EN BANC

LT. GEN. ALFONSO P. DAGUDAG (Ret.), A.M. No. RTJ-06-2017

Complainant,
Present:

PUNO, C.J.,
QUISUMBING,
YNARES-SANTIAGO,
CARPIO,
AUSTRIA-MARTINE,
CORONA,
CARPIO MORA!ES,
- "ers#s - ACUNA,
TINGA,
C$ICO-NAARIO,
%E!ASCO, &R',
NAC$URA,
REYES,
!EONAR(O-(E CASTRO, an)
BRION, JJ'

JUDGE MA!MO G.". PADERANGA,
Re*ional Trial Co#rt, Bran+, -., Prom#l*ate):
Ca*a/an )e Oro Cit/,
Respon)ent' &#ne 01, 233.

4 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 4

D E C ! S ! O N

PER CURIAM#

T,is is a +omplaint 5or *ross i*noran+e o5 t,e la6 an) +on)#+t #n7e+omin* a
8#)*e 5ile) 7/ retire) !t' Gen' Al5onso P' (a*#)a* 9Gen' (a*#)a*:, $ea) o5 Tas;
<or+e Sa*ip =ali;asan, a*ainst &#)*e Ma4imo G' >' Pa)eran*a 9&#)*e
Pa)eran*a:, Presi)in* &#)*e o5 t,e Re*ional Trial Co#rt, Bran+, -., Ca*a/an )e
Oro Cit/'

On or a7o#t -3 &an#ar/ 233?, t,e Re*ion %II P,ilippine National Poli+e
Re*ional Maritime Gro#p 9PNPRMG: re+ei"e) in5ormation t,at M% General
Ri+arte o5 NMC Container !ines, In+' 6as s,ippin* +ontainer "ans +ontainin*
ille*al 5orest pro)#+ts 5rom Ca*a/an )e Oro to Ce7#' T,e s,ipments 6ere 5alsel/
)e+lare) as +assa"a meal an) +orn *rains to a"oi) inspe+tion 7/ t,e (epartment o5
En"ironment an) Nat#ral Reso#r+es 9(ENR:'
@0A

On -3 an) -0 &an#ar/ 233?, a team +ompose) o5 representati"es 5rom t,e
PNPRMG, (ENR, an) t,e P,ilippine Coast G#ar) inspe+te) t,e +ontainer "ans at
a port in Man)a#e Cit/, Ce7#' T,e team )is+o"ere) t,e #n)o+#mente) 5orest
pro)#+ts an) t,e names o5 t,e s,ippers an) +onsi*nees:

Co$t%&$e' (%$ No. S)&**e' Co$+&,$ee
NC!U B 2333C12-22GI Polaris C,#a Polaris C,#a
IEAU B 2?20.C?-2203 Polaris C,#a Polaris C,#a
NO!U B 2333D.2-22GI Ro6ena Balan*ot Ro6ena Balan*ot
INBU B -02?E?E-BB2203 Ro6ena Balan*ot Ro6ena Balan*ot
NC!U B 23330?10-22GI &o"an GomeF &o"an GomeF
GSTU B --13EC-US2203 &o"an GomeF &o"an GomeF
CRGU B 20DE?DE Ra55/ EnriH#eF Ra55/ EnriH#eF
NC!U B 2330?E3-22GI Ra55/ EnriH#eF Ra55/ EnriH#eF


T,e +re6 o5 M% General Ri+arte 5aile) to pro)#+e t,e +erti5i+ate o5 ori*in
5orms an) ot,er pertinent transport )o+#ments +o"erin* t,e 5orest pro)#+ts, as
reH#ire) 7/ (ENR A)ministrati"e Or)er No' 3E-1C' Gen' (a*#)a* alle*e) t,at,
sin+e no7o)/ +laime) t,e 5orest pro)#+ts 6it,in a reasona7le perio) o5 time, t,e
(ENR +onsi)ere) t,em as a7an)one) an), on -0 &an#ar/ 233?, t,e Pro"in+ial
En"ironment an) Nat#ral Reso#r+es O55i+e 9PENRO: O55i+er-in-C,ar*e 9OIC:,
Ri+,ar) N' A7ella, iss#e) a seiF#re re+eipt to NMC Container !ines, In+'
@2A

On 0 <e7r#ar/ 233?, Comm#nit/ En"ironment an) Nat#ral Reso#r+es O55i+e
9CENRO: OIC !oreto A' Ri"a+ 9Ri"a+: sent a noti+e to NMC Container !ines,
In+' as;in* 5or e4planation 6,/ t,e *o"ernment s,o#l) not +on5is+ate t,e 5orest
pro)#+ts'
@-A
In an a55i)a"it
@CA
)ate) 1 <e7r#ar/ 233?, NMC Container !ines, In+'Is
Bran+, Mana*er Ale4 Conra) M' Seno state) t,at ,e )i) not see an/ reason 6,/
t,e *o"ernment s,o#l) not +on5is+ate t,e 5orest pro)#+ts an) t,at NMC Container
!ines, In+' ,a) no ;no6le)*e o5 t,e a+t#al +ontent o5 t,e +ontainer "ans'

On 2, 1, an) 0? <e7r#ar/ 233?, (ENR <orest Prote+tion O55i+er !#+io S'
Canete, &r' poste) noti+es on t,e CENRO an) PENRO 7#lletin 7oar)s an) at t,e
NMC Container !ines, In+' 7#il)in* in5ormin* t,e #n;no6n o6ner a7o#t t,e
a)ministrati"e a)8#)i+ation s+,e)#le) on 0. <e7r#ar/ 233? at t,e Ce7# Cit/
CENRO' No7o)/ appeare) )#rin* t,e a)8#)i+ation'
@?A
In a resol#tion
@DA
)ate) 03
Mar+, 233?, Ri"a+, a+tin* as a)8#)i+ation o55i+er, re+ommen)e) to (ENR
Re*ional E4e+#ti"e (ire+tor Claren+e !' Ba*#ilat t,at t,e 5orest pro)#+ts 7e
+on5is+ate) in 5a"or o5 t,e *o"ernment'

In a +omplaint
@EA
)ate) 0D Mar+, 233? an) 5ile) 7e5ore &#)*e Pa)eran*a, a
+ertain Ro*er C' E)ma 9E)ma: pra/e) t,at a 6rit o5 reple"in 7e iss#e) or)erin* t,e
)e5en)ants (ENR, CENRO, Gen' (a*#)a*, an) ot,ers to )eli"er t,e 5orest
pro)#+ts to ,im an) t,at 8#)*ment 7e ren)ere) or)erin* t,e )e5en)ants to pa/ ,im
moral )ama*es, attorne/Is 5ees, an) liti*ation e4penses' On 21 Mar+, 233?, &#)*e
Pa)eran*a iss#e) a 6rit o5 reple"in
@.A
or)erin* S,eri55 Re/nal)o !' Sal+e)a to ta;e
possession o5 t,e 5orest pro)#+ts'

In a motion to H#as, t,e 6rit o5 reple"in,
@1A
t,e )e5en)ants (ENR, CENRO,
an) Gen' (a*#)a* pra/e) t,at t,e 6rit o5 reple"in 7e set asi)e: 90: E)maIs 7on)
6as ins#55i+ientJ 92: t,e 5orest pro)#+ts 6ere 5alsel/ )e+lare) as +assa"a meal an)
+orn *rainsJ 9-: E)ma 6as not a part/-in-interestJ 9C: t,e 5orest pro)#+ts 6ere not
+o"ere) 7/ an/ le*al )o+#mentJ 9?: no7o)/ +laime) t,e 5orest pro)#+ts 6it,in a
reasona7le perio) o5 timeJ 9D: t,e 5orest pro)#+ts 6ere alrea)/ +onsi)ere)
a7an)one)J 9E: t,e 5orest pro)#+ts 6ere la65#ll/ seiFe) #n)er t,e Re"ise) <orestr/
Co)e o5 t,e P,ilippinesJ 9.: reple"in 6as not properJ 91: +o#rts +o#l) not ta;e
+o*niFan+e o5 +ases pen)in* 7e5ore t,e (ENRJ 903: E)ma 5aile) to e4,a#st
a)ministrati"e reme)iesJ an) 900: t,e (ENR 6as t,e a*en+/ responsi7le 5or t,e
en5or+ement o5 5orestr/ la6s' In a motion to )ismiss ad cautelam
@03A
)ate) 02 April
233?, t,e )e5en)ants pra/e) t,at t,e +omplaint 5or reple"in an) )ama*es 7e
)ismisse): 90: t,e real )e5en)ant is t,e Rep#7li+ o5 t,e P,ilippinesJ 92: E)ma 5aile)
to e4,a#st a)ministrati"e reme)iesJ 9-: t,e State +annot 7e s#e) 6it,o#t its
+onsentJ an) 9C: E)ma 5aile) to alle*e t,at ,e is t,e o6ner or is entitle) to t,e
possession o5 t,e 5orest pro)#+ts'

In an or)er
@00A
)ate) 0C April 233?, &#)*e Pa)eran*a )enie) t,e motion to
H#as, t,e 6rit o5 reple"in 5or la+; o5 merit'

Gen' (a*#)a* 5ile) 6it, t,e O55i+e o5 t,e Co#rt A)ministrator 9OCA: an
a55i)a"it-+omplaint
@02A
)ate) . &#l/ 233? +,ar*in* &#)*e Pa)eran*a 6it, *ross
i*noran+e o5 t,e la6 an) +on)#+t #n7e+omin* a 8#)*e' Gen' (a*#)a* state) t,at:
(#rin* t,e 4 4 4 ,earin*, @&#)*e Pa)eran*aA s,o6e) mani5est partialit/ in 5a"or o5
4 4 4 E)ma' (ENRIs +o#nsel 6as lam7aste), +a8ole) an) intimi)ate) 7/ @&#)*e
Pa)eran*aA #sin* 6or)s s#+, as KS$UT UPL an) KT$ATIS BA!ONEY'L

4 4 4 4

E)ma in t,e reple"in +ase +annot see; to re+o"er t,e 6oo) s,ipment 5rom t,e
(ENR sin+e ,e ,a) not so#*,t a)ministrati"e reme)ies a"aila7le to ,im' T,e
pr#)ent t,in* 5or @&#)*e Pa)eran*aA to ,a"e )one 6as to )ismiss t,e reple"in s#it
o#tri*,t'

4 4 4 4

@&#)*e Pa)eran*aIsA a+t@sA o5 ta;in* +o*niFan+e o5 t,e 4 4 4 reple"in s#it,
iss#in* t,e 6rit o5 reple"in an) t,e s#7seH#ent )enial o5 t,e motion to H#as,
+learl/ )emonstrates @si+A i*noran+e o5 t,e la6'



In its 0
st
In)orsement
@0-A
)ate) 0 A#*#st 233?, t,e OCA )ire+te) &#)*e
Pa)eran*a to +omment on t,e a55i)a"it-+omplaint' In ,is +omment
@0CA
)ate) D
Septem7er 233?, &#)*e Pa)eran*a state) t,at ,e e4er+ise) 8#)i+ial )is+retion in
iss#in* t,e 6rit o5 reple"in an) t,at ,e +o#l) not )el"e into t,e iss#es raise) 7/
Gen' (a*#)a* 7e+a#se t,e/ 6ere relate) to a +ase pen)in* 7e5ore ,im'

In its Report
@0?A
)ate) 03 &#l/ 233D, t,e OCA 5o#n) t,at &#)*e Pa)eran*a 90:
"iolate) t,e )o+trine o5 e4,a#stion o5 a)ministrati"e reme)iesJ 92: "iolate) t,e
)o+trine o5 primar/ 8#ris)i+tionJ an) 9-: #se) inappropriate lan*#a*e in +o#rt' T,e
OCA re+ommen)e) t,at t,e +ase 7e re-)o+;ete) as a re*#lar a)ministrati"e matterJ
t,at &#)*e Pa)eran*a 7e ,el) lia7le 5or *ross i*noran+e o5 t,e la6 an) 5or "iolation
o5 Se+tion D, Canon D o5 t,e Ne6 Co)e o5 &#)i+ial Con)#+t 5or t,e P,ilippine
&#)i+iar/J
@0DA
an) t,at ,e 7e 5ine) P-3,333'
In its Resol#tion
@0EA
)ate) 0D A#*#st 233D, t,e Co#rt re-)o+;ete) t,e +ase as a
re*#lar a)ministrati"e matter an) reH#ire) t,e parties to mani5est 6,et,er t,e/
6ere 6illin* to s#7mit t,e +ase 5or )e+ision 7ase) on t,e plea)in*s alrea)/
5ile)' &#)*e Pa)eran*a mani5este) ,is 6illin*ness to s#7mit t,e +ase 5or )e+ision
7ase) on t,e plea)in*s alrea)/ 5ile)'
@0.A
Sin+e Gen' (a*#)a* )i) not 5ile an/
mani5estation, t,e Co#rt +onsi)ere) ,im to ,a"e 6ai"e) ,is +omplian+e 6it, t,e 0D
A#*#st 233D Resol#tion'
@01A


T,e Co#rt 5in)s &#)*e Pa)eran*a lia7le 5or *ross i*noran+e o5 t,e la6 an) 5or
+on)#+t #n7e+omin* a 8#)*e'

T,e (ENR is t,e a*en+/ responsi7le 5or t,e en5or+ement o5 5orestr/
la6s' Se+tion C o5 E4e+#ti"e Or)er No' 012 states t,at t,e (ENR s,all 7e t,e
primar/ a*en+/ responsi7le 5or t,e +onser"ation, mana*ement, )e"elopment, an)
proper #se o5 t,e +o#ntr/Is nat#ral reso#r+es'

Se+tion D. o5 Presi)ential (e+ree No' E3?, as amen)e) 7/ E4e+#ti"e Or)er
No' 2EE, states t,at possessin* 5orest pro)#+ts 6it,o#t t,e reH#ire) le*al
)o+#ments is p#nis,a7le' Se+tion D.-A states t,at t,e (ENR Se+retar/ or ,is )#l/
a#t,oriFe) representati"es ma/ or)er t,e +on5is+ation o5 an/ 5orest pro)#+t
ille*all/ +#t, *at,ere), remo"e), possesse), or a7an)one)'

In t,e instant +ase, t,e 5orest pro)#+ts 6ere possesse) 7/ NMC Container
!ines, In+' 6it,o#t t,e reH#ire) le*al )o+#ments an) 6ere a7an)one) 7/ t,e
#n;no6n o6ner' ConseH#entl/, t,e (ENR seiFe) t,e 5orest pro)#+ts'

&#)*e Pa)eran*a s,o#l) ,a"e )ismisse) t,e reple"in s#it o#tri*,t 5or t,ree
reasons' <irst, #n)er t,e )o+trine o5 e4,a#stion o5 a)ministrati"e reme)ies, +o#rts
+annot ta;e +o*niFan+e o5 +ases pen)in* 7e5ore a)ministrati"e
a*en+ies' In Factoran, Jr. v. Court of Appeals,
@23A
t,e Co#rt ,el) t,at:

T)e -o.t'&$e o/ e0)%1+t&o$ o/ %-2&$&+t'%t&3e 'e2e-&e+ &+ 4%+&.. Co1't+,
5or reasons o5 la6, +omit/ an) +on"enien+e, +)o15- $ot e$te't%&$ +1&t+ 1$5e++
t)e %3%&5%45e %-2&$&+t'%t&3e 'e2e-&e+ )%3e /&'+t 4ee$ 'e+o'te- to %$- t)e
*'o*e' %1t)o'&t&e+ )%3e 4ee$ ,&3e$ %$ %**'o*'&%te o**o't1$&t6 to %.t %$-
.o''e.t t)e&' %55e,e- e''o'+, &/ %$6, .o22&tte- &$ t)e %-2&$&+t'%t&3e
/o'12' 9Emp,asis o#rs:


In Dy v. Court of Appeals,
@20A
t,e Co#rt ,el) t,at a part/ m#st e4,a#st all
a)ministrati"e reme)ies 7e5ore ,e +an resort to t,e +o#rts' In Paat v. Court of
Appeals,
@22A
t,e Co#rt ,el) t,at:

T,is Co#rt in a lon* line o5 +ases ,as +onsistentl/ ,el) t,at 4e/o'e % *%'t6
&+ %55o7e- to +ee8 t)e &$te'3e$t&o$ o/ t)e .o1't, &t &+ % *'e-.o$-&t&o$ t)%t )e
+)o15- )%3e %3%&5e- o/ %55 t)e 2e%$+ o/ %-2&$&+t'%t&3e *'o.e++e+ %//o'-e-
)&2' $en+e, &/ % 'e2e-6 7&t)&$ t)e %-2&$&+t'%t&3e 2%.)&$e'6 .%$ +t&55 4e
'e+o'te- to 7/ *i"in* t,e a)ministrati"e o55i+er +on+erne) e"er/ opport#nit/ to
)e+i)e on a matter t,at +omes 6it,in ,is 8#ris)i+tion t)e$ +1.) 'e2e-6 +)o15- 4e
e0)%1+te- /&'+t 4e/o'e .o1't9+ :1-&.&%5 *o7e' .%$ 4e +o1,)t. T)e *'e2%t1'e
&$3o.%t&o$ o/ .o1't9+ &$te'3e$t&o$ &+ /%t%5 to o$e9+ .%1+e o/
%.t&o$' A++or)in*l/, a7sent an/ 5in)in* o5 6ai"er or estoppel t,e +ase is
s#s+epti7le o5 )ismissal 5or la+; o5 +a#se o5 a+tion' 9Emp,asis o#rs:



In t,e instant +ase, E)ma )i) not resort to, or a"ail o5, any a)ministrati"e
reme)/' $e 6ent strai*,t to +o#rt an) 5ile) a +omplaint 5or reple"in an)
)ama*es' Se+tion . o5 Presi)ential (e+ree No' E3?, as amen)e), states t,at 90: all
a+tions an) )e+isions o5 t,e B#rea# o5 <orest (e"elopment (ire+tor are s#78e+t to
re"ie6 7/ t,e (ENR Se+retar/J 92: t,e )e+isions o5 t,e (ENR Se+retar/ are
appeala7le to t,e Presi)entJ an) 9-: +o#rts +annot re"ie6 t,e )e+isions o5 t,e
(ENR Se+retar/ e4+ept t,ro#*, a spe+ial +i"il a+tion 5or certiorari or
pro,i7ition' In Dy,
@2-A
t,e Co#rt ,el) t,at all a+tions see;in* to re+o"er 5orest
pro)#+ts in t,e +#sto)/ o5 t,e (ENR s,all 7e )ire+te) to t,at a*en+/ M not t,e
+o#rts' In Paat,
@2CA
t,e Co#rt ,el) t,at:

D&+2&++%5 o/ t)e 'e*5e3&$ +1&t /o' 5%.8 o/ .%1+e o/ %.t&o$ &$ 3&e7 o/ t)e *'&3%te
'e+*o$-e$t+9 /%&51'e to e0)%1+t %-2&$&+t'%t&3e 'e2e-&e+ +)o15- )%3e 4ee$ t)e
*'o*e' .o1'+e o/ %.t&o$ 46 t)e 5o7e' .o1't &$+te%- o/ %++12&$, :1'&+-&.t&o$
o3e' t)e .%+e %$- .o$+e;1e$t56 &++1&$, t)e 7'&t @o/ 'e*5e3&$A' E0)%1+t&o$ o/
t)e 'e2e-&e+ &$ t)e %-2&$&+t'%t&3e /o'12, 7ein* a +on)ition pre+e)ent prior to
oneIs re+o#rse to t,e +o#rts an) more importantl/, 7ein* an element o5 pri"ate
respon)entsI ri*,t o5 a+tion, &+ too +&,$&/&.%$t to 4e 7%65%&- 46 t)e 5o7e' .o1't'

4 4 4 4

Moreo"er, t)e +1&t /o' 'e*5e3&$ &+ $e3e' &$te$-e- %+ % *'o.e-1'%5 too5
to ;1e+t&o$ t)e o'-e'+ o/ .o$/&+.%t&o$ %$- /o'/e&t1'e &++1e- 46 t)e DENR in
p#rs#an+e to t,e a#t,orit/ *i"en #n)er P'(' E3?, as amen)e)' Se+tion . o5 t,e
sai) la6 is e4pli+it t,at %.t&o$+ t%8e$ 46 t)e
D&'e.to' o/ t)e B1'e%1 o/ Fo'e+t De3e5o*2e$t +on+ernin* t,e en5or+ement o5
t,e pro"isions o5 t,e sai) la6 %'e +14:e.t to 'e3&e7 46 t)e Se.'et%'6 o/ DENR
%$- t)%t .o1't+ 2%6 $ot 'e3&e7 t)e -e.&+&o$+ o/ t)e Se.'et%'6 e0.e*t t)'o1,)
% +*e.&%5 .&3&5 %.t&o$ /o' .e't&o'%'& o' *'o)&4&t&o$' 9Emp,asis o#rs:



Se+on), #n)er t,e )o+trine o5 primar/ 8#ris)i+tion, +o#rts +annot ta;e
+o*niFan+e o5 +ases pen)in* 7e5ore a)ministrati"e a*en+ies o5 spe+ial
+ompeten+e' T,e (ENR is t,e a*en+/ responsi7le 5or t,e en5or+ement o5 5orestr/
la6s' T,e +omplaint 5or reple"in itsel5 state) t,at mem7ers o5 DENRs Tas Force
!a"ip #aliasan too; o"er t,e 5orest pro)#+ts an) 7ro#*,t t,em to t,eDENR
Community Environment and Natural Resources $ffice' T,is s,o#l) ,a"e alerte)
&#)*e Pa)eran*a t,at t,e (ENR ,a) +#sto)/ o5 t,e 5orest pro)#+ts, t,at
a)ministrati"e pro+ee)in*s ma/ ,a"e 7een +ommen+e), an) t,at t,e reple"in s#it
,a) to 7e )ismisse) o#tri*,t' In Ta%ao v. Jud"e &ila"an
@2?A
M a +ase 6it, a similar
set o5 5a+ts as t,e instant +ase M t,e Co#rt ,el) t,at:


T,e +omplaint 5or reple"in itsel5 states t,at t,e s,ipment 4 4 4 @6asA
seiFe) 7/ t,e NBI 5or "eri5i+ation o5 s#pportin* )o+#ments' It also states t,at t,e
NBI t#rne) o"er t,e seiFe) items to t,e (ENR K5or o55i+ial )isposition an)
appropriate a+tion'L 4 4 4 To o#r min), t)e+e %55e,%t&o$+@+)o15-A )%3e 4ee$
+1//&.&e$t to %5e't 'e+*o$-e$t :1-,e t)%t t)e DENR )%+ .1+to-6 o/ t)e +e&<e-
&te2+ %$- t)%t %-2&$&+t'%t&3e *'o.ee-&$,+ 2%6 )%3e %5'e%-6 4ee$
.o22e$.e- .o$.e'$&$, t)e +)&*2e$t. U$-e' t)e -o.t'&$e o/ *'&2%'6
:1'&+-&.t&o$, .o1't+ .%$$ot t%8e .o,$&<%$.e o/ .%+e+ *e$-&$, 4e/o'e
%-2&$&+t'%t&3e %,e$.&e+ o/ +*e.&%5 .o2*ete$.e' 4 4 4 T)e *'1-e$t t)&$, /o'
'e+*o$-e$t :1-,e to )%3e -o$e 7%+ to -&+2&++ t)e 'e*5e3&$ +1&t
o1t'&,)t' 9Emp,asis o#rs:



In Paat,
@2DA
t,e Co#rt ,el) t,at:

@TA,e en5or+ement o5 5orestr/ la6s, r#les an) re*#lations an) t,e prote+tion,
)e"elopment an) mana*ement o5 5orest lan)s 5all 6it,in t,e primar/ an) spe+ial
responsi7ilities o5 t,e (epartment o5 En"ironment an)
Nat#ral Reso#r+es' B/ t,e "er/ nat#re o5 its 5#n+tion, t)e DENR +)o15- 4e
,&3e$ % /'ee )%$- 1$*e't1'4e- 46 :1-&.&%5 &$t'1+&o$ to -ete'2&$e %
.o$t'o3e'+6 7)&.) &+ 7e55 7&t)&$ &t+ :1'&+-&.t&o$. T)e %++12*t&o$ 46 t)e t'&%5
.o1't, t)e'e/o'e, o/ t)e 'e*5e3&$ +1&t /&5e- 46 *'&3%te 'e+*o$-e$t+ .o$+t&t1te+
%$ 1$:1+t&/&e- e$.'o%.)2e$t &$to t)e -o2%&$ o/ t)e %-2&$&+t'%t&3e %,e$.69+
*'e'o,%t&3e. T)e -o.t'&$e o/ *'&2%'6 :1'&+-&.t&o$ -oe+ $ot 7%''%$t % .o1't
to %''o,%te 1$to &t+e5/ t)e %1t)o'&t6 to 'e+o53e % .o$t'o3e'+6 t)e :1'&+-&.t&o$
o3e' 7)&.) &+ &$&t&%556 5o-,e- 7&t) %$ %-2&$&+t'%t&3e 4o-6 o/ +*e.&%5
.o2*ete$.e' 9Emp,asis o#rs:



T,ir), t,e 5orest pro)#+ts are alrea)/ in custodia le"is an) t,#s +annot 7e t,e
s#78e+t o5 reple"in' T,ere 6as a "iolation o5 t,e Re"ise) <orestr/ Co)e an) t,e
(ENR seiFe) t,e 5orest pro)#+ts in a++or)an+e 6it, la6' In Calu% v. Court of
Appeals,
@2EA
t,e Co#rt ,el) t,at properties la65#ll/ seiFe) 7/ t,e (ENR +annot 7e
t,e s#78e+t o5 reple"in:

S&$.e t)e'e 7%+ % 3&o5%t&o$ o/ t)e Re3&+e- Fo'e+t'6 Co-e %$- t)e
+e&<1'e 7%+ &$ %..o'-%$.e 7&t) 5%7, &$ o1' 3&e7 t)e @*'o*e't&e+ +e&<e-A 7e'e
3%5&-56 -ee2e- &$ custodia legis' @T)e6A .o15- $ot 4e +14:e.t to %$ %.t&o$ /o'
'e*5e3&$' <or it is propert/ la65#ll/ ta;en 7/ "irt#e o5 le*al pro+ess an)
+onsi)ere) in t,e +#sto)/ o5 t,e la6, an) not ot,er6ise' 9Emp,asis o#rs:


&#)*e Pa)eran*aIs a+ts o5 ta;in* +o*niFan+e o5 t,e reple"in s#it an) o5
iss#in* t,e 6rit o5 reple"in +onstit#te *ross i*noran+e o5 t,e la6' In Ta%ao,
@2.A
t,e
Co#rt ,el) t,at:

Un)er t,e )o+trine o5 primar/ 8#ris)i+tion, +o#rts +annot ta;e +o*niFan+e o5 +ases
pen)in* 7e5ore a)ministrati"e o5 spe+ial +ompeten+e' 4 4 4 @TA)e *5%&$t&// &$
t)e 'e*5e3&$ +1&t 7)o @+o1,)tA to 'e.o3e' t)e +)&*2e$t /'o2 t)e DENR )%-
$ot e0)%1+te- t)e %-2&$&+t'%t&3e 'e2e-&e+ %3%&5%45e to )&2. T)e *'1-e$t
t)&$, /o' 'e+*o$-e$t :1-,e to )%3e -o$e 7%+ to -&+2&++ t)e 'e*5e3&$ +1&t
o1t'&,)t'

Un)er Se+tion E.-A o5 t,e Re"ise) <orestr/ Co)e, t,e (ENR se+retar/ or
,is a#t,oriFe) representati"es ma/ or)er t,e +on5is+ation o5 5orest pro)#+ts
ille*all/ +#t, *at,ere), remo"e), or possesse) or a7an)one)'

4 4 4 4

Re+*o$-e$t :1-,e9+ %.t o/ t%8&$, .o,$&<%$.e o/ t)e 4 4 4 'e*5e3&$ +1&t
.5e%'56 -e2o$+t'%te+ &,$o'%$.e o/ t)e 5%7' 4 4 4 @&A#)*es are e4pe+te) to ;eep
a7reast o5 all la6s an) pre"ailin* 8#rispr#)en+e' &#)*es are )#t/ 7o#n) to ,a"e
more t,an 8#st a +#rsor/ a+H#aintan+e 6it, la6s an) 8#rispr#)en+e' F%&51'e to
/o55o7 4%+&. 5e,%5 .o22%$-+ .o$+t&t1te+ ,'o++ &,$o'%$.e o/ t)e 5%7 /'o2
7)&.) $o o$e 2%6 4e e0.1+e-, $ot e3e$ % :1-,e' 9Emp,asis o#rs:



Canon D o5 t,e Ne6 Co)e o5 &#)i+ial Con)#+t 5or t,e P,ilippine &#)i+iar/
states t,at +ompeten+e is a prereH#isite to t,e )#e per5orman+e o5 8#)i+ial
o55i+e' Se+tion - o5 Canon D states t,at 8#)*es s,all ta;e reasona7le steps to
maintain an) en,an+e t,eir ;no6le)*e ne+essar/ 5or t,e proper per5orman+e o5
8#)i+ial )#ties' &#)*es s,o#l) ;eep t,emsel"es a7reast 6it, le*al )e"elopments
an) s,o6 a+H#aintan+e 6it, la6s'
@21A


T,e r#le t,at +o#rts +annot premat#rel/ ta;e +o*niFan+e o5 +ases pen)in*
7e5ore a)ministrati"e a*en+ies is 7asi+' T,ere 6as no reason 5or &#)*e Pa)eran*a
to ma;e an e4+eption to t,is r#le' T,e 5orest pro)#+ts 6ere in t,e +#sto)/ o5 t,e
(ENR an) E)ma ,a) not a"aile) o5 an/ a)ministrati"e reme)/' &#)*e Pa)eran*a
s,o#l) ,a"e )ismisse) t,e reple"in s#it o#tri*,t' In Espa'ol v. Toledo()upas,
@-3A
t,e Co#rt ,el) t,at:

Bein* amon* t,e 8#)i+ial 5ront-liners 6,o ,a"e )ire+t +onta+t 6it, t,e liti*ants, a
6anton )ispla/ o5 #tter la+; o5 5amiliarit/ 6it, t,e r#les 7/ t,e 8#)*e ine"ita7l/
ero)es t,e +on5i)en+e o5 t,e p#7li+ in t,e +ompeten+e o5 o#r +o#rts to ren)er
8#sti+e' It s#78e+ts t,e 8#)i+iar/ to em7arrassment' >orse, it +o#l) raise t,e
spe+ter o5 +orr#ption'

>,en t,e *ross ine55i+ien+/ sprin*s 5rom a 5ail#re to +onsi)er so 7asi+ an)
elemental a r#le, a la6, or a prin+iple in t,e )is+,ar*e o5 ,is or ,er )#ties, a 8#)*e
is eit,er too in+ompetent an) #n)eser"in* o5 t,e e4alte) position an) title ,e or
s,e ,ol)s, or t,e o"ersi*,t or omission 6as )eli7eratel/ )one in 7a) 5ait, an) in
*ra"e a7#se o5 8#)i+ial a#t,orit/'



T,e OCA 5o#n) &#)*e Pa)eran*a lia7le 5or #sin* inappropriate lan*#a*e in
+o#rt: K>e 4 4 4 5in) respon)entIs intemperate #se o5 KS,#t #pNL an) KBalone/NL
6ell ni*, inappropriate in +o#rt pro+ee)in*s' T,e #tteran+es are #n+alle) 5or'L
@-0A

In)ee), t,e 0C an) 22 April 233? trans+ripts o5 steno*rap,i+ notes s,o6 t,at
&#)*e Pa)eran*a 6as impatient, )is+o#rteo#s, an) #n)i*ni5ie) in +o#rt:

Att/' !#e*o: Yo#r $onor, 6e 6ant to ,a"e t,is motion
7e+a#se t,at is'''

&#)*e Pa)eran*a: I am as;in* /o# 6,/ )i) /o# not ma;e
an/ re8oin)er@OA

4 4 4 4

Att/' !#e*o: I apolo*iFe, Yo#r $onor' >e are rea)/ to'''

&#)*e Pa)eran*a: Rea)/ to 6,atO Pro+ee)'

Att/' !#e*o: Yes, Yo#r $onor' >e 5ile) t,is motion to
H#as, reple"in, Yo#r
$onor, on t,e *ro#n)s, 5irst
an) 5oremost, it is o#r
+ontention, Yo#r $onor, 6it,
all )#e respe+t
o5 @si+A t,is $onora7le Co#rt, t,at
t,e 6r
it o5 reple"in )ate) Mar+, 21, 233?
6as
improper, Yo#r $onor, 5or t,e reasons t,at
t,e
l#m7er, s#78e+t matter o5 t,is +ase,
6ere a
ppre,en)e) in a++or)an+e 6it,'''

&#)*e Pa)eran*a: >,ere is /o#r proo5 t,at it 6as
appre,en)e)O
>,ere is /o#r proo5O Is t,at appre,ension
pro"en 7/ a
seiF#re re+eiptO >,ere is /o#r seiF#re re+eiptO

Att/' !#e*o: Un)er t,e r#les'''

&#)*e Pa)eran*a: >,ere is /o#r seiF#re re+eiptO Yo# rea) /o#r
r#les'
>,at )oes @si+A t,e r#les sa/O >,ere in /o#r
r#les
)oes it sa/ t,at it )oes not nee) an/ seiF#re
re+eiptO
Yo# loo; at /o#r r#les' Yo# point o#t
t,e
r#les' Yo#
ta;e o#t /o#r r#les an) t,en /o# point o#t' (o
/o# ,
a"e t,e r#lesO

4 4 4 4

Att/' !#e*o: Yo#r $onor, t,ere 6as no seiF#re re+eipt, 7#t
)#rin*
t,e appre,ension, Yo#r $onor, t,ere 6as
no
+laimant'

&#)*e Pa)eran*a: Ans6er me' Is t,ere a seiF#re re+eiptO

Att/' !#e*o: B#t )#rin* t,e appre,ension, Yo#r $onor, no
o6ner
,as @si+A appeare)'

4 4 4 4

Att/' !#e*o: A++or)in* to @t,eA r#les, Yo#r $onor, i5 t,ere is no'''

&#)*e Pa)eran*a: >,om are /o# seiFin* it 5romO To @si+A 6,om
are
/o# ta;in* it 5romO

Att/' !#e*o: <rom t,e s,ippin* +ompan/, Yo#r $onor'

4 4 4 4

Att/' !#e*o: Yo#r $onor please, t,e s,ippin* +ompan/
)enie)
t,e o6ners,ip o5 t,at l#m7er'

4 4 4 4

Att/' !#e*o: B#t t,e s,ippin* +ompan/, Yo#r $onor,'''

&#)*e Pa)eran*a: S)1t 1*. T)%t9+ 4%5o$e6' Yo# are seiFin* it
5rom
no7o)/' T,en ,o6 +an /o# seiFe it 5rom
t,e
s,ippin* +ompan/' Are /o# notO Yo# are a
la6/er'
>,o is in possession o5 t,e propert/O T,e
s,ippin*
+ompan/' >,/ )i) /o# not iss#e @aA seiF#re
re+eipt
to t,e s,ippin* +ompan/O

Att/' !#e*o: B#t t,e''' Ma/ I +ontin#e, Yo#r $onorO

4 4 4 4

&#)*e Pa)eran*a: Stop tal;in* a7o#t t,e s,ippin* +ompan/' Still
/o#

)i) not iss#e
a seiF#re re+eipt ,ere' >ell,
IIm

tellin* /o# /o# s,o#l) ,a"e iss#e) @aA
seiF#re


re+eipt to t,e s,ippin* +ompan/'

4 4 4 4

&#)*e Pa)eran*a: Yo# are a la6/er' =o1 +)o15- 8$o7 )o7 to
7'&te




*5e%-&$,+' Yo# 6rite t,e plea)in*s t,e 6a/
it



s,o#l
) 7e, not t,e 6a/ /o# t,in; it s,o#l) 7e'

Att/' !#e*o: IIm sorr/, Yo#r $onor'

&#)*e Pa)eran*a: Yo# are an o55i+er o5 t,e +o#rt' =o1 +)o15-
4e


.%'e/15 7&t) 6o1' 5%$,1%,e' Yo# sa/ t,at I
am


6ron*' !t9+ 6o1 7)o
%'e @si+A 7'o$, 4e.%1+e
6o1

-o
$ot 'e%- t)e 5%7'

4 4 4 4

&#)*e Pa)eran*a: T,en /o# rea) t,e la6' >o7 -%'e 6o1 +%6 t)%t
t)e

Co1't &+ 7'o$,'

4 4 4 4

&#)*e Pa)eran*a: Are /o# not representin* @t,e (ENRAO

Att/' !#e*o: Yes, in t,is +ase, Yo#r $onor'

&#)*e Pa)eran*a: T,en /o# are representin* t,em' T,e/ are
/o#r

+lients' ")%
t 8&$- o/ % 5%76e' %'e 6o1?
@-2A

4 4 4 4

Att/' Tiamson: Spe+i5i+all/ it 6as state) in t,e @<a+toranA
"ers#s


Co#rt o5 Appeals @+aseA t,at t,e Co#rt s,o#l)
not


inter5ere, Yo#r $onor'

&#)*e Pa)eran*a: No'

4 4 4 4

&#)*e Pa)eran*a: T)e *'o45e2 7&t) 6o1 *eo*5e &+ 6o1 -o $ot
1+e

6o1' )e%-+'

Att/' Tiamson: >e #se o#r ,ea)s, /o#r $onor'



4 4 4 4

Att/' Tiamson: Yo#r $onor, 6e 6o#l) li;e to p#t on re+or) t,at
6e

#se o#r ,ea)s, /o#r $onor'
@--A
9Emp,asis
o#rs:


Se+tion D, Canon D o5 t,e Ne6 Co)e o5 &#)i+ial Con)#+t 5or t,e P,ilippine
&#)i+iar/ states t,at 8#)*es s,all 7e patient, )i*ni5ie), an) +o#rteo#s in relation to
la6/ers' R#le -'3C, Canon - o5 t,e Co)e o5 &#)i+ial Con)#+t states t,at 8#)*es
s,o#l) 7e patient an) +o#rteo#s to la6/ers, espe+iall/ t,e ine4perien+e)' T,e/
s,o#l) a"oi) t,e attit#)e t,at t,e liti*ants are ma)e 5or t,e +o#rts, instea) o5 t,e
+o#rts 5or t,e liti*ants'

&#)i+ial )e+or#m reH#ires 8#)*es to 7e temperate in t,eir lan*#a*e at all
times' T,e/ m#st re5rain 5rom in5lammator/, e4+essi"el/ r,etori+, or "ile
lan*#a*e'
@-CA
T,e/ s,o#l) 90: 7e )i*ni5ie) in )emeanor an) re5ine) in spee+,J 92:
e4,i7it t,at temperament o5 #tmost so7riet/ an) sel5-restraintJ an) 9-: 7e
+onsi)erate, +o#rteo#s, an) +i"il to all persons 6,o +ome to t,eir +o#rt'
@-?A
In Juan
de la Cru* v. Carretas,
@-DA
t,e Co#rt ,el) t,at:

A 8#)*e 6,o is in+onsi)erate, )is+o#rteo#s or #n+i"il to la6/ers 4 4 4 6,o appear
in ,is sala +ommits an impropriet/ an) 5ails in ,is )#t/ to rea55irm t,e peopleIs
5ait, in t,e 8#)i+iar/' $e also "iolates Se+tion D, Canon D o5 t,e Ne6 Co)e o5
&#)i+ial Con)#+t 5or t,e P,ilippine &#)i+iar/'

4 4 4 4

It is repre,ensi7le 5or a 8#)*e to ,#miliate a la6/er 4 4 4' T,e a+t 7etra/s
la+; o5 patien+e, pr#)en+e an) restraint' T,#s, a 8#)*e m#st at all times 7e
temperate in ,is lan*#a*e' $e m#st +,oose ,is 6or)s 4 4 4 6it, #tmost +are an)
s#55i+ient +ontrol' T,e 6ise an) 8#st man is esteeme) 5or ,is
)is+ernment' Pleasin* spee+, in+reases ,is pers#asi"eness'

EH#animit/ an) 8#)i+io#sness s,o#l) 7e t,e +onstant mar;s o5 a )ispenser
o5 8#sti+e' A 8#)*e s,o#l) al6a/s ;eep ,is passion *#ar)e)' $e +an ne"er allo6
it to r#n loose an) o"er+ome ,is reason' $e )es+en)s to t,e le"el o5 a s,arp-
ton*#e), ill-mannere) pett/ t/rant 6,en ,e #tters ,ars, 6or)s 4 4 4' As a res#lt,
,e )e*ra)es t,e 8#)i+ial o55i+e an) ero)es p#7li+ +on5i)en+e in t,e 8#)i+iar/'


&#)*e Pa)eran*aIs re5#sal to +onsi)er t,e motion to H#as, t,e 6rit o5
reple"in, repeate) interr#ption o5 t,e la6/ers, an) #tteran+e o5 Ks,#t #p,L Kt,atIs
7alone/,L K,o6 )are /o# sa/ t,at t,e +o#rt is 6ron*,L K6,at ;in) o5 a la6/er are
/o#O,L an) Kt,e pro7lem 6it, /o# people is /o# )o not #se /o#r ,ea)sL are
#n)i*ni5ie) an) "er/ #n7e+omin* a 8#)*e' In $ffice of t+e Court Administrator v.
Paderan"a,
@-EA
t,e Co#rt alrea)/ repriman)e) &#)*e Pa)eran*a 5or repeate)l/
sa/in* Ks,#t #p,L 7ein* arro*ant, an) )e+larin* t,at ,e ,a) Ka7sol#te po6erL in
+o#rt' $e ,as not +,an*e)'

Se+tion ., R#le 0C3 o5 t,e R#les o5 Co#rt +lassi5ies *ross i*noran+e o5 t,e
la6 as a serio#s o55ense' It is p#nis,a7le 7/ 90: )ismissal 5rom t,e ser"i+e,
5or5eit#re o5 7ene5its, an) )isH#ali5i+ation 5rom reinstatement to an/ p#7li+ o55i+eJ
92: s#spension 5rom o55i+e 6it,o#t salar/ an) ot,er 7ene5its 5or more t,an t,ree
mont,s 7#t not e4+ee)in* si4 mont,sJ or 9-: a 5ine o5 more t,an P23,333 7#t not
e4+ee)in* PC3,333'
@-.A
Se+tion 03 o5 R#le 0C3 +lassi5ies +on)#+t #n7e+omin* a
8#)*e as a li*,t o55ense' It is p#nis,a7le 7/ 90: a 5ine o5 not less t,an P0,333 7#t
not e4+ee)in* P03,333J 92: +ens#reJ 9-: repriman)J or 9C: a)monition 6it,
6arnin*'
@-1A


T,e Co#rt notes t,at t,is is &#)*e Pa)eran*aIs t,ir) o55ense' In $ffice of t+e
Court Administrator v. Paderan"a,
@C3A
t,e Co#rt ,el) ,im lia7le 5or *ra"e a7#se o5
a#t,orit/ an) simple mis+on)#+t 5or #n+eremonio#sl/ +itin* a la6/er in +ontempt
6,ile )e+larin* ,imsel5 as ,a"in* Ka7sol#te po6erL an) 5or repeate)l/ tellin* a
la6/er to Ks,#t #p'L In ,eltran, Jr. v. Paderan"a,
@C0A
t,e Co#rt ,el) ,im lia7le 5or
#n)#e )ela/ in ren)erin* an or)er 5or t,e )ela/ o5 nine mont,s in resol"in* an
amen)e) 5ormal o55er o5 e4,i7its' In 7ot, +ases, t,e Co#rt sternl/ 6arne) &#)*e
Pa)eran*a t,at t,e +ommission o5 anot,er o55ense s,all 7e )ealt 6it, more
se"erel/' T,e instant +ase an) t,e t6o +ases )e+i)e) a*ainst ,im )emonstrate
&#)*e Pa)eran*aIs arro*an+e, in+orri*i7ilit/, an) #n5itness to 7e+ome a 8#)*e'

&#)*e Pa)eran*a ,as t6o ot,er a)ministrati"e +ases pen)in* a*ainst ,im M
one
@C2A
5or *ross i*noran+e o5 t,e la6, ;no6in*l/ ren)erin* an #n8#st 8#)*ment, an)
*ra"e a7#se o5 a#t,orit/, an) t,e ot,er
@C-A
5or *ross mis+on)#+t, *ra"e a7#se o5
a#t,orit/, an) *ross i*noran+e o5 t,e la6'

T,e Co#rt 6ill not ,esitate to impose t,e #ltimate penalt/ on t,ose 6,o ,a"e
5allen s,ort o5 t,eir a++o#nta7ilities' It 6ill not tolerate an/ +on)#+t t,at "iolates
t,e norms o5 p#7li+ a++o#nta7ilit/ an) )iminis,es t,e 5ait, o5 t,e people in t,e
8#)i+ial s/stem'
@CCA


">EREFORE, t,e Co#rt 5in)s &#)*e Ma4imo G'>' Pa)eran*a, Re*ional
Trial Co#rt, Bran+, -., Ca*a/an )e Oro Cit/,GU!LT= o5 GROSS !GNORANCE
OF T>E LA" an) UNBECOM!NG CONDUCT' A++or)in*l/, t,e
Co#rt D!SM!SSES,im 5rom t,e ser"i+e, 6it, 5or5eit#re o5 all retirement 7ene5its,
e4+ept a++r#e) lea"e +re)its, an) 6it, pre8#)i+e to reinstatement or appointment to
an/ p#7li+ o55i+e, in+l#)in* *o"ernment-o6ne) or +ontrolle) +orporations'

SO ORDERED'


RE=NATO S. PUNO
C,ie5 &#sti+e


LEONARDO A. @U!SUMB!NG
Asso+iate &#sti+e

CONSUELO =NARES-SANT!AGO
Asso+iate &#sti+e







ANTON!O T. CARP!O
Asso+iate &#sti+e





MA. AL!C!A AUSTR!A-MART!NEA
Asso+iate &#sti+e




RENATO C. CORONA
Asso+iate &#sti+e





CONC>!TA CARP!O MORALES
Asso+iate &#sti+e


ADOLFO S. AACUNA
Asso+iate &#sti+e





DANTE O. T!NGA
Asso+iate &#sti+e




M!N!TA (. C>!CO-NAAAR!O
Asso+iate &#sti+e





PRESB!TERO J. (ELASCO, JR.
Asso+iate &#sti+e

ANTON!O EDUARDO B. NAC>URA
Asso+iate &#sti+e




RUBEN T. RE=ES
Asso+iate &#sti+e



TERES!TA J. LEONARDO-DE CASTRO
Asso+iate &#sti+e
ARTURO D. BR!ON
Asso+iate &#sti+e






@0A
Rollo, p' 0'
@2A
I)' at 2'
@-A
I)'
@CA
I)' at CC-CD'
@?A
I)' at 2--'
@DA
I)' at 23-22'
@EA
I)' at 0--01'
@.A
I)' at 2--2C'
@1A
I)' at 2?--?'
@03A
I)' at C.-D0'
@00A
I)' at CE'
@02A
I)' at 0-02'
@0-A
I)' at 03-'
@0CA
I)' at 03C-03D'
@0?A
I)' at 03E-002'
@0DA
Se+tion D, Canon D o5 t,e Ne6 Co)e o5 &#)i+ial Con)#+t 5or t,e P,ilippine &#)i+iar/ pro"i)es:
SEC' D' &#)*es s,all maintain or)er an) )e+or#m in all pro+ee)in*s 7e5ore t,e +o#rt an) 7e
patient, )i*ni5ie) an) +o#rteo#s in relation to liti*ants, 6itnesses, la6/ers an) ot,ers 6it, 6,om t,e 8#)*e
)eals in an o55i+ial +apa+it/' &#)*es s,all reH#ire similar +on)#+t o5 le*al representati"es, +o#rt sta55 an)
ot,ers s#78e+t to t,eir in5l#en+e, )ire+tion or +ontrol'
@0EA
Rollo, p' 00-'
@0.A
I)' at 00C-00?'
@01A
Resol#tion, 2- April 233E, A'M' No' RT&-3D-230E'
@23A
-E. P,il' 2.2, 212 90111:'
@20A
-D- P,il' DED, D.2 90111:'
@22A
G'R' No' 00003E, 03 &an#ar/ 011E, 2DD SCRA 0DE, 0E?'
@2-A
S#pra note 20 at D.-'
@2CA
S#pra note 22 at 0.C-0.?'
@2?A
C0D P,il' E03, E01-E23 92330:'
@2DA
S#pra note 22 at 0EE-0E.'
@2EA
-.E P,il' DE, E1 92333:'
@2.A
S#pra note 2? at E23-E20'
@21A
Atty. )acalintal v. Jud"e Te+, -C? P,il' .E0, .E. 9011E:'
@-3A
A'M' No' 3--0CD2-MT&, 01 April 233E, ?20 SCRA C3-, C0?-C0D'
@-0A
Rollo, p' 000'
@-2A
I)' at DC-.3'
@--A
I)' at 11-030'
@-CA
-uan*on v. Rufon, A'M' No' RT&-3E-23-., 01 O+to7er 233E, ?-E SCRA -.'
@-?A
Juan de la Cru* .Concerned Citi*en of &e"aspi City/ v. Carretas, A'M' No' RT&-3E-23C-,
? Septem7er 233E, ?-2 SCRA 20., 22E-22.'
@-DA
I)' at 22.-221'
@-EA
A'M' No' RT&-30-0DD3, 2? A#*#st 233?, CD. SCRA 20, -D'
@-.A
Se+' 009A:, R#le 0C3 o5 t,e R#les o5 Co#rt'
@-1A
Se+' 009C:, R#le 0C3 o5 t,e R#les o5 Co#rt'
@C3A
S#pra note -E at -D'
@C0A
C?? P,il' 22E, 2-D 9233-:'
@C2A
!enarlo v. Jud"e Paderan"a, RT&-3D-232?'
@C-A
!ummit 0orld CD$, 1nc. v. Jud"e Paderan"a, OCA I'P'I' No' 3?-2-.0-RT&'
@CCA
Esco%ar 2da. de &ope* v. &una, A'M' No' P-3C-0E.D, 0- <e7r#ar/ 233D, C.2 SCRA 2D?, 2EE-2E.'