise
full so%erei,nt" up to the hei,ht to whi!h an air!raft
!an as!en&' Non*ilitant fli,ht instruentalities
shoul& :e allowe& o%er a se!on& areaH a
!onti,uous =one of 300 iles' A%er that shoul& :e
outer spa!e' 3he :oun&ar" :etween airspa!e an&
outer spa!e has not "et :een &efine&' (@arrisH
Cases an& 8aterials on 5nternational 7awH 2th e&''
pp' 221*223') <n&er +rti!le 8 of the 3reat" on the
Prin!iples $o%ernin, the +!ti%ities of States in the
/0ploration an& <se of Auter Spa!eH 5n!lu&in, the
8oon an& Ather Celestial 9o&iesH a State on
whose re,istr" an o:;e!t laun!he& into outer spa!e
retains ;uris&i!tion o%er the astronauts while the"
are in outer spa!e'
+73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1:
Auter spa!e is the spa!e :e"on& the airspa!e
surroun&in, the /arth or :e"on& the national
airspa!e' 5n lawH the :oun&ar" :etween outer spa!e
an& airspa!e has reaine& un&eterine&' 9ut in
theor"H this has :een estiate& to :e :etween 80 to
90 Diloeters'
Auter spa!e in this estiate :e,ins fro the
lowest altitu&e an artifi!ial satellite !an reain in
or:it' <n&er the 8oon 3reat" of 1979 the oon
an& the other !elestial :o&ies for part of outer
spa!e'
5n outer spa!eH the spa!e satellites or o:;e!ts are
un&er the ;uris&i!tion of States of re,istr" whi!h
!o%ers astronauts an& !osonauts' 3his atter is
!o%ere& :" the 1e,istration of A:;e!ts in Spa!e
Con%ention of 197# an& the 7ia:ilit" for -aa,e
Cause& :" Spa!e& A:;e!ts Con%ention of 1972'
Prin"i$e o# A-to<Li+itation 6>19<899?7
1' 6hat is the prin!iple of auto*liitationL
(2'2N) +73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1: <n&er the
prin!iple of auto*liitationH an" state a" :" its
!onsentH e0press or iplie&H su:it to a
restri!tion of its so%erei,n ri,hts' 3here a" thus
:e a !urtailent of what otherwise is a plenar"
power (1ea,an %' C51H $'1' 7*2)379H -e!e:er
27H 19)9)'
Re"i$ro"ity *= Prin"i$e o# A-to<Li+itation
6>19<899?7
2' 6hat is the relationship :etween re!ipro!it"
an& the prin!iple of auto*liitationL (2'2N)
+73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1: 6hen the Philippines
enters into treatiesH ne!essaril"H these international
a,reeents a" !ontain liitations on Philippine
so%erei,nt"' 3he !onsi&eration in this partial surren&er
of so%erei,nt" is the re!ipro!al !oitent of other
!ontra!tin, states in ,rantin, the sae pri%ile,e an&
iunities to the Philippines' For e0apleH this Din& of
re!ipro!it" in relation to the prin!iple of auto*liitation
!hara!teri=es the Philippine !oitents un&er
63A*$+33' 3his is :ase& on the !onstitutional
pro%ision that the Philippines Ca&opts the ,enerall"
a!!epte& prin!iples of international law as part of the
law of the lan& an& a&heres to the poli!" of '''
!ooperation an& ait" with all nationsC (3ana&a %'
+n,araH $'1' No' 118292H 8a" 2H 1997)'
Re"ognition o# State%5 !e Fa"to *%= !e .-re
Re"ognition 619987
No M55' -istin,uish :etween &e fa!to re!o,nition
an& &e ;ure re!o,nition of states' P2N)
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he followin, are the &istin!tions :etween &e
fa!to re!o,nition an& &e >ure re!o,nition of a
,o%ernent:
1 -e fa!to re!o,nition is pro%isionalH &e >ure
re!o,nition is relati%el" peranent;
2 -e fa!to re!o,nition &oes not %est title in the
,o%ernent to its properties a:roa&; &e >ure
re!o,nition &oes;
3 -e fa!to re!o,nition is liite& to !ertain ;uri&i!al
relations; &e ;ure re!o,nition :rin,s a:out full &iploati!
relations' (Cru=' 5nternational 7aw' 199) e&'' p' 83')
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
3he &istin!tion :etween &e fa!to re!o,nition an&
&e ;ure re!o,nition of a State is not !lear in
international law' 5t isH howe%erH usuall" assue&
as a point of &istin!tion that while &e fa!to
re!o,nition is pro%isional an& hen!e a" :e
with&rawnH &e ;ure re!o,nition is final an& !annot
:e with&rawn'
Confronte& with the eer,en!e of a new politi!al
entit" in the international !ounit"H a State a"
e0perien!e soe &iffi!ult" in respon&in, to the
?uestion whether the new politi!al or&er ?ualifies
to :e re,ar&e& as a state un&er international lawH
in parti!ular fro the %iewpoint of its effe!ti%eness
an& in&epen&en!e on a peranent :asis' 3he
re!o,ni=in, State a" !onsi&er its a!t in re,ar& to
the new politi!al entit" as erel" a &e fa!to
re!o,nitionH ipl"in, that it a" with&raw it if in
the en& it turns out that the !on&itions of
statehoo& are not fulfille& shoul& the new authorit"
not reain in power'
9ut e%en thenH a &e fa!to re!o,nition in this
!onte0t pro&u!es le,al effe!ts in the sae wa" as
&e ;ure re!o,nition' 6hether re!o,nition is &e
fa!to or &e ;ureH steps a" :e taDen to with&raw
re!o,nition if the !on&itions of statehoo& in
international law are not fulfille&' 3husH fro this
stan&pointH the &istin!tion is not le,all" si,nifi!ant'
Note: 3he ?uestion shoul& refer to re!o,nition of
,o%ernent not re!o,nition of state :e!ause
there is no su!h &istin!tion in re!o,nition of
state'
Re$aration% Agree+ent5 (aidity 619987
No' 1#: 3he >apanese $o%ernent !onfire&
that &urin, the Se!on& 6orl& 6arH Filipinas were
aon, those !ons!ripte& as C!ofort woenC (or
prostitutes) for >apanese troops in
%arious parts of +sia' 3he >apanese $o%ernent has
a!!or&in,l" laun!he& a ,oo&will !apai,n an& has
offere& the Philippine $o%ernent su:stantial
assistan!e for a pro,ra that will proote R throu,h
,o%ernent an& non*,o%ernental or,ani=ations R
woensB ri,htsH !hil& welfareH nutrition an& fail"
health !are'
+n e0e!uti%e a,reeent is a:out to :e si,ne& for
that purpose' 3he a,reeent in!lu&es a !lause
where:" the Philippine $o%ernent a!Dnowle&,es
that an" lia:ilit" to the C!ofort woenC or their
&es!en&ants are &eee& !o%ere& :" the
reparations a,reeents si,ne& an& ipleente&
ie&iatel" after the Se!on& 6orl& 6ar'
>uliano 5,lesiasH a &es!en&ant of a now
&e!ease& !ofort woanH seeDs "our a&%i!e on
the %ali&it" of the a,reeent' +&%ise hi'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
3he a,reeent is %ali&' 3he !ofort woen an&
their &es!en&ants !annot assert in&i%i&ual !lais
a,ainst >apan' +s state& in -a%is 4 8oore %s'
1e,anH #23 <'S' )2#H the so%erei,n authorit" of a
State to settle !lais of its nationals a,ainst forei,n
!ountries has repeate&l" :een re!o,ni=e&' 3his
a" :e a&e without the !onsent of the nationals
or e%en without !onsultation with the' Sin!e the
!ontinue& ait" :etween a State an& other
!ountries a" re?uire a satisfa!tor" !oproise of
utual !laisH the ne!essar" power to aDe su!h
!oproises has :een re!o,ni=e&' 3he settleent
of su!h !lais a" :e a&e :" e0e!uti%e
a,reeent'
Rig't to Inno"ent Pa%%age 619997
No M * C' State /psilonH &urin, pea!e tieH has
allowe& forei,n ships inno!ent passa,e throu,h
8antranas StraitH a strait within /psilonBs territorial
sea whi!h has :een use& :" forei,n ships for
international na%i,ation' Su!h passa,e ena:le&
the sai& ships to tra%erse the strait :etween one
part of the hi,h seas to another' An >une 7H
1997H a warship of State 9eta passe& throu,h the
a:o%e*nae& strait' 5nstea& of passin, throu,h
!ontinuousl" an& e0pe&itiousl"H the ship &ela"e&
its passa,e to ren&er assistan!e to a ship of State
$aa whi!h was &istresse& with no one near:"
to assist' 6hen !onfronte& :" /psilon a:out the
&ela"H 9eta e0plaine& that the &ela" was &ue to
for!e a;eure in !onforit" with the pro%ision of
+rti!le 18(2) of the 1982 Con%ention on the 7aw of
the Sea (<NC7AS)' Se%en onths laterH /psilon
suspen&e& the ri,ht of inno!ent
passa,e of warships throu,h 8antranas Strait
without ,i%in, an" reason therefor' Su:se?uentl"H
another warship of 9eta passe& throu,h the sai&
straitH an& was fire& upon :" /psilonBs !oastal
:atter"' 9eta proteste& the aforesai& a!t of /psilon
&rawin, attention to the e0istin, !ustoar"
international law that the re,ie of inno!ent
passa,e (e%en of transit passa,e) is non*
suspen&a:le' /psilon !ountere& that 8antranas
Strait is not a ne!essar" routeH there :ein, another
suita:le alternati%e route' 1esol%e the a:o%e*
entione& !ontro%ers"H /0plain "our answer' (#N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
+ssuin, that /psilon an& 9eta are parties to
the <NC7ASH the !ontro%ers" a":e resol%e&
as follows:
<n&er the <NC7ASH warships en;o" a ri,ht of
inno!ent passa,e' 5t appearin, that the portion of
/psilonBs territorial sea in ?uestion is a strait use&
for international na%i,ationH /psilon has no ri,ht
un&er international law to suspen& the ri,ht of
inno!ent passa,e' +rti!le #2(2) of the <NC7AS is
!lear in pro%i&in, that there shall :e no
suspension of inno!ent passa,e throu,h straits
use& for international na%i,ation'
An the assuption that the straits in ?uestion is not
use& for international na%i,ationH still the
suspension of inno!ent passa,e :" /psilon !annot
:e effe!ti%e :e!ause suspension is re?uire& un&er
international law to :e &ul" pu:lishe& :efore it !an
taDe effe!t' 3here :ein, no pu:li!ation prior to the
suspension of inno!ent passa,e :" 9etaBs warshipH
/psilonBs a!t a!?uires no %ali&it"'
8oreo%erH /psilonBs suspension of inno!ent
passa,e a" not :e %ali& for the reason that there
is no showin, that it is essential for the prote!tion
of its se!urit"' 3he a!tuation of 9etaBs warship in
resortin, to &ela"e& passa,e is for !ause
re!o,ni=e& :" the <NC7AS as e0!usa:leH i'e'H for
the purpose of ren&erin, assistan!e to persons or
ship in &istressH as pro%i&e& in +rti!le 18(2) of the
<NC7AS' @en!eH 9etaBs warship !oplie& with
the international law nors on ri,ht of inno!ent
passa,e'
Rig't to Tran%it and Inno"ent Pa%%age 6899;7
II<9' :n ro*+e to the tuna fishin, ,roun&s in the
Pa!ifi! A!eanH a %essel re,istere& in Countr" 36
entere& the 9alintan, Channel north of 9a:u"an
5slan& an& with spe!ial hooDs an& nets &ra,,e&
up re& !orals foun& near
9atanes' 9" international !on%ention !ertain
!orals are prote!te& spe!ies' >ust :efore the
%essel rea!he& the hi,h seasH the Coast $uar&
patrol inter!epte& the %essel an& sei=e& its !ar,o
in!lu&in, tuna' 3he aster of the %essel an& the
owner of the !ar,o proteste&H !laiin, the ri,hts
of transit passa,e an& inno!ent passa,eH an&
sou,ht re!o%er" of the !ar,o an& the release of
the ship' 5s the !lai eritorious or notL 1eason
:riefl"' (2N) S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1; 3he !lai
of inno!ent passa,e is not eritorious' 6hile the
%essel has the ri,ht of inno!ent passa,eH it shoul&
not !oit a %iolation of an" international
!on%ention' 3he %essel &i& not erel" na%i,ate
throu,h the territorial seaH it also &ra,,e& re&
!orals in %iolation of the international !on%ention
whi!h prote!te& the re& !orals' 3his is pre;u&i!ial
to the ,oo& or&er of the Philippines' (+rti!le 19(2)
of the Con%ention on the 7aw of the Sea)
Rig't% and Obigation -nder UN C'arter
619917
No' 1#: State M in%a&es an& !on?uers State O'
3he <nite& Nations Se!urit" Coun!il &e!lares the
in%asion an& !on?uest ille,al an& or&ers an
international e:ar,o a,ainst State M'
Su:se?uentl"H the sae <'N' :o&" a&opts a
resolution !allin, for an enfor!eent a!tion a,ainst
State M un&er Chapter E55 of the <'N' Charter'
State .H a <'N' e:erH reli,iousl" !oplies with
the e:ar,o :ut refuses to taDe part in the
enfor!eent a!tionH sen&in, a e&i!al ission
instea& of fi,htin, troops to the trou:le& area'
(a) -i& State . %iolate its o:li,ations un&er the
<'N' CharterL
(:) 5f soH what san!tions a" :e taDen a,ainst
itL
(!) 5f notH wh" notL
ANS4ER:
(a) NoH State . &i& not %iolate its o:li,ations un&er
the <nite& Nations Charter' 5t !oplie& with the
resolution !allin, for enfor!eent a!tion a,ainst
State MH :e!ause it sent a e&i!al tea'
(:) No san!tions a" :e taDen a,ainst State .'
:e!ause it &i& not %iolate its o:li,ation un&er the
<nite& Nations Charter'
(!) Coplian!e with the resolution !allin, for
enfor!eent a!tion a,ainst Slate M &oes not
ne!essaril" !all for the sen&in, of
54
fi,htin, troops' <n&er +rt #3 of the <nite&
Nations CharterH !oplian!e with the !all for
enfor!eent a!tion a,ainst State M has to :e
a&e in a!!or&an!e with a spe!ial a,reeent
with the Se!urit" Coun!il an& su!h a,reeent
shall ,o%ern the nu:ers an& t"pes of for!esH
their &e,ree of rea&iness an& ,eneral lo!ationsH
an& the nature of the fa!ilities an& assistan!e to
:e supplie& :" e:ers of the <nite& Nations'
So-r"e% o# Internationa La15 Pri+ary B
S-b%idiary So-r"e% 6899:7
No ME * State "our ,eneral un&erstan&in, of the
priar" sour!es an& su:si&iar" sour!es of
international lawH ,i%in, an illustration of ea!h'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
<n&er +rti!le 38 of the Statute of the 5nternational
Court of >usti!eH the P158+1O SA<1C/S of
international law are the followin,:
1 5nternational !on%entions H e','H Eienna
Con%ention on the 7aw of 3reaties'
2 5nternational !ustos H e','H sa:ota,eH the
prohi:ition a,ainst sla%er"H an& the prohi:ition a,ainst
torture'
3 $eneral prin!iples of law re!o,ni=e& :" !i%ili=e&
nationsH e','H pres!riptionH res ;u&i!ataH an& &ue
pro!ess'
3he S<9S5-5+1O SA<1C/S of international law
are ;u&i!ial &e!isionsH su:;e!t to the pro%isions of
+rti!le 29H e','H the &e!ision in the +n,lo*Norwe,ian
Fisheries Case an& Ni!ara,ua %' <nite& StatesH an&
3/+C@5N$S of the ost hi,hl" ?ualifie& pu:li!ists
of %arious nationsH e','H @uan 1i,hts in
5nternational 7aw :" 7auterpa!ht an& 5nternational
7aw :" Appenhe i *7auterpa!ht'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
1efle!tin, ,eneral international lawH +rti!le 38(1)
of the Statute of the 5nternational Court of >usti!e
is un&erstoo& as pro%i&in, for international
!on%entionH international !ustoH an& ,eneral
prin!iples of law as priar" sour!es of
international lawH while in&i!atin, that ;u&i!ial
&e!isions an& tea!hin,s of the ost hi,hl"
?ualifie& pu:li!ists as Csu:si&iar" eans for the
&eterination of the rules of law'C
3he priar" sour!es a" :e !onsi&ere& as
foral sour!es in that the" are the etho&s :"
whi!h nors of international law are !reate& an&
re!o,ni=e&' + !on%entional or treat" nor !oes
into :ein, :" esta:lishe& treat"*aDin,
pro!e&ures an& a !ustoar" nor is the pro&u!t
of the foration of ,eneral pra!ti!e a!!epte& as
law'
9" wa" of illustratin, 5nternational Con%ention as a
sour!e of lawH we a" refer to the prin!iple
e:o&ie& in +rti!le ) of the Eienna Con%ention on
the 7aw of 3reaties whi!h rea&s: C/%er" State
possesses !apa!it" to !on!lu&e treatiesC' 5t tells
us what the law is an& the pro!ess or etho& :"
whi!h it !ae into :ein,' 5nternational Custo
a" :e !on!retel" illustrate& :" pa!ta sunt
ser%an&aH a !ustoar" or ,eneral nor whi!h
!ae a:out throu,h e0tensi%e an& !onsistent
pra!ti!e :" a ,reat nu:er of states re!o,ni=in, it
as o:li,ator"'
3he su:si&iar" eans ser%es as e%i&en!e of law'
+ &e!ision of the 5nternational Court of >usti!eH for
e0apleH a" ser%e as aterial e%i&en!e
!onfirin, or showin, that the prohi:ition a,ainst
the use of for!e is a !ustoar" norH as the
&e!ision of the Court has &eonstrate& in the
Ni!ara,ua Case' 3he status of a prin!iple as a
nor of international law a" fin& e%i&en!e in the
worDs of hi,hl" ?ualifie& pu:li!ists in international
lawH su!h as 8!NairH Gelsen or Appenhei'
So*ereign I++-nity o# State%5 Ab%o-te *%=
Re%tri"ti*e 619987
No M555' 6hat is the &o!trine of So%erei,n
iunit" in international 7awL P2NQ
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
9" the &o!trine of so%erei,n iunit"H a StateH
its a,ents an& propert" are iune fro the
;u&i!ial pro!ess of another StateH e0!ept with its
!onsent' 3husH iunit" a" :e wai%e& an& a
State a" perit itself to :e sue& in the !ourts of
another StateH
So%erei,n iunit" has &e%elope& into two
s!hools of thou,htH nael"H a:solute iunit" an&
restri!ti%e iunit"' 9" a:solute iunit"H all a!ts
of a State are !o%ere& or prote!te& :" iunit"'
An the other han&H restri!ti%e iunit" aDes a
&istin!tion :etween ,o%ernental or so%erei,n
a!ts (a!ta ;ure iperii) an& non,o%ernentalH
propriet" or !oer!ial a!ts (a!ta ;ure ,estiones)'
Anl" the first !ate,or" of a!ts is !o%ere& :"
so%erei,n iunit"'
3he Philippine a&heres to the restri!ti%e iunit"
s!hool of thou,ht'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER5
5n <nite& States %s' 1ui=H 13) SC1+ #87' #90
#91' the Supree Court e0plaine& the &o!trine
of so%erei,n iunit" in international law;
C3he tra&itional rule of State iunit" e0epts a
State fro :ein, sue& in the !ourts of another
State without its !onsent or wai%erH this rule is a
ne!essar" !onse?uen!e of the prin!iples of
in&epen&en!e an& e?ualit" of states' @owe%erH
the rules of 5nternational 7aw are not petrifie&H
the" are !onstantl" &e%elopin, an& e%ol%in,' +n&
:e!ause the a!ti%ities of states ha%e ultiplie&' 5t
has :een ne!essar" to &istin,uish the R
:etween so%erei,n an& ,o%ernent a!ts P1*re
i0periiQ an& pri%ateH !oer!ial an& proprietar"
a!ts (1*re ges+ionis)H 3he result is that State
iunit" now e0ten&s onl" to a!ts jure imperii'C
So*ereignty o# State%5 Nat-ra U%e o# Territory
619897
No' 19: 3he 1epu:li! of China (3aiwan)H in its :i&
to &e%elop a h"&ro,en :o: an& &efen& itself
a,ainst threats of in%asion !oin, fro the
PeopleBs 1epu:li! of ChinaH !on&u!te& a series of
se!ret nu!lear weapons tests in its own
atosphere' 3he tests resulte& in ra&ioa!ti%e
fallouts whi!h !ontainate& the ri%ers in an&
aroun& +parri an& other :o&ies of water within the
territorial ;uris&i!tion of the PhilippinesH Can the
Philippines !oplain a,ainst the 1epu:li! of
China for %iolation of its so%erei,nt"L
ANS4ER:
5n the 3rial Selter +r:itration :etween the <nite&
States an& Cana&aH the +r:itral 3ri:unal hel& that
air pollution fro Cana&a shoul& :e en;oine&H
:e!ause so%erei,nt" in!lu&es the ri,ht a,ainst
an" en!roa!hent whi!h i,ht pre;u&i!e the
natural use of the territor" an& the free o%eent
of its inha:itants'
Sin!e the nu!lear tests !on&u!te& :" the
1epu:li! China resulte& in ra&ioa!ti%e fallouts
whi!h !ontainate& the ri%ers an& other :o&ies of
water within the PhilippinesH the 1epu:li! of
China %iolate& the so%erei,nt" of the Philippines'
O/SH the Philippines !an !oplain a,ainst the
1epu:li! of China for %iolation of its so%erei,nt"'
+rti!le 19# of the Con%ention on the 7aw of the
Sea re?uires States to taDe all easures
ne!essar" to ensure that a!ti%ities un&er their
;uris&i!tion or !ontrol are so !on&u!te& as not to
!ause &aa,e :" pollution to other States an&
their en%ironent' Prin!iple
21 of the <nite& Nations Conferen!e on the
@uan /n%ironent iposes upon states the
responsi:ilit" to ensure that a!ti%ities within their
;uris&i!tion or !ontrol &o not !ause &aa,e to the
en%ironent of other States'
So*ereignty5 !e#inition5 Nat-re 6>19<899?7
1 @ow is state so%erei,nt" &efine& in
5nternational 7awL (2'2N) +73/1N+35E/
+NS6/1: State so%erei,nt" si,nifies
in&epen&en!e in re,ar& to a portion of the ,lo:eH
an& the ri,ht to e0er!ise an& enfor!e ;uris&i!tion
thereinH to the e0!lusion of an" other state the
fun!tions of the state PSee 5slan& of 7as Palas
Case (<S %' 3he Netherlan&s) 2 1'5++' 829Q'
So%erei,nt" eans in&epen&en!e fro outsi&e
!ontrol' 3he 1933 8onte%i&eo Con%ention
e0presses this in positi%e ters as in!lu&in, Cthe
!apa!it" to enter into relations with other states'C
+73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1: <n&er the prin!iple of
state so%erei,nt" in 5nternational 7awH all states
are so%erei,n e?uals an& !annot assert ;uris&i!tion
o%er one another' + !ontrar" &isposition woul&
Cun&ul" %e0 the pea!e of nationsC (-a @a:er %'
(ueen of Portu,alH 17 (' 9' 171)'
2 5s state so%erei,nt" a:soluteL (2'2N)
+73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1: State so%erei,nt" is not
a:solute' An the !ontrar"H the rule sa"s that the
state a" not :e sue& without its !onsentH whi!h
!learl" iports that it a" :e sue& if it !onsents'
8oreo%erH !ertain restri!tions enter into the pi!ture:
(1) liitations ipose& :" the %er" nature of
e:ership in the fail" of nations; an& (2)
liitations ipose& :" treat" stipulations' 3he
so%erei,nt" of a state therefore !annot in fa!t an&
in realit" :e !onsi&ere& a:solute (3ana&a %'
+n,araH $'1' No' 118292H 8a" 2H1997)'
+73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1: So%erei,nt" is a:solute
with respe!t to e0!lusi%e !opeten!e o%er internal
atters PSee 5slan& of 7as Palas Case (<S %'
3he Netherlan&s) 2 1'5++' 829QH su:;e!t onl" to
su!h liitations as a" :e ipose& or re!o,ni=e&
:" the state itself as part of its o:li,ations un&er
international law' 5n the international plainH state
so%erei,nt" is reali=e& as the !oe0isten!e with
other so%erei,nties un&er !on&itions of
in&epen&en!e an& e?ualit"'
55
State Liabiitie% 6199A7
No' 8: 5n a rai& !on&u!te& :" re:els in a
Ca:o&ian townH an +eri!an :usinessan who
has :een a lon,*tie resi&ent of the pla!e was
!au,ht :" the re:els an& ro::e& of his !ash an&
other %alua:le personal :elon,in,s' 6ithin
inutesH two tru!Dloa&s of ,o%ernent troops
arri%e& proptin, the re:els to with&raw' 9efore
fleein, the" shot the +eri!an !ausin, hi
ph"si!al in;uries' $o%ernent troopers
ie&iatel" laun!he& pursuit operations an&
Dille& se%eral re:els' No !ash or other %alua:le
propert" taDen fro the +eri!an :usinessan
was re!o%ere&'
5n an a!tion for in&enit" file& :" the <S
$o%ernent in :ehalf of the :usinessan for
in;uries an& losses in !ash an& propert"H the
Ca:o&ian ,o%ernent !onten&e& that un&er
5nternational 7aw it was not responsi:le for the
a!ts of the re:els'
1' 5s the !ontention of the Ca:o&ian
,o%ernent !orre!tL /0plain'
2' Suppose the re:ellion is su!!essful an& a new
,o%ernent ,ains !ontrol of the entire StateH
repla!in, the lawful ,o%ernent that was
topple&H a" the new ,o%ernent :e hel&
responsi:le for the in;uries or losses suffere& :"
the +eri!an :usinessanL /0plain'
ANS4ER5
1' OesH the !ontention of the Ca:o&ian
$o%ernent is !orre!t' <nless it !learl" appears
that the ,o%ernent has faile& to use proptl"
an& with appropriate for!e its !onstitute& authorit"
it !annot :e hel& responsi:le for the a!ts of re:elsH
for the re:els are not its a,ents an& their a!ts
were &one without its %olition' 5n this !aseH
,o%ernent troopers ie&iatel" pursue& the
re:els an& Dille& se%eral of the'
2' 3he new ,o%ernent a" :e hel& responsi:le
if it su!!ee&s in o%erthrowin, the ,o%ernent'
Ei!torious re:el o%eents are responsi:le for
the ille,al a!ts of their for!es &urin, the !ourse of
the re:ellion' 3he a!ts of the re:els are iputa:le
to the when the" assue& as &ul" !onstitute&
authorities of the state'
State So*ereignty5 E##e"ti*e O""-$ation5 Terra
N-i-% 689997
No M5M * a) 6hat is the :asis of the
PhilippinesB !lai to a part of the Spratl" 5slan&sL
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he :asis of the Philippine !lai is effe!ti%e
o!!upation of a territor" not su:;e!t to the
so%erei,nt" of another state' 3he >apanese for!es
o!!upie& the Spratl" 5slan& ,roup &urin, the
Se!on& 6orl& 6ar' @owe%erH un&er the San
Fran!is!o Pea!e 3reat" of 1921 >apan forall"
renoun!e& all ri,ht an& !lai to the Spratl"s' 3he
San Fran!is!o 3reat" or an" other 5nternational
a,reeent howe%erH &i& not &esi,nate an"
:enefi!iar" state followin, the >apanese
renun!iation of ri,ht' Su:se?uentl"H the Spratl"s
:e!ae terra nullius an& was o!!upie& :" the
Philippines in the title of so%erei,nt"' Philippine
so%erei,nt" was &ispla"e& :" open an& pu:li!
o!!upation of a nu:er of islan&s :" stationin, of
ilitar" for!esH :" or,ani=in, a lo!al ,o%ernent
unitH an& :" awar&in, petroleu &rillin, ri,htsH
aon, other politi!al an& a&inistrati%e a!ts' 5n
1978H it !onfire& its so%erei,n title :" the
proul,ation of Presi&ential -e!ree No' 129)H
whi!h &e!lare& the Gala"aan 5slan& $roup part of
Philippine territor"'
Statee%% Per%on%5 E##e"t%5 Stat-%5 Rig't%
6199A7
1 6ho are stateless persons un&er
5nternational 7awL
2 6hat are the !onse?uen!es of
statelessnessL
3 5s a stateless person entirel" without ri,htH
prote!tion or re!ourse un&er the 7aw of NationsL
/0plain'
# 6hat easuresH if an"H has 5nternational
7aw taDen to pre%ent statelessnessL
ANS4ER:
1' 7TAT:L:77 P:R7O<7 are those who are
not !onsi&ere& as nationals :" an" State un&er
the operation of its laws'
2' 3he !onse?uen!es of statelessness are the
followin,:
(a) No State !an inter%ene or !oplain in
:ehalf of a stateless person for an international
&elin?uen!" !oitte& :" another State in
infli!tin, in;ur" upon hi'
(:) @e !annot :e e0pelle& :" the State if
he is lawfull" in its territor" e0!ept on
,roun&s of national se!urit" or pu:li! or&er'
(!) @e !annot a%ail hiself of the prote!tion
an& :enefits of
56
!#t#Ae$sh#p l#:e se!ur#$3 for h#-self
a passport or #sa a$. perso$al
.o!u-e$ts.
<. No. U$.er the Co$e$t#o$ #$ Relat#o$ to the
Status of Stateless Perso$+ the Co$tra!t#$3
States a3ree. to a!!or. to stateless perso$s
"#th#$ the#r terr#tor#es treat-e$t at least as
faorable as that a!!or.e. to the#r $at#o$als "#th
respe!t to free.o- of rel#3#o$+ a!!ess to the
!ourts+ rat#o$#$3 of pro.u!ts #$ short suppl4+
ele-e$tar4 e.u!at#o$+ publ#! rel#ef a$.
ass#sta$!e+ labor le3#slat#o$ a$. so!#al se!ur#t4.
The4 also a3ree. to a!!or. to the- treat-e$t
$ot less faorable tha$ that a!!or.e. to al#e$s
3e$erall4 #$ the sa-e !#r!u-sta$!es. The
Co$e$t#o$ also pro#.es for the #ssua$!e of
#.e$t#t4 papers a$. trael .o!u-e$ts to
stateless perso$.
,. I$ the Co$e$t#o$ o$ the Co$fl#!t of
Nat#o$al#t4 La"s of =*<E+ the Co$tra!t#$3
States a3ree. to a!!or. $at#o$al#t4 to perso$s
bor$ #$ the#r terr#tor4 "ho "oul. other"#se be
stateless. The Co$e$t#o$ o$ the Re.u!t#o$ of
Stateless$ess of =*?= pro#.es that #f the la" of
the !o$tra!t#$3 States results #$ the loss of
$at#o$al#t4 as a !o$se@ue$!e of -arr#a3e or
ter-#$at#o$ of -arr#a3e+ su!h loss -ust be
!o$.#t#o$al upo$ possess#o$ or a!@u#s#t#o$ of
a$other $at#o$al#t4.
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER5
<n&er the Con%ention on the 1e&u!tion of
Stateless*ness of 19)1H a !ontra!tin, state shall
,rant its nationalit" to a person :orn in its territor"
who woul& otherwise :e stateless an& a
!ontra!tin, state a" not &epri%e a person or a
,roup of persons of their nationalit" for ra!ialH
ethni!H reli,ious or politi!al ,roun&s'
Territoria Sea *%= Interna 4ater% 6899;7
(1) 3he territorial sea an& the internal waters of
the Philippines'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
+' (1) 3/1153A15+7 S/+ is an a&;a!ent :elt of
sea with a :rea&th of t1e*e na-ti"a +ie%
easure& fro the :aselines of a state an& o%er
whi!h the state has so%erei,nt"' (+rti!les 2 an& 3
of the Con%ention on the 7aw of the Sea') Ship
of all states en;o" the ri,ht of inno!ent passa,e
throu,h the territorial sea' (+rti!le 1# of the
<n&er Se!tion 1H +rti!le 5 of the 1987 ConstitutionH
the 5N3/1N+7 6+3/1S of the Philippines
!onsist of the waters aroun&H :etween an&
!onne!tin, the islan&s of the Philippine
+r!hipela,oH re,ar&less of their :rea&th an&
&iensionsH in!lu&in, the waters in :a"sH ri%ers
an& laDes' No ri,ht of inno!ent passa,e for
forei,n %essels e0ists in the !ase of internal
waters' (@arrisH Cases an& 8aterials on
5nternational 7awH 2th e&'H 1998H p' #07')
5nternal waters are the waters on the lan&war&
si&e of :aselines fro whi!h the :rea&th of the
territorial sea is !al!ulate&' (9rownlieH Prin!iples
of Pu:li! 5nternational 7awH #th e&'H 1990H p' 120')
U%e o# For"e5 E,"e$tion% 6899:7
No M5E* Not too lon, a,oH Callie& for!esCH le& :"
+eri!an an& 9ritish are& for!esH in%a&e& 5ra?
to Cli:erate the 5ra?is an& &estro" suspe!te&
weapons of ass &estru!tion'C 3he Se!urit"
Coun!il of the <nite& Nations faile& to rea!h a
!onsensus on whether to support or oppose the
Cwar of li:erationC'
Can the a!tion taDen :" the allie& for!es fin&
;ustifi!ation in 5nternational 7awL /0plain'
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
3he <nite& States an& its allie& for!es !annot
;ustif" their in%asion of 5ra? on the :asis of self*
&efense un&er +rti!le 21 atta!D :" 5ra?H an& there
was no ne!essit" for anti!ipator" self*&efense
whi!h a" :e ;ustifie& un&er !ustoar"
international law' Neither !an the" ;ustif" their
in%asion on the ,roun& that +rti!le #2 of the
Charter of the <nite& Nations perits the use
for!e a,ainst a State if it is san!tione& :" the
Se!urit" Coun!il' 1esolution 1##1H whi!h ,a%e
5ra? a final opportunit" to &isar or fa!e serious
!onse?uen!esH &i& not authori=e the use of are&
for!e'
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
5n 5nternational 7awH the a!tion taDen :" the
allie& for!es !annot fin& ;ustifi!ation' 5t is !o%ere&
:" the prohi:ition a,ainst the use of for!e
pres!ri:e& :" the <nite& Nations Charter an& it
&oes not fall un&er an" of the e0!eptions to that
prohi:ition'
3he <N Charter in +rti!le 2(#) prohi:its the use
of for!e in the relations of states :" pro%i&in, that
all e:ers of the <N Cshall refrain in their
international relations fro the threat or use of
for!e a,ainst the territorial inte,rit" or politi!al
in&epen&en!e of an" stateH
or in an" other anner in!onsistent with the
purposes of the <nite& Nations'C 3his an&ate
&oes not onl" outlaw war; it en!opasses all
threats of an& a!ts of for!e or %iolen!e short of
war'
+s thus pro%i&e&H the prohi:ition is a&&resse& to
all <N e:ers' @owe%erH it is now re!o,ni=e&
as a fun&aental prin!iple in !ustoar"
international law an&H as su!hH is :in&in, on all
e:ers of the international !ounit"'
3he a!tion taDen :" the allie& for!es !annot :e
;ustifie& un&er an" of the three e0!eptions to the
prohi:ition a,ainst the use of for!e whi!h the <N
Charter allows' 3hese are:
(1) inherent ri,ht of in&i%i&ual or
!olle!ti%e self*&efense un&er +rti!le 21;
(2) enfor!eent easure in%ol%in, the
use of are& for!es :" the <N Se!urit"
Coun!il un&er +rti!le #2; an&
(3) enfor!eent easure :"
re,ional arran,eent un&er +rti!le 23H as
authori=e& :" the <N Se!urit" Coun!il'
3he allie& for!es &i& not laun!h ilitar"
operations an& &i& not o!!up" 5ra? on the
!lai that their a!tion was in response to
an are& atta!D :" 5ra?H of whi!h there
was none'
8oreo%erH the a!tion of the allie& for!es was
taDen in &efian!e or &isre,ar& of the Se!urit"
Coun!il 1esolution No' 1##1 whi!h set up Can
enhan!e& inspe!tion re,ie with the ai of
:rin,in, to full an& %erifie& !opletion the
&isaraent pro!essCH ,i%in, 5ra? Ca final
opportunit" to !opl" with its &isaraent
o:li,ationsC' 3his resolution was in the pro!ess of
ipleentation; so was 5ra?Bs !oplian!e with
su!h &isaraent o:li,ations'
U%e o# For"e5 Prin"i$e o# Non<Inter*ention
6199;7
No' 19; 3he State of No%aH !ontrolle& :" an
authoritarian ,o%ernentH ha& unfrien&l" relations
with its nei,h:orin, stateH +eria' 9reslaH another
nei,h:orin, stateH ha& :een shippin, ars an&
aunitions to No%a for use in atta!Din, +rneria'
3o forestall an atta!DH +eria pla!e& floatin,
ines on the territorial waters surroun&in, No%a'
+eria supporte& a ,roup of re:els or,ani=e& to
o%erthrow the ,o%ernent
of No%a an& to repla!e it with a frien&l"
,o%ernent'
No%a &e!i&e& to file a !ase a,ainst +eria in the
5nternational Court of >usti!e
1) An what ,roun&s a" No%aBs !auses of a!tion
a,ainst +eria :e :ase&L
2) An what ,roun&s a" +eria o%e to
&isiss the !ase with the 5C>L
3) -e!i&e the !ase'
ANS4ER:
1) 5f No%a an& +eria are e:ers of the <nite&
NationsH No%a !an preise its !ause of a!tion on
a %iolation of +rti!le 2(#) of the <nite& Nations
CharterH whi!h re?uires e:ers to refrain fro
the threat or use of for!e a,ainst the territorial
inte,rit" or politi!al in&epen&en!e of an" state' 5f
either or :oth No%a or +eria are not e:ers
of the <nite& NationsH No%a a" preise its
!ause of a!tion on a %iolation of the non*use of
for!e prin!iple in !ustoar" international law
whi!h e0ists parallel to +rti!le 2(#) of the <nite&
Nations Charter'
5n the Case Con!ernin, 8ilitar" an& Parailitar"
+!ti%ities in an& +,ainst Ni!ara,ua (198) 5C>
1ep' 1#)H the 5nternational Court of >usti!e
!onsi&ere& the plantin, of ines :" one state
within the territorial waters of another as a
%iolation of +rti!le 2(#) of the <nite& Nations
Charter' 5f the support pro%i&e& :" +eria to the
re:els of No%a ,oes :e"on& the ere ,i%in, of
onetar" or ps"!holo,i!al support :ut !onsists in
the pro%ision of ars an& trainin,H the a!ts of
+eria !an :e !onsi&ere& as in&ire!t a,,ression
aountin, to another %iolation of +rti!le 2(#)'
5n a&&itionH e%en if the pro%ision of support is not
enou,h to !onsi&er the a!t a %iolation of the non*
use of for!e prin!ipleH this is a %iolation of the
prin!iple of non*inter%ention in !ustoar"
5nternational law'
+,,ression is the use of are& for!e :" a state
a,ainst the so%erei,nt"H territorial inte,rit" or
politi!al in&epen&en!e of another state or in an"
other anner in!onsistent with the <nite& Nations
Charter'
2) 9" %irtue of the prin!iple of so%erei,n
iunit"H no so%erei,n state !an :e a&e a
part" to a pro!ee&in, :efore the 5nternational
Court of >usti!e unless it has ,i%en its
!onsent' '''
3) 5f ;uris&i!tion o%er +eria is esta:lishe&H the
!ase shoul& :e &e!i&e& in fa%or of No%aH
:e!ause +eria %iolate& the prin!iple a,ainst the
use of for!e an& the prin!iple of non*5nter%ention'
3he &efense of anti!ipator" self*&efense !annot
:e sustaine&H :e!ause there is no showin, that
No%a ha& o:ili=e& to su!h an e0tent that if
+eria were to wait for No%a to striDe first it
woul& not :e a:le to retaliate'
@owe%erH if ;uris&i!tion o%er +eria is not
esta:lishe&H the !ase shoul& :e &e!i&e& in fa%or
of +eria :e!ause of the prin!iple of so%erei,n
iunit"'
U%e o# For"e5 Rig't o# Se#<de#en%e 689987
No M5M' An A!to:er 13H 2001H e:ers of +li
9a:aH a politi!al e0treist or,ani=ation :ase& in
an& un&er the prote!tion of Countr" M an&
espousin, %iolen!e worl&wi&e as a eans of
a!hie%in, its o:;e!ti%esH plante& hi,h*powere&
e0plosi%es an& :o:s at the 5nternational 3ra&e
3ower (533) in >ewel Cit" in Countr" OH a e:er
of the <nite& Nations' +s a result of the :o:in,
an& the !ollapse of the 100*stor" twin towersH
a:out 2H000 peopleH in!lu&in, woen an&
!hil&renH were Dille& or in;ure&H an& :illions of
&ollars in propert" were lost'
5e&iatel" after the in!i&entH +li 9a:aH speaDin,
throu,h its lea&er 9in -er&an&atH a&itte& an&
owne& responsi:ilit" for the :o:in, of 533H
sa"in, that it was &one to pressure Countr" O to
release !apture& e:ers of the terrorist ,roup'
+li 9a:a threatene& to repeat its terrorist a!ts
a,ainst Countr" O if the latter an& its allies faile&
to a!!e&e to +li 9a:aBs &ean&s' 5n responseH
Countr" O &ean&e& that Countr" M surren&er
an& &eli%er 9in -er&an&at to the ,o%ernent
authorities of Countr" O for the purpose of trial
an& Cin the nae of ;usti!e'C Countr" M refuse& to
a!!e&e to the &ean& of Countr" O'
6hat a!tion or a!tions !an Countr" O le,all" taDe
a,ainst +li 9a:a an& Countr" M to stop the
terrorist a!ti%ities of +li 9a:a an& &issua&e
Countr" M fro har:orin, an& ,i%in, prote!tion to
the terrorist or,ani=ationL Support "our answer
with reasons' (2N)
(1) Countr" O a" e0er!ise the ri,ht of self*
&efenseH as pro%i&e& un&er +rti!le 21 of the <N
Charter Cuntil the Se!urit" Coun!il has taDen
easure ne!essar" to aintain international pea!e
an& se!urit"C' Self*&efense ena:les Countr" O to
use for!e a,ainst Countr" M as well as a,ainst the
+li 9a:a or,ani=ation'
(2) 5t a" :rin, the atter to the Se!urit" Coun!il
whi!h a" authori=e san!tions a,ainst Countr"
MH in!lu&in, easure in%oDin, the use of for!e'
<n&er +rti!le # of the <N CharterH Countr" O a"
use for!e a,ainst Countr" M as well as a,ainst
the +li 9a:a or,ani=ation :" authorit" of the <N
Se!urit" Coun!il'
<n&er the Se!urit" Coun!il 1esolution No' 13)8H
the terrorist atta!D of +li 9a:a a" :e &efine& as
a threat to pea!eH as it &i& in &efinin, the
Septe:er 11H 2001 atta!Ds a,ainst the <nite&
States' 3he resolution authori=es ilitar" an&
other a!tions to respon& to terrorist atta!Ds'
@owe%erH the use of ilitar" for!e ust :e
proportionate an& inten&e& for the purpose of
&etainin, the persons alle,e&l" responsi:le for
the !ries an& to &estro" ilitar" o:;e!ti%es use&
:" the terrorists'
3he fun&aental prin!iples of international
huanitarian law shoul& also :e respe!te&'
Countr" O !annot :e ,rante& sweepin,
&is!retionar" powers that in!lu&e the power to
&e!i&e what states are :ehin& the terrorist
or,ani=ations' 5t is for the Se!urit" Coun!il to
&e!i&e whether for!e a" :e use& a,ainst
spe!ifi! states an& un&er what !on&itions the
for!e a" :e use&'
U%e o# For"e5 Se#<!e#en%e5 4aging 4ar
619987
No M5E' +t the Nure:er, trial of the Na=i war
!riinals at the en& of the 6orl& 6ar 55' the
&efense ar,ue& on :ehalf of the $eran
&efen&ants that althou,h a nation !oul& not wa,e
a,,ressi%e war without trans,ressin,
5nternational lawH it !oul& use war as an
5nstruent of self*&efenseH an& that the nation
itself ust :e the sole ;u&,e of whether its
a!tions were in self*&efense' @ow woul& "ou
eet the ar,uent if "ou were a e:er of the
3ri:unal tr"in, the !aseL P2NQ
SU22ESTE! ANS4ER:
No rule of 5nternational law ,i%es a state resortin,
to war alle,e&l" in self*&efense the ri,ht to
&eterine with a le,all" !on!lusi%e effe!t the
le,alit" of su!h a!tion'
3he >u&,ent of the Nure:er, 5nternational
8ilitar" 3ri:unal re;e!te& the &efense of the Na=i
war !riinals:
C9ut whether a!tion taDen un&er the !lai of self*
&efense was in fa!t a,,ressi%e or &efensi%e ust
ultiatel" :e su:;e!t to
in%esti,ation an& a&;u&i!ation if international law
is e%er to :e enfor!e&'C
ALTERNATI(E ANS4ER:
5nternational law on self*&efense !annot assue
the nature of war' 6ar re?uires Ca &e!laration of
war ,i%in, reasonsC un&er the @a,ue Con%ention 55
of 1907' Pre!isel"H the Na=i war !riinalwere
in&i!te& :efore the Nure:er, 3ri:unal for %iolatin,
this Con%ention an& were foun& ,uilt"'
Sin!e the Na=i war !riinal ar,ue& that war as
self*&efense is un&erstoo& :" the as eanin,
Cthat the nation itself ust :e the sole >u&,e of
whether its a!tion were in self*&efenseCH it is
!lear that what the" ha& in in& in fa!t is Cwar as
an instruent of national poli!"CH not self*&efense
as an o:;e!ti%e ri,ht un&er 5nternational law'
6a,in, was as an instruent of national law is
prohi:ite& :" the Pa!t of Paris of 1928 (Gello, *
9rai& Part) of whi!h $eran" was alrea&" a state
part" :efore the Se!on& 6orl& 6ar' Pre!isel"H the
$eran 1ei!h was in&i!te& :efore the
Nure:er, 3ri:unal for %iolation of the Pa!t of
Paris an& the Na=i war !riinals were foun& ,uilt"
of this as a war !rie'
@en!eH the ar,uent is itself an a&ission of
%iolation of international law'
U%e o# For"e5 4'en ao1ed 619887
1' 3he Charter of the <nite& Nations prohi:its not
onl" re!ourse to war :ut also resort to the use of
for!e or threat' 5n the ar&ent &esire to aintain
pea!eH the Charter o:li,es e:ers to settle their
international &isputes :" pea!eful eans an& to
refrain in their international relations fro the
threat or use of for!e' 3he sae CharterH
howe%erH re!o,ni=in, perhaps the realities of
international relationsH allows the use of for!e in
e0!eptional o!!asions'
Please state two o!!asions when the use of
are& for!es is allowe& :" the <'N' Charter'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
1' <n&er art' #2 of the <N CharterH shoul& the
Se!urit" Coun!il !onsi&er that pa!ifi! etho&s of
settlin, &isputes are ina&e?uateH it a" taDe su!h
a!tion :" airH seaH or lan& for!es as a" :e
ne!essar" to aintain or restore international
pea!e an& se!urit"' Su!h a!tion a" in!lu&e
&eonstrationsH :lo!Da&eH an& other
operations :" airH seaH or lan& for!es of
e:ers of the <N'
2' <n&er art' 21 e:er states also ha%e the
inherent ri,ht of !olle!ti%e self &efense if an are&
atta!D o!!urs a,ainst a e:er stateH until the
Se!urit" Coun!il has taDen easures ne!essar" to
aintain international pea!e an& se!urit"'
4ar5 Co+batant%K Pri%oner% o# 4ar *%=
0er"enarie% 6199:7
No' 3: 1e&enH >olan an& +n&"' Filipino touristsH
were in 9osnia*@er=e,o%ina when hostilities
erupte& :etween the Ser:s an& the 8osles'
Penniless an& !au,ht in the !rossfireH 1e&enH
>olanH an& +n&"H :ein, retire& ,eneralsH offere&
their ser%i!es to the 8osles for a han&soeH
salar"H whi!h offer was a!!epte&' 6hen the
Ser:ian National $uar& approa!he& Sara;e%oH
the 8osle !i%ilian population spontaneousl"
tooD up ars to resist the in%a&in, troops' Not
fin&in, tie to or,ani=eH the 8osles wore
ar:an&s to i&entif" thesel%esH %owin, to
o:ser%e the laws an& !ustos of war' 3he three
Filipinos fou,ht si&e :" si&e with the 8osles'
3he Ser:s pre%aile& resultin, in the !apture of
1e&enH >olan an& +n&"H an& part of the !i%ilian
fi,htin, for!e'
1) +re 1e&enH >olan an& +n&" !onsi&ere&
!o:atants thus entitle& to treatent as prisoners
of warL
2) +re the !apture& !i%ilians liDewise prisoners
of warL
ANS4ER:
1) 1e&enH >olan an& +n&" are not !o:atants
an& are not entitle& to treatent as prisoners of
warH :e!ause the" are er!enaries' +rti!le #7 of
the Proto!ol 5 to the $ene%a Con%entions of
19#9 pro%i&es:
C+ 8er!enar" shall not ha%e the ri,ht to :e
!o:atant or a prisoner of war'C
Pursuant to +rti!le #7 of Proto!ol 5 of the $ene%a
Con%entions of 19#9H 1e&enH >olanH an& +n&" are
er!enariesH :e!ause the" were re!ruite& to fi,ht
in an are& !onfli!tH the" in fa!t tooD &ire!t part in
the hostilitiesH the" were oti%ate& to taDe part in
the hostilities essentiall" :" the &esire for pri%ate
,ain an& in fa!t was proise& a han&soe salar"
:" the 8oslesH the" were neither nationals of a
part" to the !onfli!t nor resi&ents of territor"
!ontrolle& :" a part" to the !onfli!tH the" are not
e:ers of the are& for!es of a part" to the
!onfli!tH an& the" were not sent :" a state whi!h
is not a part" to the !onfli!t on offi!ial &ut" as
e:ers of its are& for!es'
2) 3he !apture& !i%ilians are prisoners of war'
<n&er +rti!le # of the $ene%a Con%ention
relati%e to the 3reatent of Prisoners of 6arH
inha:itants of a non*o!!upie& territor"H who on
the approa!h of the ene" spontaneousl" taDe
up ars to resist the in%a&in, for!esH without
ha%in, ha& tie to for thesel%es into re,ular
are& for!esH pro%i&e& the" !arr" ars openl"
an& respe!t the laws an& !ustos of warH are
!onsi&ere& prisoners of war if the" fall into the
power of the ene"'
4i%on do"trine *%= E%trada do"trine 6899;7
(2*a*2) -istin,uish: 3he 6ilson &o!trine an& the
/stra&a &o!trine re,ar&in, re!o,nition of
,o%ernents'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1: <n&er the 657SAN
-AC315N/H re!o,nition shall not :e e0ten&e& to
an" ,o%ernent esta:lishe& :" re%olution or
internal %iolen!e until the freel" ele!te&
representati%es of the people ha%e or,ani=e& a
!onstitutional ,o%ernent'
<n&er the /S31+-+ -AC315N/H the 8e0i!an
,o%ernent &e!lare& that it woul&H as it saw fitH
!ontinue or terinate its &iploati! relations with
an" !ountr" in whi!h a politi!al uphea%al ha&
taDen pla!e an& in so &oin, it woul& not
pronoun!e ;u&,ent on the ri,ht of the forei,n
state to a!!eptH aintain or repla!e its
,o%ernent' (Cru=H 5nternational 7awH 2003 e&')
(5n %iew of re!ent &e%elopentsH the 6ilson
&o!trine an& the /stra&a &o!trine are no lon,er in
the ainstrea of pu:li! international law')
A!0INISTRATI(E LA4 Ad+in La15
E,'a-%tion o# Ad+ini%trati*e Re+edie%
619917
No' 9: 9H For :ein, notoriousl" un&esira:le an& a
re!i&i%istH >ose 3apulanH an eplo"ee in the first
le%el of the !areer ser%i!e in the Affi!e of the
Pro%in!ial $o%ernor of 8as:ateH was &isisse&
:" the $o%ernor without foral in%esti,ation
pursuant to Se!tion #0 of the Ci%il Ser%i!e -e!ree
(P'-' No' 807T whi!h authori=es suar"
pro!ee&in,s in su!h !ases'
+s a law"er of >ose what stepsH if an"H woul&
"ou taDe to prote!t his ri,htsL
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1;
9' Se!tion #0 of the Ci%il Ser%i!e -e!ree has
:een repeale& :" 1epu:li! +!t No' ))2#' +s
law"er of >ose 3apulanH 5 will file a petition for
an&aus to !opel his reinstateent' 5n
a!!or&an!e with the rulin, in 8an,u:at us'
AsenaH $'1 No' 7*12837H +pril 30H 1929H 102
Phil' 1308H there is no nee& to e0haust all
a&inistrati%e ree&ies :" appealin, to the Ci%il
Ser%i!e CoissionH sin!e the a!t of the
,o%ernor is patentl" 5lle,al'
Ad+in La15 E,'a-%tion o# Ad+ini%trati*e
Re+edie% 689997
No M555'
a) /0plain the &o!trine of e0haustion of
a&inistrati%e ree&ies' (2N)
:) $i%e at least three (3) e0!eptions to its
appli!ation' (3N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
+') 3he &o!trine of e0haustion of a&inistrati%e
ree&ies eans that when an a&e?uate ree&"
is a%aila:le within the /0e!uti%e -epartentH a
liti,ant ust first e0haust this ree&" :efore he
!an resort to the !ourts' 3he purpose of the
&o!trine is to ena:le the a&inistrati%e a,en!ies
to !orre!t thesel%es if the" ha%e !oitte& an
error' (1osales %' Court of +ppealsH 1)2 SC1+
3## P19881)
9') 3he followin, are the e0!eptions to the
appli!ation of the &o!trine of e0haustion of
a&inistrati%e ree&ies:
1' 3he ?uestion in%ol%e& is purel"
le,al;
2' 3he a&inistrati%e :o&" is in
estoppel;
3' 3he a!t !oplaine& of is patentl"
ille,al;
#' 3here is an ur,ent nee& for >u&i!ial
inter%ention;
2' 3he !lai in%ol%e& is
sall;
)' $ra%e an& irrepara:le in;ur" will :e
suffere&;
7' 3here is no other plainH spee&" an&
a&e?uate ree&";
8' Stron, pu:li! interest is
in%ol%e&;
9' 3he su:;e!t of the !ontro%ers" is
pri%ate law;
10' 3he !ase in%ol%es a ?uo warranto
pro!ee&in, (Sun%ille 3i:er Pro&u!tsH 5n!' %'
+:a&' 20) SC1+ #82 U1992);
57
11' 3he part" was &enie& &ue pro!ess
(Saahan, 8a,:u:uDi& n, Gap&ulaH 5n!' %'
Court of +ppealsH 302 SC1+ 1#7 P1999Q);
12' 3he &e!ision is that of a -epartent
Se!retar"' (Na=areno %' Court of +ppealsH
$'1' No' 131)#1H Fe:ruar"
23' 2000);
13' 1esort to a&inistrati%e ree&ies woul&
:e futile (<ni%ersit" of the Philippines 9oar&
of 1e,ents %' 1asul 200 SC1+ )82 P1991Q);
1#' 3here is unreasona:le &ela"
(1epu:li! %H San&i,an:a"anH 301 SC1+ 237
P1999Q);
12' C3he a!tion in%ol%es re!o%er" of
ph"si!al possession of pu:li! lan& ($a:rito u'
Court of +ppealsH 1)7 SC1+ 771 U1988Q);
1)' 3he part" is poor (Sa:ello %'
-epartent of /&u!ationH Culture an& SportsH
180 SC1+ )23 P1989Q); an&
17' 3he law pro%i&es for ie&iate resort to
the !ourt (1ulian % Eal&e=H 12 SC1+ 201
P19)#Q)'
UNote: 3he e0ainee shoul& :e ,i%en full !re&it if
he ,i%es three of the a:o%e*entione&
e0!eptions'T
Re+edie% *% !o"trine o# Pri+ary .-ri%di"tion
6199?7
No' 11: 1) -istin,uish the &o!trine of priar"
;uris&i!tion fro the &o!trine of e0haustion of
a&inistrati%e ree&ies'
2) -oes the failure to e0haust a&inistrati%e
ree&ies :efore filin, a !ase in !ourt oust sai&
!ourt of ;uris&i!tion to hear the !aseL /0plain'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1;
1) 3he &o!trine of priar" ;uris&i!tion an& the
&o!trine of e0haustion of a&inistrati%e ree&ies
:oth &eal with the proper relationships :etween the
!ourts an& a&inistrati%e a,en!ies' 3he &o!trine of
e0haustion of a&inistrati%e ree&ies applies
where a !lai is !o,ni=a:le in the first instan!e :"
an a&inistrati%e a,en!" alone' >u&i!ial
interferen!e is withhel& until the a&inistrati%e
pro!ess has :een !oplete&' +s state& in
5n&ustrial /nterprisesH 5n!' %s' Court of +ppealsH
18# SC1+ #2)' 3he &o!trine of priar"
;uris&i!tion applies where a !ase is within the
!on!urrent ;uris&i!tion of the !ourt an& an
a&inistrati%e a,en!" :ut the &eterination of the
!ase re?uires the te!hni!al e0pertise of the
a&inistrati%e a,en!"' 5n su!h a !aseH althou,h
the atter is within the ;uris&i!tion of the !ourtH it
ust "iel& to the ;uris&i!tion of the a&inistrati%e
!ase'
2) NoH the failure to e0haust a&inistrati%e
ree&ies :efore filin, a !ase in !ourt &oes not
oust the !ourt of ;uris&i!tion to hear the !ase' +s
hel& in 1osario %s' Court of +ppealsH 211 SC1+
38#H the failure to e0haust a&inistrati%e ree&ies
&oes not affe!t the ;uris&i!tion of the !ourt :ut
results in the la!D of a !ause of a!tionH :e!ause a
!on&ition pre!e&ent that ust :e satisfie& :efore
a!tion !an :e file& was not fulfille&'
Re+edie%5 E,"e$tion% 619917
No' 8: An the :asis of a %erifie& report an&
!onfi&ential inforation that %arious ele!troni!
e?uipentH whi!h were ille,all" iporte& into the
PhilippinesH were foun& in the :o&e,a of the
3iDasan Corporation lo!ate& at 1002 9inaDa"an
St'H Ce:u Cit"H the Colle!tor of Custos of Ce:u
issue&H in the ornin, of 2 >anuar" 1988H a
6arrant of Sei=ure an& -etention a,ainst the
!orporation for the sei=ure of the ele!troni!
e?uipent' 3he warrant parti!ularl" &es!ri:es the
ele!troni! e?uipent an& spe!ifies the pro%isions
of the 3ariff an& Custos Co&e whi!h were
%iolate& :" the iportation'
3he warrant was ser%e& an& ipleente& in the
afternoon of 2 >anuar" 1988 :" Custos
poli!een who then sei=e& the &es!ri:e&
e?uipent' 3he in%entor" of the sei=e& arti!les was
si,ne& :" the Se!retar" of the 3iDasan
Corporation' 3he followin, &a"H a hearin, offi!er in
the Affi!e of the Colle!tor of Custos !on&u!te& a
hearin, on the !onfis!ation of the e?uipent'
3wo &a"s thereafterH the !orporation file& with the
Supree Court a petition for !ertiorariH prohi:ition
an& an&aus to set asi&e the warrantH en;oin
the Colle!tor an& his a,ents fro further
pro!ee&in, with the forfeiture hearin, an& to
se!ure the return of the !onfis!ate& e?uipentH
alle,in, therein that the warrant issue& is null an&
%oi& for the reason thatH pursuant to Se!tion 2 of
+rti!le 555 of the 1987 ConstitutionH onl" a ;u&,e
a" issue a sear!h warrant' 5n his !oent to
the petitionH the Colle!tor of CustosH throu,h the
Affi!e of
the Soli!itor $eneralH !onten&s that he is
authori=e& un&er the 3ariff an& Custo Co&e to
or&er the sei=ure of the e?uipent whose &uties
an& ta0es were not pai& an& that the !orporation
&i& not e0haust a&inistrati%e ree&ies'
(a) Shoul& the petition :e ,rante&L -e!i&e'
(:) 5f the Court woul& sustain the !ontention of the
Colle!tor of Custos on the atter of e0haustion
of a&inistrati%e ree&iesH what is the
a&inistrati%e ree&" a%aila:le to the !orporationL
(!) 6hat are the e0!eptions to the rule on
e0haustion of a&inistrati%e ree&iesL
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
(a) No' No sear!h warrant fro !ourt nee&e&'
(:) +s pointe& out in Chia us' +!tin, Colle!tor of
CustosH 177 SC1+ 723H the a&inistrati%e
ree&" a%aila:le un&er Se!tion 2313 of the 3ariff
an& Custos Co&e is to appeal to the
Coissioner of CustosH fro whose &e!ision
an appeal to the Court of 3a0 +ppeals lies'
(!) 3he followin, are the e0!eptions to the
&o!trine of e0haustion of a&inistrati%e
ree&ies:
1' 3he !ase &eals with pri%ate lan&;
2' 3he ?uestion in%ol%e& is purel" le,al;
3' 3he !ase in%ol%es a ?uo warranto pro!ee&in,;
#' 3here is &enial of &ue pro!ess;
2' 3he &e!ision is patentl" ille,al;
)' 3he a,,rie%e& part" will suffer irrepara:le
in;ur";
7' 3here is estoppel;
8' 1esort to a&inistrati%e ree&ies woul& :e
futile;
9' 3he &e!ision is that of a &epartent hea&;
10' 3he law e0pressl" pro%i&es for ie&iate
;u&i!ial re%iew;
58
11' Pu:li! interest is in%ol%e&;
12' 3here was unreasona:le &ela" in the
a&inistrati%e pro!ee&in,s; an&
13' 3he a,,rie%e& part" is poor'
Ad+in La15 .-di"ia Re*ie1 o# Ad+ini%trati*e
A"tion 689917
No M5E $i%e the two (2) re?uisites for the ;u&i!ial
re%iew of a&inistrati%e &e!isionIa!tionsH that isH
when is an a&inistrati%e a!tion ripe for >u&i!ial
re%iewL (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
3he followin, are the !on&itions for ripeness for
;u&i!ial re%iew of an a&inistrati%e a!tion:
1' 3he a&inistrati%e a!tion has alrea&" :een
full" !oplete& an&H thereforeH is a final a,en!"
a!tion; an&
2' +ll a&inistrati%e ree&ies ha%e :een
e0hauste&' P$on=alesH +&inistrati%e 7awH 1e0
9ooDstore: 8anilaH p' 13) (1979)Q'
Ad+in La15 .-di"ia Re*ie1 o# Ad+ini%trati*e
!e"i%ion% 619887
No' 17: +pe0 7o,,in, Co' an& 9ati:ot 7o,,in, Co'
are a&;a!ent ti:er !on!ession hol&ers in 5sa:ela'
9e!ause of :oun&ar" !onfli!tsH an& utual !har,es
of in!ursions into their respe!ti%e !on!ession
areasH the 9ureau of Forestr" or&ere& a sur%e" to
esta:lish on the ,roun& their !oon :oun&ar"'
3he 9ureau of Forestr"Bs &e!ision in effe!t fa%ore&
9ati:ot' +pe0 appeale& to the -epartent of
Natural 1esour!es an& /n%ironent an& this
&epartent re%erse& the &e!ision of the 9ureau of
Forestr" an& sustaine& +pe0' 5t was the turn of
9ati:ot to appeal to the Affi!e of the Presi&ent' 3he
Affi!e of the Presi&ent throu,h an +sst' /0e!uti%e
Se!retar" sustaine& the -epartent of Natural
1esour!es ari& /n%ironent' An a otion for
re!onsi&eration :" 9ati:otH howe%erH an +sst'
/0e!uti%e Se!retar" other than the one who si,ne&
the &e!ision affirin, the &e!ision of the
-epartent of Natural 1esour!es an& /n%ironent
&e!i&e& for 9ati:otH -issatisfie& with the
+&inistrati%e a!tion on the !ontro%ers"' +pe0 file&
an a!tion with the 1e,ional 3rial Court a,ainst
9ati:otH the -ire!tor of Forestr"H an& the +sst'
/0e!uti%e Se!retaries insistin, that a ;u&i!ial
re%iew of su!h &i%er,ent a&inistrati%e &e!isions is
ne!essar" to &eterine the !orre!t :oun&ar" line
of the li!ense& areas in ?uestion'
9ati:ot o%e& to &isiss the a!tionH :ut the
1e,ional 3rial Court &enie& the sae an& e%en
en;oine& enfor!eent of the &e!ision of
the Affi!e of the Presi&ent' 9ati:otBs otion for
re!onsi&eration was liDewise &enie&'
9ati:ot then file& a petition for !ertiorari an&
prohi:ition to re%iew an& annul the or&ers of the
1e,ional 3rial Court' -o "ou :elie%e the petition
for !ertiorari an& prohi:ition is eritoriousL 6h" or
wh" notL
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
3he petition for !ertiorari an& prohi:ition is
eritoriousH 3he or&er of the trial !ourt ust
a!!or&in,l" :e set asi&e' +s hel& in a siilar !aseH
7ian,a 9a" 7o,,in, Co' %' /na,eH 122 SC1+ 80
(1987)H &e!isions of a&inistrati%e offi!ers shoul&
not :e &istur:e& :" the !ourts e0!ept when the
forer ha%e a!te& without or in e0!ess of their
;uris&i!tion or with ,ra%e a:use of &is!retion' 3he
ere suspi!ion of +pe0 that there were anoalies
in the nonrelease of the first C&e!isionC an& its
su:stitution of a new one :" another +ssistant
/0e!uti%e Se!retar" &oes not ;ustif" ;u&i!ial re%iew'
8ere :eliefsH suspi!ions an& !on;e!tures !annot
o%er!oe the presuption of re,ularit" of offi!ial
a!tion'
Ad+in La15 0eaning o# L2o*ern+ent o# t'e
P'ii$$ine%M 619977
No' 3: +re ,o%ernent*owne& or !ontrolle&
!orporations within the s!ope an& eanin, of the
C$o%ernent of the PhilippinesCL
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
Se!tion 2 of the 5ntro&u!tor" Pro%ision of the
+&inistrati%e Co&e of 1987 &efines the
,o%ernent of the Philippines as the !orporate
,o%ernental entit" throu,h whi!h the fun!tions
of ,o%ernent are e0er!ise& throu,hout the
PhilippinesH in!lu&in,H sae as the !ontrar"
appears fro the !onte0tH the %arious ars
throu,h whi!h politi!al authorit" is a&e effe!ti%e
in the PhilippinesH whether pertainin, to the
autonoous re,ionsH the pro%in!ialH !it"H
uni!ipal or :aran,a" su:&i%isions or other fors
of lo!al ,o%ernent'
$o%ernent owne& or !ontrolle& !orporation are
within the s!ope an& eanin, of the $o%ernent
of the Philippines if the" are perforin,
,o%ernental or politi!al fun!tions'
Ad+in La15 Po1er o# t'e Pre%ident to
Reorgani)e Ad+ini%trati*e Str-"t-re 6899:7
No E5 * 3he Presi&ent a:olishe& the Affi!e of the
Presi&ential SpoDesan in 8ala!anan,
Pala!e an& a lon,*stan&in, 9ureau un&er the
-epartent of 5nterior an& 7o!al $o%ernents'
3he eplo"ees of :oth offi!es assaile& the a!tion
of the Presi&ent for :ein, an en!roa!hent of
le,islati%e powers an& there:" %oi&' 6as the
!ontention of the eplo"ees !orre!tL /0plain'
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
3he !ontention of the eplo"ees is not !orre!t' +s
hel& in 9uDlo& n, Gawanin, /@9 %' .aora' 3)0
SC1+ 718 P2001QH Se!tion 31H 9ooD 555 of the
+&inistrati%e Co&e of 1987 has &ele,ate& to the
Presi&ent !ontinuin, authorit" to reor,ani=e the
a&inistrati%e stru!ture of the Affi!e of the
Presi&ent to a!hie%e sipli!it"H e!ono" an&
effi!ien!"' Sin!e this in!lu&es the power to a:olish
offi!esH the Presi&ent !an a:olish the Affi!e of the
Presi&ential SpoDesanH pro%i&e& it is &one in
,oo& faith' 3he Presi&ent !an also a:olish the
9ureau in the -epartent of 5nterior an& 7o!al
$o%ernentsH pro%i&e& it is &one in ,oo& faith
:e!ause the Presi&ent has :een ,rante&
!ontinuin, authorit" to reor,ani=e the
a&inistrati%e stru!ture of the National
$o%ernent to effe!t e!ono" an& proote
effi!ien!"H an& the powers in!lu&e the a:olition of
,o%ernent offi!es' (Presi&ential -e!ree No' 1#1)H
as aen&e& :" Presi&ential -e!ree No' 1772;
7arin %' 3he /0e!uti%e Se!retar"' 280 SC1+ 713
P1997Q)'
Ad+in La15 R-e% and Reg-ation%5 !-e
Pro"e%% 689997
No 555' *3he 8aritie 5n&ustr" +uthorit" (8+15N+)
issue& new rules an& re,ulations ,o%ernin,
pilota,e ser%i!es an& feesH an& the !on&u!t of
pilots in Philippine ports' 3his it &i& without noti!eH
hearin, nor !onsultation with har:or pilots or their
asso!iations whose ri,hts an& a!ti%ities are to :e
su:stantiall" affe!te&' 3he har:or pilots then file&
suit to ha%e the new 8+15N+ rules an&
re,ulations &e!lare& un!onstitutional for ha%in,
:een issue& without &ue pro!ess' -e!i&e the
!ase' (2N)
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1:
3he issuan!e of the new rules an& re,ulations
%iolate& &ue pro!ess' <n&er Se!tion 9H Chapter
55H 9ooD E55 of the +&inistrati%e Co&e of 1987H
as far as pra!ti!a:leH :efore a&optin, propose&
rulesH an a&inistrati%e a,en!" shoul& pu:lish or
!ir!ulate noti!es of the propose& rules an& affor&
intereste& parties the opportunit" to su:it their
%iews; an& in the fi0in, of ratesH no rule shall :e
%ali& unless the propose& rates
shall ha%e :een pu:lishe& in a newspaper of
,eneral !ir!ulation at least two weeDs :efore the
first hearin, on the' 5n a!!or&an!e with this
pro%isionH in Coissioner of 5nternal 1e%enue %
C+H 2)1 SC1+ 23) (199))H it was hel& that when
an a&inistrati%e rule su:stantiall" in!reases the
:ur&en of those &ire!tl" affe!te&H the" shoul& :e
a!!or&e& the !han!e to :e hear& :efore its
issuan!e'
+73/1N+35E/ +NS6/1:
Su:ission of the rule to the <ni%ersit" of the
Philippines 7aw Center for pu:li!ation is
an&ator"' <nless this re?uireent is !oplie&
withH the rule !annot :e enfor!e&'
2o*ern+ent Agen"y *%= 2o*ern+ent
In%tr-+entaity 6>7<899A7
(3) State with reason(s) whi!h of the followin, is
a ,o%ernent a,en!" or a ,o%ernent
instruentalit":
1 -epartent of Pu:li! 6orDs an&
@i,hwa"s;
2 9an,Do Sentral n, Pilipinas;
3 Philippine Ports +uthorit";
# 7an& 3ransportation Affi!e;
2 7an& 9anD of the Philippines' (2N)
59
S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1: +n
5NS31<8/N3+753O refers to an" a,en!"
of the national ,o%ernent not inte,rate&
within the &epartental fraeworDH %este&
with spe!ial fun!tions or ;uris&i!tion :" lawH
with soe if not all !orporate powersH
a&inisterin, spe!ial fun&sH an& en;o"in,
operational autono"H usuall" throu,h a
!harter' (5ron an& Steel +uthorit" %' Court of
+ppealsH $'1' No' 10297)H A!to:er 22H
1992)
+$/NCO un&er the a&inistrati%e !o&e is
an" &epartentH :ureauH offi!eH
!oissionH authorit" or offi!er of the
national ,o%ernentH authori=e& :" law or
e0e!uti%e or&er to aDe rulesH issue
li!ensesH ,rant ri,hts or pri%ile,esH an&
a&;u&i!ate !ases; resear!h institutions with
respe!t to li!ensin, fun!tions; ,o%ernent
!orporations with respe!t to fun!tions
re,ulatin, pri%ate ri,htsH pri%ile,esH
o!!upation or :usinessH an& offi!ials in the
e0er!ise of the &is!iplinar" powers as
pro%i&e& :" law'
3here is NA P1+C35C+7 -5S35NC35AN
:etween an instruentalit" an& a,en!"H for all
intents an& purposes' + &istin!tionH
howe%erH a" :e a&e with respe!t to
those entities possessin, a separate
!harter !reate& :" statute'
1 -P6@ is an a,en!"' 5t &oes not
possess a separate !harter'
2 9SP is an instruentalit" :e!ause it
was in!orporate& un&er the new Central
9anD 7aw (1'+' No' 7)23)
3 PP+ !an :e &efine& as :oth an
instruentalit" an& an a,en!" :e!ause it
was in!orporate& :" spe!ial law an& it has
its own !harterH "et it is inte,rate& with the
-A3C'
# 73A is an a,en!"' 5t is an offi!e of
the -A3C'
2 79P is an instruentalit" ha%in, a
!harter un&er a spe!ial law an& is a
,o%ernent finan!ial institution ($F5)
in&epen&ent of an" &epartent of
,o%ernent'
>-a%i<.-di"ia &ody or Agen"y 6>A<899?7
3' 6hat is a ?uasi*;u&i!ial :o&" or a,en!"L
(2'2N) S<$$/S3/- +NS6/1: + ?uasi*;u&i!ial
:o&" or a,en!" is an a&inistrati%e :o&" with the
power to hearH &eterine or as!ertain fa!ts an&
&e!i&e ri,htsH &uties an& o:li,ations of the parties
:" the appli!ation of rules to the as!ertaine& fa!ts'
9" this powerH ?uasi*;u&i!ial a,en!ies are ena:le&
to interpret an& appl" ipleentin, rules an&
re,ulations proul,ate& :" the an& laws
entruste& to their a&inistration'

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