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The Content of Emotional Thoughts
Tim Bloser
a
a
Cornell University,
To cite this Article Bloser, Tim(2007) 'The Content of Emotional Thoughts', Philosophical Papers, 36: 2, 219 243
To link to this Article: DOI: 10.1080/05568640709485200
URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05568640709485200
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Philosophicol Popots
VoI. 36, No. 2 (]uIy 2007): 219-243
1hc Contcnt ol EmotionaI 1houghts
1|m B/or
Abstract: n this aci cxaminc Pctci GoIuic's thcoiy ol cmotionaI thoughts anu
lccIings, ollcicu in his icccnt booI 1/ Emo/|on anu subscqucnt aiticIcs. GoIuic aigucs that
cmotionaI thoughts cannot bc assimiIatcu to bcIicl oi |uugmcnt, togcthci with somc
auucu-on hcnomcnoIogicaI comoncnt, anu on this oint agicc with him. Howcvci, hc
aIso aigucs that cmotionaIIy-Iaucn thoughts, thoughts hau, as hc uts it, `with lccIing,' in
ait uillci liom uncmotionaI thoughts in thcii contcnt. 1hc thought `thc goiiIIa is
uangcious' whcn thought with an cmotionaI lccIing ol lcai uillcis in its contcnt liom thc
thought `thc goiiIIa is uangcious' whcn thought without actuaIIy lccIing lcai. aiguc that
GoIuic ollcis no goou icason to thinI that thc uillcicncc bctwccn cmotionaI anu
uncmotionaI thoughts is lounu in thcii contcnts. n lact, thc anaIogics GoIuic icscnts to
hcI maIc his casc actuaIIy suggcst that thc contiibution lccIings maIc to thc uistinctivc
ioIc Iaycu by cmotionaI thoughts consists soIcIy in thcii inlIucncing thc oy wc thinI
cmotionaI thoughts. Howcvci, this osition is consistcnt with GoIuic's bioauci oint: that
thcoiics which ticat cmotionaI lccIings as hcnomcnoIogicaI altcithoughts shouIu bc
ic|cctcu.
I.
Much icccnt hiIosohicaI Iitciatuic on thc cmotions cmhasizcs thc
cognitivc asccts ol cmotions anu cmotionaI cxciicncc, anu moic
sccilicaIIy thc ioIc Iaycu by cvaIuativc thoughts oi bcIicls. At thc samc
timc, lccIings, Iong consiucicu thc most ccntiaI cIcmcnt invoIvcu in
cmotions both in oui cvciyuay taII anu icvious hiIosohicaI anu
sychoIogicaI ticatmcnts, havc bccn icIcgatcu to a subsiuiaiy ioIc. But
cvcn moic icccntIy thcic has bccn somcthing ol an clloit to iccstabIish
thc imoitancc ol lccIings in oui cmotionaI Iivcs whiIc icsciving what
is suicIy iight in accounts that cmhasizc thc cognitivc asccts ol
cmotions. Ol thcsc, Pctci GoIuic's is cihas thc most ambitious.
ChaIIcnging thc vicw that lccIings aic mcicIy hcnomcnoIogicaI `auu-
ons,' GoIuic aigucs that lccIings Iay an imoitant ioIc in oui actions
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220 1|m B/or
anu in oui thoughts, a ioIc that thc auu-on vicw cannot catuic.
1

am in comIctc agiccmcnt with GoIuic on this basic oint: auu-on
thcoiics ol cmotionaI lccIings must bc ic|cctcu. But thcic is onc
aiticuIai cIaim GoIuic maIcs against auu-on vicws on which wouIu
IiIc to locus hcic. 1hc cIaim is that lccIings aic ciuciaIIy bounu u with
thc contcnt ol thc cvaIuativc thoughts that aic tyicaI ol cmotionaI
cisoucs, to thc oint whcic thc vciy contcnt ol thcsc thoughts is aItcicu
in viituc ol bcing thought with lccIing. So thc contcnt ol my thought `thc
icc is uangcious' whcn hau with lccIing is suoscu to bc uillcicnt in
somc way liom thc contcnt ol thc thought `thc icc is uangcious' hau
without lccIing. n this aci wouIu IiIc to invcstigatc |ust what GoIuic
has in minu by this uillcicncc in contcnt. WhiIc havc a gicat ucaI ol
symathy with GoIuic's bcIicl that thc auu-on vicw is inaucquatc,
bcIicvc that thc consiuciations hc ollcis to suoit his cIaims about thc
contcnt ol thoughts hau with lccIing aic not sullicicnt to cstabIish what
this uillcicncc in contcnt consists in, noi that thcic is a uillcicncc in
contcnt at aII. wiII cvcntuaIIy suggcst instcau that, to thc cxtcnt that
lccIings uo changc somcthing about thoughts such as `thc icc is
uangcious' (which am convinccu thcy uo), it is thiough a changc in thc
attituuc hau towaius thosc thoughts, a changc that may icsuIt in thc
thoughts Iaying a uillcicnt ioIc in oui thinIing anu in iationaIizing
anu motivating action than thcy othciwisc wouIu. 1his soit ol changc
might bc vciy ioughIy anaIogous to thc changcu ioIc a thought with thc
samc contcnt might havc whcn it is bcIicvcu vcisus sIcticaIIy
cntcitaincu. ]ust what this ioIc might bc wiII Icavc IaigcIy unanswcicu
loi now.
Howcvci, uo not thinI that this icsuIt is cntiicIy concIusivc. GoIuic
ollcis othci, inuccnucnt icasons why wc shouIu ic|cct thc auu-on vicw,
aigumcnts that uo not stanu oi laII with his sccilic aigumcnts about
contcnt. t may bc that by cxamining thcsc inuccnucnt aigumcnts
against thc auu-on vicw, anu aiticuIaiIy thosc to uo with thc ioIc

1 Scc GoIuic (2000) as wcII as his (2002).
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1hc Contcnt ol EmotionaI 1houghts 221
lccIings Iay in action, wc may linu that this ioIc icquiics, oi at Icast
iccommcnus, that wc giant GoIuic's cIaim about contcnt changc.
2
n this
aci, though, wiII onIy cxaminc thc sccilic aigumcnts, such as thcy
aic, that GoIuic ollcis in uiicct suoit ol his cIaim.
shouIu aIso notc that cvcn il GoIuic's cIaims about thc contcnt ol
cmotionaI thoughts shouIu iovc to bc laIsc aII things consiucicu,
ncvcithcIcss thc auu-on vicw must stiII bc ic|cctcu; thc uillcicncc
lccIings maIc in onc's attituuc towaius onc's thoughts wouIu stiII bc
cnough to icvcaI thc laiIuics ol such thcoiics. Anu on this oint, GoIuic
wouIu suicIy agicc with mc; hc giants that lccIings inlIucncc oui
attituucs towaius thc contcnts ol oui cmotionaI thoughts, anu not |ust
thc contcnts ol thosc thoughts thcmscIvcs. My uisagiccmcnt, thcn, is
Iimitcu, anu uocs not allcct my whoIchcaitcu agiccmcnt that lccIings
aic ciiticaI to thc uistinctivc ioIc cmotions Iay in thought anu action.
Sincc my locus hcic is quitc sccilic, thcic aic a numbci ol issucs
wiII havc to Icavc asiuc oi taIc as givcn. iist, wiII taIc it as givcn that
cmotions aic intcntionaI, that thcy aic uiicctcu at ob|ccts oi statcs ol
allaiis in thc woiIu. wiII aIso taIc it loi giantcu that both lccIings anu
cvaIuativc thoughts Iay ccntiaIIy imoitant ioIcs in cmotionaI cisoucs,
aIthough wiII icmain ncutiaI as to whcthci cithci thoughts oi lccIings
aic concctuaIIy constitutivc ol cmotions. Sullicc it to say that both ol
thcsc cIcmcnts aic ciuciaIIy invoIvcu in most cmotionaI cxciicncc, anu
thus that in a goou thcoiy ol cmotions thcsc two cIcmcnts wiII lcatuic
iomincntIy.
3


2 oi cxamIc, GoIuic iightIy insists that actions taIcn out ol cmotions uillci in imoitant
ways liom thosc taIcn on thc bascs ol uncmotionaI bcIicls anu ucsiics (scc his (2000), anu
aiticuIaiIy Chatci 1wo). thinI that thcsc uillcicnccs aic bcst cxIaincu in thc changcu
mannci in which wc thinI cmotionaI thoughts anu cxciicncc cmotionaIIy-Iaucn ucsiics.
But it might tuin out that thc bcst cxIanation loi thc uistinctivc chaiactciistics ol actions
taIcn out ol cmotions aIso invoIvcs a uistinctivc contcnt which lccIings auu to cmotionaI
thoughts.
3 As thc hiasc `cmotionaI cisoucs' inuicatcs, am iimaiiIy conccincu with what many
hiIosohcis caII `occuiicnt' cmotions as ooscu to `uisositionaI' oi `stanuing' cmotions.
1hc loimci usuaIIy mcans an actuaI occuiicncc ol an cmotionaI icsonsc, such as an
cisouc ol lcai oi angci; thc Iattci is oltcn uscu to iclci to uisositions to cxciicncc such
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222 1|m B/or
aIso must intiouucc biiclIy a notion that is ccntiaI to GoIuic's vicws
about cmotions, somcthing hc caIIs `lccIing towaius.' ccIing towaius, on
GoIuic's vicw, is at thc coic ol cmotionaI cisoucs. ccIing towaius
tyicaIIy invoIvcs two things: liist, obviousIy cnough, a lccIing that is
uiicctcu at thc ob|cct ol thc cmotion; anu scconu, a thought, tyicaIIy an
cvaIuativc thought, such as thc thought that thc icc is uangcious, oi that
thc uuuing is uisgusting. GoIuic caIIs such thoughts `thinIing ol,' anu
somctimcs uscs thc hiasc `thinIing ol with lccIing' as a synonym loi
lccIing towaius. moitantIy, lccIing towaius is not itscIl an attituuc ol
bcIicl. Onc ou/J bcIicvc thc cvaIuativc thought invoIvcu in lccIing
towaius, anu most ol thc timc onc iobabIy wouIu, but onc nccun't.
GoIuic is in ait icsonuing hcic to thc vicw that, in oiuci to bc aliaiu,
loi cxamIc, onc must |uugc oi bcIicvc onc's situation to bc uangcious.
Such vicws havc cn|oycu somc ouIaiity,
4
but, as Patiicia Giccnsan
anu othcis (incIuuing GoIuic) havc aigucu, it sccms too stiong.
b
Oltcn it
sccms as though wc can thinI ol a situation oi ob|cct as uangcious, such
as lIying, oi my ncighboi's uog cihas, anu yct withhoIu any |uugmcnt
oi bcIicl to thc cllcct that thc situation oi ob|cct | uangcious.
1his in tuin highIights anothci ascct ol thinIing ol loi GoIuic: that
it has ccitain simiIaiitics with cicction. oi cxamIc, wc can scc a sticI
haIl in thc watci as bcnt, anu yct bcIicvc that it is actuaIIy stiaight.
SimiIaiIy, wc can thinI ol a situation as uangcious without bcIicving that
it is, anu this way ol thinIing ol thc situation might not simIy uisacai
with thc loimation ol thc ioci bcIicl. t may cisist ucsitc oui

cmotionaI cisoucs. oi cxamIc, il, whiIc sitting in thc hiIosohy Ioungc bctwccn cIasscs,
say that 'm aliaiu ol lIying, this tyicaIIy uocsn't mcan that am cuiicntIy cxciicncing
an cisouc ol lcai at thc ioscct ol taIing oll aboaiu an aiiIanc, invoIving thoughts
about thc uangcis ol lIying with actuaI lccIings ol lcai. Rathci, so thc iuca gocs, am
attiibuting to myscIl a ccitain uisosition to cxciicncc lcai in ccitain ciicumstanccs,
namcIy, thosc ciicumstanccs tyicaIIy invoIvcu in lIying oi icaiing to lIy. uo not want
to auuicss thc cxact natuic ol thc conncctions bctwccn cmotionaI cisoucs anu what wc
might caII cmotionaI uisositions hcic.
4 Robcit SoIomon's (1976) anu Maitha Nussbaum's (2001) aic iomincnt cxamIcs ol this
soit ol vicw. Anothci is iving 1haIbcig's (19S4).
b Scc Giccnsan's (19S1) anu, loi a moic uctaiIcu ticatmcnt, hci (19SS).
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1hc Contcnt ol EmotionaI 1houghts 223
conviction. uon't want to aiguc loi oi against this way ol unucistanuing
thc thoughts anu lccIings that lcatuic in oui cmotions hcic. WhiIc
thinI thcic is much to bc saiu in lavoi ol thcsc notions, |ust want thcm
to bc out on thc tabIc loi thc uioscs ol thc icst ol thc uiscussion. So
now, with this basic unucistanuing ol GoIuic in hanu, Ict's tuin to his
cIaims about thc contcnt ol oui cmotionaI thoughts.
II.
iist, want to intiouucc an cxamIc GoIuic uscs to cxcmIily thc soit
ol contcnt uillcicncc hc has in minu bctwccn cmotionaI anu
uncmotionaI thoughts. 1hc cxamIc invoIvcs lcai.
C 1. Fr o I
A cison, caII hci icnc, is conliontcu by a shcct ol icc anu thinIs it is
uangcious. Howcvci, though shc thinIs thc thought `thc icc is
uangcious,' shc lccIs no lcai. 1hc ncxt uay shc gocs out onto thc icc,
sIis anu laIIs, huiting hciscIl. 1hc ncxt timc shc aioachcs thc icc, not
onIy uocs shc thinI ol thc icc as uangcious, but shc lccIs lcai aIong with
hci thought. oi GoIuic, this mcans that `now |shc] thinIs ol its
uangciousncss as cmotionaIIy icIcvant in a scciaI way' (2000, . b9).
Anu hc insists that this changc at Icast in signilicant ait is bcst
constiucu as a changc in thc contcnt ol thc thought. Hc says: `thc
uillcicncc bctwccn thinIing ol X as Y without lccIing anu thinIing ol X
as Y with lccIing wiII not |ust comiisc a uillcicnt attituuc towaius thc
m contcnt ..1hc uillcicncc aIso Iics |n thc contcnt, aIthough it might
bc that this uillcicncc cannot bc catuicu in woius' (. 60).
wiII uiscuss GoIuic's moic icccnt ticatmcnt ol this cxamIc bcIow.
6

oi now, though, want to ucsciibc two anaIogics GoIuic (2000) icscnts
to cIuciuatc luithci what thc uillcicncc in contcnt is suoscu to bc. 1hc
liist casc invoIvcs thc contcnt ol thoughts about coIoi, thc scconu thc
contcnt ol thoughts containing inucxicaIs.

6 Scc his (2002).
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224 1|m B/or
C 2. Co/or
maginc a cison who is coIoi bIinu but is ncvcithcIcss caabIc ol
icIiabIy iucntilying icu things; cihas hc has a comanion who icIiabIy
oints out to him thosc things that aic icu. 1his cison IooIs at a baII
anu, bccausc ol his comanion's iomting, iucntilics it as icu, anu
thinIs `thc baII is icu.' Now thinI ol a cison with noimaI coIoi vision
who is aIso conliontcu with thc icu baII anu thinIs `thc baII is icu.' 1hc
contcnt ol hci thought is uillcicnt liom thc contcnt ol thc coIoi bIinu
cison's thought, uigcs GoIuic; shc giass thc icuncss in a uillcicnt
way.
C 3. InJ\|/ (OoJ /o [o/n Prry)
7

A iolcssoi is suoscu to attcnu a lacuIty mccting that hc (coiicctIy)
bcIicvcs wiII stait at noon. Hc sits in his ollicc untiI noon, whcn hc
bcgins to gct u liom his ucsI anu movc towaius thc uooi in oiuci to
attcnu thc mccting. 1his action is cxIaincu by a changc in bcIicl: thc
iolcssoi bcIicvcu aII aIong that thc mccting staits at noon, anu comcs
to bcIicvc, at noon, that thc mccting staits noo. 1hus, GoIuic wiitcs, `thc
thought, at noon, that thc mccting staits at noon, anu thc thought, at
noon, that thc mccting staits now, must uillci in thcii contcnt, cvcn
though thcy havc thc samc tiuth conuitions, bccausc it is ossibIc to
havc somc attituuc towaius onc thought anu not towaius thc othci' (.
60).
Ict us bcgin with thc coIoi anaIogy. At liist bIush, its stiuctuic
acais moic simiIai to thc cmotionaI cxamIc, Casc 1, GoIuic ollcis, il
onIy bccausc thc thoughts in qucstion suoscuIy uillci in thcii contcnt
ucsitc natuiaIIy bcing cxicsscu with thc samc woius. AIso, thcic aic a
numbci ol Iaccs whcic GoIuic inuicatcs that thc uillcicncc in contcnt is
cIoscIy IinIcu with thc mannci in which onc is icIatcu to thc ob|cct ol
onc's thoughts. So, loi cxamIc, wiiting about thoughts hau with vcisus
without cmotion, hc says: `1hc uillcicncc Iics in ait, ol couisc, in thc

7 Scc his (2000b).
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1hc Contcnt ol EmotionaI 1houghts 22b
quaIitativc natuic ol thc cxciicncc-in thc IacI ol lccIing; but it Iics too
in thc aiticuIai way ol giasing thc saIicnccs ol thc ob|cct ol thc
cmotionaI cxciicncc (. b9). WhiIc this quotc is not cntiicIy
cisicuous, it uocs suggcst that thc contcnt uillcicncc GoIuic has in
minu has much to uo with thc mannci in which wc icIatc to thc ob|cct ol
oui thoughts. t is not immcuiatcIy cviucnt that this is catuicu in thc
inucxicaI casc. Onc might aiguc that thc vciy samc attituuc, onc ol
bcIicl, is invoIvcu in both ol thc Piolcssoi's thoughts, but towaius a
uillcicnt contcnt. 1hc coIoi anaIogy, howcvci, uocs invoIvc a uillcicncc
in thc mannci in which onc giass thc coIoi ol thc baII. inaIIy, as
bccomcs cIcaici in GoIuic (2002), GoIuic suggcsts that thc contcnt
uillcicncc invoIvcu is at Icast in signilicant ait a hcnomcnoIogicaI
onc.
S
So loi thcsc icasons, thc coIoi anaIogy sccms a bit cIosci to what
GoIuic has in minu loi cmotionaI thoughts, anu acais to bc a moic
iomising Iacc to bcgin.
III.
]ust what is thc uillcicncc in thc contcnt ol a coIoi-bIinu cison's
thoughts about thc coIoi ol ob|ccts, anu simiIai thoughts hau by a
cison with noimaI coIoi vision. oIIowing GoIuic's cIaims about
giasing thc saIicnccs ol things in a uillcicnt way, thc suggcstion sccms
to bc that thc contcnt changc is iootcu in thc uillcicncc in how thc
icuncss ol thc baII is giascu: in thc casc ol thc cison with noimaI
coIoi vision, thiough /oo/|ng anu having a ccitain visuaI cxciicncc, anu
loi thc coIoi bIinu cison, by having a uutiluI liicnu oint out which
ob|ccts aic icu. But why shouIu wc thinI that such a uillcicncc in thc
way thc icuncss is giascu changcs thc contcnt ol thc thought `thc baII is
icu'. SuicIy thc way in which wc gias somcthing uocsn't ncccssaiiIy
changc thc contcnt ol oui thoughts about that thing. oi cxamIc, il

S 1hcic hc locuscs his attcntion on thc casc ol coIoi vision cxcIusivcIy, ointing out that,
whcn a cison sccs a coIoi loi thc liist timc (as in ]acIson's lamous KnowIcugc Aigumcnt),
hci concct ol that coIoi (oi ol coIoi in gcnciaI) gains a ncw, hcnomcnoIogicaI,
comoncnt.
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226 1|m B/or
gias thc Iocation ol city haII by IooIing at a ma, thc contcnt ol my
thought `city haII is on lilth sticct' is suicIy no uillcicnt liom thc contcnt
ol thc samc thought aiiivcu at thiough quciying a assciby. So thc
uillcicncc in contcnt bctwccn thc coIoi bIinu cison's thought anu thc
thought hau by thc cison with noimaI coIoi vision can't |ust bc a mattci
ol giasing thc icuncss ol thc baII in a uillcicnt way. Rathci, thc vicw
sccms to bc that thc uillcicncc invoIvcs thc IinI bctwccn a r/|u/r way
ol iucntilying ob|ccts as icu, namcIy thiough |ng thc coIoi ol thc
ob|cct, anu thc contcnt ol oui concct ol icuncss. GoIuic suggcsts
somcthing IiIc this in thc loIIowing assagc. Hc says: `thc lact that you
aic abIc icIiabIy to iucntily things ol thc icIcvant soit is not sullicicnt loi
having a comIctc gias ol thc concct .. l wcic coIoui-bIinu, but
ncvcithcIcss couIu by vaiious mcans icIiabIy iucntily icu things in thc
woiIu, thcn wouIu havc a Icss than comIctc gias ol this concct' (.
29). 1hc way icu things /oo/ is an imoitant, inuccu ccntiaI, ait ol oui
concct ol icuncss. ConscqucntIy, thoughts about thc coIoi icu wiII
invoIvc a uclicicnt contcnt whcn hau by a coIoi-bIinu cison.
GoIuic (2002) maIcs this oint cvcn moic cxIicitIy, whcic hc icIics
on Maiy, ]acIson's coIoi-bIinu scicntist, as his main cxamIc.
9
Whcn
Maiy Icavcs hci bIacI anu whitc ioom, shc gains ncw, hcnomcnaI
InowIcugc that cniichcs hci concct ol icuncss. Maiy now unucistanus
icuncss in a ncw way, a way inloimcu by thc hcnomcnoIogy ol hci ncw
cxciicnccs. Wc might ut thc uillcicncc this way: Maiy has now gaincu
a ncw way ol iccognizing oi iucntilying icu things-namcIy, in tcims ol
how thcy IooI. Anu this ncw way ol iccognizing icu things is now ait ol
hci vciy concct ol icuncss.
n both cxamIcs, thc moiaI is thc samc: thc contcnt ol a coIoi-bIinu
cison's thought-oi thc thought ol somconc ciucIIy uciivcu ol visuaI
coIoi cxciicnccs thiough othci mcchanisms-is uillcicnt liom that ol a
cison with noimaI coIoi vision bccausc thc Iattci can scc thc icuncss ol
ob|ccts such as thc baII, anu so incIuuc an imoitant ascct ol oui notion

9 Scc ]acIson's (19S2) anu (19S6).
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1hc Contcnt ol EmotionaI 1houghts 227
ol icuncss that oui coIoi-bIinu liicnu can't gias: how icu things /oo/.
Can wc say somcthing anaIogous in thc casc ol lccIing lcai anu oui
thoughts about uangcious ob|ccts oi situations. CcitainIy GoIuic thinIs
so. Hc contcnus that, cvcn il unucistanu which situations tyicaIIy
iovoIc lcai icsonscs in coIc, anu thc ways in which coIc tyicaIIy
act anu thinI whiIc aliaiu, wouIu stiII not luIIy gias thc concct ol lcai
il hau not // lcai. 1hcic wouIu bc a missing concctuaI ingicuicnt ol
somc Iinu in my gias ol thc concct. Now, how wouIu this changc my
thoughts to thc cllcct that a situation is uangcious. WhiIc am not quitc
suic cxactIy how to scII-out thc conncction bctwccn uangci anu lcai,
thinI that thcic is somcthing to bc saiu loi thc iuca that lcai lcatuics
iomincntIy in oui unucistanuing ol uangci. GoIuic himscIl ticats
uangci as a icsonsc-uccnucnt iocity.
10
BiiclIy, to bc a icsonsc-
uccnucnt iocity, thc iocity ol uangci must bc uclincu in ait
thiough acaI to thc natuic ol aioiiatc icsonscs to situations with
that iocity. l that is iight, thcn thcic is a laiiIy cIcai concctuaI
conncction bctwccn uangci anu lcai.
Ol couisc, somc might linu this concction ol uangci contiovcisiaI.
11

Moicovci, cvcn il uangci itscIl is a icsonsc-uccnucnt iocity, it
icmains ossibIc that not aII cmotions tiacI iocitics that aic simiIaiIy
icsonsc-uccnucnt. 1hat saiu, it sccms to mc wc uo not havc to accct
GoIuic's icsonsc-uccnucnt vicw ol iocitics such as uangci to agicc
that thcic is somc soit ol concctuaI IinI bctwccn lcai anu uangci. 1hus
agicc that an unucistanuing ol what it is tyicaIIy IiIc to bc in uangci
is an imoitant ait ol oui notion ol uangci, anu in that scnsc somconc
who hau ncvci lcIt lcai in thc lacc ol uangci wouIu not havc a luII gias
ol thc concct ol uangci. 1hc cxact natuic ol thc concctuaI IinI
bctwccn uangci anu lcai isn't that imoitant hcic, so Iong as somc

10 Scc GoIuic's uiscussion in his (2000), Chatci 2.
11 Onc might aiguc that wc can uclinc thc iocity ol bcing uangcious uicIy in tcims ol
thc thicat an ob|cct oscs to thc salcty oi wcII-bcing ol ccitain oiganisms (most
imoitantIy, to humans; ccitainIy thcic wiII bc somc icIativity hcic-a thicat to onc soit ol
cicatuic might not bc a thicat to anothci-but this is not what thc icsonsc uccnucncc
vicw icquiics).
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22S 1|m B/or
suitabIc IinI cxists. oi thc uioscs ol uiscussion, thcn, Ict us giant
somc such concctuaI IinI anu scc il it gcts GoIuic what hc wants.
Wc havc agiccu that somconc who has not lcIt lcai wouIu not havc a
luII gias ol thc concct ol lcai, anu conscqucntIy wouIu IacI a luII gias
ol thc concct ol uangci. But it is stiII not cIcai that such a stoiy sulliccs
to cstabIish thc iight soit ol contcnt uillcicncc in thc uangci casc, loi
thcic is an imoitant uillcicncc bctwccn this casc anu thc coIoi anaIogy.
CoIoi-bIinuncss sccms to allcct thc contcnt ol oui sub|cct's concct ol
icu quitc gcnciaIIy. 1hc coIoi bIinu cison has ncvci sccn a coIoi, anu
so has ncvci hau thc chancc luIIy to gias thc concct rJ. But in thc
uangci casc as ucsciibcu, thcic is no allcctivc uisoiuci such that thc
cison who thinIs `thc icc is uangcious' n.r couIu havc lcIt lcai. l wc
suosc such a uisoiuci, anu il wc aIso accct that lcai is ait ol oui
notion ol uangci, thcn cihas thc uisoiuci wouIu allcct thc agcnt's
vciy concct ol uangci, anu thcn wc might scc a simiIai uillcicncc in
contcnt bctwccn thc cison with thc allcctivc uisoiuci thinIing `thc icc
is uangcious' anu thc cison without such a uisoiuci who lcailuIIy
thinIs `thc icc is uangcious.' Sincc wc havc agiccu that thc contcnt ol
thoughts that invoIvc thc notion ol uangci incIuuc an unucistanuing ol
what it is IiIc to cxciicncc lcai, icsumabIy thc cison with thc
allcctivc uisoiuci wouIu not havc hau any cxciicnccs ol lcai, anu this
wouIu allcct his concct ol uangci in a way that wouIu bc iclIcctcu in a
uillcicncc in thc contcnt ol his thought `thc icc is uangcious.'
n lact, GoIuic iooscs such a casc in his (2002), aIthough his
vcision uocs not invoIvc an allcctivc uisoiuci ol somc soit. Wc aic asIcu
to imaginc that icnc is an `icy-cooI icc-scicntist' who Inows aII thcic is to
Inow about thc uangcis to human salcty oscu by icc, yct has ncvci oncc
lcIt lcai in hci Iilc (. 244-b). 1his is anaIogous to Maiy's situation
iioi to hci icIcasc liom hci bIacI anu whitc ioom. Whcn icnc sIis
anu laIIs on thc icc loi thc liist timc, shc cxciicnccs somcthing shc has
ncvci lcIt bcloic: lcai. 1his cxciicncc cniichcs hci concct ol uangci,
auuing a ncw ingicuicnt that it hau IacIcu bcloic. Wc might say thc
loIIowing: icnc now has a ncw, hcnomcnoIogicaIIy inloimcu way ol
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1hc Contcnt ol EmotionaI 1houghts 229
iccognizing oi iucntilying uangci thiough actuaIIy lccIing lcai. Anu this
ncw way ol iccognizing uangci is now ait ol hci concct ol uangci. As
a conscqucncc, whcn shc thinIs thc thought `thc icc is uangcious' now,
thc contcnt ol hci thought-uuc to hci ncwIy cniichcu concct ol
uangci-is uillcicnt.
! to this oint, thinI GoIuic's aigumcnts aic convincing. agicc
that icnc's concct ol uangci, as wcII as hci thoughts invoIving this
concct, has changcu. But uo thcsc aigumcnts ucmonstiatc that thc
contcnt ol thoughts about uangci hau with lccIing uillci liom thosc hau
without lccIing. l wc ictuin to thc oiiginaI cxamIc ol lcai iooscu in
his (2000), this is lai liom cIcai. 1hcic, hc wants thcic to bc a uillcicncc
in contcnt bctwccn thc thought `this situation is uangcious' hau lcailuIIy
vcisus its bcing hau without lcai, loi thc samc cison, .n | /// ron
/ /rJy \r|nJ /|ng o r. 1hat is, it sccms as though wc aic
altci a contcnt uillcicncc that wouIu aIy to noimaI coIc, who havc
hau Icnty ol lcailuI cxciicnccs. l wc want to tiy anu maIc scnsc ol
this using an anaIogy with coIoi thoughts, wc must changc thc coIoi casc
to moic cIoscIy miiioi thc situation ol a noimaI cison who has
cxciicnccu lcai, yct, on a ccitain occasion, thinIs about a uangcious
situation without actuaIIy lccIing lcai. So Ict us uo so.
maginc that ]ohn uscu to bc abIc to scc coIois |ust linc, but is now
sullciing liom somc soit ol tcmoiaiy coIoi bIinuncss. IucIiIy, hc has
an cxcccuingIy uutiluI liicnu, ]anc, who accomanics him aiounu town
ointing out icu ob|ccts to him loi thc uuiation ol his conuition.
Conliontcu with a icu baII, thc liicnu uocs hci uuty anu ]ohn has thc
thought `this baII is icu.' Suosc that ]anc is aIso IooIing at thc icu
baII, anu shc has noimaI coIoi vision. Shc IooIs at thc baII anu thinIs
`this baII is icu.' Now, both ]ohn anu ]anc aic lamiIiai with what icu
things IooI IiIc, anu so thcii notions ol what it is loi somcthing to bc icu
aic cquivaIcnt. Whcic shouIu wc Iocatc thc changc in contcnt bctwccn
thcsc two thoughts, il thcic is onc.
WcII, thcic uocsn't sccm to bc any changc in thc contcnt ol thcsc two
thoughts. Both ]ohn anu ]anc havc a comIctc gias ol thc concct ol
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230 1|m B/or
icuncss, comIctc with its csscntiaI hcnomcnaI comoncnt. What
icason uo wc havc to thinI that, simIy bccausc ]ohn is tcmoiaiiIy
coIoi-bIinu, his gias ol thc concct wouIu suuucnIy bc uclicicnt, that hc
wouIu suuucnIy Iosc thc hcnomcnaI ascct ol his concct ol icuncss.
!nIcss ]ohn's coIoi bIinuncss Iastcu loi a vciy Iong timc inuccu, causing
him to loigct, at Icast aitiaIIy, what icu things IooI IiIc, can thinI ol
nonc. But il thc two havc thc samc concct, anu ucIoy it in thcii
|uugmcnts that thc baII is icu, thcn suicIy thc contcnts ol thc |uugmcnts
thcmscIvcs wouIu bc thc samc. l thcy wcic not, it wouIu loIIow that
ucsciitions ol cxciicnccs can ncvci convcy thcii contcnts, which is
suicIy too stiong a concIusion. oi cxamIc, ]acIson succcssluIIy convcys
thc thought that his Maiy sccs somcthing icu altci shc is Ict out ol hci
ioom cvcn to icaucis who aic not at that momcnt IooIing at anything
icu. SimiIaiIy, Hawthoinc's ucsciition ol thc coIoi ol thc unitivc Icttci
`A' can convcy cilcctIy wcII thc samc contcnt to icaucis who hacn to
gIancc at thc scaiIct Icttci on thc booI |acIct anu thosc who uo not.
12

Giantcu, to unucistanu thc concct, thcii icaucis must havc somc
acquaintancc with sccing thcsc oi simiIai coIois loi thcmscIvcs. But in
thc icviscu coIoi casc, ]ohn has sccn Icnty ol icu things. So thc icviscu
coIoi casc ollcis no icason to thinI that thcic is a uillcicncc in thc
on/n/ o //|r //oug// thcmscIvcs. Ol couisc, thcic | a uillcicncc in thc
contcnts ol thcii mcntaI statcs moic bioauIy: ]anc is actuaIIy
cxciicncing thc visuaI imicssion ol thc baII's icuncss, but ]ohn is not.
But, as havc saiu, linu it haiu to scc why this bioauci uillcicncc in thc
contcnts ol thcii cuiicnt conscious cxciicnccs shouIu maIc a uillcicncc
to thc concctuaI contcnt ol thcii thoughts thcmscIvcs. wouIu suggcst
that it is much moic natuiaI to tiacc thc uillcicncc to thc oy ]ohn anu
]anc havc a thought with thc samc contcnt aIonc, ]ohn by having thc
icuncss ol thc baII ointcu out to him, ]anc by sccing thc icuncss ol thc
baII.
1hc samc moiaI aIics to icnc. l wc imaginc hci as a noimaI

12 Ianici Anucison suggcstcu this cxamIc.
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1hc Contcnt ol EmotionaI 1houghts 231
cison, onc who has hau Icnty ol lcailuI cxciicnccs, wc must concIuuc
that shc has a luII concct ol uangci, incIuuing thc hcnomcnaI asccts
onIy cxciicnccs ol lcai can ioviuc. Giantcu, thcic wiII bc uillcicnccs
in thc contcnts ol hci mcntaI statcs bctwccn occasions whcic shc actuaIIy
lccIs lcai ol thc icc anu occasions whcic shc iccognizcs thc uangcis
oscu by thc icc, but lccIs no lcai. But cannot scc why wc shouIu thinI
that thcsc uillcicnccs in thc contcnts ol hci mcntaI statcs as a whoIc
shouIu changc thc contcnts ol hci thoughts about thc uangci ol thc icc
thcmscIvcs; thc concct ol uangci ucIoycu in cach casc is no uillcicnt.
Anu, as in thc coIoi anaIogy, wouIu suggcst that wc wouIu uo bcttci to
thinI that thc uillcicnccs in thc contcnts ol icnc's conscious mcntaI
statcs allcct thc ioIc Iaycu by hci thoughts aIonc.
13
1hus, il this anaIysis
is iight, thc coIoi anaIogy can't ollci us much hcI in unucistanuing
what thc uillcicncc in contcnt GoIuic sccs in thc uangci casc is suoscu
to bc.
Pcihas am asIing too much ol thc anaIogy, though. Pcihas
GoIuic onIy invoIcs thc anaIogy to gct us to scc that thcic can bc
changcs in thc contcnt ol oui thoughts cvcn whcic thc woius uscu to
cxicss thc thoughts aic thc samc. Pcihas GoIuic's cxIanation ol this
changc in thc coIoi casc is not mcant to hcI us unucistanu \//y how
thc contcnts ol thc thoughts aic mcant to uillci in thc uangci casc. Oi
cihas thcic is anothci way in which wc couIu unucistanu thc contcnt
changc in thc coIoi anaIogy, somcthing uillcicnt liom GoIuic's cIaims
about thc contcnt ol oui conccts. But this ossibiIity wiII havc to wait.
oi now, wouIu IiIc to movc on to thc inucxicaI anaIogy to scc il it can
hcI us unucistanu what GoIuic has in minu.
IV.
1hc inucxicaI anaIogy is mcant to show that uillcicnccs in contcnt uo
not ncccssaiiIy invoIvc uillcicnccs in tiuth conuitions. Both ol thc

13 Ict mc notc again that GoIuic agiccs that lccIings ol lcai inlIucncc oui attituucs
towaius oui thoughts, anu thus inlIucncc thc ioIc thcsc thoughts Iay. Wc uisagicc onIy
ovci thc qucstion ol thc contcnt ol thcsc thoughts thcmscIvcs.
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232 1|m B/or
Piolcssoi's thoughts, (1) that thc mccting staits at noon, anu (2) that thc
mccting staits now, whcn thought at noon, havc thc samc tiuth
conuitions. Yct GoIuic obscivcs that thc Piolcssoi wouIu bc uisoscu to
act uillcicntIy on thc basis ol thcsc two thoughts. Hc couIu bc
icsonsibIc about attcnuing mcctings, havc thc liist thought at noon, yct
not buugc liom his chaii. But il hc is icsonsibIc about mcctings anu
has thc scconu thought at noon, hc wiII gct u anu go to thc mccting.
Scconu, anu simiIaiIy, GoIuic oints out that thc Piolcssoi couIu bcIicvc
thc liist thought at noon, yct not bcIicvc thc scconu onc. RcasonabIy
cnough, GoIuic thinIs that il such uillcicnt actions anu attituucs aic
ossibIc icgaiuing thcsc two thoughts, thcic must bc a uillcicncc in
thcii contcnts.
1hc iobIcm with anaIogics, ol couisc, is in unucistanuing |ust what
is mcant to bc anaIogous. SimiIai to what saiu at thc cnu ol my
uiscussion ol thc coIoi casc, it is ossibIc that GoIuic intcnus mcicIy to
inuicatc that uillcicnt contcnts might shaic thc samc tiuth conuitions,
anu nothing moic. StiII, hc uocs IittIc to cxIain how this is so in thc casc
ol uangci. As a icsuIt, thinI it is woithwhiIc to scc whcthci somc
luithci cxIanation ol this lcatuic ol thc inucxicaI casc couIu hcI us
unucistanu his cIaims about thc uillcicncc in contcnt bctwccn thoughts
hau with lccIing anu thosc without lccIing.
But thcic is anothci issuc with thc inucxicaI anaIogy to consiuci. As
havc notcu abovc, GoIuic's (2002) suggcsts that thc uillcicncc in contcnt
hc cnvisions is at Icast in signilicant ait hcnomcnoIogicaI. 1hc
inucxicaI anaIogy uocsn't shcu much Iight on this, at Icast not obviousIy.
n lact, as wc shaII scc, anu loIIowing ]ohn Pciiy's own account ol thc
inucxicaI casc, thc uillcicnccs in contcnt that Pciiy's Iatci anaIysis
suggcsts aic inloimationaI. am not suic whcthci GoIuic bcIicvcs that
thc uillcicnccs in contcnt hc has in minu aic at Icast in ait
inloimationaI uillcicnccs; cihas hc taIcs hcnomcnoIogicaI
uillcicnccs anu inloimationaI uillcicnccs to bc ticu togcthci (thc
hcnomcnoIogicaI uillcicnccs wouIu suggcst inloimationaI uillcicnccs,
oi vicc vcisa). His choicc ol thc inucxicaI anaIogy uocs at Icast suggcst
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1hc Contcnt ol EmotionaI 1houghts 233
that thc contcnt uillcicnccs hc has in minu might not bc Iimitcu to
hcnomcnoIogicaI uillcicnccs aIonc, aIthough, as thc anaIogy is
suoscu to show, thcsc uillcicnccs nccun't bc iclIcctcu in changcs in
thc tiuth conuitions ol thc thoughts. Sincc GoIuic uscs this anaIogy to
hcI maIc his casc, anu sincc thinI it is not cntiicIy cIcai |ust what
soits ol contcnt uillcicnccs hc wants to aiguc loi (thc anaIogics sccm
intcnucu to hcI cxIain this, altci aII), oncc again thinI it is
woithwhiIc to cxIoic what Iight this anaIogy might shcu on thc
uillcicnccs GoIuic thinIs cmotionaI lccIings can maIc to thc contcnts ol
oui thoughts.
Onc way to account loi thc uillcicncc bctwccn thc Piolcssoi's two
thoughts about thc mccting, ucsitc thcii iucnticaI tiuth conuitions,
wouIu bc to invoIc somcthing IiIc thc icgcan notion ol scnsc. 1hc iuca
wouIu bc that thc inucxicaI `now' icscnts thc timc, noon, in a uillcicnt
way, oi with a uillcicnt mouc ol icscntation ol somc soit, than uocs thc
ucsciitivc tcim `noon.' n lact, this wouIu mcan that thc two thoughts
actuaIIy cxicss uillcicnt ioositions, sincc icgc iucntilicu
ioositions with comIctc scnscs. Ol couisc, thc tiuth conuitions wouIu
icmain thc samc. But cvcn il this cxIanation wouIu woiI loi inucxicaIs
(anu ]ohn Pciiy has aigucu loiccluIIy that it cannot
14
), GoIuic's uioscs
aic not icaIIy auvanccu by this aioach, loi icasons simiIai to thosc
aIicauy suggcstcu whiIc uiscussing thc coIoi anaIogy. n aiticuIai,
uoubt that thc lccIing comoncnt ol an cmotion icaIIy uocs changc thc
icgcan scnsc ol what is thought in thc way this anaIysis wouIu icquiic.
Oncc havc a suitabIc gias ol thc concct ol uangci, loi cxamIc,
incIuuing having hau cxciicnccs ol lcai, it sccms that couIu thinI
thoughts with thc icquisitc scnscs (bc thcy conccts, intcnsions, oi somc
othci constiuaI ol `mouc ol icscntation') icgaiuIcss ol whcthci, on a
aiticuIai occasion, thinI ol a situation as uangcious lcailuIIy oi
without lcai. 1hcicloic, thcic is no icason to thinI that thc scnsc ol my
thought `thc icc is uangcious' wouIu ncccssaiiIy uillci. So Ict us ut that

14 Scc Pciiy (2000a)
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234 1|m B/or
ossibiIity asiuc, loi thcic aic othci ways ol accounting loi thc
Piolcssoi's uioitcuIy uillciing bcIicls in this casc, most notabIy ]ohn
Pciiy's own anaIysis. Anu sincc hc is thc oiiginatoi ol this cxamIc in thc
liist Iacc, it sccms litting that wc shouIu cxaminc his way ol hanuIing it
anu scc il it ollcis any hcI in unucistanuing GoIuic.
n his caiIy woiI on inucxicaIs, Pciiy is conccincu with accounting
loi thc samc lcatuics ol inucxicaIs that GoIuic oints out: that thoughts
IiIc `thc mccting staits at noon' anu `thc mccting staits now' (thought at
noon) couIu havc thc samc tiuth conuitions, yct givc iisc to uillcicnt
actions, anu that thc Piolcssoi couIu bcIicvc onc ol thcsc thoughts anu
yct not bcIicvc thc othci. t's moic convcnicnt loi mc to locus on thc
action ait ol thc uzzIc, so thc qucstion is: how is it that thc Piolcssoi
couIu bcIicvc both ol thcsc two thoughts, thoughts with thc samc tiuth
conuitions, anu yct act uillcicntIy on thc onc iathci than thc othci.
moitantIy loi oui uioscs, Pciiy's caiIy woiI uocs not cxIain thcsc
uzzIing lcatuics with a uillcicncc in thc on/n/ ol thc thoughts. Hc
giants that to cxIain thc uillcicnt actions thc Piolcssoi might taIc, thc
bcIicls must bc uillcicnt. But thc uillcicncc bctwccn thc bcIicls is not
accountcu loi by a uillcicncc in thc contcnt ol thc thoughts. nstcau, it is
cxIaincu by acaI to thc uillcicnt oy in which thc samc contcnt is
bcIicvcu, a uillcicncc iootcu in thc ioIc ol thc inucxicaI `now.'
A luII cxIoiation ol thc iucas bchinu Pciiy's ticatmcnt is bcyonu my
scoc hcic. 1hc Icy oint loi oui uioscs can bc mauc by consiuciing
a simiIai oint hc maIcs about thoughts cxicsscu with uillcicnt tcnscs.
Hc wiitcs: `As timc asscs, go liom thc statc coiicsonuing to `1hc
mccting wiII bcgin' to thc onc coiicsonuing to `1hc mccting is
bcginning' anu linaIIy to `1hc mccting has bcgun.' AII aIong bcIicvc ol
noon that it is whcn thc mccting bcgins. Bu/ I |/|. |/ |n J|rn/ oy.
Anu to thcsc uillcicnt ways ol bcIicving // m //|ng, uillcicnt actions
aic aioiiatc: icaiation, movcmcnt, aoIogy' (2000b, . 40 (my
cmhascs)). 1his samc oint aIics to thc cxamIc wc aic consiuciing.
1hc Piolcssoi bcIicvcs that thc mccting staits at noon. At noon, his statc
ol bcIicl changcs to thc bcIicl that thc mccting staits now. 1hc contcnt
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1hc Contcnt ol EmotionaI 1houghts 23b
bcIicvcu is thc samc: thc vaIuc that thc toIcn ol thc inucxicaI `now' taIcs
in contcxt is thc timc noon, anu so, on Pciiy's thcoiy ol contcnt, thc
contcnt bcIicvcu in thcsc two uillcicnt bcIicl statcs is thc samc. But thc
way ol bcIicving this samc contcnt is uillcicnt, bccausc ol thc ioIc ol thc
inucxicaI, anu so uillcicnt actions aic caIIcu loi. ConscqucntIy wc
nccun't acaI to any concctuaI contcnt changc to account loi thc
changc in thc Piolcssoi's action, noi to somc othci, cihas non-
concctuaI oi non-ioositionaI changc in thc contcnt ol thc thoughts.
Wc can cxIain thc uillcicncc in tcims ol thc way thc thought is
thought, a uillcicncc in thc attituuc towaius thc samc contcnt.
bcIicvc that a simiIai anaIysis natuiaI iccommcnus itscIl loi thc ioIc
ol lccIing in cmotion. AIicauy in my intiouuction suggcstcu that,
iathci than anaIyzc thc uillcicncc a lccIing maIcs to oui thoughts in
tcims ol thc contcnt ol thc thoughts, wc shouIu bcttci scc it as a
uillcicncc in thc ioIc Iaycu by thc thought. Wc shouIu scc lccIings as
changing oui attituucs, anu so changing thc way in which wc havc thc
thought. 1hus, thiough thc contiibution ol cmotionaI lccIing, thc samc
contcnt comcs to Iay a uillcicnt ioIc in oui thoughts anu action than it
wouIu il thought without lccIing. 1hc Iitciatuic suggcsts a numbci ol
ossibIc accounts ol what soit ol ioIc changc might account loi thc
hcnomcnon ol cmotion. t is a ciuciaI lact that lccIings ol lcai imact
oui motivations anu ucsiics, utting us in a statc that is o|J or /|on,
motivating us to gct away liom thc situation wc thinI is uangcious.
Pcihas thcy aIso givc us a singIc-minucu locus on thc uangci wc thinI
wc aic in, as Patiicia Giccnsan anu othcis suggcst
1b
, anu thcic may bc
othci things as wcII. A luII account ol how cmotionaI lccIings imact oui
thoughts anu actions is a ma|oi io|cct in its own iight, loi which thc
icscnt uiscussion about contcnt mcicIy scts thc stagc. But icgaiuIcss ol

1b Scc Giccnsan's (19S1). Bcnnctt HcIm says somcthing IiIc this as wcII whcn hc scaIs
ol an cmotion giiing oui attcntion. His vicw is a bit uillcicnt, though, as hc taIcs
cmotionaI lccIings to consist in thc cxciicncc ol bcing so giicu anu cnthiaIIcu by
ob|ccts ol aiticuIai imoitancc to us. His vicws can bc lounu in (2001), cscciaIIy Chatci
3.
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236 1|m B/or
thc uctaiIs, it sccms that Pciiy's caiIy woiI on inucxicaIs actuaIIy
suoits thc vicw that thc uillcicnccs in ioIc, whatcvci thcy aic, aic
iootcu in thc cllcct ol lccIings on oui attituucs; that is, in thc lcailuI way
in which thc thought is hau iathci than in thc thought's contcnt. 1hus
thc inucxicaI anaIogy, on this intciictation, uocsn't suoit GoIuic's
cIaims about contcnt changc.
So at this oint, havc suggcstcu that thc vciy anaIogy GoIuic uiaws
on to suoit his own oint actuaIIy suggcsts a uillcicnt concIusion, that
thc uillcicncc mauc by cmotionaI lccIings shouIu bc Iocatcu in thc ioIc
ol thc thought, not in somc uillcicncc in thc contcnt ol thc thought. But
this is not thc cnu ol thc stoiy, loi il wc loIIow thc ucvcIomcnt ol
Pciiy's own thinIing on inucxicaIity (among othci things), somc luithci
comIications cmcigc which scivc to quaIily oui icIiminaiy concIusion.
V.
As notcu abovc, Pciiy's moic icccnt woiI Iocatcs at Icast somc ol thc
uillcicncc bctwccn thc thoughts (1) that thc mccting staits at noon anu
(2) that thc mccting staits now (whcn thought at noon) in an
inloimationaI oi ioositionaI uillcicncc (as wcII as in how thc thought
is thought). Howcvci, this is not a uillcicncc in thc ioosition \rJ
by thc thought, oi what Pciiy now caIIs its `olliciaI contcnt.' Rathci, thc
uillcicncc citains to what hc at onc oint caIIs thc ioosition cicatcu
by thc uttciancc,
16
anu in moic icccnt woiI, thc iclIcxivc ioositionaI
contcnt ol thc uttciancc.
17
iist, Ict mc biiclIy cxIain olliciaI contcnt.
OlliciaI contcnt, aIso caIIcu iclcicntiaI contcnt, is, as notcu, thc
contcnt cxicsscu by a thought oi uttciancc. Accoiuing to Pciiy, thc
olliciaI contcnt ol thc Piolcssoi's two thoughts (whcn thc inucxicaI
thought is thought at noon, ol couisc) wiII bc thc samc. 1his olliciaI
contcnt contains thc timc, noon, vaiiousIy iclciicu to by `noon' in thc
liist thought, anu `now' thought at noon, in thc scconu thought. t aIso

16 Scc Pciiy (2000c).
17 Scc Pciiy (2001).
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1hc Contcnt ol EmotionaI 1houghts 237
incIuucs thc mccting that is iclciicu to by both uscs ol `thc mccting.'
NatuiaIIy, thc olliciaI contcnts ol thcsc two thoughts havc thc samc tiuth
conuitions: both aic tiuc il thc mccting iclciicu to staits at noon.
Now wc must uistinguish anothci notion ol contcnt Pciiy intiouuccs,
unuci which thc two thoughts wiII uillci. 1o unucistanu cxactIy what
this ncw contcnt is, anu why Pciiy aItcicu his vicw to incIuuc it, Ict mc
amIily oui inucxicaI casc. Suosc am waIIing by thc Piolcssoi's
ollicc uooi |ust as hc cxcIaims `thc mccting staits noo!' uo not Inow
what timc it is: my watch stocu, thcic aic no cIocIs, |ust awoIc liom
a na anu havc no iuca how Iong 'vc bccn asIcc. Bccausc ol my
tcmoiaI ignoiancc, can't gias thc olliciaI contcnt ol thc uttciancc:
uo not Inow thc vaIuc this toIcn ol `now' taIcs. But this uocs not mcan
that thcic is no inloimation convcycu by thc uttciancc, inloimation
can gias ucsitc my ignoiancc. can uisccin that thc timc at which this
toIcn ol `now' is uttcicu, whatcvci timc that is, is whcn thc mccting
staits (assuming, ol couisc, that thc Piolcssoi is coiicct himscIl). 1his
missing inloimation is what Pciiy caIIs thc ioosition cicatcu by thc
uttciancc, oi thc r/\|. on/n/ ol thc uttciancc. 1o taIc anothci
cxamIc: on a icccnt tii homc to visit my aicnts, was sitting
uownstaiis icauing. hcaiu my mothci ustaiis say (iathci IouuIy) `1im,
aic you in hcic.' hau no iuca whcic shc was ustaiis, oi to what cIoscu
uooi shc was auuicssing this qucstion, so couIu not gias thc olliciaI
contcnt ol hci uttciancc. Yct was cilcctIy caabIc ol ycIIing bacI `No!'
with comIctc conliucncc, loi whcicvci shc was, anu so to whatcvci
Iocation shc iclciicu with hci usc ol `hcic,' wasn't thcic. 1hc iuca,
thcn, is icIativcIy stiaightloiwaiu: thc uttciancc contains inloimationaI
contcnt that is not containcu in its olliciaI contcnt, contcnt can gias,
anu tiuth conuitions can gias, without giasing thc olliciaI contcnt.
Whcn answciing my mothci, thc iclIcxivc tiuth conuitions giascu
wcic somcthing IiIc this: mom's uttciancc is tiuc il thc Iocation iclciicu
to by thc toIcn ol thc inucxicaI `hcic' in hci uttciancc is whcic am.
1hc thcoiy is a bit moic comIicatcu than this, but thc auuitionaI
aiticuIais aic unimoitant. 1hc main oint to taIc away is that,
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23S 1|m B/or
bccausc ol thc ioIc Iaycu by inucxicaIs, thoughts anu uttcianccs
containing thcm havc a ncw soit ol inloimationaI contcnt that is
uillcicnt liom thc olliciaI contcnt ol thc thoughts oi uttcianccs.
1S

A natuiaI thing to asI now is whcthci simiIai consiuciations couIu bc
aIicu to uillcicntiatc thc contcnt ol lcailuIIy thinIing ol thc icc as
uangcious liom thc contcnt ol thc thought without lccIing lcai. 1hat is,
wc might asI whcthci thc lccIing ol lcai gcnciatcs somc soit ol
uillcicncc in thc inloimationaI contcnt ol thc two thoughts, iclIcxivc oi
othciwisc, that couIu unuciwiitc GoIuic's anaIysis. 1his is a iathci tiicIy
qucstion. As mcntioncu caiIici, what GoIuic nccus liom thc anaIogy
with inucxicaIs is a uillcicncc in contcnt without a uillcicncc in tiuth
conuitions. 1his might not bc a iobIcm il wc loIIow somcthing IiIc
Pciiy's hanuIing ol thc inucxicaI casc, loi thc tiuth conuitions ol thc
o||/ contcnt wouIu icmain thc samc. But il so, wc stiII nccu to linu
somc soit ol inloimationaI uillcicncc bctwccn thc thoughts il wc want to
loIIow a simiIai ioutc to thc onc Pciiy taIcs with inucxicaIs.
linu it uillicuIt to scc |ust what inloimationaI uillcicncc couIu bc
lounu in thc contcnt ol thc thought `thc icc is uangcious' hau with
lccIing vcisus without lccIing, so to mc this uocsn't sccm IiIc a vciy
iomising avcnuc. 1his is not to say, ol couisc, that thc thcic isn't
inloimation couIu gIcan about you by iccognizing that you aic aliaiu.
might Icain about how you icact in ccitain ciicumstanccs, bc abIc to
icuict what you might uo, anu what you might bc thinIing. Anu may
iccognizc this by hcaiing a lcailuI ticmoi in youi voicc as you say `thc
icc is uangcious.' But aIso might iccognizc this by obsciving youi bouy
Ianguagc, oi hcaiing thc ticmoi in youi voicc saying any numbci ol
things. SuicIy thcic is nothing uillcicnt about thc on/n/ ol youi
uttciancc `thc icc is uangcious' mauc lcailuIIy that convcys this
inloimation. t is thc lcai you aic in itscIl that convcys it, aIthough that
you aic lccIing aliaiu may bc bioaucast by thc ticmoi in youi voicc as
you scaI.

1S 1hcic is aIso anothci Iinu ol contcnt that wiII sIi: nctwoiI contcnt.
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1hc Contcnt ol EmotionaI 1houghts 239
GoIuic maIcs onc intcicsting, aIthough somcwhat vaguc, suggcstion
that might hcI, but which thinI oints in a uillcicnt uiicction, away
liom acaIs to contcnt as a iimaiy souicc ol thc uillcicncc-maIing
ioIc ol cmotionaI lccIings. n a uillcicnt cxamIc, this timc using thc
thought `thc goiiIIa is uangcious,' GoIuic says that youi lccIing ol lcai
now maIcs thc uangci icIcvant to you in a ncw way, anu that thc
thought `thc goiiIIa is uangcious' now o| you or /|on in a ncw way:
you aic now oiscu to act on it out ol cmotion.
19
1hat is, thc thought
may now Iay a ncw ioIc in action, an cmotionaI ioIc, aIthough |ust what
that is stiII nccus to bc cIuciuatcu. Whatcvci thc ioci anaIysis ol thc
icgnant suggcstion, howcvci, wc havc aIicauy sccn icasons loi
sIcticism that a uillcicnt way ol bcing oiscu loi action wiII amount to
a uillcicncc in thc contcnt ol thc thought. 1hcic is no icason to thinI
that this ncw way ol bcing oiscu loi action is a mattci ol a uillcicncc in
thc contcnt ol thc thought as wcII as a mattci ol thc having thc thought
in a uillcicnt way. 1hc cIaim that thc uangci is icIcvant to you in a ncw,
scciaI, cmotionaI way is no bcttci: again, it sounus moic IiIc a changc
in onc's attituuc oi way ol having thc samc thought iathci than in thc
contcnt ol onc's thought. So Pciiy's anaIysis ol thc inucxicaI casc in his
r/y woiI sccms much moic suitabIc loi cxIaining this ncw ostuic
towaius action than his Iatci suggcstions about ncw soits ol contcnt. 1hc
iuca ol such unolliciaI contcnts might bc thc iight way to go loi thc
scmantics ol inucxicaIs, but can't scc why wc shouIu go that way loi thc
contcnt ol thoughts hau with lccIing. 1hc icssuics that motivatcu Pciiy
to ucvcIo his vicw to incIuuc thcsc ncw contcnts uon't sccm aIicabIc
to thoughts hau with lccIing, anu GoIuic hasn't icscntcu us with
icssuics sccilic to thoughts hau with lccIing that wouIu iccommcnu
such a movc.
Dcsitc this concIusion, must notc hcic that it is ossibIc, as
mcntioncu at thc cnu ol my uiscussion ol thc coIoi anaIogy, that GoIuic
uocsn't want thcsc anaIogics to tcII us thc natuic ol thc uillcicncc in

19 GoIuic (2000), . 61.
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240 1|m B/or
contcnt loi thoughts hau with vcisus without lccIing. Hc might havc
ollcicu thcm simIy to maIc a lcw simIc oints: liist, that thoughts can
uillci in contcnt cvcn il thcy aic natuiaIIy cxicsscu with thc samc
woius (thc coIoi anaIogy); scconu, that this uillcicncc has somcthing to
uo with thc way in which wc gias thc ob|cct ol thc thought, a way that is
intimatcIy conncctcu with thc hcnomcnoIogy ol thc cxciicncc (aIso
thc coIoi anaIogy); thiiu, that thc uillcicncc nccun't invoIvc a uillcicncc
in tiuth conuitions (thc inucxicaI anaIogy); anu linaIIy that this
uillcicncc can maIc a uillcicncc loi how wc act (aIso thc inucxicaI
anaIogy). Ol couisc, il this is aII hc wantcu thc anaIogics to show, hc
hasn't uonc us that gicat a scivicc. Hc hasn't ollcicu us cnough ol an
account ol what this contcnt changc amounts to noi why wc shouIu
bcIicvc that thcic is onc, othci than his iathci vaguc cIaims about
cmotionaI icIcvancc, anu his unsatislying icmaiI that `it might bc that
this uillcicncc cannot bc catuicu in woius.'
1hat saiu, am ncvcithcIcss uccIy symathctic with GoIuic's
ic|cction ol auu-on thcoiics. 1hc imIausibIc natuic ol such ositions is
mauc aiticuIaiIy viviu whcn onc icaIizcs thc loIIowing conscqucncc ol
such vicws: cmotionaI cxIanations ol action couIu bc icIaccu, without
cxIanatoiy Ioss, with cxIanations in tcims ol cvaIuativc bcIicls anu
ucsiics. CcitainIy lccIings couIu Iay a u/ ioIc ol somc soit with
icgaius to a aiticuIai action; cihas thcy couIu cxIain thc giimacc
on my lacc as stiiIc my cncmy out ol angci, loi cxamIc, thc
ticmbIing ol my aims as lcailuIIy iun liom thc bcai chasing mc
thiough thc woous. But thc iationaI loicc ol thc cxIanation is no
uillcicnt than an cxIanation that mauc no iclcicncc to cmotions at aII,
but instcau iclciicu onIy to an cvaIuativc bcIicl oi |uugmcnt, anu a
ucsiic. shaic GoIuic's vicw that such an imIication cannot bc accctcu.
1hc uillicuIty, ol couisc, is in cxIaining |ust in what thc contiibution
ol lccIings consists. Having aigucu against thc iuca that this uillcicncc
shouIu bc tiaccu to in signilicant ait to a uistinct contcnt thc lccIing
auus to thc cvaIuativc thoughts thcmscIvcs, must cxIain how lccIings
changc thc mannci in which thcsc cvaIuativc thoughts aic hau such that
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1hc Contcnt ol EmotionaI 1houghts 241
this changc can itscIl contiibutc to thc ioIc cmotions Iay in oui
thoughts anu in motivating anu iationaIizing actions. 1hc answci,
thinI, at Icast in ait icsts on a uistinction wouIu IiIc to cxIoic
bctwccn, loi cxamIc, juJg|ng oi |/|.|ng that thc loicst liic bcaiing
uown on my housc is uangcious, anu \r|n|ng it as uangcious oi
thicatcning. 1his is not, thinI, simIy a mattci ol cicciving thc loicst
liic in a ccitain Iight, a vicw ol cmotionaI thoughts that GoIuic himscIl
cnuoiscs at Icast to somc cxtcnt. (RccaII, loi cxamIc, thc anaIogy
mcntioncu that hc uiaws bctwccn sccing thc sticI haIl submcigcu in
watci as bcnt, anu sccing a situation as uangcious.) thinI that cmotions
invoIvc moic than |ust this soit ol cicction. thinI that, in viituc ol
thc lccIings thcy invoIvc, at Icast in thcii most ccntiaI manilcstations, wc
cxciicncc thc woiIu as luII ol cvaIuativc iocitics oi `tcxtuics.' n lact,
anu hcic too am in at Icast aitiaI uisagiccmcnt with GoIuic, bcIicvc
that thcy ucIivci this soit ol cxciicncc ol an cvaIuativcIy tcxtuicu woiIu
in Iaigc ait bccausc ol thc hysioIogicaI icsonscs thcy invoIvc. WhiIc it
has bccomc lashionabIc to cIaim that thc cxciicncc ol hysioIogicaI
uistuibanccs cannot bc ccntiaI to cmotions, cvcn loi hiIosohcis such
as GoIuic who aic intcnt on iccstabIishing thc imoitancc ol lccIings
20
,
bcIicvc that thc cxciicncc ol thcsc icsonscs, which icaic anu iimc
oui bouics (anu oui minus) loi action, aic ccntiaI to thc uistinctivc soit
ol cvaIuativc attituuc cmotions comiisc. n lact, bcIicvc that cmotionaI
lccIings aic, in a scnsc, bouiIy lccIings, aIthough this oint must bc
mauc with somc caic.
21

aIso thinI, in agiccmcnt with Bcnnctt HcIm, that cmotionaI
icsonscs, anu what wc can caII thc uisositionaI, oi bcttci, `stanuing'
cmotions that shac oui aiticuIai icsonscs on aiticuIai occasions, aic

20 1his might bc a bit too stiong whcn aIicu to GoIuic. His (2002) giants that bouiIy
lccIings aic usuaIIy invoIvcu in cmotionaI cisoucs, anu aic signilicant loi cistcmic
icasons. But hc ncvcithcIcss uistinguishcs thcsc lccIings liom lccIing towaius ioci, anu
it is thc Iattci that sccm moic csscntiaI to thc uistinctivc anu imoitant ioIc cmotions Iay.
21 ollci a icIiminaiy anu somcwhat cuisoiy cxIanation ol a bouiIy thcoiy ol cmotionaI
lccIings in my `How Emotions CouIu Bc ccIings: A Rcsonsc to Maitha Nussbaum's
U/./ o 1/oug//.'
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242 1|m B/or
tycs ol commitmcnts. Howcvci, thcy uillci substantiaIIy liom bcIicl in
ait uuc to thc noims that govcin thcii icsonsivcncss to cistcmic
icasons. HcIm notcs that this icsonsivcncss is moic assivc than that ol
bcIicl. Hc says vciy IittIc to cxIain thc scnsc in which bcIicls icsonu to
oui icasons activcIy anu cmotions assivcIy, howcvci. thinI a goou
account can bc givcn ol this, anu attcmt to uo so in anothci aci.
22

But wouIu aIso suggcst that ait ol this gicatci assivity is owcu to thc
bouiIy comoncnt in oui cmotionaI icsonscs. 1hus, loi a numbci ol
icasons, bcIicvc that thc ioIc ol thc bouy in oui cmotionaI icsonscs
wiII iovc vitaI loi a ioci unucistanuing ol cmotionaI cxciicncc anu
its imoitancc in oui Iivcs.
Ol couisc, what havc saiu hcic is onIy a vciy iough sIctch ol thc
uiicction wouIu IiIc to cxIoic. shouIu notc that GoIuic's own
commcnts at vaiious Iaccs in his booI suggcst that hc wouIu bc
amcnabIc to at Icast somc ol iucas. What caIIcu his `icgnant'
suggcstion about bcing oiscu loi action in a uistinctivcIy cmotionaI way,
mcntioncu uuiing thc goiiIIa cxamIc, inuicatcs that hc may havc this
soit ol iuca in minu, aIthough why wc shouIu aIso giant a changc in thc
contcnt ol thc thought `thc goiiIIa is uangcious' icmains uncIcai to mc,
as havc aigucu hcic. n any casc, a uctaiIcu invcstigation ol this Iinc ol
thought, anu in aiticuIai an account ol how it sccuics a uistinctivc
iationaIizing loicc loi cmotionaI cxIanations ol action, wiII havc to
wait.
23

Corn// Un|.r|/y
References
BIosci, 1im. `How Emotions CouIu Bc ccIings: A Rcsonsc to Maitha

22 ollci this account in `Why EmotionaI Commitmcnts aic Not BcIicls,' an unubIishcu
manusciit.
23 am gicatIy inucbtcu to Ianici Anucison, Daviu HiIIs, Nauccm Hussain, anu ]ohn
Pciiy loi commcnts on caiIici uialts ol this aci. am aIso giatcluI to thc anonymous
cci icvicwcis loi thcii hcIluI anu imoitant commcnts anu suggcstions.
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1hc Contcnt ol EmotionaI 1houghts 243
Nussbaum's U/./ o 1/oug//,' manusciit.
--- `Why EmotionaI Commitmcnts Aic Not BcIicls,' manusciit.
GoIuic, Pctci. (2000) 1/ Emo/|on. + P/|/oo/|/ E\/or/|on, Oxloiu:
Oxloiu !nivcisity Picss.
--- (2002) `Emotions, ccIings, anu ntcntionaIity,' P/nomno/ogy
nJ // Cogn|/|. S|n 1, 2002, . 23b-b4.
Giccnsan, Patiicia. (19S1) `Emotions as EvaIuations,' P||
P/|/oo/|/ Qur/r/y 62: . 1bS-69.
--- (19SS) Emo/|on nJ Fon. +n Enu|ry |n/o Emo/|on/ [u/||/|on,
Ncw YoiI: RoutIcugc.
HcIm, Bcnnctt. (2001) Emo/|on/ Fon. D/||r/|on, Mo/|./|on, nJ //
^/ur o !/u, Ncw YoiI: Cambiiugc !nivcisity Picss.
--- (19SS) Emo/|on nJ Fon. +n Enu|ry |n/o Emo/|on/ [u/||/|on,
Ncw YoiI: RoutIcugc.
]acIson, ianI. (19S2) `EihcnomcnaI QuaIia,' P/|/oo/|/ Qur/r/y
32, . 127-36.
--- (19S6) `What Maiy Diun't Know,' [ourn/ o P/|/oo/y S2, .
291-9b.
Pciiy, ]ohn. (2000a) `icgc on Dcmonstiativcs' in 1/ Pro|/m o //
En/|/ InJ\|/ nJ O//r Ey, Stanloiu: CSI PubIications.
--- (2000b) `1hc PiobIcm ol thc EsscntiaI nucxicaI' in 1/ Pro|/m o
// En/|/ InJ\|/ nJ O//r Ey, Stanloiu: CSI PubIications.
--- (2000c) `Cognitivc Signilicancc anu Ncw 1hcoiics ol Rclcicncc'
in 1/ Pro|/m o // En/|/ InJ\|/ nJ O//r Ey, Stanloiu: CSI
PubIications.
Pciiy, ]ohn. (2001) Frn nJ F/\|.|/y, Stanloiu: CSI PubIications.
Nussbaum, Maitha. (2001) U/./ o 1/oug//. 1/ In///|gn o
Emo/|on, Ncw YoiI Cambiiugc !nivcisity Picss.
SoIomon, Robcit. (1976). 1/ P|on, !nivcisity ol Notic Damc Picss.
1haIbcig, iving (19S4). Emo/|on nJ 1/oug//, cxccitcu in Chcshiic
CaIhoun anu Robcit SoIomon, cus., W// | n Emo/|on? Ncw YoiI:
Oxloiu !nivcisity Picss, . 291-304.
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