1

Practical Design to Eurocode 2

Course Outline
24
th
September
Basics
EC0, EC1, Materials, Cover
Jenny Burridge
1
st
October
Beams
Bending, Shear, Detailing
Charles Goodchild
8
th
October
Columns
Axial load, Column
Moments, Buckling
Jenny Burridge
15
th
October
Slabs
Serviceability, Punching
Shear
Charles Goodchild
22
th
October
Foundations
Pads, Piles, Retaining Walls
Paul Gregory
2
Basics
Lecture 1
24
th
September 2013
Summary: Lecture 1 Basics
Background & Basics
Eurocode 0 & load combinations
Eurocode 1 loads/actions
Eurocode 2
Background
Materials
Cover
Analysis
3
Background & Basics
6
Setting the scene
Eurocodes
are being/ will
be used in:
EU countries
EFTA Countries
Malaysia
Singapore
Vietnam
Sri Lanka
Others?
CEN National
Members
Austria Belgium
Cyprus
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia Finland
France
Germany
Greece Hungary
Iceland Ireland
Italy Latvia
Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
The Netherlands
Norway Poland
Portugal
Romania
Slovakia
Slovenia Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
United Kingdom
4
BS EN 1990 (EC0) : Basis of structural design
BS EN 1991 (EC1) : Actions on Structures
BS EN 1992 (EC2) : Design of concrete structures
BS EN 1993 (EC3) : Design of steel structures
BS EN 1994 (EC4) : Design of composite steel and concrete structures
BS EN 1995 (EC5) : Design of timber structures
BS EN 1996 (EC6) : Design of masonry structures
BS EN 1997 (EC7) : Geotechnical design
BS EN 1998 (EC8) : Design of structures for earthquake resistance
BS EN 1999 (EC9) : Design of aluminium structures
The Eurocodes
Eurocode Hierarchy
8
+ PDs
+ NA
+ NA
+ NAs
+ NA
+ NA
EN 1990
Basis of Design
EN 1991
Actions on Structures
EN 1992 Concrete
EN 1993 Steel
EN 1994 Composite
EN 1995 Timber
EN 1996 Masonry
EN 1999 Aluminium
EN 1997
Geotechnical
Design
EN 1998
Seismic
Design
Structural safety, serviceability
and durability
Design and detailing
Geotechnical & seismic
design
Actions on structures
These
affect
concrete
design
5
Each Eurocode Contains:
National front cover
Format of the Eurocodes
Each Eurocode Contains:
National front cover
National foreword
Format of the Eurocodes
6
Each Eurocode Contains:
National front cover
National foreword
CEN front cover
Format of the Eurocodes
Each Eurocode Contains:
National front cover
National foreword
CEN front cover
Main text and annexes (which must
be as produced by CEN)
Format of the Eurocodes
7
Each Eurocode Contains:
National front cover
National foreword
CEN front cover
Main text and annexes (which must
be as produced by CEN)
Annexes - can by normative and/or
informative
Format of the Eurocodes
National Annex (NA)
Format of the Eurocodes
8
The National Annex provides:
Values of Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPs)
(NDPs have been allowed for reasons of safety, economy and durability)
Example: Min diameter for longitudinal steel in columns

min
= 8 mm in text
min
= 12 mm in N.A.
The decision where main text allows alternatives
Example: Load arrangements in Cl. 5.1.3 (1) P
The choice to adopt informative annexes
Example: Annexes E and J are not used in the UK
Non-contradictory complementary information (NCCI)
Example: PD 6687 Background paper to UK National Annexes
National Annex
In this presentation UK Nationally Determined Parameters (NDPs)
are shown in blue!
The Eurocodes contain Principles (P) which comprise:
General statements and definitions for which there is no
alternative, as well as:
Requirements and analytical models for which no
alternative is permitted
They also contain Application Rules, which are generally rules
which comply with the Principles
The Eurocodes also use a comma (,) as the decimal marker
Features of the Eurocodes
9
Eurocode 0
BS EN 1990:2002
Basis of structural design
EN 1990 provides comprehensive information and
guidance for all the Eurocodes, on the principles
and requirements for safety and serviceability.
It gives the safety factors for actions and
combinations of action for the verification of
both ultimate and serviceability limit states.
Eurocode (EC0)
10
Limit states are conditions beyond which some design criterion is
violated.
Ultimate Limit State:
Any condition that concerns the safety of people or structure
Generally the structure shall be verified at:
Serviceability Limit State:
Corresponds to conditions in use of the structure. The limit state could be
related to cracking, deformation or vibration.
Limit State Design
Ultimate Limit State:
Loss of equilibrium (EQU)
E
d,dst
E
d,stb
Internal failure or excessive structural deformation (STR)
E
d
R
d
;
Failure or excessive deformation of ground (GEO)
Failure caused by time dependent effects e.g.fatigue (FAT)
Limit State Design
11
Principle: In all relevant design
situations no relevant limit
state is exceeded when
design values for actions
and effects of actions are
used in the design models
Verification by Partial Safety
Factor Method
F
d
=
f
F
rep
Where: F
rep
= representative value of action
= F
k
And:
f
= partial factor for actions
See NA to BS EN 1990: Table NA.A1.2
converts the characteristic value of
action to the representative value.
Compare to
F
d
=
f
F
k
BS8110
Design Value of Action
12
Each variable action may take one of four representative values,
the main one being the characteristic value.
Other representative values are obtained by the application of
factors, which can take one of four values, namely, 1.00 or
0
or
1
or
2
.
= 1.00 when only one variable action is present in a combination.

0
Q
k
is the combination value of a variable action.

1
Q
k
is the frequent value.

2
Q
k
is the quasi-permanent value.
Representative Values of
Variable Actions
Representative Values of
Variable Actions
Ref: Gulvanessian, H ICE Proceedings, Civil Engineering 144 November 2001 pp.8-13
13
For each critical load case design values of the effects of actions are
determined by combining the effects of actions that are considered to
act simultaneously

G, j
G
k,j
+
Q,1
Q
k,1
+
Q,i

0,i
Q
k,i
Exp. (6.10)
Either

G, j
G
k,j
+
Q,1

0,1
Q
k,1
+
Q,i

0,i
Q
k,i
Exp. (6.10 a)
or

G, j
G
k,j
+
Q,1
Q
k,1
+
Q,i

0,i
Q
k,i
Exp. (6.10 b)
Or (for STR and GEO) the more adverse of
The value for for the UK is 0.925
Combination of Actions
Design values of actions, ultimate limit state persistent and transient design
situations (Table A1.2(B) Eurocode)
Combtion
expression
reference
Permanent actions Leading
variable
action
Accompanying variable
actions
Unfavourable Favourable Main(if any) Others
Eqn (6.10)
G,j,sup
G
k,j,sup

G,j,inf
G
k,j,inf

Q,1
Q
k,1

Q,i

0,i
Q
k,i
Eqn (6.10a)
G,j,sup
G
k,j,sup

G,j,inf
G
k,j,inf

Q,1

0,1
Q
k,1

Q,i

0,i
Q
k,i
Eqn (6.10b)
G,j,sup
G
k,j,sup

G,j,inf
G
k,j,inf

Q,1
Q
k,1

Q,i

0,i
Q
k,i
Eqn (6.10) 1.35 G
k
1.0 G
k
1.5 Q
k,1
1.5
0,i
Q
k,i
Eqn (6.10a) 1.35 G
k
1.0 G
k
1.5
0,1
Q
k
1.5
0,i
Q
k,i
Eqn (6.10b) 0.925x1.35G
k
1.0 G
k
1.5 Q
k,1
1.5
0,i
Q
k,i
Eurocode ULS (GEO/STR)
14
Table NA.A1.1 UK National Annex of BS EN 1990
Action
0

1

2
Imposed loads in buildings,
Category A : domestic, residential
Category B : office areas
Category C : congregation areas
Category D : shopping areas
Category E : storage areas
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
1.0
0.5
0.5
0.7
0.7
0.9
0.3
0.3
0.6
0.6
0.8
Category F : traffic area, <
30kN
Category G : traffic area, 30 160 kN
Category H : roofs
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.7
0.5
0
0.6
0.3
0
Snow load: H 1000 m a.s.l. 0.5 0.2 0
Wind loads on buildings 0.5 0.2 0
UK Values of Factor
Partial Factors for Actions (ULS)

G
= 1.35 (NA 2.2.3.3 and Table NA.A1.2)

Q
= 1.5 (NA 2.2.3.3 and Table NA.A1.2)
Relevant factors

0
office areas = 0.7 (Table NA.A.A1.1)

0
wind = 0.5 (Table NA.A.A1.1)
Example: ULS Combination of
Actions
15
1.35 G
k
+ 1.5 Q
k,1
+ 0.75Q
k,w
Exp. (6.10)
1.35G
k
+ 1.05 Q
k,1
+ 0.75Q
k,w
Exp. (6.10 a)
or
1.25G
k
+ 1.5 Q
k,1
+ 0.75Q
k,w
Exp. (6.10 b)
Or the more adverse of
Example: ULS Combination of
Actions
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
1 2 3 4 5 6
Gk/Qk
Eqn (6.10)
Eqn (6.10a)
Eqn (6.10b)
Ratio G
k
/Q
k
F
a
c
t
o
r
,

F
(
U
l
t
i
m
a
t
e

l
o
a
d

=

F
x

G
k
)
4.5
Eqn (6.10), (6.10a) or (6.10b)?
16
Design values of actions, ultimate limit state persistent and transient design
situations (Table A1.2(B) Eurocode)
Combtion
expression
reference
Permanent actions Leading
variable
action
Accompanying variable
actions
Unfavourable Favourable Main(if any) Others
Eqn (6.10)
G,j,sup
G
k,j,sup

G,j,inf
G
k,j,inf

Q,1
Q
k,1

Q,i

0,i
Q
k,i
Eqn (6.10) 1.10 G
k
0.9 G
k
1.5 Q
k,1
1.5
0,i
Q
k,i
Eurocode ULS (EQU)
Combinations of Actions (SLS)
Characteristic combination G
k,j
+ Q
k,1
+
0,I
Q
k,I
(typically irreversible limit states)
Frequent combination G
k,j
+
1,1
Q
k,1
+
2,I
Q
k,I
(typically reversible limit states)
Quasi permanent combination G
k,j
+
2,I
Q
k,I
(typically long term effects and appearance of the structure)
Partial Factors for Actions (SLS)

G
= 1.00

Q
= 1.00

0
- combination value

1
- frequent value.

2
- quasi-permanent value.
Eurocode SLS
17
EC2: Load cases & combinations
EC2: Cl 5.1.3 gives one option:
Concise: 5.4.2
EC2 NA additional load cases
18
EC2 & UK NA Load Arrangements
(BS EN 1992, Cl 5.1.3)
The UK National Annex allows the use of simplified arrangements
similar to BS 8110.
NB:
Gj
.G
kj
on all spans for
STR/GEO (but not EQU)
Alternate spans
loaded
Adjacent spans
loaded
All spans loaded
Concise: 5.4.2

Qj
.Q
kj

Gj
.G
kj
UK NA: Arrangement of Actions
All spans loaded
Alternate spans loaded
1.35 G
k
or
1.25 G
k
1.5 Q
k
1.35 G
k
or
1.25 G
k
1.5 Q
k
1.35 G
k
or
1.25 G
k
1.5 Q
k
NA gives additional options:
Concise: 5.4.2
19
From EN1990:
Table A1.2(B) - Design values of actions (STR/GEO) (Set B)
NOTE 3 The characteristic values of all permanent actions from one
source are multiplied by
G,sup
if the total resulting action effect is
unfavourable and
G,inf
if the total resulting action effect is
favourable. For example, all actions originating from the self weight
of the structure may be considered as coming from one source; this
also applies if different materials are involved.
There is no such note for Table A1.2(A) - Design values of actions
(EQU) (Set A)
Therefore there should be no pattern loading on permanent
actions for STR and GEO verifications but there should be
pattern loading on permanent actions for EQU.
Eurocode (EC0)
Q2. Continuous single-way slab. Assuming permanent actions = 6
kN/m
2
and variable actions = 4 kN/m
2
, calculate the value of ULS
total loading (kN/m
2
) using Exps (6.10), (6.10a) and (6.10b) (see
BS EN 1990 Table A1.2(B) & UK NA).
Q1.Overhanging cantilever beam. Determine the
F
factors that should
be applied to G
k
and Q
k
:-
a) for equilibrium (EQU) (BS EN 1990, Table A1.2(A) & UK NA)
b) for structural strength (STR) (BS EN 1990, Exp (6.10) & UK NA)
l
a
Load Arrangement Exercise
5m
5m
5m
20
l
a
Load Arrangement Exercise (pro forma)
Q2

G
G
k

Q
Q
k
n
(6.10)
(6.10a)
(6.10b)
Q1
Span
G
G
k
+
Q
Q
k
Cant
G
G
k
+
Q
Q
k
a) EQU
b1) STR
b2) STR
5m
5m
5m
EC1 Loads/Actions
BS EN 1991
Actions on Structures
21
Eurocode 1 has ten parts:
1991-1-1 Densities, self-weight and imposed loads
1991-1-2 Actions on structures exposed to fire
1991-1-3 Snow loads
1991-1-4 Wind actions
1991-1-5 Thermal actions
1991-1-6 Actions during execution
1991-1-7 Accidental actions due to impact and explosions
1991-2 Traffic loads on bridges
1991-3 Actions induced by cranes and machinery
1991-4 Actions in silos and tanks
Eurocode 1
Eurocode 1 Part 1-1: Densities, self-weight and imposed loads
Bulk density of mass concrete is 24 kN/m
3
Bulk density of reinforced concrete is 25 kN/m
3
This represents 1.84% reinforcement
Add 1 kN/m
3
for wet concrete
The UK NA uses the same loads as BS 6399
Plant loading not given
Eurocode 1
22
Category Example Use q
k
(kN/m
2
)
Char. value of
udl
Q
k
(kN)
Char. value
of pt load
A1 All uses within self-contained dwelling units 1.5 2.0
A2 Bedrooms and dormitories 1.5 2.0
A3 Bedrooms in hotels and motels, hospital wards and toilets 2.0 2.0
A5 Balconies in single family dwelling units 2.5 2.0
A7 Balconies in hotels and motels 4.0 min 2.0
B1 Offices for general use 2.5 2.7
C5 Assembly area without fixed seating, concert halls, bars,
places of worship
5.0 3.6
D1/2 Shopping areas 4.0 3.6
E12 General storage 2.4 per m ht 7.0
E17 Dense mobile stacking in warehouses 4.8 per m ht
(min 15.0)
7.0
F Gross vehicle weight 30 kN 2.5 10.0
Eurocode 1 UK NA - Extracts
Imposed load reductions
EC1 allows the imposed load for large floor areas and
several storeys to be reduced by applying the factors

A
and/or
n
.
The NA modifies the equation in EC1.

A
= 1.0 A/1000 0.75
where A is the area (m
2
) supported

n
= 1.1 n/10 1 n 5

n
= 0.6 6 n 10

n
= 0.5 n > 10
where n is the number of storeys supported
23
BS EN 1991 1-3 (NA)
Snow loads
BS EN 1991 1-4 (NA)
Wind speeds
v
b,map
24
Eurocode 2
BS EN 1992
Design of concrete structures
Materials
51
Date UK CEB/fib Eurocode 2
1968 CP114 (CP110 draft) Blue Book (Limit state design)
1972 CP110 (Limit state design) Red Book
1975 Treaty of Rome
1978 Model code
1985 BS8110 Eurocode 2 (EC)
1990 Model Code
1993 EC2: Part 1-1(ENV) (CEN)
2004 EC2: Part 1-1 (EN)
2005 UK Nat. Annex.
2006 BS110/EC2 PD 6687
2010 EC2 Model Code 2010
Eurocode 2 is more extensive than old codes
Eurocode 2 is less restrictive than old codes
Eurocode 2 can give more economic structures [?]
Eurocode 2: Context
25
BS EN 1992-1-1: General Rules and Rules For Buildings
BS EN 1992-1-2: Fire Resistance of Concrete Structures
BS EN 1992-2: Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete
Bridges
BS EN 1992-3: Liquid Retaining Structures
Eurocode 2: Design of
Concrete Structures
Eurocode 2: relationships
53
BS EN 1990
BASIS OF STRUCTURAL
DESIGN
BS EN 1991
ACTIONS ON STRUCTURES
BS EN 1992
DESIGN OF CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
Part 1-1: General Rules for
Structures
Part 1-2: Structural Fire Design
BS EN 1992
Part 2:
Bridges
BS EN 1992
Part 3: Liquid
Ret.
Structures
BS EN 1994
Design of
Comp.
Struct.
BS EN 13369
Pre-cast
Concrete
BS EN 1997
GEOTECHNICAL
DESIGN
BS EN 1998
SEISMIC DESIGN
BS EN 13670
Execution of
Structures
BS 8500
Specifying
Concrete
BS 4449
Reinforcing
Steels
BS EN 10080
Reinforcing
Steels
BS EN 206
Concrete
NSCS
DMRB?
NBS?
Rail?
CESWI?
BS EN 10138
Prestressing
Steels
26
1. Code deals with phenomenon, rather than element types so Bending,
Shear, Torsion, Punching, Crack control, Deflection control (not
beams, slabs, columns)
2. Design is based on characteristic cylinder strength
3. No derived formulae (e.g. only the details of the stress block is given,
not the flexural design formulae)
4. No tips (e.g. concentrated loads, column loads, )
5. Unit of stress in MPa
6. Applicable for ribbed reinforcement f
y
400MPa 600MPa (Plain or
mild steel not covered but info on plain and mild steel given in PD
6687)
7. Notional horizontal loads considered in addition to lateral loads
8. High strength, up to C90/105 covered
9. No materials or workmanship
Eurocode 2 & BS 8110 Compared
10. Cover related to requirements for durability, fire and bond also
subject to allowance for deviations due to variations in execution
11. Variable strut inclination method for shear
12. Punching shear checks at 2d from support
13. Rules for determining anchorage and lap lengths.
14. Serviceability checks
15. Decimal point replaced by comma
16. Units of stress MPa
17. 1/1000 expressed as
18. Axes changed from x, y to y, z
19. Part of the Eurocode system
Eurocode 2 & BS 8110 Compared
27
Concrete properties (Table 3.1)
BS 8500 includes C28/35 & C32/40
For shear design, max shear strength as for C50/60
Strength classes for concrete
f
ck
(MPa) 12 16 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 70 80 90
f
ck,cube
(MPa) 15 20 25 30 37 45 50 55 60 67 75 85 95 105
f
cm
(MPa) 20 24 28 33 38 43 48 53 58 63 68 78 88 98
f
ctm
(MPa) 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.6 2.9 3.2 3.5 3.8 4.1 4.2 4.4 4.6 4.8 5.0
E
cm
(GPa) 27 29 30 31 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 41 42 44
f
ck
= Concrete cylinder strength f
ck,cube
= Concrete cube strength
f
cm
= Mean concrete strength f
ctm
= Mean concrete tensile strength
E
cm
= Mean value of elastic modulus
Eurocode 2
Design Strength Values (3.1.6)
Design compressive strength, f
cd
f
cd
=
cc
f
ck
/
c
Design tensile strength, f
ctd
f
ctd
=
ct
f
ctk,0.05
/
c

cc
(= 0.85 (flexure) and 1,0 (shear)) and
ct
(= 1,0) are
coefficients to take account of long term effects on
the compressive and tensile strengths and of
unfavourable effects resulting from the way the load
is applied
28
Elastic Deformation (3.1.3)
Values given in EC2 are indicative and vary according to
type of aggregate.
E
cm
(t) = (f
cm
(t)/f
cm
)
0,3
E
cm
Tangent modulus, E
c
, may be taken as 1,05 E
cm
Poissons ratio
for uncracked concrete = 0,2
for cracked concrete = 0
Linear coeff. of thermal expansion = 10 x 10
-6
K
-1
Creep (3.1.4)
0 1,0 2,0 3,0 4,0 5,0 6,0 7,0
100
50
30
1
2
3
5
10
20
t 0
(, t 0)
S
N
R
100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500
C20/25
C25/30
C30/37
C35/45
C40/50
C45/55
C50/60
C55/67
C60/75
C70/85
C90/105
C80/95
h 0 (mm)
Inside conditions RH = 50%
Example: 300 thick slab, loading at 30 days, C30/37 - = 1,8
h
0
= 2A
c
/u where A
c
is the cross-section area and
u is perimeter of the member in contact with
the atmosphere
29
Shrinkage (3.1.4)
Shrinkage Strain,
cs
, is composed of two components:
Drying Shrinkage Strain,
cd
, develops slowly
Autogenous Shrinkage Strain,
ca
, develops during the hardening of the
concrete.
Drying shrinkage,
cd

cd
(t) =
ds
(t,t
s
)k
h

cd,0
(EC2, Exp (3.9)
Autogenous shrinkage,
ca

ca
(t) =
as
(t)
ca
() (EC2, Exp (3.11)
Creep and Shrinkage Annex B
Creep

0
is the notional creep coefficient (in Figure 3.1 the notation
used is (,t
0
))
(t,t
0
) is the creep at any time, t after time of loading, t
0
Shrinkage

cd,0
is the basic drying shrinkage strain

cd,
(t) =
ds
(t,t
s
)k
h

cd,0
(Section 3)
30
fcd

c2
c

cu2
c
0
fck
For section analysis
Parabola-rectangle
c3

cu3 0
fcd

c
fck
Bi-linear
fcm
0,4 fcm
c1
c
cu1

c
tan = Ecm

For structural analysis

Schematic

c1
(
0
/
00
) = 0,7 f
cm
0,31

cu1
(
0
/
00
) =
2,8 + 27[(98-f
cm
)/100]
4
f
cm
)/100]
4
for f
ck
50 MPa otherwise 3.5

c2
(
0
/
00
) = 2,0 + 0,085(f
ck
-50)
0,53
for f
ck
50 MPa otherwise 2,0

cu2
(
0
/
00
) = 2,6 + 35 [(90-f
ck
)/100]
4
for f
ck
50 MPa otherwise 3,5
n = 1,4 + 23,4 [(90- f
ck
)/100]
4
for f
ck
50 MPa otherwise 2,0
f
n
c
c cd c c2
c2
1 1 for 0

(
| |
( = <
|
( \

f for
c cd c2 c cu2
=

c3
(
0
/
00
) = 1,75 + 0,55 [(f
ck
-50)/40]
for f
ck
50 MPa otherwise 1,75

cu3
(
0
/
00
) =2,6+35[(90-f
ck
)/100]
4
for f
ck
50 MPa otherwise 3,5
Concrete Stress Blocks (3.1.5 and 3.1.7)
As
d
fcd
Fs
x
s
x
cu3
Fc
Ac
= 1,0 for f
ck
50 MPa
= 1,0 (f
ck
50)/200 for 50 < f
ck
90 MPa
400
) 50
8 , 0
ck

=
(f
for 50 < f
ck
90 MPa
= 0,8 for f
ck
50 MPa
Rectangular Concrete Stress Block
(3.1.7, Figure 3.5)
31
up to C50/60
Stress
Strain
Ultimate strain
reduces
Strain at maximum
stress increases
C90/105
Change in Shape of Concrete
Stress Block for high strength
concretes
Confined Concrete (3.1.9)
c2,c
cu2,c
c
c
fck,c
fcd,c
0
A
2 3 ( = 2)
1 = fck,c
fck
cu
f
ck,c
= f
ck
(1.000 + 5.0
2
/f
ck
) for
2
0.05f
ck
= f
ck
(1.125 + 2.50
2
/f
ck
) for
2
> 0.05f
ck

c2,c
=
c2
(f
ck,c
/f
ck
)2

cu2,c
=
cu2
+ 0,2
2
/f
ck
32
Reinforcement (1) (3.2.1 and 3.2.2)
EC2 does not cover the use of plain or mild steel
reinforcement
Principles and Rules are given for deformed bars,
decoiled rods, welded fabric and lattice girders.
EN 10080 provides the performance characteristics and
testing methods but does not specify the material
properties. These are given in Annex C of EC2
Product form Bars and de-coiled rods Wire Fabrics

Class

A

B

C

A

B

C

Characteristic yield
strength f
yk
or f
0,2k
(MPa)



400 to 600

k = (f
t
/f
y
)
k


1,05

1,08


1,15
<1,35

1,05

1,08


1,15
<1,35

Characteristic strain at
maximum force,
uk
(%)

2,5

5,0

7,5

2,5

5,0

7,5

Fatigue stress range

(N = 2 x 10
6
) (MPa) with
an upper limit of 0.6f
yk



150



100

cold worked seismic
hot rolled
The UK has chosen a maximum value of characteristic yield strength, f
yk
, = 600
MPa, but 500 MPa is the value assumed in BS 4449 and BS 4483 for normal supply.
Reinforcement (2) From
Annex C
33
0.2%
uk
f0.2k
ft = kf0.2k

ft = kfyk t
uk

fyk
Hot rolled steel
Cold worked steel
The design value for E
s
may be assumed to be 200 GPa
Reinforcement (3)
(3.2.4, figure 3.7)
70
Extract from BS 8666
34

ud

fyd/ Es
fyk
kfyk
fyd = fyk/s
kfyk/s
Idealised
Design

uk

ud
= 0.9
uk
k = (f
t
/f
y
)
k
Alternative design stress/strain relationships are permitted:
- inclined top branch with a limit to the ultimate strain horizontal
- horizontal top branch with no strain limit
Reinforcement (5) Design
Stress/Strain Curve (3.2.7, Figure 3.8)
UK uses horizontal top
branch
Prestressing Steel
(3.3.1 and 3.3.2)
Unlike prEN 10080 the harmonised standard for prestressing steel,
prEN10138, provides all the mechanical properties. The reason
given is that there are only a few types of prestressing steel and they
can all be included within the Standard. But there is still neither EN.
In the meantime BS have published BS 5896:2012 High tensile steel
wire and strand for the prestressing of concrete.
Prestressing steel losses are defined for:
Class 1: wire or strand ordinary relaxation
Class 2: wire or strand low relaxation
Class 3: hot rolled and processed bars
Use BS5896!
Adequate ductility is assumed if f
pk
/f
p0,1k
1.1
the mean density of prestressing tendons may be taken as 7850
kg/m
3
35
Strand
type
Steel
Number
Nominal
tensile
strength
(MPa)
Nominal
diamete
r (mm)
Cross-
sectiona
l area
(mm
2
)
Nominal
mass
(kg/m)
Charact-
eristic
value of
maximum
force (kN)
Maximum
value of
maximum
force
(kN)
Charact-
eristic
value of
0.1% proof
force
(kN)
12.9
Super
1.1373 1860 12.9 100 0,781 186 213 160
12.7
Super
1.1372 1860 12.7 112 0.875 209 238 180
15.7
Super
1.1375 1770 15.7 150 1.17 265 302 228
15.7
Euro
1.1373 1860 15.7 150 1.17 279 319 240
15.2
Drawn

1.1371 1820 15.2 165 1.290 300 342 258

Pre-stressing Strands Commonly
Used in the UK
Prestressing Devices (3.4)
Anchorages and Couplers should be in accordance with
the relevant European Technical Approval.
External non-bonded tendons situated outside the original
section and connected to the structure by anchorages and
deviators only, should be in accordance with the relevant
European Technical Approval.
36
Eurocode 2
Durability and Cover
77
Nominal cover, c
nom
Minimum cover, c
min
c
min
= max {c
min,dur
; c
min,b
; 10 mm}
Axis distance, a
Fire protection
Allowance for deviation, c
dev
bond durability as per BS 8500
10 mm
Tables in Section 5 of part 1-2
Eurocode 2 - Cover
37
Durability of Structures
Cover density and quality is achieved by:
Controlling the maximum water/cement ratio
Controlling the cement content.
Annex E does not apply. The UK has produced its own tables
Exposure Classes
Table 4.1 (based on EN 206-1) provides the definitions of
exposure classes for different environmental conditions.
XO no risk of corrosion or attack
XC risk of carbonation-induced corrosion
XS risk of chloride-induced corrosion (sea water)
XD - risk of chloride-induced corrosion
XF risk of freeze/thaw attack
XA (DC - BS8500) risk of chemical attack in ground
38
Minimum Cover for Durability,
c
min,dur
The UK National Annex defers to BS8500 for c
min,dur
In EC2 this can be modified by further factors
But in the UK these are all 0 unless justified, i.e: Values of
c
dur,
, c
dur,st
and c
dur,add
are taken as 0 in the UK unless
reference is made to specialist literature.
Subclause Nationally Determined
Parameter
Eurocode Recommendation UK Decision
4.4.1.2 (5) Structural classification and
values of minimum cover
due to environmental
conditions cmin,dur
Table 4.3N for structural classification
Tables 4.4N and 4.5N for values of
cmin,dur
Use BS 8500-1:2006, Tables A.3, A.4, A.5 and A.9 for
recommendations for concrete quality for a
particular exposure class and cover reinforcement c.
C
min,dur
= Cover for Durability
50 year life. Taken from BS 8500
39
Minimum Cover for Bond,
Cmin,b
For bars: C
min,b
= Bar diameter
For Post-tensioned tendons:
Circular ducts: Duct diameter
Rectangular ducts: The greater of:
the smaller dimension or
half the greater dimension
For pre-tensioned tendons:
1,5 x diameter of strand or wire
2,5 x diameter of indented wire
C
minb
=
l
C
minb
=
m

l
Allowance in Design for
Deviation
c
dev
: Allowance for deviation = 10mm
A reduction in c
dev
may be permitted:
quality assurance system, which includes measuring
concrete cover, 10 mm c
dev
5 mm
where very accurate measurements are taken and non
conforming members are rejected (e.g. precast
elements), 10 mm c
dev
0 mm
RECAP : c
nom
= c
min
+ c
dev
40
a
Axis
Distance
Reinforcement cover
Axis distance, a, to
centre of bar (or
group of bars)
a = c +
m
/2 +
l
Scope
Tabulated data for various elements is given in section 5
Gives several methods for fire engineering
BS EN 1992-1-2 Structural Fire Design
EC2 - Cover
(Fire will be covered in Lecture 3)
Cover Exercise (Fire and Durability)
What are the nominal cover and element size for a car park
one-way slab with 1 hour fire resistance (i.e. REI = 60)?
Assume the max bar size in the slab is 25mm.
Assume the concrete is C32/40 with cement type IIIB
Assume design life 50 years and in-situ construction
41
Cover Example (pro forma)
BOND
EC2-1-1 Table 4.2 (Section 4.2)
DURABILITY
EC2-1-1 Table 4.1 (Table 4.1)
UK NA & BS 8500 (Table 4.2)
DEVIATION
EC2-1-1Cl. 4.4.1.3 (Section 4.5)
FIRE
EC2-1-2 Table 5.8 (Table 4.7)
C
minb
=.
Durability Class .. . .
C
mindur
= .
C
dev
=
Min thickness h
s
=..
Min axis distance a=..
Nominal Cover governed by = ..mm
Eurocode 2
Structural Analysis
42
Structural Analysis (5.1.1)
Common idealisations used:
linear elastic behaviour
linear elastic behaviour with limited redistribution
plastic behaviour
non-linear behaviour
Local analyses are required where non-linear strain distribution is
not valid:
In the vicinity of supports
Local to concentrated loads
In beam/column intersections
In anchorage zones
At changes in cross section
Soil/Structure Interaction (5.1.2)
Where soil/structure interaction has a significant effect
on the structure use EN 1997-1
Simplifications (see Annex G) include:
flexible superstructure
rigid superstructure; settlements lie in a plane
foundation system or supporting ground assumed to
be rigid
Relative stiffness between the structural system and
the ground > 0.5 indicate rigid structural system
43
Second Order Effects (5.1.4)
For buildings 2
nd
order effects may be ignored if they are
less than 10% of the corresponding 1
st
order effects
Two alternative methods of analysis are permitted:
Method A based on nominal stiffnesses (5.8.7)
Method B based on nominal curvature (5.8.8)
Linear elastic analysis may be carried assuming:
uncracked sections (concrete section only)
linear stress-strain relationships
mean value of the modulus of elasticity
Linear elastic analysis may be used for both ULS and SLS
For thermal deformation, settlement and shrinkage
effects at ULS a reduced stiffness corresponding to
cracked sections may be assumed.
Linear Elastic Analysis (5.4)
44
In continuous beams or slabs which are mainly subject to flexure and
for which the ratio of adjacent spans is between 0.5 and 2
0,4 + (0,6 + 0,0014/
cu2
)x
u
/d
0,7 for Class B and C reinforcement
0,8 for Class A reinforcement
where is (distributed moment)/(elastic moment)
x
u
is the neutral axis depth after redistribution
For column design the elastic values from the frame analysis should
be used (not the redistributed values).
Linear Elastic Analysis with
Limited Redistribution (5.5)
Additionally x/d is traditionally limited to
a min of 0.45 to avoid brittle failure
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
x /d
%

r
e
d
i
s
t
fck =70 fck =60 fck =50
Redistribution Limits for Class B
& C Steel
45
0
5
10
15
20
25
0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60
x /d
%

r
e
d
i
s
t
fck =70 fck =60 fck =50
Redistribution Limits for Class A
Steel
Beam: Span 3h otherwise it is a deep beam
Slab: Minimum panel dimension 5h
One-way spanning
Column: h 4b and L 3h otherwise it should be
considered as a wall
Ribbed or waffle slabs need not be treated as discrete
elements provided that:
rib spacing 1500mm
rib depth below flange 4b
flange depth 1/10 clear distance between ribs or 50mm -
transverse ribs are provided with a clear spacing 10 h
Idealisation of the structure (5.3)
46
b
b
1
b
1
b
2
b
2
b
w
b
w
b
eff,1
b
eff,2
b
eff
b
eff
= b
eff,i
+ b
w
b
Where b
eff,i
= 0,2b
i
+ 0,1l
0
0,2l
0
and b
eff,I
b
i
l
3
l
1
l
2
0,15(l1 + l2 )
l = 0
l0 = 0,7 l2 l0 = 0,15 l2 + l3 l0 = 0,85 l1
l
0
, is the distance between points of zero moment.
It may be taken as:
Effective Flange Width (5.3.2.1)
l
eff
= l
n
+ a
1
+ a
2
The design moment and reaction for monolithic support
should generally be taken as the greater of the elastic
and redistributed values ( 0,65 the full fixed moment).
l
eff
a
i
ln
h
t
ln
leff
a = min {1/2h; 1/2t }
i
Permitted reduction, M
Ed
= F
Ed.sup
t/8
Effective Length of Beam or Slab
(5.3.2.2)
47
Geometric Imperfections (5.2)
Deviations in cross-section dimensions are normally
taken into account in the material factors and should
not be included in structural analysis
Imperfections need not be considered for SLS
Out-of-plumb is represented by an inclination,
l

l
=
0

m
where
0
= 1/200

h
= 2/l; 2/3
h
1

m
= (0,5(1+1/m)
l is the height of member (m)
m is the number of vert. members
ei
N
Hi
N
l = l0 / 2
ei
N
l = l0
Hi
N
e
i
=
i
l
0
/2 (for walls and isolated columns e
i
= l
0
/400)
H
i
=
i
N for unbraced members
H
i
= 2
i
N for braced members
or
Unbraced
Braced
Isolated Members (5.2)
48
Na
Nb
Hi
l
i
i

Na
Nb
Hi
/2 i
/2 i
Bracing System
Floor Diaphragm
Roof
H
i
=
i
(N
b
-N
a
) H
i
=
i
(N
b
+N
a
)/2 H
i
=
i
N
a
Structures (5.2)
Partial factors for H
i
It is not clear how the notional force
H
i
should be regarded, i.e. as a
permanent action, a variable action,
an accidental action. However by
inference if should be the same as
for the constituent axial loads N,
N
Ed
, N
a
and/or N
b
.
i.e.
Hi
= (1.35G
k
+ 1.5Q
k
)/(G
k
+ Q
k
)
But TCCs Worked Examples says As
Hi derives mainly from permanent
actions its resulting effects are
considered as being a permanent
action too. and
Hi
=
G
= 1.35 was
used.