Chapter 5 - GSM Radio Network Planning

GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization
Chapter 5 GSM Radio Network Planning

Confideniality level
Table of Contents
Chapter 5 GSM Radio Network Planning.......................................................................................
5.1 Overview..............................................................................................................................
5. Planning !o"ndation............................................................................................................
5..1 Coverage and Capa#ity $arget Confirmation.............................................................
5.. Performan#e $arget Confirmation..............................................................................
5.% Coverage &naly'i'...............................................................................................................
5.%.1 &rea (ivi'ion..............................................................................................................
5.%. Radio )nvironment S"rvey......................................................................................
5.* Network Str"#t"re &naly'i'.................................................................................................
5.*.1 Middle+,ayer Station................................................................................................
5.*. -igh+,ayer Station...................................................................................................
5.*.% ,ow+,ayer Station....................................................................................................
5.5 $raffi# &naly'i'...................................................................................................................
5.5.1 $raffi# Predi#tion and Cell Splitting..........................................................................
5.5. .oi#e Channel &llo#ation.........................................................................................
5.5.% Control Channel &llo#ation......................................................................................
5./ 0a'e Station N"m1er (e#i'ion..........................................................................................
5./.1 Chara#teri'ti#' of %+'e#tor 1a'e 'tation' in "r1an area'.........................................
5./. Referen#e' for (e'ign of 0a'e Station Parameter'................................................
5./.% 2plink and (ownlink 0alan#e..................................................................................
5./.* Cell Coverage )'timation........................................................................................
5./.5 0a'e Station &ddre'' Planning................................................................................
5././ Coverage Predi#tion................................................................................................
5.3 (e'ign of 0a'e Station &ddre''.........................................................................................
5.3.1 &ddre'' de'ign........................................................................................................
5.3. Pro4e#t Parameter (e#i'ion.....................................................................................
5.5 ,o#ation &rea (e'ign.........................................................................................................
5.5.1 (efinition of ,o#ation &rea.......................................................................................
5.5. (ivi'ion of lo#ation area'.........................................................................................
5.5.% Other'......................................................................................................................
5.6 ("al+0and Network (e'ign................................................................................................
5.6.1 Ne#e''ity for Con'tr"#ting ("al+0and Network.......................................................
5.6. GSM 1577M-z Coverage Sol"tion'........................................................................
5.6.% ,o#ation &rea (ivi'ion for ("al+0and Network........................................................
5.6.* $raffi# G"idan#e and Control Strategie' of ("al+0and Network..............................
5.6.5 ("al+0and Networking )ngineering 8mplementation...............................................
5.17 (e'ign of 8ndoor Coverage Sy'tem.................................................................................
5.17.1 Chara#teri'ti#' of 8ndoor #overage........................................................................
5.17. 8ndoor &ntenna Sy'tem (e'ign.............................................................................
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5.17.% Capa#ity &naly'i' and (e'ign................................................................................
5.17.* !re9"en#y Planning...............................................................................................
5.17.5 $raffi# Control........................................................................................................
5.11 $"nnel Coverage..............................................................................................................
5.11.1 Chara#teri'ti# of $"nnel Coverage.........................................................................
5.11. $"nnel Coverage Sol"tion......................................................................................
5.11.% $"nnel Coverage 0a'ed on Coa:ial di'tri1"ted antenna 'y'tem...........................
5.11.* $"nnel Coverage 0a'ed on ,eaky Ca1le Sy'tem..................................................
5.11.5 Coverage Sol"tion' to $"nnel' in (ifferent ,ength................................................
5.1 Repeater Planning.........................................................................................................
5.1.1 &ppli#ation 0a#kgro"nd.......................................................................................
5.1. ;orking Prin#iple' of Repeater...........................................................................
5.1.% Repeater Network Planning.................................................................................
5.1% Con#l"'ion.....................................................................................................................

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5.1 Overview
$he de'ign of radio network planning <RNP= i' the 1a'i' of the #on'tr"#tion of a
wirele'' mo1ile network. $he de'ign level of network planning de#ide' the f"t"re
layo"t of a network.
("ring network planning> the do#"ment' #on#erning 1a'e 'tation di'tri1"tion>
#hannel a''ignment> and #ell data m"'t 1e o"tp"tted. &nd the ma4or ta'k'
involved are a' follow'?
1= &nalyze #arrier'@ re9"irement' on network #overage> #apa#ity and 9"ality.
= &nalyze the #overage and #apa#ity feat"re' of the #andidate mo1ile
#omm"ni#ation 'y'tem' and 1and'> and then analyze the inve'tment
fea'i1ility thro"gh e'timating the network '#ale.
%= (e#ide the network 'tr"#t"re and 1a'e 'tation type 1a'ed on f"rther
analy'i'.
!ir't analyze whether to #on'tr"#t a layering network a##ording to "'er
di'tri1"tion> propagation #ondition'> #ity development plan and e:i'ted
network #ondition'> and then analyze the 'ite' within thi' area to de#ide
whether to "'e omni antenna' or dire#tional antenna' to meet the
re9"irement' on #overage and #apa#ity.
*= )'timate the n"m1er of 1a'e 'tation'
0efore e'timating the n"m1er of 1a'e 'tation'> e'timate the #overage
di'tan#e of 1a'e 'tation' of vario"' type' in vario"' #overage area'. $he
fa#tor' de#iding the effe#tive #overage area of a 1a'e 'tation in#l"de?
.alid tran'mit power of the 1a'e 'tation
;orking 1and' to 1e "'ed <677 M-z or 1577 M-z=
&ntenna type and in'tallation po'ition
Power 1"dget
Radio propagation environment
Carrier'@ inde:e' on #overage

$hen thro"gh #al#"lating the #overage di'tan#e and dividing the #overage
area'> yo" #an o1tain a ro"gh n"m1er of 1a'e 'tation' for vario"' #overage
area'.
5= Plan an ideal 1a'e 'tation addre'' a##ording to #ell"lar 'tr"#t"re'.
&##ording to geographi# map' or admini'trative map' and with the help of
on+the+'pot '"rvey'> yo" #an have a f"ll "nder'tanding of the area' to 1e
planed> and then mark the area where the n"m1er of "'er' i' large a' a
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target addre''. &fter that> mark the addre''e' of other 1a'e 'tation'
a##ording to the ideal #ell"lar 'tr"#t"re and the re'"lt of link 1"dget.
/= Cal#"late the n"m1er of #hannel' of the #ell' of ea#h 1a'e 'tation
)'timate the traffi# of a 1a'e 'tation a##ording to it' ideal lo#ation> and then
o1tain the n"m1er of #arrier' and #hannel' needed 1y ea#h 1a'e 'tation 1y
#he#king )rl ta1le a##ording to the inde:e' of #all lo'' rate.
(e#ide the fre9"en#y re"'e mode a##ording to 1and width> network 9"ality
re9"irement> and e9"ipment '"pporta1ility.
)'timate the ma:im"m 1a'e 'tation #onfig"ration type a##ording to the

fre9"en#y 1andwidth and re"'e mode provided 1y the #on'tr"#tion #arrier'.
8f the 'y'tem #apa#ity in 'ome area' #annot 1e met> yo" need to add more
1a'e 'tation' or #ell' to the 'y'tem a##ording to #ell 'plitting prin#iple' and
a#t"al #ondition'. &fter that> re'ele#t an ideal 1a'e 'tation addre'' on the
map and re+e'timate the n"m1er of #hannel' re9"ired 1y the 1a'e 'tation.
3= Predi#t the #overage area and de#ide the pro4e#t data> namely> perform the
preliminary em"lation. $he 'pe#ifi# ta'k' are a' follow'?
Sele#t the de'ign inde:e'

Sele#t the minim"m re#eived power and the penetration ratio inde: at the
#overage area edge.
Sele#t the de'ign parameter'> whi#h in#l"de'?

&ntenna height <a1ove the gro"nd=> antenna azim"th angle> antenna gain>
antenna tilt angle> 1a'e 'tation height a1ove 'ea level> 1a'e 'tation type>
feeder length> antenna feeder 'y'tem lo''> #om1ining and di'tri1"tion
mode'> tran'mitter o"tp"t power> re#eiver 'en'itivity> 1a'e 'tation diver'ity
re#eption> and diver'ity gain'.
Predi#t the #overage area of ea#h #ell a##ording to the propagation model'
in different area'> and then give the opinion' on ad4"'ting the 1a'e 'tation
addre''> antenna dire#tion> antenna tilt angle> and antenna height in the
area' where dead zone' may 1e pre'ent and 'ignal' are poor. !inally>
provide the pro4e#t data.
5= Sele#t a#t"al 1a'e 'tation addre'' and de#ide 1a'e 'tation type?
Perform filed e:amination a##ording to the ideal 1a'e 'tation addre''e'>
and then re#ord the po''i1le addre''e' a##ording to vario"' #on'tr"#tion
#ondition' <in#l"ding power '"pply> tran'mi''ion> ele#tromagneti#
1a#kgro"nd> and land taken over=. !inally> re#ommend a '"ita1le addre''
1a'ed on integrated #on'ideration of the deviation from the ideal 1a'e
'tation addre''> the effe#t on f"t"re #ell 'plitting> e#onomi# 1enefit'> and
#overage predi#tion.
&fter the 1a'e 'tation addre'' i' 'ele#ted> de#ide the a#t"al 1a'e 'tation
type a##ording to the n"m1er of 1a'e 'tation #hannel'.
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&fter the 1a'e 'tation type i' de#ided> yo" need to make a '#heme for
antenna #onfig"ration. !or moving a network> if yo" intend to provide a 1e't
#om1ination '#heme for the antenna feeder'> yo" m"'t f"lly inve'tigate the
#om1ination of the antenna feeder' of the original #arrier'> plan the f"t"re
e:pan'ion of the 1a'e 'tation> and de'ign the #om1ination of the antenna
feeder' '"pported 1y #"rrent e9"ipment'.
6= Plan fre9"en#y and ad4a#ent #ell
(e#ide the fre9"en#y and ad4a#ent planning a##ording to the a#t"al 1a'e
'tation di'tri1"tion and type.
17= Make #ell data
$o en'"re that the network r"n' 'ta1ly> yo" m"'t de'ign the parameter'
relative to performan#e for ea#h #ell. $he'e parameter' in#l"de 'y'tem
information parameter'> handover parameter'> power #ontrol algorithm
parameter'> and 'o on.
Note:
For the selection of handover bands, the handover algorithms to be
enabled, and whether to use frequency hopping, power control, and DTX,
they must be decided in coverage prediction and frequency planning,
because the related parameters will be used in emulation.
8n addition> 'e#tion' 5.6 and that later introd"#e the 'ol"tion' to the planning of
d"al+1and network and the planning in 'pe#ial o##a'ion'.
5. Planning !o"ndation
5..1 Coverage and Capa#it$ Target Confir%ation
0efore planning a network> yo" m"'t #onfirm the network #overage and #apa#ity
target and relative 'pe#ifi#ation' from #arrier'. $hey are 'pe#ified a' follow'?
(efinition of #overage area'
Spe#ifi# divi'ion of the 'ervi#e 9"ality in #overage area'
Grade of 'ervi#e <GoS= at 2m interfa#e
Predi#tion of network #apa#ity and '"1'#ri1er growth rate
&vaila1le 1and' and re'tri#tion' on "'ing 1and'
Re'tri#tion' on 1a'e 'tation addre'' and the n"m1er of #arrier'
Penetration lo'' in #ar' or indoor environment
Performan#e and 'en'itivity of 1a'e 'tation'
R"le' on 1a'e 'tation naming and n"m1ering
8nformation of the 1a'e 'tation' in the e:i'ting network

)ngineer' perform the network planning and g"ide the '"1'e9"ent #on'tr"#tion
work a##ording to the previo"' te#hni#al 'pe#ifi#ation'. 0e#a"'e any #hange of
the'e 'pe#ifi#ation' will affe#t network #on'tr"#tion> yo" m"'t di'#"'' the'e
'pe#ifi#ation' with #arrier' and get their #onfirmation.
5.. Perfor%an#e Target Confir%ation
Carrier' empha'ize m"#h on the f"t"re network 9"ality. $herefore> network
planning engineer' m"'t 4"dge the inde:e' #on#erning network performan#e
a##ording to #on'tr"#tion diffi#"lty and e:perien#e> and then #ooperate with
#arrier' to de'ign a rea'ona1le 'ol"tion.
Generally> the performan#e of voi#e 'ervi#e' #an 1e 4"dged a##ording to AP8
inde:e'> whi#h are 'pe#ified in $a1le 1.1
Table 1.1 (e'#ription' of AP8 inde:e'
N"m1er AP8 inde: Meaning $e't method Referen#e
val"e
1 $C- #onge'tion
ratio
$C- 'eiz"re
fail"re'Battempted
$C- 'eiz"re' C 177D
OMC E D
S(CC- #onge'tion
ratio
S(CC- 'eiz"re' and
all 1"'y
time'BS(CC- 'eiz"re
re9"e't' C 177D
OMC E 1D
% Call drop ratio $C- #all drop
time'B$C-
o##"pation '"##e''
time' C 177D
OMC E D
* -andover '"##e''
ratio
-andover '"##e''
time'Bhandover
attempted time' C
177D
OMC F 6D
5 Call 'et"p time &verage #all 'et"p
time'
(rive te't E 17'
/ Coverage
pro1a1ility
$he per#entage of the
re#eived level greater
than +67 d0m
(rive te't F 67D
3 !$P average
download rate
<k1p'=
&pplied to GPRS (rive te't G 1/
5 !$P average
"pload rate <k1p'=
&pplied to GPRS (rive te't G %.
6 !orwardBrever'e
tran'mi''ion delay
&pplied to GPRS (rive te't E 7'
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17 Ping '"##e'' ratio &pplied to GPRS (rive te't G 67D
11 Ping average delay &pplied to GPRS (rive te't E %.5'
1 Mean opinion '#ore
<MOS=
$he voi#e 9"ality i'
divided into fiver
level' from e:#ellent
to 1ad.
(rive te't G %
Note:
The !" inde#es vary slightly with carriers.
$he mean opinion '#ore <MOS= in the previo"' ta1le i' divided into five level'>
whi#h are 'pe#ified in $a1le 1..
Table 1. Mean opinion '#ore <MOS=
H"ality level H"ality eval"ation 'tandard
5 ):#ellent
* Good
% !air
Poor
1 0ad
Note:
The call whose quality is above level $ can access the mobile
communication networ%.
The call whose quality is above level & can access the public networ%.
5.& Coverage 'nal$sis
5.&.1 'rea (ivision
). T$pes of #overage area
$he 'ignal propagation model' are applied in a##ordan#e with the propagation
environment' in area' of different type'. $he 'ignal propagation model' de#ide
the de'ign prin#iple'> network 'tr"#t"re'> grade of 'ervi#e' and fre9"en#y re"'e
mode' for the radio network' in #overage area'. 8n order to de#ide the #ell
#overage area> yo" #an the radio #overage area' into the following fo"r type'?
0ig #ity
Middle+'ized #ity
Small town
Co"ntry'ide
)rror? Referen#e 'o"r#e not fo"nd li't' the divi'ion'.
Table 1.1 Coverage area divi'ion
&rea type (e'#ription
0ig #ity

(en'e pop"lation
(eveloped e#onomy
,arge traffi#
(en'e high 1"ilding' and man'ion' di'tri1"ted in

#enter area'
!lo"ri'hing 'hopping #enter'

Middle+'ized #ity

Relatively den'e pop"lation
Relatively developed e#onomy
Relatively large traffi#
(en'e 1"ilding' di'tri1"ted in #enter area'
&#tive and promi'ing 'hopping #enter'

Small town

Relative large pop"lation
Promi'ing e#onomi# development
Moderate traffi#
Relative den'e 1"ilding' di'tri1"ted in #enter area'
& #ertain '#ale of 'hopping #enter' 1"t with great

potentiality
Co"ntry'ide

S#attered pop"lation
(eveloping e#onomy
,ow traffi#
8n addition> yo" m"'t #on'ider the #overage of the area' at the inter'e#tion' and
vario"' tran'port arterie'> in#l"ding?
):pre'' way
National high way
Provin#ial highway
Railway
Sea+ro"te
Road' in mo"ntain area'

Generally> it i' re#ommended to apply omni 1a'e 'tation' in the #o"ntrie' plain'
and the area' with re'tri#ted landform'. 8n 1ig #itie'> middle+'ized #itie'> and
along e:pre''way'> it i' re#ommended to apply dire#tional 1a'e 'tation'.
)). (efine the field strength at #overage area edges
;hen defining the field 'trength of the "plink edge' of a 'ervi#e area> yo" m"'t
#on'ider the fa#tor' li'ted in $a1le 1.1.
Table 1.1 $ypi#al fa#tor' #on#erning the definition for the filed 'trength at
#overage area edge'
!a#tor .al"e
Mo1ile 'tation 'en'itivity +17 d0m
!a't fading prote#tion * d0 <% d0 for #o"ntry'ide=
Slow fading prote#tion 5 d0 </ d0 for #o"ntry'ide=
Noi'e <environmental noi'e and
interfering noi'e= prote#tion
5 d0
Remark:
To ensure the indoor coverage in big and middle'si(ed cities, you can
consider )*d+ for the average penetration loss between buildings and
consider adding *d+ to the protection margin.
,enerally, the propagation loss of ,-. )/00.1( signals is / d+ greater

than that of the ,-. 200.1( signals in average.
3adio lin%s have two directions, namely, uplin% direction and downlin%
direction, and the coverage area is defined by the direction in which the
signals are poor, so you must consider the uplin% and downlin% balance.
Therefore, if you intend to plan an ideal networ%, you must ma%e a good
power control budget so that the uplin% and downlin% can be as balance as
possible.
))). (efine #overage probabilit$
$he definition of #overage pro1a1ility varie' with the #overage area'> and the
#overage pro1a1ility i' grad"ally improved along with the #on'tr"#tion of the
network.
8n China> the #overage pro1a1ility #an 1e defined a##ording to $a1le 1.1.
Table 1.1 (efinition of #overage pro1a1ility at different 'tage' and in different
area'
Con'tr"#tion
'tage
&rea' Coverage target
)arly 'tage Signifi#ant national to"ri'm area'>
e:pre''way'> national highway'>
and the area' along 1"'y railway'.
!"ll #overage.
Other ma4or road'> railway' and
'ea+ro"te'
$he #overage pro1a1ility
m"'t 1e greater than
67D.
(evelopment
'tage
Aey area'> '"#h a' government
offi#e'> pre'' #enter'> airport
lo"nge'> waiting room' of train
'tation'> '"1way'> #ommer#ial
offi#e 1"ilding' of high rank'>
entertainment #enter'> and large
'hopping mall'.
;ith the development of
the network
#on'tr"#tion> the n"m1er
of "'er' grow' larger
and they re9"ire
'ervi#e' of higher grade>
'o the 9"ality of indoor
#overage of the area' in
the left #ol"mn m"'t 1e
greatly enhan#ed.
Remarks:
,enerally, a call must be ensured to access the networ% at 204 of the places
and 224 of the time within the coverage area.
For the outdoor environment in big cities, the two ratios must be greater.
For the areas in countryside, the two ratios can be lower.
For transport arteries, different standards are applied, and the coverage
probability can be defined in accordance with the types of the arteries.
5.&. Radio *nviron%ent S"rve$
$hro"gh '"rveying radio propagation environment'> yo" #an get familiar with the
overall landform'> e'timate the ro"gh antenna height> and 'ele#t the proper radio
propagation model> among whi#h the radio propagation model help' yo"
e'timate the n"m1er of 1a'e 'tation when predi#ting the #overage. 8f ne#e''ary>
yo" m"'t ad4"'t the propagation model.
!or GSM 677M-z> the form"la' e'timating radio path lo'' in different area' are
'implified in $a1le 1.1.
Table 1.1 !orm"la' e'timating radio path lo'' in different area'
!orm"la &ppli#ation
area
Propagation model
adopted
):ample
P,(2 I 1*3. J
5d J *7.5lgd
(en'ely
pop"lated
"r1an area'
;alfi'h+8kegami 8f #arrier fre9"en#y I 65
M-z> h0$S E ho1'ta#le> and d E
7.5km> h0$S I 5mho1'ta#le I
%7m> 'treet width I 5m>
1"ilding width I 57m
P,2 I 15.3% J
%5lgd
Common
"r1an area'
;alfi'h+8kegami 8f #arrier fre9"en#y I
65M-z and h0$S F ho1'ta#le>
h0$S I 5m> ho1'ta#le I 7m>
'treet width I 5m> 1"ilding
width I 57m
P,S2 I 1/ J
%5lgd
S"1"r1an
area'
Ok"m"ra+-ata 8f #arrier fre9"en#y I
65M-z> h0$S I %7m
P,R2 I 11/ J
%5lgd
Co"ntry'ide
area'
Ok"m"ra+-ata 8f #arrier fre9"en#y I
65M-z> h0$S I %7m
Note+
$he fo"r form"la' provided in thi' 'e#tion are appli#a1le to 'imple e'timation
d"ring pro4e#t '"rvey only. !or later planning> yo" m"'t adopt the pre#i'e
propagation model'. 8f ne#e''ary> yo" m"'t f"rther ad4"'t the propagation
model' thro"gh C; mea'"rement.
5., Network Str"#t"re 'nal$sis
;hen #on'idering the layo"t of 1a'e 'tation'> yo" m"'t deeply analyze network
'tr"#t"re. Generally> a##ording to network layer'> a network #an 1e divided into
middle+layer> high+layer> and low+layer. $he 1a'e 'tation' at the middle+layer
1ear the greate't traffi# in a network
5.,.1 Middle-.a$er Station
). (efinition and appli#ation
& middle+layer 'tation in 1ig and middle+'ized #itie' i' defined a' follow'?
$he antenna i' in'talled on 1"ilding top'.
$he antenna height range' from 5 to %7 meter'> whi#h i' greater than the
average height of the 1"ilding'.
8t #over' 'everal 1lo#k'.

8n 'mall town' and #o"ntry'ide area'> e:#ept the high+layer 'tation' are
de'igned for #ontrolling traffi# flow or for landform rea'on'> mo't of the 1a'e
'tation' are middle+layer 'tation'.
)). 'dvantages
Compared with high+layer 'tation'> middle+layer 'tation' #an "tilize fre9"en#y
re'o"r#e' more effi#iently. Compared with low+layer 'tation'> middle+layer
'tation' #an a1'or1 traffi# more effi#iently. $herefore> the middle+layer 'tation'
1ear the greate't traffi# in a network.
))). (istan#e between stations
$he average di'tan#e 1etween mo't middle+layer 'tation' range from 7./ to 5
km e:#ept in #o"ntry'ide area'. 8n 1ig #itie'> the di'tan#e 1etween 'ome middle+
layer 'tation' i' 'horter than 7./ km. -owever> it i' '"gge'ted that the di'tan#e
1etween middle+layer 'tation' in 1ig #itie' #annot 1e 'horter than 7.* km. 8f thi'
di'tan#e i' too 'hort> the 1"ilding' will prod"#e 'trong interferen#e again't the
'ignal' of the 1a'e 'tation'. 8n thi' #a'e> to #ontrol the #overage area i' 9"ite
demanding.
)/. Challenges
0e#a"'e no '"ita1le gro"nd o14e#tive i' availa1le> to en'"re the 9"ality of
'ervi#e of a network i' 9"ite demanding. &##ording to the e:perien#e on pro4e#t
#on'tr"#tion and maintenan#e> great #hallenge i' pre'ent in the 'ele#tion of 1a'e
'tation addre''> 'tation de'ign> pro4e#t #on'tr"#tion> network maintenan#e> and
network 9"ality.
5.,. 0igh-.a$er Station
& high+layer 'tation in 1ig and middle+'ized #itie' i' defined a' follow'?
$he antenna height range' from 17 to 57 meter'> whi#h i' far greater than
the average height of the 1"ilding'.
8t' #overage area' #ontain the area' #overed 1y m"ltiple middle+layer

'tation'.
0e#a"'e the high+layer 'tation' make poor "'e of the fre9"en#y re'o"r#e'> they
are mainly applied to the traffi# network' where people move fa't in 1ig and
middle+'ized #itie'.
8n addition> to #ontrol #on'tr"#tion #o't and meet #overage re9"irement'> yo"
#an in'tall 'ome high+layer 'tation' in '"1"r1an area'> highroad'> 'mall town'>
and #o"ntry'ide area'.
)). !"n#tions
$he high+layer 'tation' m"'t 1e a' fewer a' po''i1le 1"t 1e a' effe#tive a'
po''i1le. $hey mainly provide 'ervi#e' to the fa't+moving '"1'#ri1er' in #itie'.
Note+
$he #overage of high 1"ilding' i' realized 1y indoor di'tri1"tion 'y'tem'.
5.,.& .ow-.a$er Station
& low+layer 'tation i' defined a' follow'?
$he antenna height i' 'horter than 7 meter'> whi#h i' 'horter than the
average height of the 1"ilding'.
$he antenna #an 1e in'talled on the o"ter wall' of the lower floor' of a
1"ilding> on the top of lower roof'> or in the room' of a 1"ilding.
Generally> at the early 'tage of the network #on'tr"#tion> 'ignal network de'ign i'
applied> 'o mo't of the 1a'e 'tation' are middle+layer 'tation'. &fter the 1a'i#
network i' e'ta1li'hed> yo" m"'t ad4"'t the 1a'e 'tation' and add new 1a'e
'tation' a##ording to traffi# and #overage re9"irement'.
!or pop"lated #ommer#ial area' where the traffi# i' heavy> yo" #an "'e low+layer
'tation'> whi#h are #on'tr"#ted with mi#ro #ell layer and di'tri1"ted antenna
'y'tem. 8n thi' #a'e> not only the re9"irement' on indoor #overage are met> 1"t
al'o the interferen#e and diffi#"ltie' of 1a'e 'tation 'ele#tion #a"'ed 1y 'hort
di'tan#e 1etween 'tation' are avoided. ;ith the development of the network> the
low+layer 'tation' will develop into the layering network 'tr"#t"re.
)). Other #onsiderations
$he #overage area of a low+layer 'tation i' 'mall> 'o it #an f"lly "'e fre9"en#y
re'o"r#e' 1"t #annot a1'or1 the traffi# effi#iently. &' a re'"lt> ideal traffi# #annot
1e en'"red if the 1a'e 'tation deviate' far away from the area' where the traffi#
i' heavy.
$herefore> when #on'tr"#ting a low+layer 'tation> yo" m"'t #on'ider whether the
1a'e 'tation i' "'ed to make "p #overage or 'olve the pro1lem of heavy traffi#>
1e#a"'e the #on'tr"#tion p"rpo'e i' dire#tly related to the 'ele#tion of the
addre'' and type of the 1a'e 'tation.
Note+
& layering network #o't m"#h fre9"en#y re'o"r#e> 'o it i' not re#ommended for
the network' where the fre9"en#y re'o"r#e i' inade9"ate.
77/+73+17 &ll right' re'erved Page 1% of 1*
5.5 Traffi# 'nal$sis
5.5.1 Traffi# Predi#tion and Cell Splitting
). Traffi# predi#tion
$he network #on'tr"#tion re9"ire' the #on'ideration of e#onomi# fea'i1ility and
rationality. $herefore> a rea'ona1le inve'tment de#i'ion m"'t 1e 1a'ed on the
predi#tion of the network #apa#ity of the early and late 'tage.
;hen predi#ting network #apa#ity> yo" m"'t #on'ider the following fa#tor'?
Pop"lation di'tri1"tion
!amily in#ome
S"1'#ription ratio of fi:ed telephone
(evelopment of national e#onomy
City #on'tr"#tion
Con'"mption poli#y
&fter predi#ting the total network #apa#ity> yo" m"'t predi#t the den'ity of
'"1'#ri1er di'tri1"tion. Generally> 1a'e 'tation' are #on'tr"#ted in "r1an area'>
'"1"r1an area'> and tran'port arterie'. $herefore> yo" #an "'e the per#entage
of predi#tion method.
&t the early 'tage of #on'tr"#tion> the '"1'#ri1er' in #itie' a##o"nt for a larger
per#entage of the total predi#ted '"1'#ri1er'. ;ith the development of the
network #on'tr"#tion> the per#entage of the '"1'#ri1er' in '"1"r1an area' and
tran'port arterie' grow'. $he traffi# of ea#h '"1'#ri1er i' 7.75 )rl in "r1an area'
and 7.77 )rl in '"1"r1an area'.
$he form"la #al#"lating traffi# i'?
& I <n C $= B %/77
-ere>
KnL i' the #all time' in 1"'y ho"r
K$L i' the d"ration of ea#h #all> in the "nit of 'e#ond.

8n thi' way> the n"m1er of voi#e #hannel' needed for a 1a'e 'tation #an 1e
o1tained thro"gh predi#ting the traffi#.
Note+
;hen e'timating the n"m1er of voi#e #hannel' needed for a 1a'e 'tation in the
f"t"re> yo" m"'t #on'ider the effe#t #a"'ed 1y #ell 'plitting.
77/+73+17 &ll right' re'erved Page 1* of 1*
8n a GSM 'y'tem> yo" #an "'e )rl model to #al#"late the traffi# den'ity that the
network #an 1ear. $he #all lo'' #an 1e D or 5D depending on a#t"al
#ondition'.
0e#a"'e re'tri#tion' on #ell #overage area and the width of the availa1le
fre9"en#ie' are pre'ent> yo" m"'t plan the #ell #apa#ity rea'ona1ly. 8f good
voi#e 9"ality i' en'"red> yo" m"'t enhan#e the #hannel "tilization ratio a' m"#h
a' po''i1le.
8n a#t"al networking> if the network 9"ality i' en'"red at a #ertain level> two
#apa#ity 'ol"tion' are availa1le> namely> a few 'tation' with high+level
#onfig"ration and m"ltiple 'tation' with low+level #onfig"ration. 0oth the
advantage' and di'advantage' of the two 'ol"tion' are apparent> 'o whi#h one
'ho"ld 1e "'ed depending on the a#t"al #ondition' of an area.
!or network #on'tr"#tion> yo" #an e:pand the #apa#ity either thro"gh adding
1a'e 'tation' or thro"gh e:panding the 1a'e 'tation #apa#ity. $he e:pan'ion
'trategie' adopted m"'t 1e in a##ordan#e with the traffi# den'ity in an area. !or
e:ample> the 'trategie' '"#h a' adding 1577 M-z 1a'e 'tation'> e:panding
'e#tor #apa#ity> adding mi#ro #ell'> or improving indoor #overage #an 1e "'ed to
e:pand network #apa#ity.
)). Cell splitting
Cell 'plitting i' 9"ite effe#tive for the e:pan'ion of network #apa#ity. &n omni
1a'e 'tation #an 'plit into m"ltiple 'e#tor'> and a 'e#tor #an 'plit into m"ltiple
'maller #ell'. 8n other word> yo" m"'t plan #ell radi"' in a##ordan#e with the
traffi# den'ity of an area.
Cell 'plitting mean' more 1a'e 'tation and greater #o't are needed. $herefore>
when planning a network> yo" m"'t #on'ider the following fa#tor'?
$he r"le' and diagram' of fre9"en#y re"'e are repeata1le.
$he original 1a'e 'tation' #an 'till work.
$he tran'ition #ell' m"'t 1e red"#ed or avoided.
$he #ell #an 'plit witho"t effe#t.

Cell 'plitting i' 9"ite important in a network. $he following' f"rther de'#ri1e the
#ell 'plitting 1a'ed on 1+to+* 'plitting.
Cell 'plitting i' "'ed to 'plit a #onge'ted #ell into m"ltiple 'maller #ell'. $hro"gh
'etting the new #ell' who'e radi"'e' are 'maller than the original #ell' and
pla#ing them among the original #ell'> yo" #an in#rea'e the n"m1er of #hannel'
in a "nit area> th"' in#rea'ing #hannel re"'e time'. 8n thi' #a'e> 'y'tem #apa#ity
i' e:panded.
$hro"gh ad4"'ting the pro4e#t parameter' relative to antenna feeder' and
red"#ing tran'mitter power> yo" #an narrow the #overage area of a #ell. )rror?
Referen#e 'o"r#e not fo"nd 'how' that a #ell 'plit' into fo"r 'maller #ell' 1y half
of it' radi"'.
!ig"re 1.1 S#hemati# diagram of #ell 'plitting <1+to+*=
&' 'hown in !ig"re 1.1> 'maller #ell' are added witho"t #hanging the fre9"en#y
re"'e mode. $hey are 'plit proportional to the 'hape of the original #ell #l"'ter'.
8n thi' #a'e> the #overage of a 'ervi#e area depend' on the 'maller #ell'> whi#h
are * time' o"tn"m1er of the original #ell'. $o 1e more 'pe#ifi#ally> yo" #an take
a #ir#le with the radi"' R a' an e:ample> the #overage area of the #ir#le with the
radi"' R i' * time' that of a #ir#le with the radi"' RB.
&##ording to !ig"re 1.1> after #ell 'plitting> the n"m1er of #ell #l"'ter' in the
#overage area in#rea'e'. $h"' the n"m1er of #hannel' in thi' #overage area
in#rea'e' and the 'y'tem #apa#ity i' e:panded a##ordingly.
Mo" #an ad4"'t the #overage area of the new #ell' thro"gh red"#ing the tran'mit
power. !or the tran'mit power of the new #ell' who'e radi"'e' are half of that of
the original #ell> yo" #an #he#k the power KPrL re#eived at the new #ell edge and
at the original #ell edge> and make them e9"al. -owever> yo" m"'t en'"re that
the fre9"en#y re"'e '#heme of the new mi#ro #ell' i' the 'ame a' that of the
original #ell. &' for !ig"re 1.1>
Pr Nat the edge of the original #ellO I Pt1R

+n
> and>
Pr Nat the edge of the new #ellO I Pt <RB=

+n
-ere>
Pt1 and Pt are the tran'mit power of the 1a'e 'tation' of the original #ell and the
new #ell> and n i' path fading e:ponent. 8f make n I *> make the re#eived power at
77/+73+17 &ll right' re'erved Page 1/ of 1*
the edge of the new and original #ell e9"al> the following e9"ation #an 1e
o1tained?
Pt I Pt1B1/
$hat i' to 'ay> if the mi#ro #ell' are "'ed to #over the original #overage area and
the re9"irement of SB8 i' met> the tran'mit power m"'t 1e red"#ed 1y 1 d0.
Not all #ell' need 'plitting. 8n fa#t> it i' 9"ite demanding for #arrier' to find o"t a
perfe#t #ell 'plitting '#heme. $herefore> many #ell' of different '#ale' e:i't in a
network 'im"ltaneo"'ly. &' a re'"lt> the minim"m di'tan#e among intra+
fre9"en#y #ell' m"'t 1e maintained> whi#h f"rther #ompli#ate fre9"en#y
allo#ation.
8n addition> yo" m"'t pay attention to the handover 1e#a"'e '"##e'' handover
en'"re the all '"1'#ri1er' to en4oy good 9"ality of 'ervi#e regardle'' of moving
'peed.
&' 'hown in !ig"re 1.1> when two layer' of #ell' are pre'ent within an area 1"t
their #overage '#ale i' different> a##ording to the form"la Pt I Pt1B1/> neither all
new #ell' #an 'imply apply the original tran'mit power> nor all original #ell' #an
'imply apply the new tran'mit power.
8f all #ell' apply great tran'mit power> the #hannel' "'ed 1y 'maller #ell' #annot
1e 'eparated from the intra+fre9"en#y #ell'. 8f all #ell' apply lower tran'mit
power> however> 'ome 1ig #ell' will 1e e:#l"'ive from the 'ervi#e area'.
!or the previo"' rea'on> the #hannel' in the original #ell' #an 1e divided into two
gro"p'. One gro"p meet' the re"'e re9"irement of the 'maller #ell'> and the
other gro"p meet' the re"'e re9"irement of the 1igger #ell'. $he 1igger #ell' are
applied to the #omm"ni#ation of fa't+moving '"1'#ri1er'> whi#h re9"ire' a fewer
handover time'.
$he power of the two #hannel gro"p' de#ide' the progre'' of #ell 'plitting. &t the
early 'tage of #ell 'plitting> the #hannel' in the low+power gro"p are fewer. &' the
re9"irement grow'> more #hannel' are needed in low+power gro"p. $he #ell
'plitting doe' not 'top "ntil all #hannel' within thi' area are applied in the low+
power gro"p. 8n thi' #a'e> all #ell' in thi' area have 'plit into m"ltiple 'maller
#ell'> and the radi"' of ea#h #ell i' 9"ite 'mall.
Note+
Commonly> yo" #an re'tri#t #ell #overage area thro"gh ad4"'ting the pro4e#t
parameter' of the 1a'e 'tation.
5.5. /oi#e Channel 'llo#ation
). /oi#e #hannel de#ision
$he 1a'e 'tation #apa#ity refer' to the n"m1er of #hannel' that m"'t 1e
#onfig"red for a 1a'e 'tation or a #ell. $he #al#"lation of the 1a'e 'tation
#apa#ity i' divided into the #al#"lation of the n"m1er of radio voi#e #hannel' and
the #al#"lation of the n"m1er of radio #ontrol #hannel'.
&##ording to the information of 1a'e 'tation' and #ell' and the den'ity
di'tri1"tion of '"1'#ri1er'> yo" #an #al#"late the total n"m1er of the '"1'#ri1er'.
$hen a##ording to the radio #hannel #all lo'' ratio and traffi#> yo" #an o1tain the
n"m1er of voi#e #hannel' that m"'t 1e #onfig"red 1y #he#king )rl 0 ta1le.
Generally> yo" #an de#ide the n"m1er of voi#e #hannel' a' follow'?
1= &##ording to the 1andwidth and the re"'e mode allowed 1y #"rrent GSM
network' within the area' to 1e planned> yo" #an o1tain the ma:im"m
n"m1er of #arrier' that #an 1e #onfig"red for a 1a'e 'tation.
= )a#h #arrier ha' 5 #hannel'. Mo" #an o1tain the ma:im"m n"m1er of voi#e
#hannel n"m1er' that #an 1e #onfig"red for a 1a'e 'tation 1y detra#ting the
#ontrol #hannel' from the 5 #hannel'.
%= &##ording to the n"m1er of voi#e #hannel' and #all lo'' ratio <generally D
den'e traffi# area' and 5D for other area'=> yo" #an o1tain the ma:im"m
traffi# <)rl n"m1er= that the 1a'e 'tation #an 1ear thro"gh #he#king )rl 0
ta1le.
*= $hro"gh dividing the )rl n"m1er 1y the average 1"'y+ho"r traffi# of
'"1'#ri1er'> yo" #an o1tain the ma:im"m n"m1er of '"1'#ri1er' that the
1a'e 'tation #an a##ommodate.
5= &##ording to the data of '"1'#ri1er den'ity> yo" #an o1tain the #overage
area of the 1a'e 'tation.
/= &fter the area' are 'pe#ified 1a'ed on the '"1'#ri1er den'ity> a##ording to
the area of an area and the a#t"al #overage area of the 1a'e 'tation> yo"
#an #al#"late the n"m1er of needed 1a'e 'tation'.
3= !or important area'> yo" m"'t #on'ider 1a#k "p 'tation' and the
#ooperation 1etween #arrier'. !or e:ample> an important #o"nty need' at
lea't two 1a'e 'tation' and three important #arrier'.
5= !or the area' where 1"r't traffi# i' po''i1le> '"#h a' the play gro"nd and
'ea'onal to"ri'm 'pot'> yo" m"'t prepare the e9"ipment' <'"#h a' #arrier'
and mi#ro #ell'= and fre9"en#y re'o"r#e' for f"t"re "'e.
6= $he dynami# fa#tor'> '"#h a' roaming ratio> '"1'#ri1er mo1ility> 'ervi#e
development> ind"'try #ompetition> #harging rate #hange> one+way #harge>
and e#onomi# growth> m"'t 1e #on'idered.
17= $o #onfig"re a 1a'e 'tation> yo" m"'t #on'ider the tran'mi''ion at the &1i'
interfa#e 'o that the #apa#ity #an 1e met while 'aving tran'mi''ion. !or
e:ample> the appli#ation and #on#atenation of the &1i' interfa#e 15?1 and
1?1 'ho"ld 1e #on'idered.
11= !or indoor #overage and #apa#ity> yo" #an "'e mi#ro #ell' and di'tri1"ted
antenna 'y'tem'. !or the #overage in #o"ntry'ide area' and highroad'> yo"
#an "'e e#onomi#al mi#ro 1a'e 'tation'. !or the tran'mi''ion in
#o"ntry'ide area' and highroad'> yo" #an "'e -(S, 1e#a"'e it i' #o't
effe#tive.
1= Prepare the 'ome #arrier'> mi#ro #ell'> and mi#ro 1a'e 'tation' for new
#overage area' and f"t"re optimization.
1%= 8n 'ome 'pe#ial area'> yo" #an "'e the 1a'e 'tation' #on'i'ting of omni and
dire#tional #ell'> 1"t yo" m"'t #on'ider the i'olation 1etween omni antenna'
and dire#tional antenna'. !or traffi# #ontrol> yo" #an "'e the algorithm in
term' of network layer'.
1*= !or 'ome highroad' whi#h re9"ire a little traffi# 1y large #overage> yo" #an
"'e the two networking mode'. $hey are?
<& mi#ro 1a'e 'tation with 'ingle #arrier= J <7.5 J 7.5 #ell with two 'et of
dire#tional antenna'=
& mi#ro 1a'e 'tation with 'ingle #arrier J 5+'haped antenna

)). Relationship between #arrier n"%ber and bearable traffi#
)rl traffi# model #an #al#"late the traffi# that a network #an 1ear. $he #all lo''
ratio #an 1e D or 5D a##ording to a#t"al #ondition'. $a1le 1.1 de'#ri1e' the
relation'hip 1etween the n"m1er of #arrier' and the traffi# that a network #an
1ear a##ording to )rl 0 ta1le.
Table 1.1 Relation'hip 1etween the n"m1er of #arrier' and the traffi# that a
network #an 1ear
N"m1er of #arrier' in
ea#h #ell
N"m1er of
$C-'
$raffi# <)rl=
P P D 5D
1 / .3 .6/
1* 5. 6.3%
% 1 1*.7% 1/.15
* 6 1.7% %.5
5 %/ 3.%% %7./5
/ ** %*./5 %5.55
3 5 *.1 */.5%
5 56 *5.3 5%.55
6 /3 5/.5 /1./%
17 35 /%.6 /6.3%
&##ording to thi' ta1le> the larger the n"m1er of #arrier' and the #all lo'' ratio
are> the greater the traffi# that ea#h $C- 1ear> and the greater the $C-
"tilization ratio i' <the #hannel "tilization ratio i' an important indi#ator of the
9"ality of network planning and de'ign=. 8f the n"m1er of '"1'#ri1er' of a 1a'e
'tation i' 'mall> yo" #an #on'ider delaying the #on'tr"#tion.
0e#a"'e re'tri#tion' on the #overage area of a #ell and the 1andwidth of the
availa1le fre9"en#ie'> yo" m"'t plan a rea'ona1le #apa#ity for the #ell. 8f good
voi#e 9"ality i' en'"red> yo" m"'t take mea'"re' to enhan#e the #hannel
"tilization ratio a' m"#h a' po''i1le.
!or the #on'tr"#tion of the d"al+1and network> yo" #an "'e the fre9"en#ie' with
wider 1and' to enhan#e #hannel "tilization ratio> whi#h i' helpf"l for traffi#
'haring.
8n a#t"al appli#ation'> when the traffi# on ea#h $C- a##o"nt' for 57+67D of total
given 1y )rl 0 ta1le <the #all lo'' ratio i' D=> the #onge'tion ratio in thi' #ell ri'e
greatly. $herefore> we generally #al#"late the traffi# that a network #an 1ear 1y
taking the 55D of the traffi# given 1y )rl 0 ta1le a' a referen#e.
))). *1a%ple
$he #apa#ity of a lo#al network need' to 1e e:panded. &##ording to the 'ervi#e
development> pop"lation growth and mo1ile pop"larity> the '"1'#ri1er' in thi'
area are e:pe#ted to rea#h 177>777 in year'.
8f only the following' are #on'idered?
Roaming fa#tor <a##ording to the development trend of traffi# 'tati'ti#'= I

17D.
Mo1ile fa#tor <the '"1'#ri1er move' 'lightly within the lo#al network in'tead
of roaming= I 17D.
(ynami# fa#tor <with 1"r't traffi# #on'idered= I 15D.

$he network #apa#ity I 177777 Q <1 J 17D J 17D J 15D= I 1%5>777.
-owever> 1e#a"'e the #onge'tion i' pre'ent> we generally #al#"late the traffi#
that a network #an 1ear 1y taking the 55D of the traffi# given 1y )rl 0 ta1le a' a
referen#e. &' a re'"lt> the network #apa#ity m"'t 1e de'igned a' follow'?
$he network #apa#ity I 1%5> 777B55D I 155>577> a1o"t 1/7>777.
5.5.& Control Channel 'llo#ation
). S(CC0 allo#ation
Stand+alone dedi#ated #hannel <S(CC-= i' an important #hannel in a GSM
network. Mo1ile 'tation a#tivitie'> '"#h a' lo#ation "pdate> atta#h and deta#h>
#all 'et"p and 'hort me''age> are performed on S(CC-. $he S(CC- i' "'ed to
tran'mit 'ignaling and data.
$a1le 1.1 de'#ri1e' S(CC- #onfig"ration.
Table 1.1 S(CC- #onfig"ration prin#iple'
No #ell 1road#a't #hannel <C0C-=
$RR
n"m1er
S(CC- #onfig"ration
General #ell 8nternal #ell )dge #ell
1 S(CC-B* S(CC-B* S(CC-B*
S(CC-B5 S(CC-B5 S(CC-B5
% S(CC-B*JS(CC-B5 S(CC-B*JS(CC-B5 S(CC-B*JS(CC-B5
* QS(CC-B5 S(CC-B*JS(CC-B5 QS(CC-B5
5 QS(CC-B5 QS(CC-B5 QS(CC-B5
/ S(CC-B*JQS(CC-B5 QS(CC-B5 S(CC-B*JQS(CC-B5
3 S(CC-B*JQS(CC-B5 S(CC-B*JQS(CC-B5 %QS(CC-B5
5 %QS(CC-B5 %QS(CC-B5 %QS(CC-B5
Cell 1road#a't #hannel <C0C-= i' pre'ent
$RR
n"m1er
S(CC- #onfig"ration
General #ell 8nternal #ell )dge #ell
1 S(CC-B5 S(CC-B5 S(CC-B5
S(CC-B5 S(CC-B5 S(CC-B5JS(CC-B*
% S(CC-B*JS(CC-B5 S(CC-B*JS(CC-B5 S(CC-B*JS(CC-B5
* QS(CC-B5 QS(CC-B5 QS(CC-B5
5 QS(CC-B5 QS(CC-B5 QS(CC-B5JS(CC-B*
/ S(CC-B*JQS(CC-B5 S(CC-B*JQS(CC-B5 S(CC-B*JQS(CC-B5
3 %QS(CC-B5 S(CC-B*JQS(CC-B5 %QS(CC-B5
5 %QS(CC-B5 %QS(CC-B5 %QS(CC-B5JS(CC-B*
8t i' diffi#"lt to ind"#e a traffi# model for the S(CC-S e'pe#ially it even 1e#ome'
impo''i1le after the large+'#ale appli#ation of layering network' and 'hort
me''age'. Moreover> the e9"ipment' of 'ome #arrier' '"pport S(CC- dynami#
allo#ation f"n#tion. &' a re'"lt> the traffi# model for S(CC- m"'t 1e ad4"'ted
a##ording to a#t"al #ondition'.
$he advantage' of the S(CC- dynami# f"n#tion are a' follow'?
&d4"'ting S(CC- #apa#ity dynami#ally
Red"#ing S(CC- #onge'tion ratio
Red"#ing the effe#t of initial S(CC- #onfig"ration again't 'y'tem

performan#e
Making S(CC- and $C- #onfig"ration more adaptive to the #hara#teri'ti#'

of #ell traffi#
Optimizing the performan#e of the 'y'tem' "nder the 'ame #arrier

#onfig"ration.
8n #on#l"'ion> the S(CC- dynami# allo#ation f"n#tion i' divided into two type'>
namely>
(ynami# allo#ation from S(CC- to $C-
(ynami# re#overy from S(CC- to $C-

)). CCC0 allo#ation
Common #ontrol #hannel' <CCC-= #ontain a##e'' grant #hannel <&GC-=>
paging #hannel <PC-= and random a##e'' #hannel <R&C-=. $he f"n#tion of a
CCC- i' 'ending a##e'' grant me''age <immediate a''ignment me''age= and
paging me''age.
&ll traffi# #hannel' in ea#h #ell 'hare the CCC-. $he CCC #an 'hare a phy'i#al
#hannel <a time'lot= with S(CC-> or it #an 'olely o##"py a phy'i#al #hannel. $he
parameter' relative to the CCC- in#l"de CCC- Config"re> 0S &G 0,AS P)S>
and 0S P& M!RMS.
-ere>
CCC- Config"re de'ignate' the type of CCC- #onfig"ration> namely>

whether the CCC- 'hare' one phy'i#al #hannel with the S(CC-. 8f there
are 1 or $RR in a #ell> it i' re#ommended that the CCC- o##"pie' a
phy'i#al #hannel and 'hare it with the S(CC-. 8f there are % or * $RR'> it i'
re#ommended that the CCC- 'olely o##"pie' a phy'i#al #hannel. 8f there
77/+73+17 &ll right' re'erved Page of 1*
are more than * $RR> it i' re#ommended to #al#"late the #apa#ity of the
paging #hannel' in the CCC- a##ording to a#t"al #ondition' fir't> and then
yo" #an perform the #onfig"ration.
0S &G 0,AS P)S indi#ate' that the n"m1er of CCC- me''age 1lo#k'
re'erved to the &GC-. &fter CCC- #onfig"ration i' done> thi' parameter> in
fa#t> de#ide' allo#ate' the ratio of &GC- and PC- in CCC-. Some #arrier'
#an 'et 'ending priority for the Ka##e'' grant me''age and Kpaging
me''ageL. ;hen the former me''age 'et to 1e prior to the later one> the 0S
&G 0,AS P)S #an 1e 'et to 7.
0S P& M!RMS indi#ate' the n"m1er of m"lti+frame' that #an 1e taken a' a
#y#le of paging '"1+#hannel'. 8n fa#t> thi' parameter de#ide' the n"m1er of
paging '"1+#hannel' that a #ell #an 1e divided into.
Note+
8n CCC- #onfig"ration> the lo#ation area planning> paging mode' and 'y'tem
flow #ontrol m"'t 1e #on'idered.
5.2 3ase Station N"%ber (e#ision
&fter traffi# and #overage analy'i'> a##ording to the 'ele#ted 1a'e 'tation
e9"ipment' and parameter'> yo" #an o1tain the #overage area' of vario"' 1a'e
'tation' thro"gh link 1"dget. $he #overage area help' yo" #al#"late the n"m1er
of 1a'e 'tation' re9"ired 1y ea#h area. $hen yo" de#ide the 1a'e 'tation
#onfig"ration a##ording to traffi# di'tri1"tion. !inally> yo" m"'t perform em"lation
"'ing relative planning 'oftware 'o that #overage> #apa#ity> #arrier+to+
interferen#e ratio #an 1e a''"red and interferen#e #an 1e avoided.
5.2.1 Chara#teristi#s of &-se#tor base stations in "rban areas
Cell"lar #omm"ni#ation i' named 1e#a"'e the #overage area' of 1a'e 'tation'
are e:tr"ded thro"gh 'mall #ell"lar+'haped 1lo#k'. 8n "r1an area'> for the
p"rpo'e of #apa#ity e:pan'ion and radio fre9"en#y optimization> mainly %+'e#tor
1a'e 'tation' are "'ed. $hi' 'e#tion e:plain' 'ome 1a'i# #on#ept' of a %+'e#tor
1a'e 'tation.
!or the #on#ept of the #ell radi"'> 'ee !ig"re 1.1.
!ig"re 1.1 %+'e#tor #ell"lar layo"t
$hi' i' a 'tandard %+'e#tor #ell"lar layo"t. &##ording to !ig"re 1.1> the di'tan#e
1etween two %+'e#tor 1a'e 'tation' i' R J r> here R I r. -owever> KRL i' mainly
"'ed in #ell radi"' e'timation 1e#a"'e the dire#tion along KRL i' the dire#tion of
the ma4or lo1e of the dire#tional antenna. 8n the de'ign for #ell"lar layo"t>
however> KrL indi#ate' the #ell radi"'.
8n a #ell"lar #ell> if the in#l"ded angle 1etween a dire#tion and the dire#tion of the
ma4or lo1e of the antenna> the #overage di'tan#e along thi' dire#tion i' r I RB>
and the path lo'' along thi' dire#tion i' a1o"t 17d0 le'' than that along the
dire#tion of the ma4or lo1e of the antenna <for the ded"#tion> it i' introd"#ed in
the following=> namely> the e9"ivalent i'otropi# radiated power <)8RP= along thi'
dire#tion #an 1e a1o"t 17d0 le'' than that along the ma4or lo1e.
&##ording to thi' feat"re> in the #ell"lar layo"t of thi' kind> yo" #an adopt the
dire#tional antenna who'e azim"th 1eam width range' from /7 to /5 degree'
1e#a"'e their horizontal lo1e gain diagram al'o meet' thi' feat"re.
8f KRL i' the #ell radi"'> the #ell area i' S I 7./*65 C R C R. Sometime' the KrL i'
"'ed a' #ell radi"'> 'o the #ell area i' S I 5651CrCr. $herefore> when
#al#"lating the #ell area> yo" m"'t make #lear whether KrL or KRL i' "'ed.
!ig"re 1. 'how' the relation'hip 1etween KRL and KrL.
!ig"re 1. Relation'hip 1etween KRL and KrL
$he following' ded"#e the )8RP re9"ired along KRL dire#tion and KrL dire#tion.
&' 'hown in !ig"re 1.> the #overage di'tan#e along KrL dire#tion i' half of that
along KRL dire#tion> namely> r I RB. $o keep even #overage> yo" m"'t make the
field inten'ity at the edge' of the #ell e9"al> namely> R:lvel0 I R:levelC.
S"ppo'e that the )8PR tran'mitted from #ell & i' )8RPR and )8RPr along KRL
dire#tion and KrL dire#tion re'pe#tively> and the #ity -&$& mode i' "'ed for path
lo''> the path lo'' from point & and 0 i' e:pre''ed a' e9"ation <1= ?
)8RPR P RR,).0 I /6.55 J 1.//lgf + 1%.5lgh1 J <**.6 + /.55lgh1= lgR <1=

&nd the path lo'' from pint & to point C i' e:pre''ed a' e9"ation <=?
)8RPr+ RR,).# I /6.55 J 1.//lgf + 1%.5lgh1 I <**.6 + /.55lgh1= lgr <=

S"1tra#t <= from <1=> the e9"ation <%= i' e:pre''ed a' follow'?
)8RPR + )8RPr I<**.6 + /.55lgh1=C<lgR P lgr= I<**.6 + /.55lgh1= C lg <RBr= <%=

8ntrod"#e R I r> the e9"ation <*= i' o1tained a' follow'?
)8RPR + )8RPr I 7.% C <**.6 + /.55lgh1= <*=

!ig"re 1.% 'how' the relation'hip 1etween antenna height and val"e' of <)8RPR +
)8RPr=.
!ig"re 1.& Relation'hip 1etween antenna height and val"e' of <)8RPR + )8RPr=
&' 'hown in !ig"re 1.%> when the antenna height Kh1L in#rea'e' from 5m to
177m> the val"e' of <)8RPR + )8RPr= de#rea'e from 1 to 6.5> whi#h #an 1e
ro"ghly treated a' 17d0.
5.2. Referen#es for (esign of 3ase Station Para%eters
;hen e'timating the n"m1er of 1a'e 'tation'> yo" m"'t perform "plink and
downlink 1"dget. 0a'ed on the #overage divi'ion and propagation environment
'"rvey> yo" #an o1tain 'ome pro4e#t parameter' and apply them to link 1"dget.
$a1le 1.1 li't' 'ome re#ommended 1a'e 'tation parameter'
Table 1.1 Referen#e' for 1a'e 'tation parameter'
Coverage target
0ig and middle+'ized
#itie'
Small #itie' -ighroad'
Network type GSM 677M-z GSM 677M-z GSM 677M-z
&ntenna gain <d0i= 15 13 15
Coverage target
0ig and middle+'ized
#itie'
Small #itie' -ighroad'
Network type GSM 677M-z GSM 677M-z GSM 677M-z
&ntenna
height
(en'ely
pop"lated
"r1an
area'
5 P P
Other "r1an
area'
%7 %7 P
S"1"r1an
area'
%5 %5 %5
Co"ntry'ide
area'
*5 *5 *5
&ntenna
diver'ity gain
<d0=
(en'ely
pop"lated
"r1an
area'
* P P
Other "r1an
area'
* * P
S"1"r1an
area'
% % %
Co"ntry'ide
area'
% % %
0"ilding
penetration
lo'' <d0=
(en'ely
pop"lated
"r1an
area'
5 P P
Other "r1an
area'
7 7 P
S"1"r1an
area'
15 15 P
Co"ntry'ide
area'
15 15 P
Car penetration lo'' <d0= 17 17 17
Slow fading
margin <d0=
(en'ely
pop"lated
"r1an
area'
5 P P
Other "r1an
area'
5 5 P
S"1"r1an
area'
5 5 5
Co"ntry'ide
area'
5 5 5
Note:
The more densely the base station addresses, the lower the antenna height is.
The building penetration loss in northern cities is greater than that in southern cities.
5.2.& 4plink and (ownlink 3alan#e
&fter 1a'e 'tation parameter' are 'pe#ified> yo" #an perform link 1"dget to
e'timate the #overage area of the 1a'e 'tation. 8n addition> yo" m"'t #on'ider
the 'en'itivity of the 1a'e 'tation e9"ipment' at thi' time.
8n a mo1ile #omm"ni#ation 'y'tem> radio link' are divided into two dire#tion'>
namely> "plink and downlink. !or an e:#ellent 'y'tem> yo" m"'t perform a good
power 1"dget 'o that the 1alan#e i' pre'ent 1etween "plink 'ignal' and downlink
'ignal'. Otherwi'e> the #onver'ation 9"ality i' good for one party 1"t 1ad for the
other party at the edge' of the #ell. 8f "plink 'ignal' are too 1ad> the mo1ile
'tation #annot 'tart a #all even if 'ignal' are pre'ent.
-owever> the 1e#a"'e the fading for "plink #hannel' and downlink #hannel' i'
not totally the 'ame and the other fa#tor' '"#h a' the differen#e of the
performan#e' of re#eiver' are pre'ent> the #al#"lated "plink and downlink are
not a1'ol"te> 1"t the there a fl"#t"ation of to % d0.
$he mea'"rement report on "plink' and downlink' at the &1i' interfa#e #an tell
whether the "plink and downlink rea#h a 1alan#e. 8n addition> dialing te't' in
a#t"al network #an al'o tell whether the 1alan#e 1etween "plink' and downlink'
are rea#hed. 8f the #onver'ation 9"ality on downlink' "plink' 1e#ome' poor
'im"ltaneo"'ly> it mean' that the downlink' and "plink' are 1alan#e.
Note+
Some #arrier' provide the traffi# 'tati'ti#' on "plink and downlink mea'"rement>
whi#h #an al'o tell whether the 1alan#e 1etween "plink' and downlink' are
rea#hed.
). .ink b"dget %odel
!ig"re 1.1 'how' the link 1"dget model.
!ig"re 1.1 ,ink 1"dget model
;hen #al#"lating "plink and downlink 1alan#e> yo" m"'t #on'ider the f"n#tion'
of the tower amplifier fir't. 8n a 1a'e 'tation re#eiving 'y'tem> the thermal
movement of the a#tive part' and radio fre9"en#y <R!= #ond"#tor' #a"'e
thermal noi'e> whi#h red"#e' the 'ignal+to+noi'e ratio of the re#eiving 'y'tem. 8n
thi' #a'e> the re#eiving 'en'itivity of the 1a'e 'tation i' re'tri#ted and the
#onver'ation 9"ality i' red"#ed. $o improve the re#eiving performan#e of the
1a'e 'tation> yo" #an add a low+noi'e amplifier "nder the re#eiving antenna. &nd
thi' i' the prin#iple of the tower amplifier.
$he #ontri1"tion' of the tower amplifier to "plink' and downlink' are 4"dged
a##ording to the performan#e of it' low+noi'e amplifier and gain. 8n fa#t> it i' the
tower amplifier that red"#e' the noi'e #oeffi#ient of the 1a'e 'tation re#eiving
'y'tem. $he power amplifier #an improve the #oeffi#ient' for the "plink re#eiving
'y'tem <'tart from the o"tp"t end of the re#eiving antenna=. -owever> if the
f"n#tion' of the tower amplifier are 9"antified 1y thi'> the "plink improved val"e
#an 1e repre'ented 1y the N!(elta <it i' the red"#ed val"e of the noi'e #oeffi#ient
of the re#eiving 'y'tem= after a tower amplifier i' added to the 'y'tem.
516 No tower a%plifier
;hen there i' no tower amplifier> the 'en'itivity of the e9"ipment' at the
d"ple:er inp"t interfa#e at the top of the 1a'e 'tation #a1inet are taken a' a
referen#e.
!or downlink 'ignal'> if>
Mo1ile 'tation re#eiver o"tp"t power I Po"tm
0a'e 'tation diver'ity re#eived gain I Gd1
0a'e 'tation re#eiving level I Pin1
0a'e 'tation 'ide noi'e deterioration I P1n
&ntenna re#eiving gain I antenna tran'mitting gain <a##ording to re#ipro#ity

theorem=
$he following e9"ation #an 1e o1tained?
Pin1 J Mf I Po"tm J Gam P ,d J Ga1 J Gd1 P ,f1 P P1n

Generally> Pmn i' almo't e9"al to P1n> 'o the following e9"ation #an 1e
o1tained?
Po"t1 I Po"tm J Gd1 J <Pinm P Pin1= J ,#1

56 7ith tower a%plifier
8f a tower amplifier i' pre'ent> the improved val"e of the noi'e #oeffi#ient' of the
"plink re#eiving 'y'tem #an 1e repre'ented 1y N!(elta> 'o the e9"ation Po"t1 I
Po"tm J Gd1 J <Pinm P Pin1= J ,#1 #an 1e developed into the following
e9"ation?
Po"t1 I Po"tm J Gd1 J <Pinm + Pin1= J ,#1 J N!(elta

$he two e9"ation'> Po"t1 I Po"tm J Gd1 J <Pinm P Pin1= J ,#1 and Po"t1 I
Po"tm J Gd1 J <Pinm + Pin1= J ,#1 J N!(elta are "'ed to #al#"late 1a'e 'tation
tran'mit power when the "plink' and downlink' are 1alan#e. -ere>
Pin1 i' the 1a'e 'tation re#eiving 'en'itivity
Pinm i' the mo1ile 'tation re#eiving 'en'itivity

Gd1 <antenna diver'ity re#eiving gain= i' %.5d0

&##ording to the re9"irement' in proto#ol' ,-.0*.0*, the mo1ile 'tation
tran'mit power and the referen#e re#eiving 'en'itivity of the mo1ile 'tation and
1a'e 'tation are 'pe#ified in $a1le 1.1. &t pre'ent> however> the 'en'itivitie' in
a#t"al 'y'tem' are greater than the referen#e val"e' li'ted in the following ta1le.
Table 1.1 0a'e 'tation tran'mit power and referen#e re#eiving 'en'itivity of
mo1ile 'tation and 1a'e 'tation
Network type Mo1ile 'tation
tran'mit power
Referen#e
re#eiving 'en'itivity
of mo1ile 'tation
<d0m=
Referen#e re#eiving
'en'itivity of 1a'e
'tation <d0m=
GSM 677M-z ; <%%d0m= +17 +17*
GSM
1577M-z
1; <%7d0m= +177 +17*
Note?
!rom Septem1er> 1666 on> the referen#e re#eiving 'en'itivity of mo1ile 'tation
i' +17 d0m a' re9"ired in GSM proto#ol'. Con'idering the #ompati1ility of the
previo"' mo1ile 'tation'> we adopt +177d0m a' the re#eiving 'en'i1ility of the
1577 M-z mo1ile 'tation'.
)). 3ass station sensitivit$
$hi' 'e#tion f"rther introd"#e' the 1a'e 'tation 'en'itivity and the f"n#tion' of
the tower amplifier.
Re#eiver 'en'itivity refer' to the minim"m 'ignal level needed to 1y the inp"t end
of the re#eiver when the #ertain 1it error rate <0)R= i' met. $he re#eiver
'en'itivity dete#t' the performan#e' of the following #omponent'?
Re#eiver analog R! #ir#"it
8ntermediate fre9"en#y #ir#"it and demod"lation
(e#oder #ir#"it
$hree parameter' are "'ed to mea'"re the re#eiver 1it error performan#e. $hey
are frame e:p"rgation rate <!)R=> re'id"al 1it error rate <R0)R=> and 1it error
rate <0)R=. ;hen a fa"lt i' dete#ted in a frame> thi' frame i' defined a' deleted
one.
-ere>
!)R indi#ate' the ratio of the deleted frame' to the total re#eived frame'.
!or f"ll rate voi#e #hannel'> the !)R i' pre'ent when the %+1it #y#li#
77/+73+17 &ll right' re'erved Page %7 of 1*
red"ndan#y #he#k <CRC= dete#t' error' or 1ad error indi#ation <0!8= i'
#a"'ed. !or 'ignaling #hannel'> the !)R i' pre'ent when the fire #ode
<!8R)= or other pa#ket #ode' dete#t error'. $he !)R i' not defined in data
'ervi#e'.
!0)R indi#ate' the 0)R that are not anno"n#ed a' deleted frame'> namely>
it i' the ratio of the 1it error' in the frame dete#ted a' KgoodL to the total
n"m1er of 1it' tran'mitted in KgoodL frame'.
0)R indi#ate' the ratio of the re#eived error 1it' to all tran'mitted 1it'.
0e#a"'e 0)R o##"r' at random> the 'tati'ti#al mea'"rement i' mainly applied to
mea'"re re#eiver error rate. $hat i'> 'ample m"ltiple mea'"ring point' on ea#h
#hannel and when the n"m1er of mea'"ring point' i' #ertain> if the 0)R of ea#h
mea'"rement i' within the re9"ired limit> the 0)R of thi' #hannel meet' the 0)R
a' re9"ired.
-owever> the n"m1er of 'ampled mea'"red point' and the limit val"e of the 0)R
m"'t meet the following #ondition'?
!or ea#h independent 'ampled mea'"ring point> the time' for it to pa'' a
K1adL "nit m"'t 1e a' fewer a' po''i1le> that i'> the pro1a1ility m"'t 1e
'maller than D.
!or ea#h independent 'ampled mea'"ring point> the time' for it to pa'' a
KgoodL "nit m"'t 1e a' more a' po''i1le> that i'> the pro1a1ility m"'t 1e
greater than 66.3D.
$he mea'"rement ha' vivid 'tati'ti#al feat"re'.
$he mea'"ring time m"'t 1e red"#ed to the minim"m.

&' a re'"lt> yo" #an mea'"re the re#eiver 'en'itivity thro"gh mea'"ring whether
the re#eiver 0)R ha' rea#hed the re9"irement while entering 'en'itivity level to
the re#eiver.
)nter the referen#e 'en'itivity level to the re#eiver a##ording to 8. 1$a1le 1.1 in
vario"' propagation environment'. !or the data prod"#ed after re#eiver
demod"lation and #hannel de#oding> the inde:e' for !)R> R0)R> and 0)R are
more favora1le that that defined in $a1le 1.1.
Table 1.1 Re9"irement' on 'tati# and m"lti+path referen#e 'en'itivity
Re9"irement on re#eiver
'en'itivity
Propagation #ondition
Stati#
$257 $257 R&57 -$177
Channel type Parameter No
fre9"en#y
hopping
No
fre9"en#y
hopping
!re9"en#y
hopping i'
pre'ent
No
fre9"en#y
hopping
No
fre9"en#y
hopping
!&CC-B- <!)R= 7.1D /.6D /.6D 5.3D 17.7D
!&CC-B! <!)R= 7.1D 5.7D %.5D %.*D /.%D
S(CC- <!)R= 7.1D 1%D 5D 5D 1D
R&C- <!)R= 7.5D 1%D 1%D 1D 1%D
SC- <!)R= 1D 1/D 1/D 15D 1/D
$C-B!6./T-*.5 <0)R= 17
P5
7.5D 7.*D 7.1D 7.3D
$C-B!*.5 <0)R= P 17
P*
17
P*
17
P*
17
P*
$C-B!.* <0)R= P 17
P*
17
P5
17
P5
17
P5
$C-B-.* <0)R= P 17
P*
17
P*
17
P*
17
P*
$C-B!S <!)R= 7.1BaD /aD %aD %aD 3aD
Cla'' 81.
<R0)R=
7.*BaD 7.*BaD 7.%BaD 7.BaD 7.5BaD
Cla'' 88
<R0)R=
D 5D 5D 3D 6D
Note:
The requirements on +551, 6,51, !51, and -6551 are the same as that on
-D551.
The value of 7a8 in this table depends on the channels. "t is ) for base stations, and ) to
).9 for mobile stations.
))). Contrib"tions of tower a%plifier to base staiton sensitivit$
8n term' of te#hni#al prin#iple'> the tower amplifier red"#e' the noi'e #oeffi#ient'
of the 1a'e 'tation re#eiving 'y'tem> whi#h i' helpf"l for improving the 'en'itivity
of the 1a'e 'tation re#eiving 'y'tem.
8n an a#t"al 'y'tem> to improve the re#eiving performan#e of the 1a'e 'tation>
yo" #an add a low+noi'e amplifier near the feeder of the re#eiving antenna.
8n a mo1ile #omm"ni#ation 'y'tem> the re#eiver 'en'itivity I noi'e 'pe#tr"m
inten'ity <d0mB-z= J 1andwidth <d0-z= J noi'e #oeffi#ient <d0= J CB8 <d0=.
-ere the noi'e 'pe#tr"m inten'ity> 1andwidth> and noi'e #oeffi#ient are 'y'tem
thermal noi'e. CB8 i' the 'ignal+to+noi'e ratio re9"ired at the 2m interfa#e. 8n a
narrow 1and 'y'tem> CB8 indi#ate' the mod"lation performan#e re9"ired 1y the
re#eiver 1a'e1and> and it i' a po'itive n"m1er.
8n a 'preading #omm"ni#ation 'y'tem> 1e#a"'e 'pread 'pe#tr"m gain i'
pre'ent> the val"e of CB8 i' far 1eyond the re9"irement of the mod"lation
performan#e of the re#eiver 1a'e1and> and it i' a negative n"m1er.
;hen there are nQ #a'#aded re#eiver'> the e9"ivalent noi'e #oeffi#ient i' a'
follow'?
n
n
G G G
F
G G
F
G
F
F F

+ +
+ =
2 1 2 1
3
1
2
1
1 1 1
-ere>
Gn indi#ate' the re#eiver' gain at ea#h level <in#l"ding the lo'' at ea#h
level=.
!n indi#ate' the noi'e #oeffi#ient of the re#eiver' at ea#h level.

$he noi'e #oeffi#ient of the pa''ive devi#e i' e9"al to it' lo''> and the gain of the
pa''ive devi#e i' the re#ipro#al of the lo''.
&##ording to the previo"' e9"ation> the noi'e #oeffi#ient of the #a'#ading 'y'tem
i' determined 1y the re#eiver' at the fir't level.
8t m"'t 1e pointed o"t that the linear val"e' of the parameter' m"'t 1e applied in
the previo"' e9"ation> 'o the K!L i' a linear val"e> whi#h m"'t 1e #onverted into
a logarithm. Moreover> a##ording to thi' e9"ation> the noi'e the #a'#aded
re#eiver' are determined 1y the noi'e #oeffi#ient <!1= of the re#eiver' at the fir't
level.
-owever> when the tower amplifier 'top' working> 1e#a"'e the lo'' i' pre'ent on
d"ple:er and 1ypa'' #onne#tor'> a1o"t d0 of red"ndant lo'' i' introd"#ed on
rever'e link.
&##ording to the e9"ation
n
n
G G G
F
G G
F
G
F
F F

+ +
+ =
2 1 2 1
3
1
2
1
1 1 1
> the
following two a''"mption' #on#l"de the reg"larity of the effe#t of tower amplifier
on the 1a'e 'tation 'y'tem.
516 'ss"%ption 1
-ere"nder i' a 'erie' of a''"mption'?
!1 I .5 dB <1.335%=> noi'e #oeffi#ient of the tower amplifier
! I *.5 d0 <.515*=> noi'e #oeffi#ient of the 1a'e 'tation
G I <15.5*6= d0> tower amplifier gain
,o'' of the feeder and other pa''ive devi#e' I 3 dB (2)
Gain of the feeder and other pa''ive devi#e' G7 I 3 dB (1/2)
Noi'e #oeffi#ient of the feeder and other pa''ive devi#e' !7 I 1BG7

;hen the tower amplifier i' not added> the noi'e #oeffi#ient of the 1a'e 'tation
re#eiving 'y'tem with the antenna o"tp"t end a' referen#e point i' a' follow'?
! I !7 J <!P1=BG7 I 17Qlog < J <.515*P1=B7.5= I3.5d0
77/+73+17 &ll right' re'erved Page %% of 1*
;hen the tower amplifier i' added> the noi'e #oeffi#ient of the 1a'e 'tation
! I !1 J <!7 P 1=BG J <! P 1=B<GQG7= I 17Qlog<1.335% J < P 1=B15.5*6 J
<.515* P 1=B<15.5*6 C 7.5= I %.d0
&t thi' time> the added tower amplifier improve' the noi'e #oeffi#ient> and !(elta i'
*.%d0> that i'> the "plink i' improved 1y *.% d0.
56 'ss"%ption
!1 I . d0 <1./56/=> noi'e #oeffi#ient of the tower amplifier
! I.% d0 <1./65=> noi'e #oeffi#ient of the 1a'e 'tation
G I 1 <15.5*6= d0> tower amplifier gain
,o'' of the feeder and other pa''ive devi#e' I % d0 <=
Gain of the feeder and other pa''ive devi#e' G7 I P% d0 <1B=
Noi'e #oeffi#ient of the feeder and other pa''ive devi#e' !7 I 1BG7

;hen the tower amplifier i' not added> the noi'e #oeffi#ient of the 1a'e 'tation
! I !7 J <! P 1=BG7 I 17Qlog < J <1./65 P 1=B7.5= I 5.%d0
;hen the tower amplifier i' added> the noi'e #oeffi#ient of the 1a'e 'tation
! I !1 J <!7 P 1=BG J <! P 1=B<GQG7= I 17Qlog<1./56/J< P 1=B15.5*6 J <1./65
P 1=B<15.5*6 C 7.5== I ./d0
&t thi' time> the added tower amplifier improve' the noi'e #oeffi#ient> and !(elta i'
.3 d0> that i'> the "plink i' improved 1y .3 d0.
&##ording to the previo"' #al#"lation> the following #on#l"'ion' #an 1e o1tained?
$he tower amplifier improve' the noi'e #oeffi#ient of the 1a'e 'tation
re#eiving 'y'tem> th"' improving the re#eiving 'en'itivity of the 1a'e
'tation.
$he tower amplifier improve' "plink 'ignal' effe#tively> whi#h i' al'o helpf"l
for improving the re#eiving 'en'itivity of the 1a'e 'tation.
$he gain of the antenna amplifier red"#e' the effe#t of the #omponent'
in'talled 1ehind the tower amplifier again't noi'e #oeffi#ient.
;hen the feeder i' long and the lo'' of the feeder i' great> if the tower
amplifier i' added> the noi'e #oeffi#ient of the 1a'e 'tation re#eiving 'y'tem
and the "plink 'ignal' will 1e greatly improved.
$he 'maller the noi'e #oeffi#ient of the tower amplifier i'> if the tower
amplifier i' added> the greater the noi'e #oeffi#ient of the 1a'e 'tation
re#eiving 'y'tem i' improved. -owever> if the noi'e #oeffi#ient of the tower
77/+73+17 &ll right' re'erved Page %* of 1*
amplifier i' too great> it may #a"'e the noi'e #oeffi#ient of the 1a'e 'tation
re#eiving 'y'tem to deteriorate.
;hen the re#eiving 'en'itivity of the 1a'e 'tation i' great and the feeder i'
'hort> the tower amplifier make' a little improvement on the noi'e #oeffi#ient
of the 1a'e 'tation.
8f the tower amplifier improve' the 1a'e 'tation 'en'itivity> the 1a'e 'tation
i' more 'en'itive to o"t'ide interferen#e.
5.2., Cell Coverage *sti%ation
8n a#t"al pro4e#t planning> the effe#tive #overage area of a 1a'e 'tation largely
depend' on the following fa#tor'?
)ffe#tive 1a'e 'tation tran'mit power
;orking 1and <677M-z or 1577M-z= to 1e "'ed
&ntenna type and lo#ation
Power 1"dget
Radio propagation environment
Carrier'S #overage re9"irement'

0a'ed on the inde:e' of HoS for the mo1ile network and the a#t"al appli#ation'>
thi' 'e#tion introd"#e' the #overage area of the 1a'e 'tation in different
environment' theoreti#ally.
$a1le 1.1 li't' the a''"mption' of the minim"m re#eived level re9"ired in vario"'
environment'.
Table 1.1 &''"mption' of the minim"m re#eived level re9"ired in vario"'
environment'
&ppli#ation
environment'
Minim"m
re#eived level
<d0m=
Other inde:e'
$he mo1ile
'tation work' a'
the re#eiver.
$he fir't floor of

the high 1"ilding'
in 1ig #itie'
+37

Mo1ile 'tation 'en'itivity? +17 d0m
!a't fading prote#tion? %d0
Slow fading prote#tion <indoor=? 3d0

<the 'tandard deviation i' 3d0 for
indoor' and 5d0 for o"tdoor'> the pa''
ratio i' 67D in #overage area'=
Penetration lo''? 15d0
8nterferen#e noi'e? d0
)nvironment noi'e prote#tion? d0

$he mo1ile
'tation i' the
re#eiver.
8n #ar'.
$he fir't floor of

the general
1"ilding' in "r1an
area'.
+57

Penetration lo''? 17d0
O"tdoor'.
+67


8f the following a''"mption' are pre'ent?
$he antenna height of GSM 677M-z and GSM 1577M-z 1a'e 'tation' are
%7 meter'.
$he 'en'itivitie' of the GSM677 M-z ; <%% d0m= mo1ile 'tation and GSM
1577M-z 1; <%7 d0m= mo1ile 'tation are +17 d0m and +177 d0m
re'pe#tively.
$he mo1ile 'tation height i' 1.5 meter' and the gain i' 7 d0.
;hen the #om1iner and divider "nit <C(2= i' "'ed> the 'en'itivitie' of the
677M-z 1a'e 'tation and 1577M-z 1a'e 'tation are +117d0m and
+175d0m re'pe#tively.
$he C(2 lo'' i' 5.5d0> and the SC2 lo'' i' /.5d0.
$he gain of the /5+degree dire#tional antenna i' 1%d0d for the 677 M-z
mo1ile 'tation and 1/d0d for the 1577M-z mo1ile 'tation.
$he feeder i' 57m in length. !or 677M-z 'ignal'> the feeder lo'' i'
*.7%d0mB177m. !or 1577M-z 'ignal'> the feeder lo'' i' 5.53d0B177m.
8n general #itie'> 'ele#t Ok"m"ra propagation model.
No tower amplifier and the downlink' are re'tri#ted a##ording to the

#al#"lation of the "plink and downlink 1alan#e.
&##ording to the previo"' a''"mption'> the #al#"lated re'"lt' are a' follow'?
516 O"tdoor #overage radi"s of the 899 M0: base station in "rban areas
$he minim"m re#eived level of the mo1ile 'tation
P
mr min min min
= 90
d0m. $he
#overage radi"' i' #al#"lated a##ording to the ma:im"m $RR tran'mit power.
$he ma:im"m $RR tran'mit power for the 677 M-z 1a'e 'tation
P
bt
= 40
; <*/
d0m=.
$he )8RP of the 1a'e 'tation antenna i'?
EIRP = P
bt
L
com
L
bf
+ Ga
b
= 46 5.5 2.01 + 13 + 2.15 = 53.65
<d0m=
77/+73+17 &ll right' re'erved Page %/ of 1*
-ere>
,COM indi#ate' the #om1iner lo''
,1f indi#ate' the feeder lo''
Ga1 indi#ate' the antenna gain of the 1a'e 'tation

&nd the allowed ma:im"m propagation lo'' i'?
L
p
= EIRP P
mr min min min
= 53.65
(
90
)
= 143.65
<d0=
&##ording to the Ok"m"ra propagation model introd"#e' earlier>
L
p
= 69.55 + 26.16 lg lgf 13.82 lg lgh
b
+
(
44.90 6.55lg lgh
b
)
lg lgd A
hm
-ere>
h
b
indi#ate' the antenna height of the 1a'e 'tation.
h
m
indi#ate' the antenna height of the mo1ile 'tation.
KfL I 677 M-z.

A
hm
= (1.1lg lgf 0.7)h
m
(1.56 lg lgf 0.8) = 0.01
<d0=
&##ording to the previo"' known n"m1er> the o"tdoor #overage radi"' of the 677
M-z 1a'e 'tation in "r1an area' #an 1e o1tained> that i'> d I .5km.
56 Coverage radi"s of the 899 M0: base station in "rban b"ildings
P
mr min min min
= 70
<d0m=.
L
p
= EIRP P
mr min min min
= 53.65
(
70
)
= 123.65
<d0=
$herefore> the #overage radi"' of the 677 M-z 1a'e 'tation in "r1an 1"ilding'
#an 1e o1tained> that i'> d I 7.35km.
8f the previo"' a''"mption' are pre'ent> thi' indi#ate' that the 677 M-z 1a'e
'tation #an #over the o"tdoor area' .5 km away, 1"t for the '"1'#ri1er' on the
fir't floor of the 1"ilding' 357 m away> the 9"ality of the re#eived 'ignal' i' not
'ati'fying.
5&6 Coverage radi"s of the 899 M0: base station in s"b"rban areas
P
mr min min min
= 90
(d0m=.
L
p
= EIRP P
mr min min min
= 53.65
(
90
)
= 143.65
<d0=
$he Ok"m"ra propagation model in '"1"r1an area' m"'t 1e modified a' follow'?
L
p
= 69.55 + 26.16 lg lgf 13.82 lg lgh
b
+
(
44.90 6.55 lg lgh
b
)
lg lgd
A
hm
2
[
lg lg(f/28)]
2
5.4
$herefore> the #overage radi"' of the 677 M-z 1a'e 'tation in "r1an area' #an
1e o1tained> that i'> d I 5.*km> 'o it i' o1vio"' that the #overage radi"' of the
1a'e 'tation with the 'ame #onfig"ration i' larger in '"1"r1an area' that in "r1an
area'.
5,6 O"tdoor #overage radi"s of the 1;99 M0: base station in "rban areas
P
mr min min min
= 90
<d0m=. 0e#a"'e the
ma:im"m tran'mit power of the 1577 M-z $RR i' *7; <*/d0m=> the #overage
radi"' i' #al#"lated 1a'ed on thi' ma:im"m tran'it power.
EIRP = P
bt
L
com
L
bf
+ Ga
b
= 46 5.5 2.93 + 16 + 2.15 = 55.73
(dBm)
L
p
= EIRP P
mr min min min
= 145.73
(dB)
!or the 1577 M-z 1a'e 'tation> the Okumura r!aga"i!n m!d#l i$%
L
p
= 46.3 + 33.9lg lgf 13.82lg lgh
b
+
(
44.90 6.55 lg lgh
b
)
lg lgd A
hm
8n addition> & ' 1800 ()* and
A
hm
= (1.1lg lgf 0.7)h
m
(1.56 lg lgf 0.8) = 0.04
(dB).
&##ording to the previo"' known n"m1er> the o"tdoor #overage radi"' of the
1577 M-z 1a'e 'tation in "r1an area' #an 1e o1tained> that i'> d I 1.3km.
556 Coverage radi"s of the 1;99 M0: base stations in "rban b"ildings
P
mr min min min
= 70
(dBm).
L
p
= EIRP P
mr min min min
= 55.73
(
70
)
= 125.73
(dB)
8f the previo"' a''"mption' are pre'ent> thi' indi#ate' that the 1577 M-z 1a'e
'tation #an #over the o"tdoor area' 1.3km away, 1"t for the '"1'#ri1er' on the
fir't floor of the 1"ilding' 577m away> the 9"ality of the re#eived 'ignal' i' not
'ati'fying.
5.2.5 3ase Station 'ddress Planning
). Overview
;hen planning 1a'e 'tation addre''e'> fir't yo" m"'t e'timate the n"m1er of
the 1a'e 'tation' needed in vario"' #overage area' a##ording to the #overage
di'tan#e and the divi'ion' of the #overage area'. !or the #onvenien#e of
predi#tion and em"lation> yo" m"'t plan an initial layo"t the 1a'e 'tation
addre''e' with the help of map' and the e'timated re'"lt'.
)). Planning %ethods
$he 1a'e 'tation addre'' #an 1e planned 1a'ed on 'tandard gird'> or it #an 1e
planned from a 'pe#ifi# area.
516 Plan base station address based on standard grids
!ir't yo" 'et the 1a'e 'tation' in the #overage area' a##ording to the di'tan#e of
the 'tandard grid'> and then ad4"'t the addre'' layo"t and pro4e#t parameter'
a##ording to the e'timated #overage re'"lt' to meet the #overage re9"irement.
&fter that> #ontin"e the planning a##ording to the following in'tr"#tion'?
8f a 'ati'fying addre'' layo"t i' o1tained> yo" m"'t analyze the #apa#ity of
the 1a'e 'tation' to 1e planned a##ording to thi' layo"t> and determine the
rea'ona1le n"m1er of 1a'e 'tation'. ;hen de'igning the #apa#ity> yo"
m"'t #al#"late the n"m1er of $RR' need' to 1e #onfig"red for ea#h 1a'e
'tation> and then analyze and ad4"'t the #onfig"ration of the 1a'e 'tation
a##ording to the n"m1er of the #onfig"red $RR'.
$he ad4"'tment of the #onfig"ration of the 1a'e 'tation i' determined 1y

'"1'#ri1er di'tri1"tion. 8f the n"m1er of 1a'e 'tation' in 'ome area' doe'
not meet #apa#ity re9"irement> another 1a'e 'tation' m"'t 1e added.
56 Plan base station address based on a spe#ifi# area
&##ording to thi' method> yo" are re9"ired to 'tart the planning from the area'
where the '"1'#ri1er' are mo't den'ely di'tri1"ted or the planning work i' 9"ite
hard to 1e performed. &' a re'"lt> yo" m"'t f"lly '"rvey the '"1'#ri1er
di'tri1"tion> landform'> and gro"nd o14e#tive' within the #overage area to
po'ition the key #overage area where the #enter 1a'e 'tation' 'ho"ld 1e
planned. &nd the'e #enter 1a'e 'tation' f"n#tion a' en'"ring the #overage and
#apa#ity in important area'.
&fter the layo"t of the'e #enter 1a'e 'tation' i' determined> yo" #an plan other
1a'e 'tation addre''e' a##ording to #overage and #apa#ity target. &nd thi' i'
how the final layo"t of the 1a'e 'tation addre''e' #ome from. &fter the overall
'ol"tion i' determined> the '"1'e9"ent 'tep' are performed a##ording to the fir't
planning method.
Note+
$he differen#e of the traffi# inten'ity and the a1normality of the landform'
and gro"nd o14e#tive' re'"lt in irreg"larity of the radio #overage. $herefore>
the di'tan#e 1etween 1a'e 'tation' varie'. Generally> thi' di'tan#e i'
'maller in the area' where traffi# inten'ity i' great. 8n 'ome hot area'> yo"
#an en'"re the 'y'tem #apa#ity 1y "'ing mi#ro #ell' and di'tri1"ted
antenna' to provide m"lti+layer #overage.
!or re'tri#tion' from fre9"en#y re'o"r#e' are pre'ent> yo" m"'t #on'ider
avoiding interferen#e while en'"ring 'y'tem #apa#ity.
$here i' no 'tandard availa1le for the layo"t of the 1a'e 'tation addre''e'.
& good planning 'ol"tion i' 'ele#ted 1a'ed on the integrated performan#e of
the network.
5.2.2 Coverage Predi#tion
$he #overage predi#tion i' to predi#t the #overage of the network to 1e
#on'tr"#ted a##ording to the 'ele#ted 1a'e 'tation addre''e'> de'igned 1a'e
'tation type'> '"ita1le ele#troni# map'> and network planning tool' to 4"dge
whether the #overage meet the re9"irement' of the '"1'#ri1er'.
$he #overage of a 1a'e 'tation i' determined 1y the following fa#tor'?
8nde:e' of HoS
O"tp"t power of tran'mitter'
&vaila1le 'en'itivity of re#eiver'
(ire#tion and gain of antenna'
;orking 1and'
Propagation environment <'"#h a' landform'> #ity #on'tr"#tion'=
&ppli#ation of diver'ity re#eption

8f the predi#ted re'"lt' of the network #overage fail to meet the re9"irement'>
yo" #an take the following ad4"'ting mea'"re'?
;hen there are '"1'#ri1er' di'tri1"ting 1eyond the #ell #overage area> 1"t
it i' not e#onomi#al for yo" to in'tall a 1a'e 'tation> yo" #an "'e a repeater
to en'"re the re9"irement of tho'e '"1'#ri1er.
;hen the 'ignal' are weak or 1lind zone' are pre'ent within the #overage
area> yo" #an #on'ider whether to "'e mi#ro #ell' a##ording to a#t"al
#ondition'.
8f a large 1lank area i' pre'ent 1etween neigh1or #ell'> yo" #an in#rea'e the
antenna height and add 1a'e 'tation' a##ording to the prin#iple' of #ell
'plitting.
;hen the #ell #overage area fail' to meet the #o+#hannel interferen#e inde:>
yo" #an ad4"'t the fre9"en#y #onfig"ration of the #ell> ad4"'t 1a'e 'tation
addre''e'> or ad4"'t de'ign of the parameter'> '"#h a' antenna
'pe#ifi#ation> antenna height> azim"th angle> tilt angle> and tran'mit power.
Note+
;hen taking the'e ad4"'ting mea'"re'> yo" m"'t #on'ider the m"t"al effe#t
1etween 1a'e 'tation'.
5.< (esign of 3ase Station 'ddress
5.<.1 'ddress design
Generally> in GSM radio network planning> the 1a'e 'tation addre'' i' de'igned
a##ording to the following re9"irement'?
$he addre'' m"'t 'erve to the rea'ona1le #ell 'tr"#t"re.

77/+73+17 &ll right' re'erved Page *7 of 1*
0a'ed on the #omprehen'ive analy'i' of the ele#troni# map' and paper
map'> yo" #an 'ele#t 'everal #andidate addre''e' from the per'pe#tive of
#overage> anti+interferen#e> and traffi# 1alan#e.
8n a#t"al #ondition'> #arrier' are re9"ired to di'#"'' the 'ele#ted addre''e'
with owner'. Generally> the addre''e' m"'t 1e lo#ated within the area 1B*
radi"' of the #ell"lar 1a'e 'tation.
("ring the early #on'tr"#tion 'tage when only a few 1a'e 'tation' are
in'talled> the 1a'e 'tation' m"'t 1e lo#ated in the #enter of the area'
where '"1'#ri1er' are den'ely pop"lated.
!or the 'ele#tion of the 1a'e 'tation addre''e'> the priority m"'t 1e given
to the important area'> '"#h a' government offi#e'> airport'> train 'tation'>
new' #enter> and great hotel' 'o that good #onver'ation 9"ality #an 1e
a''"red. !"rthermore> overlapped #overage m"'t 1e avoided in the'e
area'.
!or other #overage area'> the 1a'e 'tation addre''e' are de'igned
a##ording to 'tandard #ell"lar 'tr"#t"re'. !or the '"1"r1an area'>
highroad'> and #o"ntry'ide area'> the de'ign of 1a'e 'tation addre''e'
ha' little relation with #ell"lar 'tr"#t"re'.
;itho"t affe#ting the layo"t of 1a'e 'tation'> yo" #an 'ele#t the
tele#omm"ni#ation 1"ilding' and po't offi#e' a' the 1a'e 'tation addre''e'
'o that the fa#ilitie'> '"#h a' the e9"ipment room> power '"pplier> and iron
tower #an 1e f"lly "tilized.
$he dire#tion of antenna ma4or lo1e m"'t 1e in a##ordan#e with the area
where the traffi# inten'ity i' great. 8n thi' #a'e> the 'ignal 'trength of the
area #an 1e enhan#ed> 'o doe' the #onver'ation 9"ality. Meanwhile> the
dire#tion of the antenna ma4or lo1e m"'t 1e deviated from intra+fre9"en#y
#ell' 'o that the interferen#e #an 1e #ontrolled effi#iently.
8n "r1an area'> it i' re#ommended that the overlapped depth of the
antenna' in ad4a#ent 'e#tor' #annot e:#el 17D. 8n '"1"r1an area' and
'mall town'> the overlapped depth 1etween #overage area' #annot 1e too
great> and the in#l"ded angle 1etween 'e#tor' m"'t 1e e9"al to or higher
than 67U.
8n addition> for a#t"al de'ign> yo" m"'t #on'ider the mapping relation'hip
1etween #arrier n"m1er and #ell'. Generally> more #arrier' are #onfig"red
for the #ell' with high inten'ity.
$he azim"th angle m"'t 1e de'igned a##ording to not only the traffi#
di'tri1"tion in the area' aro"nd the 1a'e 'tation'> 1"t al'o the performan#e
of the overall network.
Generally> it i' re#ommended to adopt the 'ame azim"th angle for the %+
'e#tor 1a'e 'tation' in "r1an area' 'o that the #ompli#ated network
planning #an 1e avoided after #ell 'plitting in the f"t"re. Moreover> the
antenna ma4or lo1e #annot dire#tly point to the 'traight 'treet' in pop"lated
"r1an area'> 1e#a"'e it #an #a"'e #ro''+#overage.
8n the area' #onne#ting "r1an and '"1"r1an area'> and along tran'port
arterie'> yo" m"'t ad4"'t the azim"th angle a##ording to #overage target.
Generally> the 1a'e 'tation addre'' i' not #on'idered on the high mo"ntain'
in "r1an and '"1"r1an area'. $o 1e more 'pe#ifi#ally> the high mo"ntain'
are tho'e over 77 to %77 meter' higher than a1ove the 'ea+level=.
Otherwi'e> not only 'trong interferen#e and weak 'ignal' may 1e pre'ent
within the #overage area> 1"t al'o the 1a'e 'tation' are hard to 1e in'talled
and maintained on high mo"ntain'.
New 1a'e 'tation' m"'t 1e in'talled at the 'pot' where the traffi# i'
#onvenient> the power '"pply i' availa1le> and the environment i' 'e#"re. 8n
#ontra't> new 1a'e 'tation' m"'t not 1e in'talled at the 'pot' near the radio
tran'mit 'tation' with high power> radar 'tation'> and other e9"ipment'
whi#h prod"#e' great interferen#e> 1e#a"'e the interferen#e+field inten'ity
#annot 1e greater than that defined 1y the 1a'e 'tation.
$he 1a'e 'tation addre''e' m"'t 1e far away from fore't' or wood' to keep
the re#eiving 'ignal' from fading.
$he tran'mi''ion 1etween 1a'e 'tation #ontroller' m"'t 1e #on'idered in

the de'ign of the 1a'e 'tation addre''.
;hen 'ele#ting a 1a'e 'tation addre'' from high 1"ilding' in "r1an area'>
yo" #an divide the network into 'everal layer' with the help of the 1"ilding
height. $he antenna height of ma4or 1a'e 'tation' m"'t 1e a little higher
than the average height of 1"ilding'. Generally> the antenna height of the
1a'e 'tation' in pop"lated "r1an area' range' from 5 to %7 meter'. 8n
'"1"r1an area' <or the antenna point' to '"1"r1an area'=> the antenna
height range' from *7 to 57 meter'.
&long highroad' or in mo"ntain area'> the 1a'e 'tation addre'' i' 'ele#ted
1a'ed on f"ll '"rvey of the landform'. !or e:ample> the addre'' #an 1e
determined in an open area or at the t"rn' of the highroad'.
;hen 'ele#ting a 1a'e 'tation addre'' from the #itie' #hara#terized 1y

mo"ntain' and hill' and from the area' where high 1"ilding' are
#on'tr"#ted with metal'> yo" m"'t #on'ider the effe#t of time di'per'ion. 8n
thi' #a'e> the 1a'e 'tation addre'' m"'t near refle#ted o14e#tive'. ;hen
the 1a'e 'tation i' far away from refle#ted o14e#tive'> yo" m"'t ad4"'t the
dire#tional antenna to the rever'e dire#tion of the refle#ted o14e#tive'.
Ca"tion+
$ime di'per'ion mainly refer' to the intra+fre9"en#y interferen#e ari'ing from the
time differen#e 1etween the ma'ter 'ignal and other m"ltipath 'ignal arriving at
the re#eiver in term' of 'pa#e tran'mi''ion. &##ording to the re9"irement' in
GSM proto#ol'> the e9"alizer of the re#eiver m"'t #arry the time window with
1/V' <e9"ivalent to *.5 km=. $he m"ltipath 'ignal with time differen#e greater
than 1/ V' i' regarded a' intra+interferen#e 'ignal. 8n thi' #a'e> yo" m"'t
#on'ider whether the level differen#e 1etween the ma'ter 'ignal and m"ltipath
'ignal meet the #arrier+to+interferen#e ratio <CB8=> namely> the ma'ter 'ignal i' 1
d0 greater than the m"ltipath 'ignal at lea't.
5.<. Pro=e#t Para%eter (e#ision
&fter fini'hing de'igning a 1a'e 'tation addre''> yo" m"'t de#ide the pro4e#t
parameter' needed for the 1a'e 'tation in'tallation. $he'e parameter' in#l"de?
,atit"de and longit"de of the lo#ation of 1a'e 'tation antenna
&ntenna height
(ire#tion' of the antenna
&ntenna gain
&zim"th angle
$ilt angle
!eeder 'pe#ifi#ation'
$ran'mit power for ea#h #ell of the 1a'e 'tation

&nd the previo"' parameter' are de#ided thro"gh field '"rvey.
0efore 1eginning field '"rvey> yo" m"'t familiarize yo"r'elf with the overall
pro4e#t and #olle#t the material' and tool' relative to the pro4e#t. $hey are?
&ll type' of pro4e#t do#"ment'
0a#kgro"nd information
8nformation a1o"t the e:i'ting network
,o#al map
Config"ration li't' re9"ired in #ontra#t'
Relative tool' <in#l"ding digital #amera> GPS> #ompa''> r"ler> and laptop
#omp"ter=
Note+
Make '"re that all the material' and tool' are "'a1le 1efore 'etting o"t.
77/+73+17 &ll right' re'erved Page *% of 1*
$he following item' m"'t 1e empha'ized 1efore field '"rvey?
$he GPS m"'t 1e pla#ed in an open land to po'ition the latit"de and
longit"de of a 1a'e 'tation
Make a detailed re#ord of the '"rro"nding' aro"nd the 1a'e 'tation> '"#h a'
the di'tri1"tion of the 1"ilding'> fa#ilitie' with 'trong interferen#e> and the
e9"ipment' 'haring the 'ame 1a'e 'tation addre''.
8t i' 1etter to re#ord the previo"' information with a #amera.
Prevent the #ompa'' from magnetizing> 1e#a"'e the magnetization will

#a"'e great deviation d"ring the mea'"rement.
!ield '"rvey determine' the layo"t of the 1a'e 'tation addre''e' "ltimately. $he
field '"rvey for the 1a'e 'tation in#l"de' opti#al mea'"rement> 'pe#tr"m
mea'"rement> and 1a'e 'tation addre'' '"rvey. $hey are 'pe#ified a' follow'?
Opti#al mea'"rement
Mea'"re if a 1arrier that may refle#t ele#tri#al wave' aro"nd the 1a'e
'tation> '"#h a' high 1"ilding'.
Spe#tr"m mea'"rement
Che#k if the ele#tromagneti# environment' aro"nd the 1a'e 'tation' are
normal at pre'ent or in re#ent day'.
0a'e 'tation addre'' '"rvey

Che#k the in'tallation #ondition' of antenna and e9"ipment'> power '"pply>
and nat"ral environment.
$he following 'e#tion' introd"#e the de'ign for antenna in'tallation.
). *nviron%ent for antenna installation
$he environment for antenna in'tallation #an 1e divided into the environment
near the antenna and the 1a'e 'tation. !or the environment near the antenna>
yo" m"'t #on'ider the i'olation 1etween antenna' and the effe#t of iron tower
and 1"ilding' again't the antenna. !or the environment near the 1a'e 'tation>
yo" m"'t #on'ider the effe#t the high 1"ilding' within 577 meter' again't the
1a'e 'tation. -owever> if the height of the 1"ilding' i' properly "'ed> yo" #an
o1tain the intended #overage area.
8f a dire#tional antenna i' in'talled on the wall> the radiation dire#tion of the
antenna i' perfe#tly perpendi#"lar to the wall. 8f it' azim"th angle m"'t 1e
ad4"'ted> the in#l"ded angle 1etween the radiation dire#tion and the wall i'
re9"ired to 1e greater than 35U. 8n thi' #a'e> if the front+to+1a#k ratio of the
antenna i' greater than 7 d0> the effe#t of the 'ignal' refle#ted 1y the wall in
rever'e dire#tion again't the 'ignal' in the radiation dire#tion i' 9"ite 'light> a'
'hown in !ig"re 1.1.
77/+73+17 &ll right' re'erved Page ** of 1*
!ig"re 1.1 8n#l"ded angle 1etween antenna and wall
;hen in'talling an antenna> yo" m"'t #on'ider whether large 'hadow' will 1e
pre'ent within the #overage area of the antenna. $he 'hadow' are prod"#ed
mainly 1e#a"'e the 1a'e 'tation i' '"rro"nded 1y 'ome h"ge 1arrier'> '"#h a'
high 1"ilding' and great mo"ntain'. $herefore> the antenna m"'t 1e in'talled in
the area' with no '"#h 1arrier'.
;hen a dire#tional antenna i' in'talled on 1"ilding roof'> yo" m"'t prevent the
1"ilding edge' from 1arring the radiation of antenna 1eam'. $herefore> to red"#e
or ea'e the 'hadow> yo" #an in'tall the antenna near 1"ilding edge'.
0e#a"'e the 1"ilding roof' are diver'ified and #ompli#ated> if an antenna m"'t
1e in'talled far away from 1"ilding edge'> the antenna m"'t 1e in'talled higher
than the roof. 8n thi' #a'e> the wind load of the antenna m"'t 1e #on'idered.
$a1le 1.1 and $a1le 1. li't' the re#ommended height 1etween antenna and roof
for GSM 677 M-z and GSM 1577 M-z witho"t the #on'ideration of the effe#t of
the antenna tilt angle.
Table 1.1 Re#ommended height 1etween antenna and roof for GSM 677 M-z
(i'tan#e 1etween antenna and 1"ilding
edge <m=
-eight 1etween antenna and roof <m=
7 P 1 7.5
1 P 17
17 P %7 %
F %7 %.5
Table 1. Re#ommended height 1etween antenna and roof for GSM 1577 M-z
(i'tan#e 1etween antenna and 1"ilding
edge <m=
-eight 1etween antenna and roof <m=
7 P 7.5
P 17 1
F 17
)). 'ntenna isolation in GSM s$ste%
$o avoid inter+mod"lation interferen#e> yo" m"'t leave #ertain i'olation 1etween
the re#eiver and tran'mitter of the GSM 1a'e 'tation> namely> $: + R:? %7 d0 and
$: +$:? %7 d0. $hey are appli#a1le to the 'it"ation that a GSM 677M-z 1a'e
'tation and a GSM 1577M-z 1a'e 'tation 'hare the 'ame addre''.
$he antenna i'olation depend' on the radiation diagram> 'pa#e di'tan#e> and
gain of the antenna. Generally> the atten"ation introd"#ed 1y the voltage
'tanding wave ratio <.S;R= i' not #on'idered. $he antenna i'olation i'
#al#"lated a' follow'?
!or verti#al arrangement> ,v I 5 J *7lg <kBW= <d0=
!or horizontal arrangement> ,v I J 7lg <dBW= P <G1JG= P <S1 J S= <d0=

-ere>
,v indi#ate' the re9"ired i'olation.
W indi#ate' the length of #arrier wave'.
k indi#ate' the verti#al i'olation di'tan#e.
d indi#ate' the horizontal i'olation di'tan#e.
G1 indi#ate' the gain' of the tran'mitter antenna in the ma:im"m radiation

dire#tion> in the "nit of d0i.
G indi#ate' the gain' of the re#eiver antenna in the ma:im"m radiation

dire#tion> in the "nit of d0i.
S1 indi#ate' the level' of the 'ide lo1e' of the tran'mitter antenna in the 67U
dire#tion> in the "nit of d0p> and it i' a negative val"e relative to the main
1eam.
S indi#ate' the level' of the 'ide lo1e' of the re#eiver antenna in the 67U
dire#tion> in the "nit of d0p> and it i' a negative val"e relative to the main
1eam.
$a1le 1.1 li't' the val"e' of S for antenna' of different type'.
Table 1.1 .al"e' of S for vario"' antenna'
&ntenna type .al"e of S <d0p=
/5Ufan+1eam antenna +15
67Ufan+1eam antenna +6
77/+73+17 &ll right' re'erved Page */ of 1*
17Ufan+1eam antenna +3
Note:
The value of - can be determined according to the directional diagram of the
antenna. :hen the omni antenna is used, the - is 0.
$he following' introd"#e the re9"irement' on the antenna mo"nt in GSM
677M-z and GSM 1577M-z.
516 (ire#tional antenna
8n one 'y'tem> the following re9"irement' m"'t 1e met in term' of i'olation?
$he horizontal di'tan#e 1etween two antenna' in the 'ame 'e#tor m"'t 1e
e9"al to or greater than 7.*m.
$he horizontal di'tan#e 1etween two antenna' in different 'e#tor' m"'t 1e

e9"al to or greater than 7.5m.
8n different 'y'tem'> the following re9"irement' m"'t 1e met when two antenna'
are in the 'ame 'e#tor and dire#tion?
$he horizontal di'tan#e 1etween the two antenna' m"'t 1e e9"al to or

greater than 1m.
$he verti#al di'tan#e 1etween the two antenna' m"'t 1e e9"al to or greater
than 7.5m.
$he di'tan#e 1etween the 1ottom of the antenna' and the en#lo'ing wall of
1"ilding roof m"'t 1e e9"al to or greater than 7.5m.
$he in#l"ded angle 1etween the line #onne#ting the 1ottom of the antenna
to the antenna+fa#ing roof and the horizontal dire#tion m"'t 1e greater than
15U.
8n addition> the in#l"ded angle 1etween the line #onne#ting the two antenna
mo"nt' and the antenna dire#tion are re9"ired in $a1le 1..
Table 1. Range of the in#l"ded angle 1etween the line #onne#ting two antenna
mo"nt' and antenna dire#tion
&ntenna lo1e width in horizontal plane <degree= /7+37 67 67
8n#l"ded angle 1etween mo"nt+#onne#ting line
and antenna dire#tion <degree=
F *7+57 F 55 F 37
56 O%ni antenna
$he antenna 'eparation for omni antenna' i' re9"ired a' follow'?
$he horizontal di'tan#e 1etween antenna' m"'t 1e e9"al to or greater than

17m or the verti#al di'tan#e 1etween antenna'.
$he verti#al di'tan#e 1etween the antenna' m"'t 1e e9"al to or greater

than 7.5m.
$he di'tan#e 1etween the 1ottom of the antenna' and the en#lo'ing wall of
1"ilding roof m"'t 1e e9"al to or greater than 7.5m.
))). 'nrenna isolation of GSM and C(M' base station
$he analy'i' of the interferen#e in C(M& and GSM 'y'tem' m"'t 1e 1a'ed on
the fre9"en#y relation'hip and the tran'mitting and re#eiving feat"re' of the two
'y'tem'. $hree type' of interferen#e are pre'ent> namely> 'p"rio"' interferen#e>
#onge'tion interferen#e and #ro''+mod"lation interferen#e> among whi#h the
'p"rio"' interferen#e affe#t' the 'y'tem mo't. $herefore> the 'p"rio"'
interferen#e i' a key #on#ern in network de'ign. Compared with the 'p"rio"'
interferen#e> the #ro''+mod"lation interferen#e and #onge'tion interferen#e ha'
little effe#t on the network> 'o they are not introd"#ed here"nder.
$he following' de'#ri1e the 'p"rio"' interferen#e of the C(M&777 1R again't
the GSM 677M-z.
C"rrently> 1and' of China 2ni#om@' C(M&777 1R and that of the GSM 677M-z
are li'ted in $a1le 1.1
Table 1.1 0and' of China 2ni#om@' C(M&777 1R and that of GSM 677M-z
Sy'tem 0$S tran'mitting 1and <M-z= 0$S re#eiving 1and <M-z=
GSM 677M-z 6*5+6/7 567+615
C(M& 537+557 5%5+5%5
&' li'ted in $a1le 1.1> the 1and' of the two 'y'tem' are #lo'e to ea#h other> the
interferen#e again't ea#h other will ea'ily o##"r. Mo'tly> the tran'mi''ion of
C(M&777 1R 1a'e 'tation will interfere with the re#eption of GSM 677M-z
1a'e 'tation.
$he di'#lo'"re 'ignal' of the C(M& 1and falling into the #hannel' of the GSM
1a'e 'tation re#eiver' will enhan#e the noi'e level of the GSM re#eiver'. 8n thi'
#a'e> the GSM "plink' 1e#ome weak> whi#h will red"#e the #overage area of the
1a'e 'tation and wor'en the 9"ality of the network.
8f there i' not eno"gh i'olation 1etween 1a'e 'tation' or the tran'mitting filter
interfering 1a'e 'tation' doe' not provide eno"gh o"t+of+1and atten"ation> the
'ignal' falling into the 1and of the interfered 1a'e 'tation re#eiver may 'trong>
whi#h will in#rea'e the noi'e level of the re#eiver.
$he deterioration of the 'y'tem performan#e i' #lo'ely related to the 'trength of
interferen#e 'ignal'> and the 'trength of interferen#e 'ignal' i' determined 1y the
fa#tor'> '"#h a' the performan#e of the tran'mitting element' of the interfering
1a'e 'tation'> the performan#e of the re#eiving element' of the interfered 1a'e
'tation'> the di'tan#e 1etween 1and'> and the di'tan#e 1etween antenna'.
!ig"re 1. 'how' an interferen#e model.
!ig"re 1. 8nterferen#e model diagram
&##ording to !ig"re 1.> the 'ignal from the amplifier of the interfering 1a'e
'tation i' fir't 'ent to the tran'mitting filter> and then it atten"ate d"e to the
i'olation 1etween the two 1a'e 'tation'. !inally> it i' re#eived 1y the re#eiver of
the interfered 1a'e 'tation. $he power of the 'p"rio"' interferen#e arriving at the
antenna end of the interfered 1a'e 'tation #an 1e e:pre''ed 1y the following
e9"ation?
I
b
P
TXAMP
P
attenuation
I
isolation
10lg lg
WBint #r& #r& #r& ered
WB
int #r& #r& #r& ering
-ere>
81 indi#ate' the interferen#e level re#eived at the antenna re#eiving end of

the interfered 1a'e 'tation> in the "nit of d0m.
P$R+&MP indi#ate' the o"tp"t power at the amplifier of the interfering 1a'e
'tation> in the "nit of d0m.
Patten"ation indi#ate' the o"t+of+1and '"ppre''ion atten"ation at the

tran'mitting filer.
8i'olation indi#ate' the i'olation 1etween the antenna' of the two 1a'e 'tation'>
in the "nit of d0.
;0interfered indi#ate' the 1andwidth of the 'ignal' at the interfered 1a'e

'tation.
;0interfering indi#ate' the mea'"ra1le 1andwidth of the interfering 'ignal'> or it

#an 1e "nder'tood a' the 1andwidth defined 1y 'p"rio"' radiation.
Reg"late the previo"' e9"ation and the following e9"ation #an 1e o1tained?
I
isolation
P
TXAMP
P
attenuation
I
b
10lg lg
WBint #r& #r& #r& ered
WB
int #r& #r& #r& ering
S"ppo'e the tran'mit #hannel n"m1er of C(M&777 1R i' the la't one on it'
working 1and> that i'> 535.*6M-z> the 'p"rio"' 'ignal level on the 1and of 567+
615M-z m"'t 1e e9"al to or lower than +1%d0mB177k-z. 8f yo" intend to p"t thi'
a''"mption into pra#ti#e> yo" #an filter and #om1ine ea#h tran'mitted #hannel
n"m1er 1y "'ing 1and+limited filter with a 1andwidth of only 1.%M-z. $he 1and+
limited filter of thi' type ha' great o"t+of+1and atten"ation> whi#h #an rea#h 5/ d0 at 567
M-z and 57 d0 at 676 M-z. -ere yo" m"'t #on'ider the wor't 'it"ation> that i'>
the fre9"en#ie' at the highe't end of the C(M& 'y'tem interfere with the
fre9"en#ie' at the lowe't end of the GSM 'y'tem.
8n thi' #a'e> 8i'olation I <+1%d0mB177k-z= + 5/ + 81 J 17lg <77k-zB177k-z=
-ere 81 indi#ate' the highe't interferen#e level <d0m= allowed 1y the re#eiving
end of the interfered 1a'e 'tation. 8f the re#eiving 'en'itivity of the interfered
1a'e 'tation i' en'"red> the o"t'ide interferen#e level are re9"ired to 1e 17 d0
lower than the 1a#k noi'e of the re#eiver. 8n thi' #a'e> the 'en'itivity affe#ted
only a##o"nt' to a1o"t 7.5 d0.
$he 1a#k noi'e of the GSM re#eiver i' the '"m of the noi'e inten'ity> 1andwidth>
and noi'e #oeffi#ient. 8f the noi'e #oeffi#ient i' 5 d0> the 1a#k noi'e i'
+13*Jnoi'e #oeffi#ientJ17lg <77777= I +13*J5J5% I +11% <d0m=. $herefore> the
ma:im"m 'p"rio"' interferen#e allowed i' +11%+17 I +1% <d0mB77k-z=.
&' a re'"lt> the 'p"rio"' interferen#e' from other 'y'tem' falling at the GSM
re#eiver' are re9"ired to 1e 'maller than +1% <d0mB77k-z=S otherwi'e> the
'p"rio"' interferen#e' will 'erio"'ly affe#t the GSM 'y'tem.
$herefore> 8i'olation I <+1%d0mB177k-z= P 5/ + 81 J 17lg <77k-zB177k-z= I +1%+ 5/+
<+1%d0mB77k-z= J 17lg <77k-zB177k-z= I 53 d0mB77k-z.
$hat i'> a##ording to the a''"mption> the i'olation 1etween a C(M& antenna and
GSM 677M-z antenna m"'t 1e at lea't 53d0 regardle'' whether they 'hare the
addre'' or not.
Many way' #an 1e "'ed to red"#e the interferen#e. !or e:ample> yo" #an adopt
the following way'?
(e'ign eno"gh di'tan#e 1etween antenna'
!ilter the o"t+of+1and interferen#e of the tran'mitter
&dd different e9"ipment' to the filter> '"#h a' re#eiver> d"ple:er> and
divider.
&##ording to the re9"irement' in $8&B)8&+63 proto#ol'> the 'p"rio"' interferen#e
from the C(M& antenna interfa#e falling within the GSM 677M-z re#eiving
1and' m"'t 1e le'' than +1% d0mB177k-z. $herefore> the pro1lem'> '"#h a'
m"t"al interferen#e and #o+addre'' #on'tr"#tion m"'t 1e #on'idered in the initial
de'ign.
$o 1e 'pe#ifi#> yo" #an filter and #om1ine ea#h tran'mitted #hannel n"m1er
"'ing a limited+1and filter with the 1andwidth of only 1.% M-z. $he 1and+limited
filter of thi' type ha' great o"t+of+1and atten"ation> th"' the 'pa#e di'tan#e
1etween the antenna' of the C(M& 'y'tem and GSM 'y'tem m"'t 1e
'hortened.
8n addition> to minimize the interferen#e> yo" m"'t keep '"ita1le i'olation
1etween the antenna' of the C(M& 'y'tem and GSM 'y'tem.
$he antenna i'olation i' #al#"lated a##ording to the following two form"la'>
whi#h ha' 1een introd"#ed earlier?
!or verti#al arrangement> ,v I 5 J *7lg <kBW= <d0=
!or horizontal arrangement> ,v I J 7lg <dBW= P <G1JG= P <S1 J S= <d0=

&##ording to the two form"la'> the re9"irement' on the i'olation 1etween the
antenna' of C(M& 'y'tem and GSM 677 M-z 'y'tem are 'pe#ified in the
following three #ir#"m'tan#e'.
$he antenna' of the C(&M 'y'tem and GSM 677M-z 'y'tem do not 'hare
the 'ame addre''> with the antenna' horizontally oppo'ite to ea#h other> or
the antenna' of the two 'y'tem' 'hare the 'ame addre''> with the antenna
type of omni antenna.
S"ppo'e the effe#tive gain' of the antenna' of the two 'y'tem' in the
ma:im"m radiation dire#tion are 17 d0i <with the feeder lo'' #on'idered=>
and the interferen#e 'ignal' are 567M-z> a##ording to previo"' analy'i'>
the i'olation 1etween the C(M& 'y'tem and GSM 'y'tem i' re9"ired at
lea't 53d0.
$herefore> the following e9"ation #an 1e o1tained a##ording to the previo"'
form"la?
53 I J 7lg <(hBW= P <17 J 17=
&nd the horizontal di'tan#e 1etween the two antenna' i' d I 167m.
$a1le .1 li't' the i'olation re9"irement' 1etween omni antenna' of the two
'y'tem'.
Table .1 8'olation re9"irement' 1etween omni antenna' of C(M& 'y'tem
and GSM 677M-z 'y'tem
)ffe#tive antenna gain in
radiation dire#tion <d0i=
&ntenna i'olation
re9"irement <(1=
&ntenna di'tan#e
re9"irement <m=
17 53 167
17 53 566
$he antenna' of the C(M& and GSM 677 M-z 'y'tem 'hare the 'ame
addre'' <the antenna' are in'talled on the 'ame platform and horizontally
'eparated=> with the antenna type of dire#tional antenna.
S"ppo'e that the two antenna' are horizontally pla#ed> and their tilt angle i'
/5U> and that the effe#tive gain' of the two antenna' in the radiation
dire#tion are 15d0i.
&nd if the 'ide lo1e of the /5Uantenna i' +15d0 in the horizontal plane> the
effe#tive gain of the antenna in thi' dire#tion i' <15 P 15= d0i I +% d0i.
$herefore> 53IJ7lg <(hBW= + X<15J15= J N<+15= J <+15=OY.
&##ording to the previo"' e9"ation> the horizontal di'tan#e 1etween the two
antenna' are d I 6.5m.
$a1le . li't' the i'olation re9"irement' 1etween dire#tional antenna' of
C(M& and GSM 677 M-z 'y'tem'.
Table . 8'olation re9"irement' 1etween dire#tional antenna' of C(M&
and GSM 677 M-z 'y'tem'
)ffe#tive antenna gain in
radiation dire#tion <d0i=
&ntenna i'olation
re9"irement <(1=
&ntenna di'tan#e
re9"irement <m=
17 53 167
15 53 566
$he antenna' of the C(M& and GSM 677 M-z antenna' 'hare the 'ame
addre'' <the antenna' are not in'talled on the 'ame platform' of the iron
tower and verti#ally 'eparated=> with the antenna type' of dire#tional
antenna and omni antenna.
8n thi' #a'e> the e9"ation 53I5 J *7 lg <kBW= i' pre'ent.
&##ording to thi' e9"ation> the verti#al di'tan#e 1etween the two antenna' i'
d I 1.5m.
Note+
$he previo"' de'#ription' are 4"'t theoreti#al dete#tion'. 8n a#t"al networking>
other type' of antenna' may 1e in'talled at the 'ame addre''. 8n thi' #a'e>
'ome e9"ipment inde:e' m"'t 1e #on'idered> among whi#h the important one'
are 'p"rio"' radiation> the interferen#e power of the interfering 'ignal' to
interfered 'ignal'> and the antenna i'olation.
)/. )nstallation distan#e between antennas
(iver'ity te#hnology i' the mo't anti+fading effe#tive. ;hen two 'ignal' are
irrelevant to ea#h other> the horizontal di'tan#e 1etween the diver'ity antenna'
m"'t 1e 7.11 time' that of the valid antenna height. $he higher pla#e the antenna
i' in'talled> the larger the horizontal di'tan#e 1etween diver'ity antenna' i'.
;hen the di'tan#e 1etween diver'ity antenna' i' e9"al to or greater than /m>
however> the antenna i' hard to 1e in'talled on an iron tower.
8n addition> the di'tan#e re9"ired 1y verti#al diver'ity antenna' i' 5 to / time'
that of the horizontal diver'ity antenna' when the 'ame #overage i' en'"red.
$herefore> the verti#al diver'ity antenna i' 'eldom "'ed in a#t"al pro4e#t'> 1"t
antenna' are often verti#ally in'talled to meet i'olation re9"irement> e'pe#ially
omni antenna' are verti#ally in'talled.
8n addition> for highroad #overage> the line #onne#ting two re#eiving antenna'
m"'t 1e perpendi#"lar to the highroad. 8f 'pa#e diver'ity i' "'ed> the diver'ity
di'tan#e i' the perpendi#"lar> a' 'hown in !ig"re 1.1.
!ig"re 1.1 Spa#e diver'ity di'tan#e of dire#tional antenna'
$a1le 1.1 and $a1le 1. li't' the re9"ired di'tan#e 1etween GSM antenna'
<'"ppo'e no 1arrier i' pre'ent 1etween the antenna'=
Table 1.1 Re9"ired diver'ity di'tan#e 1etween omni antenna'
8'olation re9"irement? $:+$:> $: + R:? %7 d0
.erti#al di'tan#e
<re#ommended=
-orizontal di'tan#e Remark'
GSM 677M-z?
$:+$:> $: + R:
G 7.5m Gain I 17 d0i? 5m (i'tan#e 1etween
antenna and tower?
m
GSM
1577M-z? $:+
$:> $: + R:
G 7.5m Gain I 17 d0i? *m (i'tan#e 1etween
antenna and tower?
m
GSM 677M-z
J GSM
1577M-Z? $:+
$:> $: + R:
G 7.5m Gain I 17 d0i? 1m (i'tan#e 1etween
antenna and tower?
m
(iver'ity re9"irement
GSM 677M-z?
$:+$:> $: + R:
P G *m <re#ommend
/m=
(i'tan#e 1etween
antenna and tower?
m
GSM
1577M-z? $:+
$:> $: + R:
P G m <re#ommend
%m=
(i'tan#e 1etween
antenna and tower?
m
Table 1. Re9"ired diver'ity di'tan#e 1etween dire#tional antenna'
8'olation re9"irement? $:+$:> $: + R:? %7 d0
Same 'e#tor
antenna'
.erti#al di'tan#e
<re#ommended=
-orizontal di'tan#e Remark'
GSM 677M-z?
$:+$:> $: + R:
G 7.5m !or /5 antenna'>
antenna gain? 15
d0i? 7.*m
No effe#t from
tower 'tr"#t"re in
forward dire#tion
of the antenna
GSM
1577M-z? $:+
$:> $: + R:
G 7.5m !or /5 antenna'>
antenna gain? 15
d0i? 7.m
No effe#t from
tower 'tr"#t"re in
forward dire#tion
of the antenna
&d4a#ent+'e#tor
antenna' <on
the 'ame
platform=
.erti#al di'tan#e -orizontal di'tan#e Remark'
GSM 677M-z?
$:+$:> $: + R:
P G 7.5m P
GSM
1577M-z? $:+
$:> $: + R:
P G 7.5m P
(iver'ity re9"irement
GSM 677M-z?
$:+$:> $: + R:
P G *m <re#ommend
/m=
No effe#t from
tower 'tr"#t"re in
forward dire#tion
of the antenna
GSM
1577M-z? $:+
$:> $: + R:
P G m <re#ommend
%m=
No effe#t from
tower 'tr"#t"re in
forward dire#tion
of the antenna
Note+
$he in'tallation for GSM 677M-z and GSM 1577M-z antenna' i' fle:i1le> 1"t
no matter what 'pe#ifi#ation' are "'ed> they m"'t meet the re9"irement' on
i'olation and di'tan#e. 8n addition> in a#t"al pro4e#t'> 1arrier' are pre'ent
1etween antenna'. !or e:ample> a tower i' alway' pre'ent 1etween two omni
antenna'> 'o yo" m"'t 'horten the horizontal di'tan#e 1etween them.
/. (esign of base station para%eters in residential areas
& large n"m1er of re'idential area' are di'tri1"ted in "r1an area'> 'o thi' 'e#tion
introd"#e' the de'ign of 1a'e 'tation parameter' in the'e area'.
516 !eat"res of residential areas
Re'idential area' in "r1an area' are #hara#terized 1y reg"lar arrangement of
1"ilding'> and they #an 1e divided into the following type' a' li'ted in $a1le 1.1.
Table 1.1 (ivi'ion of re'idential area'
8n term' of (e'#ription
0"ilding height -igh+1"ilding re'idential area'? a1ove 17 floor' <%7 meter'=
M"lti+floor re'idential area'? 5 to 5 floor' <15 +%7 meter'=
.illa' and low re'idential area'? le'' than * floor' <1 meter'=
0"ilding
inten'ity
Great+inten'ity re'idential area'? the di'tan#e 1etween
1"ilding' i' within 17 meter'.
Middle+inten'ity re'idential area'? the di'tan#e 1etween
1"ilding' range' from 17 to 7 meter'.
,ow+inten'ity re'idential area'? the di'tan#e 1etween
1"ilding' i' larger than 7 meter'.
Con'tr"#tion
material
$he wall' of the re'idential area' are #on'tr"#ted with
#on#rete'.
$he wall' of the re'idential area' are #on'tr"#ted with 1ri#k'
and #on#rete'.
$he wall' of the re'idential area' are #on'tr"#ted with hollow
1lo#k'.
Notes:
The thic%ness of the buildings varies with the regions and
climates. Three specifications are available, namely, ;&m,
&<m, and &2m. ,enerally, the walls are thic%er in southern
parts and thinner in northern parts.
56 'ntenna installation in residential areas
$he addre'' where the antenna 'ho"ld 1e in'talled in re'idential area' i' hard to
1e determined. Generally> when adopting mi#ro #ell'> yo" #an in'tall the antenna
within a re'idential area near to the target #overage area.
8n thi' #a'e> the antenna #an 1e in'talled in the following 'pot'?
On o"ter wall' <not roof'= of a 1"ilding
On pillar'
8n'tall a mi#ro #ell in "ndergro"nd garage'

!or the re'idential area' large in 'ize and reg"lar in arrangement> the antenna
#an 1e in'talled a' 'hown in !ig"re 1..
!ig"re 1. 8n'talled po'ition of mi#ro #ell antenna'
$o realize 1etter 'tereo #overage> yo" #an in'tall the antenna at wall #orner' with
eno"gh height> namely>
1/2
building
<
antenna
< 3/4
building. 8n thi' #a'e> the
azim"th angle of the antenna m"'t 1e de'igned a' 'hown in !ig"re 1.%.
!ig"re 1.& 8n'talled po'ition of mi#ro #ell antenna'
8f the antenna i' in'talled at a wall #orner> the ma4or lo1e of the antenna #an
radiate the 'pa#e 1etween 1"ilding'. Generally> the ma4or lo1e of the antenna
#annot fa#e the wall' of the 1"ilding' near1y dire#tly.
8f fre9"en#ie' are re"'a1le among the'e mi#ro #ell'> the dire#tion' of antenna'
m"'t 1e #on'i'tent with ea#h other. 8n addition> yo" #an al'o "'e the #ell 'plitter
to ena1le a #ell to #overage the area' in two dire#tion'> a' 'hown in !ig"re 1.*.
8n thi' #a'e> however> the fre9"en#y "tilization ratio may de#rea'e and e:tra
power 'plitter will introd"#e lo'' of % d0.
!or the re'idential area' with reg"lar arrangement> the dire#tional antenna'
who'e horizontal 1eam width i' 67U to 17U and verti#al 1eam width i' greater
than %7U are re#ommended.
2nder #ertain #ondition'> the mi#ro #ell antenna #an 1e in'talled on the pillar'
within a re'idential area> a' 'hown in !ig"re 1.*.
!ig"re 1., 8n'talled po'ition of mi#ro #ell antenna'
!or the re'idential area' with irreg"lar arrangement> the antenna #an 1e in'talled
on the wall' of a 1"ilding> 'o the refle#ted wave' #an #overage the wall' of
oppo'ite 1"ilding'> a' 'hown in !ig"re 1.5. 8n thi' #a'e> the antenna' who'e
horizontal 1eam width i' greater than 17Uand verti#al 1eam width i' greater
than %7Uare re#ommended.
!ig"re 1.5 8n'talled po'ition of mi#ro #ell antenna'
5&6 'ntenna sele#tion
;hen the wall' of a 1"ilding i' 'ele#ted a' an in'talled po'ition> yo" #an "'e the
1"ild+in antenna of the mi#ro #ell dire#tly> or other antenna' with 'mall 'ize.
&##ording to #overage feat"re' of re'idential area'> when 'ele#ting the
'pe#ifi#ation' for the mi#ro #ell antenna' to 1e "'ed> yo" m"'t #on'ider the
following fa#tor'?
&ntenna gain
-orizontal 1eam width
.erti#al 1eam width
Polarization mode
.i'"al effe#t <antenna 'ize> 'hape> and weight=

$he antenna gain i' re#ommended le'' than 6 d0i for mi#ro #ell antenna'.
0e#a"'e the #overage area of a mi#ro #ell antenna i' 'mall and the in'talled
po'ition i' near to the #overage area> the antenna gain #an 1e ad4"'ted to a
'maller val"e> e'pe#ially if the gain of an antenna i' greater than 17d0i> it' 'ize
i' large> whi#h may #a"'e oppo'ition from re'ident'.
$he 'ele#tion of the horizontal and verti#al 1eam width for an antenna i' related
to radio environment. 8f a mi#ro #ell antenna i' in'talled on a wall> the antenna
height i' lower than the average height of '"rro"nded 1"ilding'. 8n thi' #a'e> if
1oth the indoor #overage of lower floor' and higher floor' #an 1e a''"red> yo"
m"'t 'ele#t the antenna' with greater verti#al 1eam width. &##ording to the
height of 1"ilding'> yo" #an 'ele#t the dire#tional antenna' who'e verti#al 1eam
width range' from %5Uto 57U.
$he 'ele#tion of the horizontal 1eam width of the mi#ro #ell antenna and the
in'talled po'ition of the antenna are related to #overage target. 8n thi' #a'e> yo"
#an 'ele#t the dire#tional antenna' who'e 1eam width range' from /7U to 157U>
or yo" #an #hoo'e omni antenna' or 1i+dire#tional antenna' <5+'haped
antenna'=.
0oth verti#al polarization antenna' and d"al polarization antenna' #an 1e
'ele#ted for a mi#ro #ell. $he #overage area of a mi#ro #ell in "r1an area' i'
'mall> 'o the diver'ity re#eption i' "nne#e''ary. 8n thi' #a'e> a verti#al
polarization antenna #an meet the #overage re9"irement' in re'idential area'.
&' for the d"al polarization antenna> however> it i' e:pen'ive and large in 'ize>
'o it i' not re#ommended.
$he vi'"al effe#t m"'t 1e empha'ized for the mi#ro #ell antenna' in'talled in
re'idential area'. $hey m"'t 1e 'mall and moderate. 8n addition> they m"'t 1e
light for in'tallation #onvenien#e. 8f the #ontra#t 1etween the #olor of the antenna
and that of the '"rro"nded 1"ilding' i' great> yo" m"'t #olor the antenna with the
'ame #olor of the 1"ilding'.
Note+
8n 'ome #a'e'> yo" 'ho"ld #on'ider adopting d"al+1and antenna'. ;hen
'ele#ting a 'mall+'ized antenna> yo" 'ho"ld #on'ider whether it' ma:im"m
o"tp"t power #an 1ear the mi#ro #ell o"tp"t power. ;hen adopting 'hort 4"mper'
in'tead of 3B5 feeder'> yo" 'ho"ld #on'ider whether the antenna #onne#tor <N+
'haped maleBfemale> 3B1/ (8N header= mat#he' the 4"mper #onne#tor.
5.; .o#ation 'rea (esign
5.;.1 (efinition of .o#ation 'rea
8n GSM proto#ol'> a mo1ile #omm"ni#ation network i' divided into m"ltiple
'ervi#e area' a##ording to the #ode' of lo#ation area'. $h"' the network page'
a mo1ile '"1'#ri1er thro"gh paging it' lo#ation area.
,o#ation area i' the 1a'i# "nit of paging area' in a GSM 'y'tem. $hat i'> the
paging me''age of a '"1'#ri1er i' 'ent in all #ell' of a lo#ation area. & lo#ation
area #ontain' one or more 0SC'> 1"t it 1elong' to one MSC only.
!ig"re 1.1 'how' the divi'ion of 'ervi#e area'.
!ig"re 1.1 (ivi'ion of 'ervi#e area'
5.;. (ivision of lo#ation areas
$he #overage area of ea#h GSM P,MN i' divided into m"ltiple lo#ation area'> in
whi#h an MS i' po'itioned. $he 'ize of a lo#ation area> namely> the area #overed
1y a lo#ation area #ode <,&C=> play' a key role in a GSM 'y'tem. $herefore> thi'
'e#tion mainly introd"#e' the prin#iple for planning lo#ation area'.
). (ividing the lo#ation area a##ording to the distrib"tion and behavio"r
of %obile s"bs#ribers
$he di'tri1"tion of lo#ation area' in #itie' and '"1"r1' i' different. Generally>
'"1"r1an area' or #o"ntie' o##"py independent lo#ation area'. 8n #itie'> the
di'tri1"tion of lo#ation area' i' 'imilar to a #on#entri# #ir#le. <$he area' in the
internal #ir#le #an 1e divided into 'everal lo#ation area' d"e to the re9"irement'
on #apa#ity. $he #on#entri# #ir#le #an 1e divided into 'everal fragment'.=
Pra#ti#e ha' proved that if the lo#ation area' are divided a##ording to the
previo"' method'> a' 'hown in !ig"re 1.1> 1oth #overage and #all+#onne#ted
ration #an 1e improved.
!ig"re 1.1 (ivi'ion of ,&'
8n addition> if two or more lo#ation area' are pre'ent 'im"ltaneo"'ly in a 1ig #ity
of great traffi#> the landform'> '"#h a' mo"ntain' and river' within thi' #ity #an
1e "'ed a' edge' of the lo#ation area'. 8n thi' #a'e> the overlapped depth
1etween the #ell' of the two lo#ation area' #an 1e red"#ed. 8f no '"#h landform'
availa1le within thi' #ity> the area' <'"#h a' 'treet' and 'hopping #enter'= with
great traffi# #annot 1e "'ed a' edge' of the lo#ation area'.
Generally> the edge of a lo#ation area i' o1li9"e in'tead of parallel or
perpendi#"lar to 'treet'. 8n the inter'e#ted area' of "r1an area' and '"1"r1an
area'> to avoid fre9"ent lo#ation "pdate> yo" m"'t de'ign the edge' of lo#ation
area' near the o"ter 1a'e 'tation' in'tead of the 1a'e 'tation' 4"'t in'talled at
the inter'e#tion'.
)). Cal#"lating #overage area and #apa#it$ of a lo#ation area
8f the #overage area of a lo#ation area i' too 'mall> the mo1ile 'tation will
perform fre9"ent lo#ation "pdate. 8n thi' #a'e> the 'ignaling flow in the 'y'tem
77/+73+17 &ll right' re'erved Page /7 of 1*
will in#rea'e. 8f the #overage of a lo#ation area i' too larger> however> the
network will 'end a paging me''age in m"ltiple #ell' "ntil the mo1ile 'tation i'
paged. 8n thi' #a'e> the PC- will 1e overloaded and the 'ignaling flow at the &1i'
interfa#e will in#rea'e.
$he #al#"lation of lo#ation area' varie' with the paging 'trategie' de'igned 1y
different #arrier'. ("ring early network #on'tr"#tion 'tage> the traffi# i' not great>
'o a lo#ation area #an a##ommodate more $RR'. -owever> it i' 'till ne#e''ary
for yo" to monitor the PC- load and traffi# growth. ;hen the traffi# grow' great>
yo" #an enhan#e the PC- #apa#ity 1y adding a 0CC- to the 'y'tem> 1"t the
n"m1er of voi#e #hannel' #an 1e added i' red"#ed 1y one a##ordingly.
Generally> the #apa#ity of a lo#ation area i' #al#"lated a' follow'?
$he n"m1er of paging 1lo#k' 'ent in ea#h 'e#ond C the n"m1er of paging
me''age' 'ent in ea#h paging 1lo#k I the ma:im"m paging time' in ea#h
'e#ond. &' a re'"lt> the n"m1er of paging time' in ea#h ho"r> the traffi# allowed
in ea#h lo#ation area> and the n"m1er of #arrier' '"pported in ea#h lo#ation area
#an 1e ded"#ted.
$he following' introd"#e the item' pre'ent in the previo"' paragraph
re'pe#tively.
516 The n"%ber of paging blo#ks sent in ea#h se#ond
1 frame I *./1m'> 1 m"ltiframe I 51 frame' I 7.%5*'S '"ppo'e the n"m1er of
a##e'' grant 1lo#k' i' &G0> the n"m1er of 1lo#k'> the n"m1er of paging 1lo#k'
'ent in ea#h 'e#ond i' #al#"lated 1y the following form"la'?
!or non+#om1ined 0CC-> the n"m1er of paging 1lo#k' 'ent in ea#h 'e#ond
I <6 P &G0=B7.%*5 <paging 1lo#kB'e#ond=.
!or #om1ined 0CC-> the n"m1er of paging 1lo#k' 'ent in ea#h 'e#ond I <%
P &G0=B7.%*5 <paging 1lo#kB'e#ond=.
!or non+#om1ined 0CC-> the &G0 i' a##ording to -"awei 0SC. $herefore> the
n"m1er of paging 1lo#k' 'ent in ea#h 'e#ond i' 6.3 <paging 1lo#kB'e#ond=S
when &G0 i' 7> it i' %5. <paging 1lo#kB'e#ond=.
!or #om1ined+0CC-> the &G0 i' 1> 'o the n"m1er of paging 1lo#k' 'ent in ea#h
'e#ond i' 5.5 <paging 1lo#k'B'e#ond=S when the &G0 i' 7> it i' 1.3 <paging
1lo#kB'e#ond=.
&##ording to the previo"' analy'i'> the larger the n"m1er of &G0> the 'maller the
n"m1er of the paging 1lo#k' 'ent in ea#h 'e#ond and the 'maller the paging
#apa#ity i'. Moreover> the paging #apa#ity of the #om1ined 0CC- i' far le'' than
that of the non+#om1ined 0CC-.
Note+
Generally> a #om1ined+0CC- #ell and a non+#om1ined+0CC- #ell are not
#onfig"red 'im"ltaneo"'ly within a ,&C> and the n"m1er of &G0 m"'t 1e
#on'i'tent with a lo#ation areaS otherwi'e the paging #apa#ity of the lo#ation
area will de#rea'e <now the paging #apa#ity of the #ell with the lea't paging
#apa#ity i' the paging #apa#ity of the lo#ation area=.
-owever> if the #apa#ity of a lo#ation area i' 'mall and the ,&C re'o"r#e i'
'#ar#e> yo" #an #onfig"re the #om1ined+0CC- #ell and non+#om1ined+0CC-
#ell within a ,&C to enlarge the n"m1er of traffi# #hannel' for O1 and S111 1a'e
'tation'.
56 The n"%ber of paging %essages sent in ea#h paging blo#k 5>6
&##ording to section 2.).;; of ,-.0&0/ proto#ol'> ea#h paging 1lo#k ha' %
1yte'> and #an 'end 8MS8 page'> or $MS8 and 1 8MS8 page'> or * $MS8
page'.
&##ording to the paging 'trategie' of -"awei MSC> if the 8MS8 paging
me#hani'm i' adopted> the n"m1er of paging me''age' 'ent in ea#h paging
1lo#k' i' <paging time'Bpaging 1lo#k=S if the $MS8 paging me#hani'm i'
adopted> it i' * <paging time'Bpaging 1lo#k=
5&6 The %a1i%"% paging ti%es in ea#h se#ond 5P6
$he ma:im"m paging time' in ea#h 'e#ond i' #al#"lated 1y the following two
form"la'?
!or non+#om1ined 0CC-> P I <6 P &G0=B7.%*5 <paging 1lo#kB'e#ond= C

<paging time'Bpaging 1lo#k=.
!or #om1ined 0CC-> P I <% P &G0=B7.%*5 <paging 1lo#kB'e#ond= C

<paging time'Bpaging 1lo#k'=.
8f the 8MS8 paging me#hani'm i' adopted> for non+#om1ined 0CC-> when &G0 I
> P I 56.*3 <paging time'B'e#ond=S when &G0 I 7> P I 3/.*3 <paging
time'B'e#ond=. !or #om1ined+0CC-> when &G0 I 1> P I 1/.66 <paging
time'B'e#ond=S when &G0 I 7> P I 5.*6 <paging time'B'e#ond=.
8f the $MS8 paging me#hani'm i' adopted> for #om1ined 0CC-> when &G0 I >
P I 115.65 <paging time'B'e#ond=S when &G0 I 7> P I 15.6% <paging
time'B'e#ond=. !or #om1ined 0CC-> when &G0 I 1> P I %%.65 <paging
time'B'e#ond=S when &G0 I 7> P I 57.65 <paging time'B'e#ond=.
&##ording to the previo"' analy'i'> the paging #apa#ity "nder 8MS8 paging
me#hani'm i' half of that "nder $MS8 paging me#hani'm.
5,6 $he traffi# allowed in ea#h lo#ation area <$=
;hen de'igning the #apa#ity for a lo#ation area> yo" m"'t 1e attention that the
paging #apa#ity of a lo#ation area #annot 1reak it' limit. !or network e:pan'ion>
yo" #an #olle#t the time' of the 1"'y+ho"r paging order' delivered 1y 0SC from
OMC> and then #onvert the time' into the n"m1er of paging order' 'ent in ea#h
'e#ond.
8f no traffi# mea'"rement data i' availa1le> '"#h a' in the #a'e of new network
#on'tr"#tion> yo" #an #al#"late the traffi# allowed in ea#h lo#ation area 1y
a''"ming a traffi# model.
!or e:ample> if the average #onver'ation d"ration i' /7' and the ratio of the
time' for the mo1ile 'tation to 1e '"##e''f"lly paged to the time' of total page'
i' %7D> the /7' of #onver'ation d"ration mat#he' 1B/7 #all' <in the "nit of
'e#ond. )rl=> and %7D of #all' i' generated 1y the #alled partie'. $herefore> the
'"##e''f"l #all' of the %7D mo1ile 'tation' are 7.75 time' <that i'> 1B/7Q%7D I
7.775=> in the "nit of 'e#ond. )rl.
8f the 35D of the mo1ile 'tation' re'pond to the fir't page and 5D re'pond to
the 'e#ond page> the mo1ile 'tation' re'ponding to the third page #an 1e
negle#ted. <8t i' 4"'t an a''"mption> whi#h may 1e different from a#t"al
#ondition'.=. $herefore> 1.5 page' are needed if a mo1ile 'tation i' '"##e''f"lly
#alled ea#h time <5D of the page' m"'t 1e re'ent=. 8n thi' #a'e> the following
e9"ation i' pre'ent?
M I 7.775Q<1J5D= I 7.77/5 paging time'B<'e#ond. )rl=
S"ppo'e the #onge'tion on paging #hannel' will o##"r when the paging #apa#ity
i' 57D greater than ma:im"m theoreti#al paging #apa#ity> the original paging
me''age' are 'till pre'ent even the paging 9"e"e i' f"ll in the 0$S. 8n thi' #a'e>
the paging #apa#ity in one 'e#ond i' PQ57D.
$herefore> the traffi# allowed in ea#h lo#ation area #an 1e #al#"lated a##ording
to the form"la $ I PQ57DBM> and the 'pe#ifi# val"e' are li'ted in $a1le 1.1.
Table 1.1 $raffi# allowed in ea#h lo#ation area
Paging
me#hani'm
$ <)rl= &G0 <1lo#k= 0CC-
#om1ination mode
8MS8 *353.5/ Non+#om1ined
0CC-
/113.5 7 Non+#om1ined
0CC-
1%56.%6 1 Com1ined 0CC-
7%6.75 7 Com1ined 0CC-
77/+73+17 &ll right' re'erved Page /% of 1*
$MS8 6515.3 Non+#om1ined
0CC-
1%* .*6 7 Non+#om1ined
0CC-
315.35 1 Com1ined 0CC-
*735.1/ 7 Com1ined 0CC-
556 The n"%ber of #arriers s"pported b$ ea#h lo#ation area 5NTR>6
)a#h $RR had 3. $C-' in average> 'o the ma:im"m traffi# of ea#h $RR in ea#h
ho"r i' 3..
$herefore> the n"m1er of #arrier' '"pported in ea#h lo#ation area #an 1e
#al#"lated a##ording to N$RR I $B3. and the 'pe#ifi# val"e' are li'ted in
Table 1. N"m1er of #arrier' '"pported in ea#h lo#ation area <$RRB,&=
Paging
me#hani'm
N$RR <$RRB,&= &G0 <1lo#k= 0CC-
#om1ination mode
8MS8 //7 Non+#om1ined
0CC-
5*6 7 Non+#om1ined
0CC-
155 1 Com1ined 0CC-
5% 7 Com1ined 0CC-
$MS8 1%1 Non+#om1ined
0CC-
1/66 7 Non+#om1ined
0CC-
%33 1 Com1ined 0CC-
5// 7 Com1ined 0CC-
77/+73+17 &ll right' re'erved Page /* of 1*
Note+
&ll the previo"' a''"mption' do not in#l"de the effe#t of the point+to+point 'hort
me''age' again't on paging #apa#ity. 8f the #onver'ation time' of a '"1'#ri1er
are e9"al to the n"m1er of the 'hort me''age' to 1e 'ent> and if the 'ent ratio
and re#eived ratio are #on'i'tent with ea#h other> the paging time'B'e#ond. )rl
will do"1le in 1"'y ho"r and the #apa#ity of the lo#ation area will red"#e 1y half.
$herefore> 'ome #ommon 'hort me''age' m"'t 1e 'ent on C0C-.
5.;.& Others
$hi' 'e#tion introd"#e' 'ome other information a1o"t lo#ation area de'ign.
$he #apa#ity of a lo#ation area i' #lo'ely related to paging me#hani'm> and
i' dire#tly related to the #om1ination' of &G0 and 0CC-. ;hen the
#om1ination' of &G0 and 0CC- are in#on'i'tent with ea#h other in a
lo#ation area> the #apa#ity of the lo#ation area i' determined 1y the #ell with
the 'malle't #apa#ity. $herefore> the #om1ination' of &G0 and 0CC- m"'t
1e de'igned to 1e #on'i'tent in lo#ation area planning.
8f the n"m1er of point+to+point me''age' grow' large immediately> the

n"m1er of paging me''age' will in#rea'e> 1"t the n"m1er of '"pported
'"1'#ri1er' will de#rea'e. 8n thi' #a'e> yo" m"'t #ontrol and prote#t the
flow' in the 'y'tem.
0e#a"'e the traffi# den'ity varie' with lo#ation area'> it i' re#ommended
that the #om1ined+0CC- #ell'> non+#om1ined+0CC- #ell'> and m"lti+0CC-
#ell' form a lo#ation area re'pe#tively. ;hen a #ell with 0CC-BS(CC-
#om1ination> the lo#ation area #an 1e a' large a' po''i1le when the paging
#apa#ity of the 0$S doe' not rea#h the limit. -owever> 1e#a"'e all paging
me''age' will 1e 1road#a'ted in all #ell' within a lo#ation area> the #ell with
0CC-BS(CC- #om1ination i' the 1ottlene#k of the lo#ation area.
$he ,&C i' a kind of n"m1er re'o"r#e. $herefore> yo" m"'t #ooperate with
#arrie' to plan lo#ation area'.
5.8 ("al-3and Network (esign
5.8.1 Ne#essit$ for Constr"#ting ("al-3and Network
$he earlier GSM mo1ile #omm"ni#ation network i' #on'tr"#ted on the 677 M-z
1and. ;ith rapid growth of '"1'#ri1er'> the network #apa#ity al'o grow' rapidly.
$herefore> the la#k of fre9"en#y re'o"r#e' and radio #hannel' i' a ma4or
#on#ern for mo1ile tele#omm"ni#ation'.
Many method' #an 1e "'ed to e:pand the #apa#ity of a GSM 'y'tem> in#l"ding?
&dding ma#ro #ell 1a'e 'tation' to the 'y'tem
Red"#ing di'tan#e 1etween 1a'e 'tation'
&dopting aggre''ive fre9"en#y re"'e te#hnologie' <'"#h a' MRP and 1?&6
&dding mi#ro #ell' to the 'y'tem
&pplying half rate to the 'y'tem

-owever> all the'e method' #annot thoro"ghly 'olve the pro1lem' #on#erning
network #apa#ity. &' a re'"lt> the GSM 1577M-z network i' introd"#ed <"plink?
1575P1557 M-zS downlink? 1317P1355 M-z=. &nd the network integrating GSM
677M-z and GSM 1577M-z #an meet the growth of network #apa#ity.
$he appli#ation of GSM 1577M-z #an 1ring the following advantage'?
8t doe' not o##"py the 1and' of GSM 677M-z and ha' a #omm"ni#ation
1andwidth of 35M. $herefore> it 1reak' the 1ottlene#k of GSM 677M-z in
term' of fre9"en#y re'o"r#e'.
$he 'y'tem networking> pro4e#t implementation> network planning> and

network maintenan#e of a GSM 1577M-z network are almo't the 'ame with
that of a GSM 677M-z network.
$he GSM 1577M-z and GSM 677 M-z #an 'hare a 1a'e 'tation> 'o a
GSM 1577M-z network #an 1e fini'hed in a 'hort time> whi#h i' 9"ite
helpf"l for network e:pan'ion.
("al+1and mo1ile phone' now a##o"nt' for a ma4or part of the total> 'o a
GSM 1577M-z network #an provide 'ervi#e' to the d"al+1and '"1'#ri1er'.
8n thi' #a'e> the #apa#ity pre''"re on GSM 677M-z #an 1e greatly ea'ed.
5.8. GSM 1;99M0: Coverage Sol"tions
). Propagaiton feat"res of GSM 1;99M0:
$he propagation feat"re' of the ele#tromagneti# wave' of 677 M-z and 1577
M-z are different in the following a'pe#t'?
$he propagation lo'' in free 'pa#e

$he propagation lo'' of the 1577 M-z 'ignal' i' / d0 greater than that of
the 677 M-z 'ignal' in free 'pa#e.
Penetration lo''
$he penetration lo'' of the 677 M-z 'ignal' i' greater than that of the 1577
M-z 'ignal'> 1"t their differen#e i' 'light.
(iffra#tion lo''
$he longer the wave'> the 'maller the diffra#tion lo'' i'. $he diffra#tion
a1ility of the 1577 M-z 'ignal' i' poorer than that of the 677 M-z 'ignal'.
77/+73+17 &ll right' re'erved Page // of 1*
)). ("al-3and Networking Mode
$here are three d"al+1and networking mode'> namely> independent MSC
networking> #o+MSCBindependent 0SC networking> and #o+0SC networking>
among whi#h the former two are #alled independent networking> and the later i'
#alled hy1rid networking.
))). Coverage re@"ire%ents on GSM 1;99 M0:
O"tdoor #overage
$he o"tdoor #overage #an 1e ea'ily realized when the di'tan#e 1etween
1a'e 'tation' are not large. 8n ne#e''ary #a'e'> yo" #an add a GSM
1577M-z 1a'e 'tation at the addre'' of the original GSM 1a'e 'tation. &nd
in 'ome pla#e'> yo" 'ho"ld #on'ider add a new 1a'e 'tation.
8ndoor #overage
$o en'"re that the indoor #overage of GSM 1577M-z i' good> yo" m"'t
#ontrol the di'tan#e 1etween the 1a'e 'tation' in'talled in "r1an area'
within 1777 meter'. 8n China> however> the 1"ilding' in mo't #itie' are
#on'tr"#ted 1y #on#rete' and metal'> 'o the penetration lo'' i' great. &'
re'"lt> the di'tan#e 1etween 1a'e 'tation' in "r1an area' of China range'
from 577 to 577 meter'.
)/. Coverage %ode of GSM 1;99M0:
516 S#attered #overage in hotspot areas
&t the early network #on'tr"#tion 'tage> the GSM 1577M-z 1a'e 'tation' are
'#attered in hot'pot area'. ;hen the #apa#ity #onfig"red for a GSM 1577 M-z
1a'e 'tation i' 'mall> yo" m"'t 'olve the pro1lem'> '"#h a' S(CC- #onge'tion>
$C- #onge'tion> and fre9"ent "pdate 1etween GSM 1577M-z and GSM
677M-z. $he #o't in early #on'tr"#tion 'tage i' 'mall.
!ig"re 1.1 'how' the '#attered #overage of GSM 1577M-z in hot'pot area'.
!ig"re 1.1 S#attered #overage of GSM 1577M-z in hot'pot area'
$he #overage of the d"al+1and network of thi' mode i' 1a'ed on the original
GSM 677M-z network. $he GSM 1577M-z 1a'e 'tation i' #on'tr"#ted in 'ome
hot'pot area'> 'o the 'eamle'' #overage of GSM 1577M-z i' not availa1le in
thi' #a'e.
8f a d"al+1and mo1ile phone 'tart' #onver'ation in an area #overed 1y GSM
1577M-z> after leaving thi' #overage area> it hand' over to the GSM 677M-z
#ell where it originally wa'. &nd the handover of thi' type i' #alled the inter+1and
handover #a"'ed 1y #overage.
8f a d"al+1and mo1ile phone 'tart' the #onver'ation in an area #overed 1y GSM
677M-z> 1"t 1e#a"'e the traffi# in thi' area i' great> the mo1ile phone will hand
over to an area #overed 1y GSM 1577M-z. &nd the handover of thi' type i'
#alled the inter+1and handover #a"'ed 1y #apa#ity.
$he '#attered #overage in hot'pot area' only relieve' #apa#ity pro1lem' in a
'hort term. Moreover> fre9"ent inter+1and fre9"en#y handover in#rea'e the
'ignaling load> whi#h re'"lt' in the lo'' of 'y'tem #apa#ity.
56 Sea%less #overage in hotspot areas
8f the #overage of thi' mode i' availa1leS the GSM 1577 M-z network #an 'hare
greater traffi# for GSM 677M-z network and e:pand the 'y'tem #apa#ity. 8n
addition> it i' #o't+effe#tive.
5&6 Perfe#t sea%less #overage
8f a GSM 1577M-z network adopt' the #overage of thi' type> the advantage' are
a' follow'?
$he 'eamle'' #overage area within a #ity #an 1e realized.
$he GSM 1577M-z network #an 'hare the traffi# load for GSM 677M-z
network a' m"#h a' po''i1le.
$he 'y'tem #apa#ity #an 1e greatly e:panded.
$he ratio of the handover 1etween layer' i' 'mall.
$he 9"ality of the network i' 9"ite 'ati'fying.
$he fre9"en#ie' #an 1e planned 1y pat#h.
$he #arrier' #an 1e e:panded 'tep 1y 'tep.

-owever> there are 'till di'advantage'. $hey are a' follow'?
$he n"m1er of 1a'e 'tation' i' large.
$he work load of network planning and optimization i' h"ge.
$he inve'tment i' large.
$he 1a'e 'tation addre''e' #annot 1e de#ided on#e.

!ig"re 1. 'how' the perfe#t 'eamle'' #overage of GSM 1577M-z in hot'pot
area'.
!ig"re 1. Perfe#t #overage of GSM 1577M-z in hot'pot area'
8f a GSM 1577M-z network adopt' thi' #overage mode> it #an 1e ea'ily
e:panded to meet f"t"re #overage.
Compared with the '#attered #overage in hot'pot area'> the perfe#t 'eamle''
#overage i' #hara#terized 1y great inten'ity and large area. $herefore> the ratio
of inter+1and handover "nder thi' #overage mode i' far 'maller than that "nder
'#attered #overage mode. &' a re'"lt> the 'ignaling load i' red"#ed greatly.
$herefore> thi' #overage mode i' an ideal #overage 'ol"tion. 8f a GSM 1577M-z
network adopt' thi' #overage mode> it doe' not ne#e''arily atta#h to the GSM
677M-z network> in'tead> it #an form an independent network.
5.8.& .o#ation 'rea (ivision for ("al-3and Network
$he lo#ation area divi'ion for d"al+1and network i' '"gge'ted a' follow'?
8f 1577 M-z #ell' and 677 M-z #ell' are "nder the #ontrol of two MSC'
re'pe#tively> their lo#ation area' are different. $herefore> yo" m"'t 'et
related parameter' to maintain the mo1ile 'tation' 'tay in the 1577 M-z
#ell' where the traffi# i' a1'or1ed. 8n thi' #a'e> the time' for the mo1ile
'tation to handover 1etween the two 1and' and re'ele#t #ell' will de#rea'e.
Meanwhile> when de'igning 'ignaling #hannel'> yo" m"'t f"lly #on'ider the
load re'"lted from lo#ation "pdate.
8f 1577 M-z #ell' and 677 M-z #ell' 'hare a MSC> at the early network
#on'tr"#tion 'tage> they are '"gge'ted to "'e the 'ame lo#ation area
witho"t affe#ting the network #apa#ity. 8f the re'tri#tion on paging #apa#ity i'
pre'ent> two lo#ation area' m"'t 1e divided for them either in term' of 1and
or geographi# lo#ation> a' 'hown in !ig"re 1.1 and !ig"re 1..
!ig"re 1.1 ,o#ation area divi'ion 1a'ed on 1and
!ig"re 1. ,o#ation area divi'ion 1a'ed on geographi# lo#ation
8f the lo#ation area i' divided in term' of 1and> 1e#a"'e fre9"ent lo#ation
"pdate' are re'"lted from inter+1and handover and #ell re'ele#tion> yo" m"'t 'et
related parameter' to maintain the mo1ile 'tation' 'tay in the 1577 M-z #ell'
where the traffi# i' a1'or1ed. 8n thi' #a'e> the time' for the mo1ile 'tation to
handover 1etween the two 1and' and re'ele#t #ell' will de#rea'e. Meanwhile>
when de'igning 'ignaling #hannel'> yo" m"'t f"lly #on'ider the load re'"lted
from lo#ation "pdate.
8f the lo#ation i' divided in term' of geographi# lo#ation> the fre9"ent lo#ation
"pdate' re'"lted from inter+1and handover and #ell re'ele#tion #an 1e avoided.
-owever> yo" need to modify the related data of the original 677 M-z network. 8n
addition> at the edge' of the lo#ation area'> 1e#a"'e the lo#ation "pdate'
#a"'ed 1y intra+1and and inter+1and handover and #ell re'ele#tion i' pre'ent
'im"ltaneo"'ly> the 'ignaling flow i' h"ge at the'e edge'. &' a re'"lt> yo" m"'t
#aref"lly de'ign the edge' of the lo#ation area'.
5.8., Traffi# G"idan#e and Control Strategies of ("al-3and Network
). Traffi# g"ide of ("al-3and Network
&t early #on'tr"#tion 'tage of a d"al+1and network> traffi# #ontrol #on#ern' how
to "'e the new GSM 1577M-z network to 'hare the traffi# flow for the GSM
677M-z network. &##ording to the original inten'ion of the GSM 1577M-z
network> the traffi# #an 1e g"ided a##ording to the following prin#iple'?
1= &t the early #on'tr"#tion 'tage of a d"al+1and network> the GSM 1577M-z
network i' mainly applied to a1'or1 the traffi# of the d"al+1and '"1'#ri1er'
'o that the load of the GSM 677M-z network #an 1e ea'ed.
= ;hen the n"m1er of d"al+1and '"1'#ri1er grow' large> ea#h 1and m"'t
'hare the traffi# 'o that the inter+1and handover time' #an 1e red"#ed.
!ig"re .1 'how' the pro#e'' of traffi# g"ide and #ontrol 'trategie'.
Call
stat"s
)dle %ode Call set"p
Cell sele#tion
(ire#ted retr$
)nter-la$er and inter-
level handover
Traffi# load handover
Cell
resele#tion
Co-3SCAMSC
handover #ontrol
!ig"re .1 Pro#e'' of traffi# g"ide and #ontrol 'trategie'
$he vario"' traffi# #ontrol 'trategie' #an 1e realized thro"gh ad4"'ting parameter
'etting' a' follow'?
1= 8n idle mode> when the mo1ile 'tation i' 'ele#ting #ell' after it i' 'wit#hed on
and re'ele#ting #ell' when it i' in 'tand1y 'tate> yo" #an 'et higher prioritie'
for the 1577 M-z #ell' 1y de'igning the 'y'tem parameter'> in#l"ding C0H>
C0&> CRO> $O> and P$. 8n thi' #a'e> '"1'#ri1er' are more likely to 'tay in
the 1577 M-z #ell'. &' a re'"lt> their #all' are e'ta1li'hed on the 1577 M-z
#ell'.
= 8f traffi# #onge'tion i' pre'ent in the 'ervi#e #ell when a mo1ile 'tation i'
'etting "p a #all> the 'y'tem applie' dire#ted retry f"n#tion to a''ign the
mo1ile 'tation to a $C- in the neigh1or #ell' of the 'ervi#e #ell and ad4"'t
the traffi# allo#ation.
%= 8n #onver'ation 'tate> the traffi# m"'t 1e g"ided to the 1577 M-z #ell' in
lower layer' and level' a##ording to the hierar#hy #ell 'tr"#t"re. 8n addition>
yo" #an "'e -"awei d"al+1and handover algorithm' 'o that the traffi# load
#an 1e allo#ated more properly.
)). 0ierar#hi#al Cell Str"#t"re
&##ording to the hierar#hy #ell 'tr"#t"re of the d"al+1and network> a GSM
'y'tem #overing an area #an 1e divided into fo"r layer'> a' li'ted in $a1le 1.1.
Table 1.1 !o"r layer' of a GSM 'y'tem
,ayer (e'#ription
* $hi' layer #on'i't' of "m1rella #ell'> namely> GSM 677M-z ma#ro
#ell'. $hey provide "pper #overage and #onne#t the fa'ting moving
mo1ile 'tation'.
% $hi' layer #on'i't' of GSM 677 mi#ro #ell'> and mo't of the
'"1'#ri1er' are gathering in thi' layer.
$hi' layer #on'i't' of the GSM 1577M-z #ell' who'e #overage area
i' 'imilar to that of the GSM 677 M-z #ell. 8t i' de'igned in #a'e of
fre9"en#y re'o"r#e emergen#y. 8n the f"t"re> mo't of the d"al+1and
'"1'#ri1er' will gather in thi' layer.
1 $hi' layer #on'i't' of the mini #ell' of GSM 1577 M-z and GSM
677M-z. $hey are de'igned for #overing hot'pot area' and dead
zone'.
!ig"re 1. 'how' the hierar#hy #ell 'tr"#t"re of a d"al+1and network.
!ig"re 1. -ierar#hi#al #ell 'tr"#t"re of a d"al+1and network
$o ena1le the network to develop 'moothly and fle:i1ly> yo" #an divide ea#h of
the fo"r layer' into m"ltiple level'> and then yo" #an 'et m"ltiple priority #la''e'
<for e:ample> 1/ #la''e'= for the level' in ea#h layer. $hi' method i' not only
helpf"l for ad4"'ting the traffi# load in part of the area'. $herefore> the
hierar#hi#al #ell 'tr"#t"re enhan#e' the #ooperation of the #"rrent network
e9"ipment' and meet' the devolvement of the f"t"re network.
8n term' of traffi# priority> the #ell' in lower layer' and level' ha' higher prioritie'>
namely> the #ell' in lower layer' ha' the priority to a1'or1 the traffi#.
$he handover algorithm' of a d"al+1and network are li'ted in $a1le .1.
Table .1 -andover algorithm' of a d"al+1and network
Name (e'#ription
8nter+layer and inter+level handover
algorithm
$he network '"pport to #ontrol the #ell'
a##ording to their priority #la''e'.
)mergen#y handover algorithm 8t manage' the emergent #a'e'> '"#h a'
$&> 0H> and fa't level fall.
,oad 'haring handover algorithm 8t ena1le' #ell' to 'hare load with ea#h
other.
-andover algorithm' 1a'ed on
'peed and 'en'i1ility
8t help' fa't+moving mo1ile phone' to
perform handover fle:i1ly.
8nterferen#e handover algorithm 8t help' red"#e interferen#e and enhan#e
voi#e 9"ality.
)dge handover algorithm 8t provide' mo1ile phone' with 1etter
level' and 'ervi#e 9"alitie'.
P0G$ handover algorithm 1a'ed
on path lo''
8t '"pport' mo1ile phone' to hand over to
a 1etter #ell.
Co+MSCB0SC handover #ontrol
algorithm'
P
5.8.5 ("al-3and Networking *ngineering )%ple%entation
("ring network #on'tr"#tion and optimization> a d"al+1and network i' de1"gged
and #ommi''ioned 'tep 1y 'tep> whi#h fa#ilitate' de1"gging the new GSM 1577
M-z network' and the original GSM 677M-z network' that ha' 1een e:panded
re'pe#tively. &fter ea#h 'ignal network i' perfe#tly ad4"'ted> yo" m"'t de1"g
ea#h 1a'e 'tation in the d"al+1and network. &nd yo" #annot 'top the de1"gging
"ntil the whole d"al+1and network i' fini'hed.
$he #on'tr"#tion of a whole d"al+1and network #an 1e divided into three 'tage'>
namely> deployment preparation> 'ignal 1577 M-z network de1"gging> and
677B1577 M-z d"al+1and network de1"gging.
). (eplo$%ent perparation
$he #oordination of d"al+1and te#hnologie' and network planning m"'t 1e
fini'hed in thi' 'tage. $he #oordination of d"al+1and network te#hnologie' i' a
prere9"i'ite for the #ooperation of different #arrier'@ network'. Network planning
i' the fir't 'tep in network #on'tr"#tion and involve' many ta'k'> in#l"ding 1a'e
'tation addre'' '"rvey> #hannel n"m1er planning> ele#tromagneti# 1a#kgro"nd
te't> #overage te't> and 'o on.
$he following' m"'t 1e empha'ized in d"al+1and #ooperation?
$he #"'tomer'> the third party <the de'igning in'tit"te or the original
e9"ipment '"pplier=> and the new e9"ipment '"pplier m"'t 1e #ooperate
with ea#h other well.
8f one party meet' a to"gh pro1lem d"ring the de1"gging of the d"al+1and
network> the engineer' from a third party m"'t 1e pre'ent in 'ite and help
po'ition the pro1lem.
$he 677 M-z 0SC and 1577 M-z 0SC m"'t 'yn#hronize their #lo#k' with
the 'ame 'o"r#e #lo#k. Meanwhile> the #lo#k of ea#h 1a'e 'tation in the
e:i'ting GSM 677 M-z network #an lo#k the #lo#k of the 0SC> and the #lo#k
of the 0SC #an lo#k the #lo#k of the MSC.
;hen modifying the parameter' related to d"al+1and handover <'"#h a'

modifying the parameter' at the 0SC 'ide or MSC 'ide=> yo" m"'t notify
that to other two partie'.
8f the 'ome pro1lem' #on#erning the #ooperation of d"al+1and network

ari'e> a meeting m"'t 1e organized> in whi#h ea#h party di'#"'' with ea#h
other on how to 'olve the pro1lem'.
0oth the de'igning in'tit"te or the original e9"ipment '"pplier and the new
e9"ipment '"pplier m"'t provide the pro4e#t implementation plan> #"tover
plan> and pre#i'e #ell information.
)). Signal 1;99 M0: network deb"gging
&t thi' 'tage> yo" need not modify any data of the original GSM 677 M-z
network> 1"t it i' 'till the GSM 677M-z network provide' 'ervi#e' to '"1'#ri1er'.
$he GSM 1577M-z network doe' not a1'or1 traffi#.
;hen de1"gging the GSM 1577M-z network> yo" m"'t ad4"'t the following
parameter 'o that the e:i'ting '"1'#ri1er' #an 1e lea't affe#ted.
8n the 'y'tem me''age data li't> 'et the parameter KC0&L to KNOL to prevent
general '"1'#ri1er' from 'ele#ting and re'ele#ting the 1577 M-z network.
$heoreti#ally> general '"1'#ri1er' #an hand over to the 1577 M-z network> 1"t
in fa#t> the handover relation'hip i' not #onfig"red with the d"al+1and network>
'o the general '"1'#ri1er' #annot enter the 1577 M-z network.
&fter that> yo" "'e the te'ting mo1ile phone whi#h #an a##e'' the network 1y
for#e to perform dialing te't in ea#h #ell. 8f all goe' normal> yo" #an te't
#overage> handover> power #ontrol> interferen#e> downlink and "plink 1alan#e>
power ad4"'tment> the #overage of the GSM 677M-z network> and the #overage
of the GSM 1577M-z network.
$hro"gh the'e te't'> yo" #an not only di'#over the pro1lem' pre'ent in the
network'> 1"t al'o ad4"'t the #hannel n"m1er> power> tilt angle> and parameter
'etting and optimize the parameter #onfig"ration for the GSM 1577M-z #ell. 8n
thi' #a'e> the #overage and operation of the 'ingle GSM 1577M-z network #an
1e en'"red.
))). 899A1;99 M0: d"al-band network deb"gging
&fter fini'hing the 'ingle GSM 1577M-z network de1"gging> yo" m"'t #hange
1a#k the parameter KC0&L to KM)SL and #onfig"re the data for d"al+1and
handover. $he te't' involved into the d"al+1and network de1"gging in#l"de?
Cell re'ele#tion and lo#ation "pdate
$raffi# load #ontrol
Contin"o"' #onver'ation mode
&"tomati# dialing and '#an
("al+1and network handover
Call' and handover' initiated on ma4or 'treet'
Call' and handover' initiated on edge area'
(ialing te't' in poor #overage area' and indoor environment
(ialing te't' in o"tdoor and indoor environment' in key area'

$a1le 1.1 li't' the te't item' d"ring #ell 'ele#tion and handover
Table 1.1 $e't item' d"ring #ell re'ele#tion and handover
$e't 'tate $e't time
;hen a mo1ile phone
perform' #ell 'ele#tion in
idle mode <CRO> C1>
and C.=
;hen the mo1ile phone perform' #ell 'ele#tion
from a 677M-z #ell to an 1577M-z #ell.
;hen the mo1ile phone perform' #ell 'ele#tion
from an 1577M-z #ell to a 677M-z #ell.
;hen a mo1ile phone
perform' handover in
#onver'ation 'tate
$he mo1ile phone fir't e'ta1li'he' the #onver'ation
in a 677M-z #ell> and then hand' over to an
1577M-z #ell.
in an 1577M-z #ell> and then hand' over to a
677M-z #ell.
in a 677M-z #ell> and then hand' over to an
1577M-z #ell> and finally hand' over 1a#k to a 677
M-z #ell #ontrolled 1y the 'ame MSC.
in an 1577M-z #ell> and then hand' over to a
677M-z #ell> and finally hand' over 1a#k to an
1577 M-z #ell #ontrolled 1y the 'ame MSC.
&t thi' 'tage> yo" m"'t #onfig"re the d"al+1and data for the GSM 677M-z and
1577M-z #ell'. $he data in#l"de' neigh1or #ell relation'hip> layer and level
'etting> handover type> and handover thre'hold. 8n thi' #a'e> when a mo1ile
phone i' in idle mode> it #an re'ele#t an 1577M-z #ell> the GSM 1577M-z
network #an a1'or1 the traffi# of d"al+1and '"1'#ri1er'> and the '"1'#ri1er' #an
perform handover 1etween 1577M-z #ell' and 677M-z #ell'.
&t the 1eginning> yo" #an #ontrol the GSM 1577M-z network to a1'or1 only a
'mall part of the traffi# of '"1'#ri1er' thro"gh ad4"'ting the 'etting of CRO and
handover thre'hold. ;hen good #ell re'ele#tion and d"al+1and handover are
en'"red> yo" #an take mea'"re' to ena1le the GSM 1577M-z network to
a1'or1 more traffi#> with the prere9"i'ite' that no #onge'tion i' pre'ent among
#ell' and the network 9"ality i' en'"red.
&t thi' 'tage> the following parameter' m"'t 1e #onfig"red?
$he parameter' related to #ell 'ele#tion and re'ele#tion> in#l"ding C0&>

C0H> &CCM8N> CR-> and CRO.
$he parameter' related to neigh1or #ell relation'hip> layer and level 'etting>
and handover.
$he #onfig"ration of the previo"' parameter' m"'t 1e 1a'ed on the prere9"i'ite
that the #ooperation of the GSM 1577M-z #ell' and GSM 677M-z #ell' i'
normal.
&fter the GSM 677M-z and 1577M-z d"al+1and network i' ena1led> yo" m"'t
do the following'?
1= !ind o"t the pro1lem' pre'ent in the network thro"gh m"ltiple mean'> '"#h
a' drive te't.
= &d4"'t and optimize the network a##ording to the pro1lem' 'o that the d"al+
1and network #an r"n 'ta1ly.
%= Che#k if the d"al+1and network r"n' 'ta1ly> analyze all the traffi# 'tati'ti#
data> and #he#k the network operation inde:e'.
*= Make '"re the pro1lem' and take effe#tive mea'"re' a##ording to the
analy'i' of the drive te't and traffi# 'tati'ti#'.
5= &d4"'t the related parameter' and rete't the network till the network inde:e'
meet the de'ign re9"irement'.
$h"'> a d"al+1and network i' #on'tr"#ted and optimized a##ording to the three
'tage' a' introd"#ed in thi' 'e#tion.
5.19 (esign of )ndoor Coverage S$ste%
5.19.1 Chara#teristi#s of )ndoor #overage
;ith the rapid development of e#onomy> hotel'> #ommer#ial #enter'> large+'#ale
flat'> "ndergro"nd railway'> and "ndergro"nd parking area' are ari'ing 1y 1at#h.
&' a re'"lt> mo1ile 'tation' are more fre9"ently "'ed in indoor environment.
$h"'> they re9"ire 1etter indoor mo1ile #omm"ni#ation 'ervi#e'.
Generally> the following pro1lem' are pre'ent in indoor mo1ile #omm"ni#ation
'y'tem'?
!rom the per'pe#tive of #overage> the #omple: indoor 'tr"#t"re and the
'hielding and a1'or1ing effe#t of the 1"ilding' #a"'e great radio wave
tran'mi''ion lo''. &' a re'"lt> the 'ignal' in 'ome area' may 1e weak>
e'pe#ially the 'ignal' in the fir't and 'e#ond floor' in the "ndergro"nd are
9"ite weak> or even there are dead zone'. 8n thi' #a'e> mo1ile 'tation'
#annot ne#e''arily a##e'' the network> there i' no paging re'pon'e> or
'"1'#ri1er' are not in 'ervi#e area'.
!rom the per'pe#tive of network 9"ality> the fa#tor' interfering radio

fre9"en#ie' are pro1a1ly pre'ent in "pper floor' of high 1"ilding'. 8n thi'
#a'e> the 'ignal' in 'ervi#e area' are not 'ta1le> 'o Kping pong effe#tL may
o##"r and #onver'ation 9"ality #annot 1e en'"red.
!rom the per'pe#tive of network #apa#ity> if mo1ile 'tation' are fre9"ently

"'ed in 1"ilding'> '"#h a' large+'#ale 'hopping #enter'> #onferen#e hall'>
'ome area' in the network #annot meet the re9"irement' of '"1'#ri1er'. 8n
thi' #a'e> #onge'tion may o##"r on radio #hannel'.
8f the indoor #overage i' realized 1y a repeater> an o"tdoor high+power 1a'e
'tation> or a great+height o"tdoor antenna> the following pro1lem' may ari'e?
$he penetration lo'' i' great> 'o the indoor #overage i' not 'ati'fying. 8n thi'
#a'e> a large n"m1er of dead zone' are pre'ent> 'o '"1'#ri1er' #annot
keep #onver'ation.
8f a repeater i' adopted> the level of original 'ignal' m"'t 1e high. 8n

addition> the #ro''+mod"lation and intra+fre9"en#y interferen#e i' great> 'o
the #onver'ation 9"ality i' weak and #all drop ratio i' high.
$he network #apa#ity i' limited and the #all #onne#ted ratio i' low.
$he fre9"en#y planning i' hard to 1e performed for the network and the
network #apa#ity i' hard to 1e e:panded.
$he Kdeta#hed i'land effe#tL i' great.
$he val"e+added 'ervi#e' are re'tri#ted for gro"p '"1'#ri1er' d"e to

network 9"ality and #apa#ity.
$o enhan#e the grade of 'ervi#e> we m"'t improve indoor #overage immediately.
;hen de'igning an indoor #overage 'y'tem> we m"'t make the following
#on'ideration'?
& new indoor #overage 'y'tem #annot affe#t the e:i'ting network.
)no"gh #apa#ity of an indoor 'y'tem m"'t 1e en'"red.
&n indoor 'y'tem m"'t '"pport new 'ervi#e' and f"n#tion'.

$he #hapter analyze' the de'ign of indoor #overage 'y'tem from the following
a'pe#t'?
8ndoor &ntenna Sy'tem (e'ign
Capa#ity &naly'i' and (e'ign
!re9"en#y Planning
$raffi# Control
5.19. )ndoor 'ntenna S$ste% (esign
). R! design
516 .ink b"dget
8n an indoor #overage 'y'tem> the link 1"dget form"la i' a' follow'?
P
ant
= M!
sens
+ RF
marg arg arg
+ IF
marg arg arg
+ BL + L"F
marg arg arg
+ L
path
G
ant
-ere>
!ant I antenna inp"t interfa#e power
3Fmarg = Raleigh fading margin
"Fmarg = a##e'' margin <depend' on environment=
>NFmarg = de'ign margin <generally> it i' 5 d0=
+> = 1ody lo'' <677M-z? 5 d0S 1577B1677M-z? % d0=
.-sens = mo1ile 'tation 'en'itivity
>path = path lo''

-ere> >path = 7logd <m= J %7logf <M-z= + 5 d0 J [. ;hen there no 1arrier lo''>
,p = 7logd <m= J %7logf <M-z= + 5 d0. $he K[L indi#ate' the lo'' #a"'ed 1y othe
r 1arier'.
$a1le 1.1 li't' the penetration lo'' #a"'ed 1y 'ome typi#al 1arrier'.
Table 1.1 Penetration lo'' #a"'ed 1y 'ome typi#al 1arrier'
0arrier Penetration lo'' <d0=
Partition wall 5P7 d0
!loor F 7 d0
!"rnit"re P15 d0
$hi#k gla'' /P17 d0
$rain #arriage 15P%7 d0
)levator &ro"nd %7 d0
$"nnel #"rve 17P*7 d0Bkm <for the 'ignal' from fi:ed 'igal 'o"r#e'=
Re#tangle t"nnel 17P15 d0Bkm
Cylindri#al t"nnel %5P*7 d0Bkm
Note:
+ecause the penetration in cylindrical tunnels is great, lea%y cables are applied
in cylindrical tunnels.
;hen performing link 1"dget> yo" m"'t #on'ider the following'?
8n an indoor m"lti+antenna 'y'tem> the link 1"dget for te't point' m"'t 1e in
a##ordan#e with the link with the minim"m lo''.
2nder the 'ame #onverge area> the )8RP at ea#h antenna interfa#e m"'t 1e
#on'i'tent> and the error m"'t 1e #ontrolled within 17 d0.
$he "plink 'ignal m"'t 1e de'igned to a high val"e> 'o antenna diver'ity i'
"nne#e''ary.
$o red"#e "plink interferen#e> yo" m"'t properly 'et the ma:im"m tran'it
power of the mo1ile 'tation and ena1le the power #ontrol f"n#tion of the
mo1ile 'tation.
& #ertain margin m"'t 1e leaved for error #orre#tion and f"t"re 'y'tem
e:pan'ion.
$he e'timation and de'ign for interferen#e margin vary with the di'tan#e
from the o"ter wall. $he 'maller the di'tan#e> the larger the interferen#e
margin i' de'igned.
56 Servi#e @"alit$ design 5interferen#e degree6
$a1le 1. de'#ri1e' the interferen#e degree' of indoor #ell' in different
'it"ation'.
Table 1. 8nterferen#e degree of indoor #ell'
Sit"ation' 8nterferen#e degree
$he indoor #ell and the '"rro"nded 1"ilding' are

of the 'ame height> and fre9"en#y re"'e degree
i' greater than 1.
$he o"tdoor #overage 'y'tem ha' little effe#t on

the indoor #ell'.
$he indoor 'y'tem ha' dedi#ated fre9"en#ie'

and fre9"en#y re"'e 'eldom e:i't'.
,ittle interferen#e
$he 'it"ation and fre9"en#y re"'e are intervenient
1etween the two.
General interferen#e
$he 1"ilding' within the indoor #ell are higher

than '"rro"nded 1"ilding'.
$he fre9"en#y re"'e degree i' 'maller than 6.

Great interferen#e
Note:
The actual interference level changes with networ% layout and frequency re'
planning, and it can be tested according to actual situations.
5&6 Servi#e @"alit$ design 5interferen#e %argin design6
$he greater the interferen#e in an area> the greater the interferen#e margin
<8!marg= i' de'igned> and the higher the level the mo1ile 'tation need' to re#eive>
a' li'ted in $a1le 1.%.
Table 1.& Relation'hip 1etween interferen#e and mo1ile 'tation re#eiving level
&#t"al level interferen#e degree Mo1ile 'tation re#eiving level <d0m=
Great +/5
General +35
,ittle +55
Note:
:hen a dual'band system is adopted in the indoor environment, the inde#es of
mobile station receiving level are designed according to the )/00 .1( system
standard.
)). 'ntenna s$ste% design
;hen de'igning an indoor di'tri1"tion 'y'tem> yo" m"'t fir't '"rvey the 1"ilding
type> 'tr"#t"re> interferen#e environment> #"'tomer'> and then analyze the path
lo''. !inally> de#ide the antenna type> n"m1er> and in'tallation lo#ation a##ording
to the re9"irement' of an area.
$hi' 'e#tion introd"#e' the antenna de'ign g"ideline' in 'ome typi#al #a'e'.
516 Single #ell
8f the indoor #overage i' realized 1y a 'ignal #ell> ea#h antenna m"'t 1e
de'igned to en'"re that 'ignal' are evenly di'tri1"ted in the #overage area.
Generally> it i' re#ommended to in'tall the antenna in a zigzag way> a' 'hown in
!ig"re 1.1.
!ig"re 1.1 &ntenna de'ign g"ideline in 'ignal #ell
56 M"lti-#ells
8f the indoor #overage i' realized 1y m"ltiple #ell'> a #ertain di'tan#e m"'t 1e
leaved 1etween intra+fre9"en#y re"'e #ell'. )a#h antenna m"'t al'o 1e
de'igned to en'"re that 'ignal' are evenly di'tri1"ted in the #overage area of
ea#h #ell. 8f the fre9"en#ie' are re"'ed fre9"ently> it i' re#ommended to in'tall
the antenna' on different layer' at the 'ame po'ition of the layer> a' 'hown in
!ig"re 1..
!ig"re 1. &ntenna de'ign g"ideline' in m"lti+#ell'
5&6 Closed b"ilding
& #lo'ed 1"ilding ha' the #hara#teri'ti#'> '"#h a' thi#k o"ter wall> great 'ignal
atten"ation> and little leakage. 8n addition> it i' little affe#ted 1y o"tdoor intra+
fre9"en#y #ell'. $herefore> the fre9"en#y 1etween floor' i' ea'ily to 1e planned.
!or the antenna de'ign g"ideline in a #lo'ed environment> 'ee !ig"re 1.%.
!ig"re 1.& &ntenna de'ign g"ideline in #lo'ed environment
5,6 0alf-open environ%ent
!or a half+open 1"ilding> the o"ter wall i' made of gla''e'> 'o the 'ignal
atten"ation i' 'mall. ;ithin the 1"ilding are the open #onferen#e hall'> whi#h are
greatly affe#ted 1y o"tdoor intra+fre9"en#y #ell'> 'o yo" m"'t plan dedi#ated
fre9"en#ie' or adopt the m"lti+antenna 'y'tem with low o"tp"t power to limit the
edge' of the indoor #ell' within the 1"ilding> a' 'hown in !ig"re 1.*.
!ig"re 1., &ntenna de'ign g"ideline in half+#lo'ed environment
556 !ra%e-str"#t"re b"ilding
!or a frame+'tr"#t"re 1"ilding> the n"m1er of internal wall' i' large and they are
thi#k. $herefore> if the antenna i' in'talled at the #orridor'> the antenna o"tp"t
power m"'t 1e high 'o that good #overage #an 1e en'"red. 8n thi' #a'e> 'ignal'
will leak at the window' near the #orridor> 'o yo" m"'t plan dedi#ated
fre9"en#ie' for the 1"ilding. $he di'tan#e of the intra+fre9"en#y #ell' 1etween
floor' i' larger than that in other environment'. !or the antenna de'ign g"ideline
in frame+'tr"#t"re 1"ilding> 'ee !ig"re 1.5.
!ig"re 1.5 &ntenna de'ign g"ideline in frame+'tr"#t"re 1"ilding
526 Offi#e b"ilding
$he indoor environment of offi#e 1"ilding' re9"ire' high grade of 'ervi#e'> 'o it'
#overage i' realized 1y 'everal dire#tional and omni antenna'. Mo" #an #ontrol
the #overage area ea'ily thro"gh properly de'igning the effe#tive radiation power
in the #ell. !or de'ign g"ideline> 'ee !ig"re 1./.
!ig"re 1.2 &ntenna de'ign g"ideline in offi#e 1"ilding
5<6 Parking area
Parking area ha' no 'pe#ial re9"irement on #apa#ity and mo1ile 'tation
re#eiving level <+67 d0m=. !or a parking area> the elevator> e'#alator> entran#e
and e:it are key #overage area'> a' 'hown in !ig"re 1.3.
!ig"re 1.< &ntenna de'ign g"ideline in parking area
5;6 S"per%arket
S"permarket' have #ertain re9"irement' on #overage and #apa#ity. $he
antenna' #an 1e de'igned a##ording to a#t"al 'tr"#t"re of the 1"ilding'. !or the
antenna de'ign g"ideline> 'ee !ig"re 1.5.

!ig"re 1.; &ntenna de'ign g"ideline in '"permarket
))). S"rve$
$he antenna de'ign and in'tallation i' finally de#ided a##ording to the '"rvey>
whi#h in#l"de' the following a'pe#t'?
(etailed #overage area and 'ignal 9"ality and #onverge re9"irement'
(i'tri1"tion of the 'ignal' in #overage area'
Compo'ition of 1"ilding' in #overage area'
Signal a##e'' lo#ation and mode
8n'tallation po'ition
&##ording to the '"rvey> yo" m"'t o"tp"t the final topologi#al 'tr"#t"re diagram>
antenna #a1ling '#heme> and li't of material'. Generally> the omni antenna i'
in'talled at the #eiling #enter. $he 'mall dire#tional antenna i' h"ng on the inner
'ide of the o"ter wall> with the radiation dire#ted to indoor part. 8n thi' #a'e> the
effe#t of the antenna again't the o"tdoor 'y'tem #an 1e red"#ed to the
minim"m> 'o the CB8 re9"irement of the o"tdoor 'y'tem #an 1e met.
8f po''i1le> yo" #an te't the #overage and ad4"'t the antenna de'ign a##ording
to the te't re'"lt> or re+plan the fre9"en#y to en'"re the voi#e 9"ality. Generally>
if the radiation power at the antenna interfa#e i' 17 d0m> the d0i 'mall indoor
omni antenna i' "'ed. 8n thi' #a'e> if the wall' are den'ely di'tri1"ted in the
area' within %7 meter' from the antenna> the #overage level #an rea#h +37 d0m.
5.19.& Capa#it$ 'nal$sis and (esign
0efore analyzing the #apa#ity> yo" m"'t define the type of the indoor 'ervi#e
area. !or detail'> 'ee $a1le 1.1.
Table 1.1 (efinition of indoor 'ervi#e area type
8ndoor
'ervi#e area
type
Chara#teri'ti# ):ample
P"1li#
'ervi#e area

$he traffi# i' hard to 1e predi#ted.
$he pop"lation n"m1er varie' with day

and night.
$he #apa#ity #hara#teri'ti#'> '"#h a'

"neven di'tri1"tion and 1"r'ting m"'t
1e #on'idered.
$he grade of 'ervi#e and the traffi# of

ea#h '"1'#ri1er are 'imilar to that for
o"tdoor #ell'.
&irport> 'hopping
#enter> and play
gro"nd.
Commer#ial
'ervi#e area

$he e:i'ted fi:ed network' are
fre9"ently "'ed.
$he traffi# i' relatively fi:ed and ea'y to

1e #al#"lated.
-igh 'ervi#e 9"ality i' re9"ired.
Generally> the grade of 'ervi#e <GoS= i'

1D> the traffi# of ea#h '"1'#ri1er #an
rea#h 7.1 )rl.
Offi#e 1"ilding
and #ommer#ial
hotel' of high
rank'.
!or the #ell organization mode of di'tri1"ted antenna 'y'tem> 'ee !ig"re 1..
!ig"re 1. Cell organization mode of di'tri1"ted antenna 'y'tem
&' 'hown in !ig"re 1.> there are two #ell organization mode' of di'tri1"ted
antenna 'y'tem> namely> 'ingle #ell and m"ltiple verti#al 'plit #ell'. $he 'ingle
#ell i' applied to the indoor environment whi#h re9"ire' 'mell #overage area.
$he m"ltiple verti#al 'plit #ell' are applied to the indoor environment with den'e
traffi#.
,ikewi'e> a 'ingle #ell will 'plit when the #apa#ity doe' not meet the re9"irement>
with verti#al 'plitting the 'plitting mode. Generally> a #ell will verti#ally 'plit into at
lea't three #ell' 'o that fre9"en#y re"'e #an 1e en'"red. !o"r layer' m"'t 1e
pre'ent 1etween two intra+fre9"en#y #ell'> a' 'hown in !ig"re 1.%. $o avoid
interferen#e 1etween fre9"en#ie'> yo" m"'t take mea'"re' to prevent a #ell from
horizontally 'plitting.

!ig"re 1.& .erti#al #ell 'plitting
5.19., !re@"en#$ Planning
8f the dedi#ated fre9"en#y i' adopted in indoor'> the fre9"en#y planning i'
relatively 'imple. Generally> the fre9"en#y re"'e mode in 1"'ine'' 'ervi#e area'
i' almo't the 'ame a' that in p"1i# 'ervi#e area'. 8f the fre9"en#y re'o"r#e i'
ade9"ate> yo" m"'t try 1e't to "'e dedi#ated 1and for indoor #overage. 8f not>
yo" #an 'ear#h the availa1le #hannel n"m1er' with relatively 'mall interferen#e
thro"gh '#anning the #hannel n"m1er'. 8f the fre9"en#y re'o"r#e' of the 677
M-z #annot meet re9"irement'> yo" #an introd"#e the 1577 M-z fre9"en#yS
namely> "'e a d"al+1and 'y'tem.
8f yo" 'teal fre9"en#y re'o"r#e for indoor 'y'tem d"e to no availa1le dedi#ated
fre9"en#y> yo" m"'t pay attention to the following'?
(o not 'ele#t the fre9"en#ie' of the neigh1or #ell'.
)n'"re that the 0CC- fre9"en#ie' are not interfered.
$he interferen#e on the $C- fre9"en#ie' #an 1e red"#ed with the help of
radio fre9"en#y hopping.
Sear#h the availa1le "plink fre9"en#ie' thro"gh "'ing 0$S e9"ipment' to

'#anning the "plink #hannel n"m1er'.
Sear#h the availa1le downlink fre9"en#ie' thro"gh "'ing drive te't

e9"ipment to '#anning the downlink #hannel n"m1er'.
8f the hierar#hi#al #ell 'tr"#t"re i' not "'ed> the #ell with the 'tronge't 'ignal
level i' the 'ervi#e #ell> and the interferen#e from neigh1or fre9"en#ie' #an
1e negle#ted.
8f the hierar#hi#al #ell 'tr"#t"re i' "'ed> the #ell with the 'tronge't 'ignal
level #annot ne#e''arily 1e the 'ervi#e #ell> 'o yo" m"'t take mea'"re' to
red"#e the interferen#e from neigh1or fre9"en#ie'.
0e#a"'e the environment i' "r1an area' i' 9"ite #ompli#ated> e'pe#ially the
effe#t of the antenna 1a#k lo1e i' pre'ent> the 'ervi#e area' for high 1"ilding'
are greatly interfered> 'o yo" m"'t #aref"lly plan the fre9"en#ie' for the indoor
#overage of high 1"ilding'. Generally> for the lower floor'> yo" #an plan the
fre9"en#ie' a##ording to general method. !or the higher floor' where the
interferen#e i' 'trong> yo" #an "'e dedi#ated #hannel n"m1er'. -owever> the
final fre9"en#y planning m"'t 1e 1a'ed on pra#ti#al te't'.
5.19.5 Traffi# Control
$he indoor #overage 'y'tem for high 1"ilding' #an 1e taken a' a 'y'tem
independent of o"tdoor 'y'tem' if the #overage of the indoor 'y'tem i' good.
$heoreti#ally> yo" #an only #on'ider the #ell 'ele#tion and re'ele#tion> handover
relation'hip> and the #ompa#t on o"tdoor network' at the entran#e' and e:it' of
the 1"ilding.
-owever> the a#t"al #ondition' are 9"ite #ompli#ated. !or e:ample> the 'ignal'
o"t'ide of the 1"ilding may 1e 'trong. 8n thi' #a'e> if a mo1ile 'tation i' powered
off> it may #amp on an o"t'ide #ell. $herefore> when optimizing the network> yo"
m"'t 'et the one+way ad4a#ent #ell and two+way ad4a#ent #ell a##ording to a#t"al
#ondition' and 'et the parameter'> '"#h a' CRO and $O to a proper val"e
a##ording to the reg"larity of #ell 'ele#tion and re'ele#tion. 8n addition> yo" #an
'et the indoor #ell' to a high priority 'o a' to re'erve more traffi#. &nd the inter+
layer handover thre'hold and hy'tere'i' are defined and ad4"'ted a##ording to
a#t"al #ondition'.
5.11 T"nnel Coverage
5.11.1 Chara#teristi# of T"nnel Coverage
&t pre'ent> mo't of the t"nnel' are dead zone'> 'o yo" m"'t make o"t 'pe#ial
'ol"tion' for t"nnel #overage. $he t"nnel type' in#l"de railway t"nnel> highroad
t"nnel> and "ndergro"nd railway t"nnel. )a#h t"nnel ha' it' #hara#teri'ti#'> and
they are 'pe#ified a' follow'.
!or the highroad t"nnel> it i' wide. $he #overage in the highroad t"nnel' i'
relatively 'ta1le. ;hen there are vehi#le' pa''ing 1y> yo" #an 'ele#t the
antenna' with a larger 'ize to o1tain a higher gain> 'o the #overage di'tan#e i'
larger.
!or the railway t"nnel> it i' narrow> e'pe#ially when there i' a train pa''ing 1yS
only a little room i' left in the t"nnel> 'o the radio propagation i' greatly affe#ted.
Moreover> the train ha' great effe#t on radio 'ignal'. Sin#e the antenna
in'tallation room i' 9"ite limited> the antenna 'ize and gain are greatly re'tri#ted.
8n addition> 1e#a"'e general #ar' #annot 1e driven to '"#h t"nnel'> the t"nnel
#overage i' hard to 1e te'ted. $herefore> the planning for highroad #overage i'
different from that of the railway #overage.
$he length of t"nnel' range' from 'everal h"ndred meter' to 'everal kilometer'.
!or 'hort t"nnel'> yo" #an adopt fle:i1le and e#onomi#al mean' to realize the
#overage. !or e:ample> yo" #an in'tall a general antenna near one end of the
t"nnel> with the radiation dire#ted to the in'ide. !or long t"nnel'> however> yo"
m"'t adopt other mean'. &#t"ally> the #overage 'ol"tion varie' with t"nnel'> 'o it
i' de'igned a##ording to a#t"al #ondition'.
!ig"re 1.1 and !ig"re 1. 'how the #ro'' 'e#tion of the 'ingle+tra#k railway
t"nnel and m"lti+tra#k railway t"nnel. $he 'maller the area of the #ro'' 'e#tion>
the greater the lo'' when a train pa''e' thro"gh the t"nnel. $he related
#al#"lation and analy'i' are 1a'ed on the m"lti+tra#k railway t"nnel' and
highroad t"nnel'. !or the #al#"lation and analy'i' for 'ingle+tra#k t"nnel'> the
prote#tion margin #an 1e 5 d0 greater than that of m"lti+tra#k railway t"nnel'.
!ig"re 1.1 Cro'' 'e#tion of 'ingle+tra#k railway
!ig"re 1. Cro'' 'e#tion of m"lti+tra#k railway'
0efore planning t"nnel #overage> yo" m"'t prepare for the following data?
,ength of the t"nnel
;idth of the t"nnel
N"m1er of t"nnel hole' <1 or =
Needed #overage pro1a1ility <57D> 67D> 65D or 66D=
Str"#t"re of the t"nnel <it i' #on'tr"#ted with metal' or #on#rete'=
N"m1er of needed #arrier' <1P%7=
Minim"m re#eiving level in the t"nnel <generally> it range' from +55 d0m to
+17 d0m=
(i'tan#e 1etween t"nnel hole'
;hether &CB(C i' availa1le
;hether the hole #an 1e p"n#hed in the t"nnel wall
Signal level at the t"nnel entran#e
):i'ted 'ignal level in the t"nnel

5.11. T"nnel Coverage Sol"tion
). .ink b"dget
8ndoor radio link lo'' i' mainly de#ided 1y path lo'' medi"m val"e and 'hadow
fading. & t"nnel #an 1e taken a' a t"1e. $he 'ignal' are tran'mitted thro"gh the
refle#tion of wall' and 'traight tran'mi''ion> with 'traight tran'mi''ion the ma4or
form. 8$2+R '"gge't' an indoor propagation model on page 1%5> whi#h i' al'o
effe#tive for t"nnel #overage. $he form"la i' a' follow'?
,path I 7 lg f J %7 lg d J ,f <n= + 5 d0
-ere>
KfL indi#ate' fre9"en#y <M-z=
KdL indi#ate' di'tan#e <m=
K,f8 indi#ate' penetration lo'' fa#tor' 1etween floor' <d0=
KnL indi#ate' the n"m1er of floor' lying 1etween the mo1ile 'tation and
antenna.
$he ,f ?n@ #an 1e negle#ted in t"nnel #overage> 'o the following e9"ation #an 1e
applied in the #al#"lation of the radio propagation in t"nnel'. $hat i'?
,path I 7 lgf J %7 lg d + 5 d0
$a1le 1.1 li't' the path lo'' in different t"nnel'.
Table 1.1 Path lo'' in different t"nnel'
(i'tan#e <m= GSM 677M-z <d0= GSM 1577M-z <d0=
57 5.7 55.1
177 61.7 63.7
157 5/.% 17.1
77 177.1 17/.1
%77 175.% 111.*
)). GSM signal so"r#e sele#tion
& GSM 'ignal 'o"r#e and a 'et of di'tri1"ted antenna 'y'tem are a m"'t for
t"nnel #overage. !or t"nnel #overage> the GSM 'ignal 'o"r#e i' 'ele#ted
a##ording to the radio #overage> tran'mi''ion> traffi#> and the e:i'ting network
e9"ipment' near the t"nnel. & ma#ro #ell 1a'e 'tation> a mi#ro #ell 1a'e 'tation>
or a repeater #an work a' a GSM 'ignal 'o"r#e for the t"nnel #overage.
!or the #overage of railway t"nnel' and highroad t"nnel'> the indoor ma#ro #ell
1a'e 'tation i' 'eldom "'ed a' 'ignal 'o"r#e> 1"t it #an 1e "'ed for an
"ndergro"nd railway whi#h re9"ire' the #overage of platform' and entran#e'. 8n
thi' #a'e> the #apa#ity of the 'ignal 'o"r#e m"'t 1e great. 8n mo't #a'e'>
however> the t"nnel #overage i' realized 1y mi#ro #ell 'ignal'.
!or the area' to 1e #overed> if the near1y network #apa#ity i' ade9"ate> the
#apa#ity e:pan'ion i' "nne#e''ary. &nd if there are good GSM 'ignal' availa1le>
namely> the donor 'ignal level meet' the re9"irement' of a repeater <for
e:ample> +37 d0m=S a repeater #an work a' the 'ignal 'o"r#e for the t"nnel
#overage. ;ith the in#rea'e of traffi#> however> yo" m"'t "'e GSM 1a'e 'tation'
to repla#e the repeater'.
&de9"ate i'olation m"'t left 1etween donor antenna and retran'mi''ion
antenna> tho"gh it will #a"'e diffi#"lty in antenna in'tallation. Generally> the log+
periodi#al antenna with great front+to+1a#k ratio i' "'ed a' the retran'mi''ion
antenna.
$he general antenna <wirele'' repeater=> #oa:ial #a1le> and opti#al fi1er <opti#al
repeater= #an #onne#t a repeater to a donor #ell.
!or t"nnel #overage> the in'tallation 'pa#e and a":iliary e9"ipment' are 9"ite
limited> 'o mi#ro #ell 1a'e 'tation' and repeater' in'tead of ma#ro #ell 1a'e
'tation' are often applied in t"nnel #overage.
8n mo"ntain area'> repeater' are more likely "'ed 1e#a"'e 'trong 'ignal level
often e:i't' at the mo"ntain top' near the t"nnel. 8n thi' #a'e> the antenna
i'olation re9"irement #an 1e ea'ily met. 8f the 'ignal level of the e:i'ted network
near the t"nnel i' not 'trong eno"gh> yo" #an "'e a mi#ro #ell for the t"nnel
#overage.
))). 'ntenna feeder s$ste% sele#tion
&fter de#iding the GSM 'ignal 'o"r#e> yo" m"'t #onfig"re the antenna feeder
'y'tem for the t"nnel #overage a##ording to a#t"al #ondition'. $hree type' of
#onfig"ration are availa1le> namely> #oa:ial feeder pa''ive di'tri1"ted antenna>
opti#al fi1er feeder a#tive di'tri1"ted antenna> and leaky #a1le. -ere"nder
introd"#e' the t"nnel #overage 1a'ed on #oa:ial feeder pa''ive di'tri1"ted
antenna and leaky #a1le.
5.11.& T"nnel Coverage 3ased on Coa1ial distrib"ted antenna s$ste%
8n a #oa:ial di'tri1"ted antenna 'y'tem> the following R! #omponent' are "'ed?
!eeder <%B5\> 1B\> or 3B5\= and 4"mper
Power 'plitter
Power 'plitter
&ntenna
$hi' 'e#tion introd"#e' three t"nnel #overage 'ol"tion' 1a'ed on the #oa:ial
di'tri1"ted antenna 'y'tem.
). Sol"tion 1
!ig"re 1.1 'how' the t"nnel #overage 'ol"tion 1a'ed on the 1i+dire#tional
pa''ive di'tri1"ted antenna 'y'tem.
!ig"re 1.1 $"nnel #overage 'ol"tion 1a'ed on 1i+dire#tional pa''ive di'tri1"ted
antenna 'y'tem
&##ording to thi' 'ol"tion> if the needed minim"m 'ignal level i' +55d0m <the
lo#ation pro1a1ility i' 57D=> yo" m"'t add a margin of 5 d0 if the want to
enhan#e the lo#ation pro1a1ility to 67D.
8f the gain of the 1i+dire#tional antenna i' 5 d0i> the lo'' of the e9"al pro1a1ility
power 'plitter and the 4"mper i' d0> and the feeder with the 'pe#ifi#ation of 3B5\
i' "'ed> the path lo'' in 177 meter' i' * d0 and the o"tp"t power of the
e9"ipment i' %6 d0m.
S"ppo'e that the level of the 'ignal' tran'mitted 1y the fir't 1i+dire#tional
antenna i' +55 d0m at the t"nnel entran#e> yo" #an #al#"late the di'tan#e
1etween the antenna and the t"nnel entran#e "'ing the following e9"ation?
Pout+ ,path <d= P ,cable <d= P ,Aumper J Gant I +55d0m J 5d0204Bloc.!rob
-ere>
Pout indi#ate' the o"tp"t power <%6d0m=.
,path <d= indi#ate' the path lo'' from the fir't 1i+dire#tional antenna to the
t"nnel entran#e.
,cable <d= indi#ate' the #a1le lo''.
,Aumper indi#ate' the 4"mper lo'' < C d0=.
Gant indi#ate' the antenna gain <5 d0i=.

8f introd"#ing the previo"' data to the e9"ation> yo" #an o1tain the '"m of the
,path <d= and ,cable <d=> that i'> 113 d0.
!or the relation'hip 1etween di'tan#e KdL and ,path <d= and ,cable <d=> 'ee
!ig"re 1.> in whi#h the #"rve indi#ate' ,path <d= and the 'lant line indi#ate'
,cable <d=.
!ig"re 1. Relation'hip of path lo'' and 3B5L #a1le lo''
&##ording to !ig"re 1.> yo" #an o1tain that d I %71m thro"gh e'timation.
8f a power 'plitter i' adopted for the fir't antenna> a lo'' of %d0 m"'t 1e added.
8n thi' #a'e> the '"m of ,path <d= and ,cable <d= i' 11* d0.
&##ording to !ig"re 1.> yo" #an al'o o1tain that d I /1m thro"gh e'timation.
!or railway t"nnel'> train filling will affe#t 'ignal propagation> 'o a prote#tion
margin of 5d0 m"'t 1e #on'idered when the antenna i' in'talled in the t"nnel. 8n
thi' #a'e> d I *7m. $hat i'> if a 1i+dire#tional antenna i' in'talled in the t"nnel> it
#an #overage a di'tan#e of *57m.
8f a power 'plitter i' adopted for the 'e#ond antenna> the #overage di'tan#e
1etween the fir't antenna and the 'e#ond antenna will 1e 'hortened "nle'' an
amplifier i' "'ed.
$he following' analyze the #overage when no amplifier i' adopted for the 'e#ond
antenna.
$he total power o"tp"t 1y the fir't power 'plitter <it i' in'talled at the fir't
antenna= Pout1 i' e:pre''ed a' follow'?
Pout1 I Pout P ,cable <d= + ,Aumper + ,splitter I %6d0m P,cable </1m= + d0 +
%d0I %.5/ d0m. <$he #a1le lo'' in /1m i' a1o"t 17.** d0> 4"mper lo'' i'
d0> and the power 'plitter inter'e#tion lo'' i' %d0=.
S"ppo'e the overlapping level 1etween the two antenna' i' +55 d0m> the
di'tan#e 1etween the 'e#ond antenna and the fir't antenna i'? d I d J :. -ere>
KdL indi#ate' the #overage di'tan#e of the fir't antenna </1m=> and K:L indi#ate'
the #overage di'tan#e of the 'e#ond antenna in the 'ingle dire#tion.
&##ording to the previo"' analy'i'> the following two e9"ation' #an 1e o1tained?
Pout1 P ,cable </1m= P ,cable <:= P ,Aumper J Gant P ,path <:= I + 55d0m
J 5d0204Bloc.!rob
,path <:= J ,cable <:= I 175.5/d0

Pl"' the two e9"ation'> yo" #an o1tain the val"e of :> that i'> 177m. $hi' mean'
that when no amplifier i' adopted> two antenna' #an #overage a t"nnel di'tan#e
of 3m> namely> Q</1 J 177= m I 3m.
8f yo" adopt #a'#aded antenna'> the tran'mit power i' relative low d"e to the
#oa:ial #a1le lo''. 8n thi' #a'e> yo" #an "'e the amplifier to amplify the power.
)). Sol"tion
8f a t"nnel i' not long> yo" #an adopt a 'impler #overage mode> a' 'hown in
!ig"re 1.1.
!ig"re 1.1 $"nnel #overage 'ol"tion 1a'ed on a 'ingle antenna
&##ording to thi' 'ol"tion> a dire#tional antenna i' in'talled at the t"nnel
entran#e> with the radiation dire#ted to the in'ide. $he following analyze thi'
#overage 'ol"tion.
8n thi' 'ol"tion> Pout I %6 d0m <'"ppo'e that the o"tp"t power of the GSM
'ignal 'o"r#e i' 5;=.
8f the ,path <d= indi#ate' propagation lo''> the '"m of ,cable <d= and ,Aumper i'
5d0> the antenna gain Gant i' 5 d0i> and the needed re#eived level i' +33d0m>
the ,path <d= i' e:pre''ed a' follow'?
,path <d= I %6d0m + 5d0 J 5d0i P <+33d0m= I 116 d0
&##ording to the e9"ation ,path <d= I 7 lg17f J %7 lg17d + 5 d0> the val"e of
KdL #an 1e o1tained> that i'> 555m.
$he previo"' analy'i' i' appli#a1le to highroad t"nnel'. !or railway t"nnel'> yo"
#an #on'ider a margin of 17 d0 d"e to the effe#t of train filling> 1"t the #overage
di'tan#e of the antenna in railway t"nnel' i' #al#"lated the 'ame a' that in
highroad t"nnel'. &##ording to the #al#"lation> d I %65m.
5.11., T"nnel Coverage 3ased on .eak$ Cable S$ste%
8f adopting leaky #a1le' to realize the t"nnel #overage> yo" m"'t find the
'pe#ifi#ation' of the leaky #a1le' and #omplete the leaky #a1le de'ign a##ording
to the following 'tep'?
1= (e#ide #overage fa#tor
= Cal#"late the gain of the 1i+dire#tional amplifier
%= )'timate the length of the leaky #a1le 1etween the feeder 'o"r#e and the
fir't amplifier
*= )'timate the length of the leaky #a1le 1etween the amplifier'
5= (e#ide the n"m1er of needed amplifier'
$he following' de'#ri1e the'e 'tep' in detail'.
). (e#ide #overage fa#tor
$he following information i' needed for de#iding the #overage fa#tor?
Co"pler lo''
N"m1er of #arrier'
Coverage pro1a1ility
Coverage fa#tor indi#ate' the lo'' in the area' meter' 1eyond the leaky #a1le
<along the verti#al dire#tion=. $hi' lo'' in#l"de' the #o"pler lo'' of the leaky
#a1le and prote#tion margin re9"ired 1y the #overage pro1a1ility. 8f 67D of
#overage pro1a1ility i' re9"ired> yo" m"'t add 5d0 to the medi"m level. Some
leaky #a1le' 'pe#ify the relation'hip 1etween the #overage pro1a1ility and
#o"pler lo''.
$he #overage fa#tor i' determined 1y the parameter'> '"#h a' #o"pler lo''> R!
#arrier n"m1er> #overage pro1a1ility> and t"nnel type. !or the de#i'ion of
#overage fa#tor in #on#reter t"nnel'> 'ee !ig"re 1.1. !or the de#i'ion of
#overage fa#tor in metal t"nnel'> 'ee !ig"re 1.. ;hen de#iding the #overage
fa#tor> yo" #an fi: a point in the graph and mark a horizontal line thro"gh thi'
point> and thi' line inter'e#t' re9"ired #overage pro1a1ility. $hi' inter'e#tion
point i' the #overage fa#tor.
!ig"re 1.1 Coverage fa#tor in #on#rete t"nnel'
!ig"re 1. Coverage fa#tor in metal t"nnel'
!or e:ample> if the leaky #a1le with a #o"pler lo'' of 31 <677 M-z= i' "'ed> the
R! #arrier n"m1er i' 15> and the #overage pro1a1ility i' 67> the #overage fa#tor
in a #on#rete t"nnel i' +33 a##ording to !ig"re 1.1.
)). (e#ide #able length between GSM signal so"r#e and the first a%plifier
0efore de#iding #a1le length 1etween GSM 'o"r#e and the fir't amplifier> yo"
m"'t o1tain the following information?
$ran'mit power of the 'ignal 'o"r#e <d0m=

]"mper lo''? 1 d0
Conne#tor lo''? 1 d0
,eaky #a1le lo''? d0
$ran'mit power at the feeder 'o"r#e <d0m=

;hen #al#"lating the power at a point of the feeder> yo" m"'t '"1tra#t the feeder
propagation lo'' from the GSM 'ignal 'o"r#e. 8f a wirele'' repeater with an
o"tp"t power of 15 d0m <15 #arrier'= i' "'ed a' the GSM 'ignal 'o"r#e> and the
atten"ation from the 4"mper to feeder> and from the feeder to the leaky #a1le i' 3
d0 <$hat i'> the power from the repeater i' tran'mitted from a 4"mper to a feeder>
and then from the 4"mper to a leaky #a1le> 'o fo"r #onne#tor' are needed.
Generally> the atten"ation i' d0 for ea#h 4"mper> 1 d0 for ea#h feeder> and 7.5
d0 for ea#h #onne#tor> 'o the total atten"ation i' 3 d0.=> the tran'mit power at
thi' point i' 11 d0. !or the #onne#tion of leaky #a1le> 'ee !ig"re 1.1.
!ig"re 1.1 Conne#tion '#heme of leaky #a1le
S"ppo'e the needed 'ignal level in a t"nnel i' +55 d0m> the 'ignal level at the
fir't amplifier m"'t 1e e9"al to or greater than +55 d0m. $he #o"pler lo'' and
longit"dinal propagation lo'' of the leaky #a1le are pre'ent 1etween the 'ignal
feeder point and the fir't amplifier. $hey are #al#"lated a##ording to the following
e9"ation?
,o'',ong I 11d0m P <+55d0m= J ,o''#o"p. -ere> ,o''#o"p indi#ate' the #overage
fa#tor> and it i' +33d0 when 67D #overage i' en'"red. $herefore> the ,o'',ong i'
16 d0 <that i'> 11d0m J 55d0m +33d0 I 16d0=.
$he #a1le length 1etween the 'ignal feeder 'o"r#e and the fir't amplifier #an 1e
o1tained a##ording to !ig"re 1. and !ig"re 1.%. !or e:ample> '"ppo'e that the
atten"ation i' *.%d0B177 for the leaky #a1le> yo" #an mark a pl"m1 line at the
point indi#ating *.%d0. $hi' pl"m1 line will inter'e#t the #"rve indi#ating 16 d0 at
a point> and then yo" mark a horizontal line 'tarting from thi' point. $he
horizontal line will inter'e#t the right verti#al a:i' at a point. &nd thi' point 'how'
the #a1le length. &##ording to thi' e:ample> the di'tan#e 1etween the 'ignal
'o"r#e and the fir't amplifier i' **7m <that i'> 16B*.% I **7m=.
!ig"re 1. Ca1le length 1etween amplifier' in metal t"nnel'
!ig"re 1.& Ca1le length 1etween amplifier' in #on#rete #a1le'
&##ording to the previo"' fig"re'> the left verti#al a:i' indi#ate' KRe9"ired
R&(8&MP GainL> whi#h #an 1e repla#ed 1y the radial lo'' of the leaky #a1le> 1"t
it make' no differen#e.
))). Needed a%plifier gain
0efore #al#"lating the ma:im"m amplifier gain> yo" m"'t #olle#t the following
information?
$he minim"m a##epta1le 'ignal level <d0m=
Coverage fa#tor <d0=
$he ma:im"m o"tp"t lo'' allowed 1y a 'ingle #arrier <d0m=

8f the amplifier i' not added> the 'ignal level o"tp"t 1y the leaky #a1le for the
longe't tran'mi''ion di'tan#e i' e9"al to the differen#e of the minim"m
a##epta1le 'ignal level and the #overage fa#tor.
$he 'ignal level at the leaky #a1le 1eyond the longe't tran'mi''ion di'tan#e may
1e lower the minim"m a##epta1le level> 'o an amplifier m"'t 1e added to amplify
the 'ignal' to the ma:im"m o"tp"t power allowed 1y a 'ingle #arrier. $he
amplifi#ation of thi' power i' related to the 'pe#ifi#ation' of the amplifier and the
n"m1er of #arrier'. 8f the ma:im"m o"tp"t power allowed 1y a 'ingle #arrier i'
known> the amplifier gain #an 1e #al#"lated a' follow'?
Needed amplifier gain I the ma:im"m o"tp"t power allowed 1y a 'ingle #arrier
<it depend' on the n"m1er of #arrier'= P <the minim"m a##epta1le 'ignal level P
#overage fa#tor=
&long the leaky #a1le> the ma:im"m o"tp"t power allowed 1y ea#h #arrier of a
1i+dire#tional amplifier i' related to the n"m1er of #arrier' that have 1een
amplified. $hi' i' #on'idered mainly for the intermod"lation interferen#e i'
pre'ent> 1e#a"'e the intermod"lation interferen#e will in#rea'e with the total
n"m1er of #arrier' that have 1een amplified> a' 'hown in !ig"re 1.1.
!ig"re 1.1 Relation'hip 1etween the ma:im"m o"tp"t power allowed 1y a 'ingle
#arrier and the n"m1er of #arrier' that have 1een amplified
Needed amplifier gain I the minim"m a##epta1le 'ignal level P #overage fa#tor J
the ma:im"m o"tp"t power allowed 1y a 'ingle #arrier.
&##ording to the previo"' e9"ation> if the minim"m a##epta1le 'ignal level i' +55
d0m> the #overage fa#tor i' +33> and the ma:im"m o"tp"t power allowed 1y a
'ingle #arrier i' 5 d0m> the needed amplifier gain i' 1% d0.
)/. (e#ide #able length between a%plifiers
0efore de#iding the #a1le length 1etween amplifier'> yo" m"'t know the needed
amplifier gain and the #a1le lo'' <d0B177m=. 88!ig"re 1. and 88!ig"re 1.% help
yo" de#ide the #a1le length 1etween amplifier'. !or e:ample> in a #on#rete
t"nnel> if the amplifier gain i' 1% d0 and the #a1le atten"ation i' *.%d0B177m> the
#a1le length 1etween two amplifier' i' %77m.
/. (e#ide the n"%ber of needed a%plifiers
0efore de#iding the n"m1er of needed amplifier'> yo" m"'t know the following
information?
$he #a1le length 1etween the feeder 'o"r#e and the fir't amplifier
$he #a1le length 1etween amplifier'
$he t"nnel length

8f the previo"' information i' known> the following form"la #an 1e "'ed to
#al#"late the n"m1er of needed amplifier'. $hat i'?
$he n"m1er of amplifier' G <the t"nnel length P the #a1le length 1etween the
feeder 'o"r#e and the fir't amplifier=B<the #a1le length 1etween amplifier'=>
ro"nding "p to the neare't integer.
&##ording to the form"la> if the t"nnel length i' 1777m> the #a1le length 1etween
amplifier' i' %77m> and the #a1le length 1etween the feeder 'o"r#e and the fir't
amplifier i' *7m> amplifie' are needed. $hat i'> <1777 P *7=B%77 I 1.6%> 'o
the neare't integer i' .
&fter de#iding the n"m1er of needed amplifier'> yo" #an optimize the di'tan#e
1etween amplifier'. $hat i'> yo" #an o1tain the di'tan#e 1etween the two
amplifier' 1y dividing the remaining di'tan#e 1y the n"m1er of needed amplifier.
&##ording to the previo"' e:ample> it i' 557B I 67m> namely> the di'tan#e
1etween the two amplifier' i' 67m> a' 'hown in !ig"re 1.1.
!ig"re 1.1 (i'tan#e 1etween amplifier'
/). Re%arks on leak$ #able installation
$he leaky #a1le m"'t not to"#h any metal. Generally> a leaky #a1le m"'t 1e
in'talled at a 'pot 5m away from #on#rete wall' and at lea't 17m away from
metal wall'. 8n addition> a leaky #a1le m"'t 1e in'talled near to the #overage
area. Mo" #annot ne#e''arily #on'ider the line+of+'ight propagation> 1e#a"'e the
'ignal' leaking from the #a1le will fill the 'pa#e near1y.
5.11.5 Coverage Sol"tions to T"nnels in (ifferent .ength
$hi' 'e#tion introd"#e' the #overage 'ol"tion' to t"nnel' in different length. 8n
a#t"al networking> the following #overage 'ol"tion' may 1e "'ed?
Mi#ro 1a'e 'tation <or repeater= J a 'ingle antenna
Mi#ro 1a'e 'tation <or repeater= J di'tri1"ted antenna 'y'tem
Mi#ro 1a'e 'tation <or repeater= J leaky #a1le

0efore de#iding whi#h #overage 'ol"tion 'ho"ld 1e adopted> yo" m"'t #on'ider
the following'?
8' the GSM 'ignal near the t"nnel entran#e 'trong eno"gh^
8' there any availa1le tran'mi''ion link near the t"nnel^

Generally> if the e:i'ted 'ignal level near the t"nnel entran#e <in#l"ding near1y
mo"ntain'= i' lower than +57 d0m> the mi#ro 1a'e 'tation i' re#ommended. 8f it i'
greater than +57 d0m> the mi#ro 1a'e 'tation or the repeater i' re#ommended. 8f
pro1lem' #on#erning tran'mi''ion are pre'ent> the repeater i' re#ommended.
;hen "'ing the repeater> yo" m"'t #on'ider that #ertain i'olation i' re9"ired
1etween repeater'.
). Coverage sol"tion to short t"nnels
Generally> the t"nnel' 'horter than 177m are defined a' 'hort t"nnel'. ;hen
planning the #overage for the'e t"nnel'> yo" m"'t #on'ider the #overage area'
near the t"nnel'. 8f 'everal t"nnel' are #lo'e to ea#h other> yo" #an in'tall a 1a'e
'tation or a repeater 1etween the t"nnel'. 8f adopting a mi#ro 1a'e 'tation> yo"
m"'t adopt the 1i+dire#tional antenna. 8f the antenna gain i' 5 d0i> yo" 'ho"ld
in'tall the antenna at the t"nnel entran#e 'o a' to en'"re #overage.
;hen de'igning t"nnel #overage 'ol"tion'> yo" m"'t f"lly #on'ider that fa#t that
#ar' and train' move at a high 'peed> 'o how to en'"re normal handover after
the #ar' or train' 'teering into the t"nnel' i' of vital importan#e.
8f the repeater i' "'ed a' the GSM 'ignal 'o"r#e and the 'ignal' o"t'ide the
t"nnel and the 'ignal' within the t"nnel 1elong to the 'ame #ell> no handover
pro1lem will o##"r. 8f the mi#ro #ell i' "'ed a' the GSM 'ignal 'o"r#e and the
'ignal' o"t'ide the t"nnel' and the 'ignal' within the t"nnel 1elong to different
#ell'> the 'ignal' in the o"t'ide #ell will drop dramati#ally when the train 'teer'
into the t"nnel. 8n thi' #a'e> handover fail"re may o##"r and #all drop will 1e
re'"lted in.
$o 'olve thi' pro1lem> yo" #an #on'ider adopting the following method'?
&dopt the 1i+dire#tional antenna for the t"nnel #overage> 1e#a"'e it #an
provide eno"gh overlapping area for handover.
)na1le 'pe#ial handover algorithm'> '"#h a' fa't level fall handover
algorithm. 8n thi' #a'e> a mo1ile 'tation #an hand over to another #ell when
the 'ignal level fall' fa't.
Sele#t the dire#tional antenna with 'mall front+to+1a#k ratio.

)). Coverage sol"tion to %iddle-length t"nnels
$hi' 'e#tion introd"#e' 'everal typi#al #overage 'ol"tion' to railway t"nnel'.
$he following' are a 'erie' of a''"mption'?
$he -"awei 0$S%771C <the ma:im"m o"tp"t power i' 5;= i' "'ed a' the
GSM 'ignal 'o"r#e.
$he repeater with 1 amplified #arrier and a ma:im"m o"tp"t power of ; i'
#on'idered.
$he lowe't re#eiving level i' de'igned to +55 d0m> and the #overage
pro1a1ility i' 67D <with a prote#tion margin of 5 d0=.
!or railway t"nnel #overage> 1e#a"'e the train will affe#t 'ignal
tran'mi''ion> if the antenna i' in'talled at the t"nnel entran#e> the prote#tion
margin m"'t 1e in#rea'ed 1y 17 d0. 8f the antenna i' in'talled in the t"nnel>
the prote#tion margin m"'t 1e in#rea'ed 1y 5d0.
$he dedi#ated dire#tional antenna with the 'pe#ifi#ation of (0331S57NSM>

the horizontal half power angle of /7U> and the antenna gain of 5 d0i i' "'ed
at the t"nnel entran#e.
$he 1i+dire#tional antenna with the 'pe#ifi#ation of A3%5**/ and antenna

gain of 5 d0i i' "'ed within the t"nnel.
&##ording to the'e a''"mption'> if a mi#ro 1a'e 'tation <%6 d0m= i' "'ed a' the
GSM 'ignal 'o"r#e> the #overage di'tan#e i' *77m when the antenna with a gain
of 5 d0i i' in'talled at the t"nnel entran#e> and the #overage di'tan#e i' *57m
when the 1i+dire#tional antenna with a gain of 5 d0i i' in'talled in the t"nnel.
8f a repeater <%% d0m= i' "'ed a' the GSM 'ignal 'o"r#e> the #overage di'tan#e
i' 57m when the antenna with a gain of 5 d0i i' in'talled at the t"nnel entran#e>
and the #overage di'tan#e i' %/7m when the 1i+dire#tional antenna with a gain of
5 d0i i' in'talled in the t"nnel.
$herefore> for the t"nnel' 'horter than 577m> yo" #an "'e the #om1ination of a
mi#ro 1a'e 'tation and a 'ingle antenna <or a repeater= for the t"nnel #overage.
!or #"rve t"nnel'> yo" #an in'tall a 1i+dire#tional antaean in the t"nnel.
&##ording to on+'ite '"rvey on the #ro''+'e#tion> the availa1le antenna 'ize> and
the t"nnel length> yo" #an "'e the antenna with a higher gain to #overage the
t"nnel' a little longer than 577m.
))). Coverage sol"tion to long t"nnels
!or the t"nnel' longer than 577m> yo" need to "'e the di'tri1"ted antenna
'y'tem or the leaky #a1le for the #overage. $he following' introd"#e the
#overage realized 1y the #om1ination of a mi#ro 1a'e 'tation and a leaky #a1le
<or a repeater=.
$he -"awei 0$S%771C <the ma:im"m o"tp"t power i' 5;= i' "'ed a' the
GSM 'ignal 'o"r#e.
$he repeater with 1 amplified #arrier and a ma:im"m o"tp"t power of ; i'
#on'idered.
$he lowe't re#eiving level i' de'igned to +55 d0m> and the #overage
pro1a1ility i' 67D <with a prote#tion margin of 5 d0=.
$he leaky #a1le with the 'pe#ifi#ation of S,;M-57- and the radial lo'' of
5d0B177 m i' "'ed.
$he #o"pler lo'' may 1e 33 d0 when the 67D of 'ignal' are re#eived.
&##ording to the'e a''"mption'> if a mi#ro 1a'e 'tation <%6 d0m= i' "'ed a' the
GSM 'ignal 'o"r#e> the #overage di'tan#e i' 577m when only the leaky #a1le
1"t no amplifier i' "'ed. 8f a repeater <%% d0m= i' "'ed a' the GSM 'ignal
'o"r#e> the #overage di'tan#e i' /57m when only the leaky #a1le 1"t no
amplifier i' "'ed. $he #overage di'tan#e will 1e larger if leaky #a1le' with
'maller lo'' are "'ed.
!or the #overage of 'till longer t"nnel'> yo" m"'t "'e amplifier' to amplify
'ignal'. $hat i'> yo" #an "'e either the di'tri1"ted antenna 'y'tem or the leaky
#a1le for the #overage 'ol"tion. 8n term' of te#hni#al inde:e' and in'tallation
'pa#e> #overage 'ol"tion 1a'ed on leaky #a1le i' re#ommended. 8n term' of
#o't> yo" m"'t 'ele#t a '"ita1le #overage 'ol"tion 1a'e on a#t"al #ondition'.
5.1 Repeater Planning
5.1.1 'ppli#ation 3a#kgro"nd
;ith rapid development of mo1ile #omm"ni#ation network'> people have higher
re9"irement' on 'ervi#e 9"ality. $hey hope to en4oy mo1ile 'ervi#e' anywhere
and anytime. &' for tele#omm"ni#ation #arrier'> they #annot ena1le a 1a'e
'tation in 'ome dead zone' d"e to the rea'on' '"#h a' #o't and tran'mi''ion
#ondition'. 8n thi' #a'e> a repeater #an provide an a":iliary and e#onomi#al
mean' to #overage the dead zone'.
). Repeater t$pes
!or the divi'ion of repeater type'> 'ee $a1le 1.1.
Table 1.1 (ivi'ion of repeater type'
(ivi'ion
'tandard
$ype Remark
$ran'mi''ion
mode
;irele'' repeater & wirele'' repeater adopt' a 'et of donor
antenna to re#eive the 'ignal' from the 1a'e
'tation. &fter amplifying the 'ignal'> it adopt' a
'et of retran'mi''ion antenna to forward the
'ignal' in another dire#tion. Generally> a
wirele'' repeater ha' only one re#eiving path>
'o the diver'ity antenna i' "nne#e''ary.
Opti#al repeater &n opti#al repeater tran'mit' 'ignal' "'ing
opti#al fi1er'> 'o the repeater 'ide and 1a'e
'tation 'ide m"'t have the opti#al
tran'mi''ion #apa1ility.
Channel
1andwidth
0andwidth 'ele#tion
repeater
& 1andwidth 'ele#tion repeater i' al'o #alled
wide1and repeater> and it #an 'ele#t a
fre9"en#y <for e:ample> the fre9"en#y with a
1andwidth of /M> 16M> or 5M= and amplify it.
Channel 'ele#tion
repeater
& #hannel 'ele#tion repeater i' al'o #alled
narrow 1and repeater or fre9"en#y 'ele#tion
repeater. 8t amplifie' the 'ele#ted #hannel
n"m1er' only. 8t i' a narrow 1and repeater
and amplifie' a limited #hannel n"m1er'.
New 'tyle Solar energy
repeater
& 'olar energy repeater i' of the wide1and
type. 8t i' 'imilar to a general wide1and
repeater e:#ept that it' power i' 'olar energy.
Prod"#t type ;irele'' fre9"en#y
'ele#tion repeater
C"rrently> the type' of the repeater' li'ted in
the left #ol"mn are in #ommer#ial "'e.
Opti#al fre9"en#y
'ele#tion repeater
;irele'' wide1and
repeater
Opti#al wide1and
repeater
)). Co%parison between repeater and %i#ro #ell
!or the #ompari'on 1etween the repeater and mi#ro #ell> 'ee $a1le 1.1.
Table 1.1 Compari'on 1etween repeater and mi#ro #ell
Mi#ro #ell Repeater
Many e9"ipment' and a long period
are needed for #on'tr"#ting a mi#ro
#ell.
& repeater i' in'talled in a fle:i1le way
and the 1a'e 'tation e9"ipment' and
tran'mi''ion e9"ipment' are
"nne#e''ary.
& mi#ro #ell #an e:pand the 'y'tem
#apa#ity. ;hen the #ell' near a 1a'e
'tation are 1"'y> a mi#ro #ell #an 1e
"'ed to ea'e the #onge'tion.
& repeater #an a1'or1 traffi#. ;hen a
#ell i' idle> it 1ring' the traffi# to thi'
#ell> th"' enhan#ing the "tilization
ratio of the e9"ipment'. & repeater
doe' not e:pand the #apa#ity for a
'y'tem.
$he 'y'tem need' to allo#ate #hannel
n"m1er' to a mi#ro #ell> 1"t thi' i'
hard to 1e realized in the area' where
the fre9"en#y re'o"r#e i' '#ar#e.
$he 'y'tem doe' not need to allo#ate
#hannel n"m1er' to a repeater> 1"t it
m"'t prevent the repeater from
interfering with other #ell'.
Note:
The filter of an intra'frequency repeater will produce a delay of about *Cs.
Theoretically, the ma#imum effective coverage distance of a ,-. cell will be
smaller than $*%m in this case.
& GSM 'y'tem m"'t ena1le the dynami# power #ontrol f"n#tion> whi#h i'
tran'parent to a repeater. Generally> yo" m"'t adopt the a"tomati# level #ontrol
te#hnologie' <&,C= for a repeater.
Note+
;hen the &,C te#hnology i' applied to a repeater> if a mo1ile 'tation i' too near
to the repeater> the repeater will red"#e the gain' for all the mo1ile 'tation'
within it' 'ervi#e area. 8n thi' #a'e> the #onver'ation 9"ality of 'ome mo1ile
'tation' will 1e#ome poor> or even #all drop may o##"rS e'pe#ially the mo1ile
'tation' far away from the repeater are greatly affe#ted.
))). 'ppli#ation #hara#teristi#s
Repeater' are mainly "'ed to #over the dead zone' in va't open land> and they
are the e:ten'ion of the 1a'e 'tation'. & repeater improve' the #overage 1"t
doe' add "p to the traffi# #apa#ity of a network. -owever> 1e#a"'e it enlarge'
the #overage of the 1a'e 'tation> the total traffi# vol"me in#rea'e'.
& wirele'' repeater applie' the radio tran'mi''ion mode> with 'hort #on'tr"#tion
period and effe#tive #o't. &n opti#al repeater adopt' opti#al fi1er a' tran'mi''ion
medi"m> 'o the tran'mi''ion lo'' i' 'mall and tran'mi''ion di'tan#e i' large> 1"t
#on'tr"#tion #o't i' greater than that of the wirele'' repeater.
$he appli#ation advantage of the wirele'' repeater lie' in low tran'mi''ion
re9"irement. 8f yo" plant the opti#al fi1er> there i' no pri#e advantage again't the
#on'tr"#tion of a mi#ro #ell 1a'e 'tation. 8n thi' #a'e> #on'idering the network
9"ality> yo" are re#ommended to 'ele#t the mi#ro #ell 1a'e 'tation.
Compared with wide1and repeater> a narrow 1and repeater ha' 1etter
performan#e and provide' 1etter 'ignal 9"ality. -owever> the following pro1lem'
are 'till pre'ent in appli#ation?
$he #arrier' of a narrow 1and repeater m"'t o"tn"m1er the #arrier'

#onfig"red for the 'o"r#e 1a'e 'tationS otherwi'e the repeater #annot
#apt"re a #hannel.
$he n"m1er of path' of many repeater' i' 'et to *> 'o the 1a'e 'tation'
o"tn"m1er * #arrier' #annot work a' the 'ignal 'o"r#e.
!or the 1a'e 'tation' with radio fre9"en#y and fre9"en#y hopping> if the
fre9"en#ie' in the fre9"en#y hopping 'et o"tn"m1er the path' 'ele#ted 1y
the repeater> the #onver'ation #annot 1e maintained.
;hen the #hannel n"m1er of the donor #ell of the repeater #hange'> yo"
m"'t ad4"'t the #hannel n"m1er> otherwi'e the pro1lem' '"#h a' #hannel
a''ignment fail"re> #all drop> and interferen#e will o##"r.
$he wide1and repeater allow' the 1a'e 'tation to adopt fre9"en#y hopping> and
yo" do not have to ad4"'t the #hannel n"m1er of the repeater after the #hannel
n"m1er of the donor #ell #hange' if the #hannel n"m1er i' within the 1andwidth
of the repeater. -owever> the wide1and repeater will amplify all the 'ignal' within
the 1and> 'o it #a"'e' great interferen#e again't other #ell'.
No matter whether the opti#al fi1er or wirele'' repeater i' applied> the '"m of the
radi"' of the 'ervi#e area of the repeater and the di'tan#e 1etween the repeater
and 1a'e 'tation #annot 1reak the $& limitation. !or general 1a'e 'tation'> the
di'tan#e 1etween a repeater and the 1a'e 'tation m"'t 1e 'horter than %5
kilometer'.
$he opti#al repeater #an 1e "'ed in the area' where the GSM radio 'ignal'
#annot rea#h and no 'pa#e i' left for a repeater. 0e#a"'e the tran'mi''ion lo''
of opti#al fi1er i' 'mall and it' 1andwidth i' wide> the opti#al repeater i' 9"ite
helpf"l for tran'mitting R! 'ignal'.
)ither an omni antenna or a dire#tional antenna #an 1e 'ele#ted for an opti#al
repeater a##ording to the a#t"al landform'. !or an opti#al repeater> it'
tran'mi''ion doe' not have to 1e i'olated from the re#eption. 8n addition> the
addre'' of an opti#al repeater i' ea'y to 1e de#ided. Generally> an opti#al
repeater i' applied in the dead zone' within #o"ntry'ide> highroad'> to"ring
area'> fa#torie'> and "r1an area'.
8n remote mo"ntain area' and along highroad'> yo" #an al'o #on'ider "'ing a
'olar energy repeater.
8n #on#l"'ion> the repeater i' "'ed for the following p"rpo'e'?
)nlarge #overage area and eliminate dead zone'.
Strength the field 'trength and enlarge #onverge of the 1a'e 'tation' in
"r1an area'.
)n'"re the #overage along the highroad' and t"nnel'.
Realize indoor #overage.

!or the appli#ation of the wirele'' repeater and opti#al repeater> 'ee !ig"re 1.1
and !ig"re 1..
!ig"re 1.1 &ppli#ation of wirele'' repeater
!ig"re 1. &ppli#ation of opti#al repeater
5.1. 7orking Prin#iples of Repeater
). 7ireless fre@"en#$ sele#tion repeater
!ig"re 1.1 'how' the working prin#iple' of a wirele'' fre9"en#y 'ele#tion
repeater. $he repeater re#eive' the R! 'ignal' from the 'ele#ted 1a'e 'tation
<donor antenna= and amplifie' and forward' the 'ignal'. $he antenna re#eiving
the 'ignal' from the 1a'e 'tation i' #alled donor antenna> the other antenna i'
#alled retran'mi''ion antenna.
!ig"re 1.1 ;orking prin#iple of wirele'' fre9"en#y 'ele#tion repeater
&##ording to !ig"re 1.1> the working prin#iple' of a wirele'' fre9"en#y 'ele#tion
repeater are a' follow'?
1= $he low+noi'e power amplifier pro#e''e' the 'ignal' <re#eived 1y the donor
antenna= from downlink #arrier'.
= $he 'ignal' <677 M-z R! 'ignal'= are down #onverted into 31 M-z
intermediate fre9"en#y <8!= 'ignal'.
%= $he 8! filter <with a 1andwidth of 77 A-z= amplifie' the 31 M-z 8! 'ignal'
and "p #onvert' the 'ignal' into the 677 M-z R! 'ignal'.
*= $he retran'mi''ion antenna <'ervi#e antenna= tran'mit' the 'ignal' to the
#overage area'.
$he "plink 'ignal' are al'o pro#e''ed a##ording to the previo"' pro#ed"re'.
)). 7ireless wideband repeater
!ig"re 1.1 'how' the working prin#iple' of a wirele'' wide1and repeater.
!ig"re 1.1 ;orking prin#iple of wirele'' wide1and repeater
$he wirele'' wide1and repeater work' a' the 'ame way a' the wirele''
fre9"en#y 'ele#tion repeater e:#ept the filter part. $he 1andwidth of the filter of
the wirele'' wide1and repeater i' fi:ed. Generally> it i' /M> 16M> or 5M.
))). Opti#al repeater
!ig"re 1.1 'how' the working prin#iple' of an opti#al repeater.
!ig"re 1.1 ;orking prin#iple of opti#al repeater
$he differen#e 1etween the opti#al fre9"en#y 'ele#tion repeater and the opti#al
wide1and repeater lie' in the #overage end. $he former adopt' the fre9"en#y
'ele#tion #omponent'> 1"t the later adopt' the varia1le 1andwidth option'.
Compared with the wirele'' repeater> the opti#al repeater doe' re9"ire i'olation
1etween donor antenna and retran'mi''ion antenna.
5.1.& Repeater Network Planning
). Repeater address sele#tion
$here i' no 'pe#ial re9"irement on the repeater addre'' 'ele#tion e:#ept the
following item'?
& repeater addre'' m"'t lie 1etween the donor 1a'e 'tation and the dead
zone> and the azim"th angle 1etween the donor antenna and the
retran'mi''ion antenna #annot 1e 'maller than 67U> a' 'hown in the
following fig"re.

8f the 'ervi#e antenna i' a dire#tional antenna> the repeater m"'t 1e

in'talled a1o"t 77 to 577 meter' 1eyond the dead zone. 8f the repeater i'
in'talled within the dead zone> the #overage 9"ality #annot rea#h the 1e't>
a' 'hown in the following fig"re.

;hen the repeater i' "'ed to #overage the den'e re'idential area' at the
edge' of the "r1an area> it #annot fa#e the 1"ilding'> 1e#a"'e great
penetration lo'' will 1e #a"'ed. 8n thi' #a'e> the repeater m"'t 1e in'talled
at the one 'ide of the 1"ilding> a' 'hown in the following fig"re.
$he area' to 1e #overed m"'t meet the re9"irement of line+of+'ight

tran'mi''ion.
$he repeater addre'' m"'t en'"re the re#eived 'ignal level re9"ired 1y the
repeater. Generally> the re#eived 'ignal level range' from +57 d0m to +57
d0m.
No 'trong #arrier who'e #hannel n"m1er i' the 'ame a' that of the donor
1a'e 'tation i' pre'ent at near the repeater addre''.
$he landform'> 1"ilding'> or tower' where the donor antenna and

retran'mi''ion antenna #an 1e in'talled. <$he donor antenna m"'t 1e
dire#ted to the 1a'e 'tation and the retran'mi''ion antenna m"'t 1e
dire#ted to the 'ervi#e area of the repeater. 8n addition> the i'olation
1etween the two antenna' m"'t 1e greater than 137 d0#.=
)). 'ntenna sele#tion
;hen 'ele#ting the antenna for a repeater> yo" m"'t #on'ider the following'?
Sele#t the proper antenna gain a##ording to the 'ignal' and #overage
#ondition
(o not adopt the omni antenna 1e#a"'e the wirele'' repeater i' affiliated to
the intra+fre9"en#y relay 'y'tem> otherwi'e the 'y'tem will perform 'elf+
e:#itation.
$he #omm"ni#ation 1etween the donor antenna and the donor 1a'e 'tation
antenna i' point+to+point #omm"ni#ation> 'o yo" m"'t 'ele#t the antenna
with high gain or narrow horizontal 1eam width. !or e:ample> to red"#e
interferen#e> yo" #an 'ele#t the refle#tor antenna or the log+periodi#al
antenna.
Sele#t retran'mi''ion antenna a##ording to the #hara#teri'ti#' of a

#overage area. !or a large #overage area> yo" #an 'ele#t the general
dire#tional antenna with high gain. !or t"nnel #overage> yo" #an 'ele#t the
Magi antenna or the 'piral antenna. !or indoor #overage> yo" m"'t 'ele#t
the antenna 'pe#ially de'igned for indoor "'e. No matter in what o##a'ion'>
yo" m"'t #ontrol the tran'mit dire#tion of the retran'mi''ion antenna to
prevent the retran'mitted 'ignal' from feeding in the donor antenna.
$he front+to+1a#k ratio of the antenna m"'t 1e a' great a' po''i1le <it i'
1etter to 1e greater than %7 d0= 'o that a 1etter i'olation 1etween the donor
antenna and retran'mi''ion antenna #an 1e en'"red.
))). Re@"ire%ents on antenna isolation
$he i'olation 1etween repeater antenna' depend' on the ho't gain> 1"t the ho't
gain #annot e:#el the i'olation #oeffi#ient for 'elf+e:#itation. &##ording to the
re9"irement' in ,-. protocols 0$.$0, the i'olation m"'t 1e at lea't 15 d0
greater than the ho't gain. 8n a#t"al pro4e#t de'ign> yo" #an 4"dge whether the
in'tallation po'ition meet' the re9"irement' on antenna i'olation a##ording to
on+'ite mea'"rement.
&##ording to the form"la' #al#"lating the antenna horizontal i'olation introd"#ed
in 5.3. 88> the following form"la #an 1e ded"#ted?
&- I %1./ J 7 lgd P <Gt J Gr= d0 <677 M-z=
&- I %3./ J 7 lgd P <Gt J Gr= d0 <1577 M-z=

-ere> KdL indi#ate' the di'tan#e 1etween the donor antenna and retran'mi''ion
antenna> in the "nit of meter. Gt and Gr indi#ate the antenna gain relative to the
ma4or lo1e in the dire#tion of the two antenna'. 8f the two antenna' are 1a#k+to+
1a#k in'talled> Gt and Gr indi#ate the front+to+1a#k ratio of the antenna> a'
'hown in !ig"re 1.1.
!ig"re 1.1 -orizontal i'olation of repeater antenna'
$he form"la #al#"lating the verti#al i'olation of repeater antenna' i' a' follow'?
&v I *3.% J *7 logd d0 <677 M-z=
&v I 56.% J *7 logd d0 <1577 M-z=

!ig"re 1. 'how' the verti#al i'olation.
!ig"re 1. .erti#al i'olation of repeater antenna'
8f the horizontal i'olation and verti#al i'olation are pre'ent 'im"ltaneo"'ly> the
total i'olation #an 1e #al#"lated 1y the following form"la?
&S I <&. + &-= aB67 J &-> here &. indi#ate' the verti#al i'olationS &- indi#ate' the
horizontal i'olationS and KaL indi#ate' the antenna in#l"ded angle.
!ig"re 1.% 'how' the #om1ination of verti#al i'olation and horizontal i'olation.
!ig"re 1.& Com1ination of verti#al i'olation and horizontal i'olation
!ig"re 1.* 'how' the antenna i'olation when the donor antenna and
retran'mi''ion antenna are horizontally in'talled.
!ig"re 1., &ntenna i'olation when donor antenna and retran'mi''ion antenna
are horizontally in'talled
&' 'hown in !ig"re 1.*> the donor antenna and retran'mi''ion antenna are
in'talled on the top of the 1"ilding. S"ppo'e the ho't gain i' 177 d0> the i'olation
1etween the two antenna' #an 1e 17 d0. 8f the front+to+1a#k ratio of the donor
antenna and the retran'mi''ion antenna i' %7 d0> when no 1arrier' are pre'ent
1etween the two antenna'> the re9"irement on the i'olation #an 1e met.
8f the 'pa#e lo'' of the 'ignal' 1etween the two antenna' i' /7 d0> the horizontal
i'olation di'tan#e #an 1e o1tained> that i'> d I /m.
("ring pro4e#t implementation> yo" m"'t 'ele#t the antenna in'tallation po'ition
a##ording to on+'ite mea'"rement. Mo" #an "'e a 'ignal 'o"r#e and a re#eiver
for the repeater. 8f the 'ignal atten"ation 1etween the 'ignal 'o"r#e and the
re#eiver rea#he' /7 d0> it mean' that the antenna in'tallation po'ition meet' the
re9"irement on antenna i'olation.
;hen in'talling the antenna for a repeater> yo" m"'t pay attention to the
following item'?
8f the antenna' are horizontally in'talled> the ho't of the repeater m"'t 1e
in'talled 1etween the donor antenna and the retran'mi''ion antenna <it
m"'t 1e nearer to the donor antenna.=
& good i'olation m"'t 1e en'"red regardle'' that the antenna' are
horizontally or verti#ally in'talled. ;hen they are horizontally in'talled> it i'
1etter that there are 'ome 1arrier' lying 1etween the donor antenna and the
retran'mi''ion antenna> 1e#a"'e yo" do not have to parti#"larly de'ign a
large in'tallation 'pa#e to en'"re antenna i'olation in thi' #a'e.
)/. 4plink and downlink balan##e #al#"lation
!or a GSM repeater> the link 1alan#e i' realized 1y fo"r link'> namely> the "plink
and downlink 1etween the donor 1a'e 'tation and repeater> and the "plink and
downlink 1etween the repeater and mo1ile 'tation.
$hi' 'e#tion employ' the wirele'' repeater applied in o"tdoor' a' an e:ample to
#al#"late the link 1alan#e. $o 'implify the #al#"lation> we introd"#e the effe#tive
donor path lo'' <)(oP,=> whi#h in#l"de' all the lo'' and gain from the o"tp"t
end of the 1a'e 'tation #om1iner or the inp"t end of the m"lti+path #o"pler to the
inp"t end of the repeater> a' 'hown in !ig"re 1.1.

!ig"re 1.1 ,ink 1alan#e of repeater
$he link 1alan#e i' #al#"lated a##ording to the following two form"la'?
!or downlink'> P1o"t + )(oP, J GR( + ,R! J GR& + ,pa'' + Pmn I Pmin.
!or "plink'> Pmo"t + ,pa'' J GR& + ,R! J GR2 + )(oP, + P1n I P1in.
-ere>
P1o"t indi#ate' the o"tp"t power of the 1a'e 'tation.
Pmo"t indi#ate' the o"tp"t power of the mo1ile 'tation.
GR( indi#ate' the downlink gain of the repeater.
GR2 indi#ate' the "plink gain of the repeater.
,R! indi#ate' the feeder lo'' of the retran'mi''ion antenna.
GR& indi#ate' the gain of the retran'mi''ion antenna.
,pa'' indi#ate' the path lo'' the mo1ile 'tation' from the repeater to the
'ervi#e area.
P1n indi#ate' the atten"ation margin of the mo1ile 'tation.
P1in indi#ate' the re#eiving level of the 1a'e 'tation.
Pmin indi#ate' the re#eiving level of the mo1ile 'tation.
0$S'en' indi#ate' the 1a'e 'tation 'en'itivity.
MS'en' indi#ate' the mo1ile 'tation 'en'itivity.

8f the "plink )(oP, and downlink )(oP, are e9"al to the "plink path lo'' and
the downlink path lo'' from the repeater and mo1ile 'tation> the atten"ation
margin of the 1a'e 'tation i' e9"al to that of the mo1ile 'tation. $herefore> if yo"
'"1tra#t the form"la #al#"lating "plink 1alan#e from the form"la #al#"lating
downlink 1alan#e> yo" #an get P1o"t + Pmo"t J GR( + GR2 I Pmin + P1in.
8f the link' are 1alan#e> the e9"ation Pmin + P1in I ('en' I MS'en'+ 0$S'en' i' pre'ent.
8n thi' #a'e> the form"la #al#"lating link 1alan#e i' P1o"t + Pmo"t J GR( + GR2 I ('en'.
$herefore> the ('en' i' fi:ed after the 1a'e 'tation e9"ipment' are 'ele#ted.
Moreover> the o"tp"t power of the 1a'e 'tation and mo1ile 'tation may 1e
de#ided in GSM 'y'tem planning. &' a re'"lt> to a#hieve the 1alan#e of the
whole link'> yo" need to ad4"'t the "plink gain and downlink gain of the repeater
only.
$he following' employ the repeater 'y'tem in'talled in o"tdoor' a' an e:ample
to #al#"late the whole link 1alan#e.
!or downlink 1"dget of the o"tdoor repeater > o"tp"t power of the tran'mitter
<J*%d0m= P lo'' of the #om1iner <*d0= P )doP, <67d0= I inp"t power of the
repeater <+51d0m= J downlink gain of the repeater <57d0= I downlink o"tp"t
power of the repeater <J6d0m= P feeder lo'' of the retran'mi''ion antenna
<%d0= J gain of the retran'mi''ion antenna <15d0i= P path lo'' of the repeater in
the #overage area <13d0= I inp"t level of the mo1ile 'tation <+5%d0m= P
atten"ation margin <7d0m= I the mo1ile 'tation 'en'itivity <+17%d0m=.
Note+
$o o1tain the val"e of )(oP,> yo" #an mea'"re the inp"t level of the donor
repeater and o"tp"t level of the 1a'e 'tation #om1iner fir't> and then o1tain the
differen#e 1etween the two> and the differen#e i' the val"e of )(oP,. 8n addition>
the gain of the mo1ile antenna m"'t 1e #onverted to 7 d0i.
!or "plink 1"dget of the o"tdoor repeater> o"tp"t power of the mo1ile 'tation
tran'mitter <J%%d0m= P path lo'' of the repeater in the #overage area <13d0= J
gain of the retran'mi''ion antenna <15d0i= P feeder lo'' of the retran'mi''ion
antenna <%d0= I inp"t power of the repeater <+36d0m= J "plink gain of the
repeater <57d0= I o"tp"t power of the repeater <J1d0m= P)doP, <67d0= I inp"t
level of the 1a'e 'tation <+56d0m= P atten"ation margin <7d0m= I 1a'e 'tation
'en'itivity <+176d0m=.
Note+
0e#a"'e yo" do not have to #on'ider the diver'ity f"n#tion> the atten"ation
margin on "plink' i' the 'ame a' that on downlink'. &##ording to the previo"'
link 1"dget> the downlink' are re'tri#ted 1y the o"tp"t power of the repeater> the
"plink' are re'tri#ted 1y the o"tp"t power of the mo1ile 'tation> and the noi'e
re'tri#t' the ma:im"m gain <)(oP,+17 d0=> 'o the link 1alan#e i' pre'ent.
-owever> thi' i' the mo't #ommon 'it"ation. &#t"ally> yo" m"'t #al#"late the
margin for all link' when in'talling or optimizing the repeater 'y'tem. $he late't
repeater '"pport' the "plink gain and downlink gain to 1e 'et re'pe#tively.
-ere"nder i' an e:ample.
$here i' a 1a'e 'tation #overing part' of a highroad. 8t' #overage radi"' i'
a1o"t 7 km.
$he mea'"red 'ignal 'trength at the edge' of the 1a'e 'tation #ell' i'
+6%d0m.
$he mi#rowave link tower on the top of the hill near the 1a'e 'tation i'
'ele#ted a' the addre'' of the repeater.
8n the area' <in#l"ding mo"ntain'= %57m 1elow the top of the tower> the
re#eived level of the mo1ile 'tation i' +31 d0m.
$he log+periodi#al antenna with a gain of 15d0i and an azim"th angle of

%5Ui' "'ed a' the donor antenna.
$he antenna i' in'talled at 15 meter' "nder the tower top and fa#e' the
1a'e 'tation.
8f the previo"' #ondition' are pre'ent> the 'ignal' o"tp"t 1y the repeater are +5*
d0m. 8f a plane antenna with a gain of 13 d0i and a horizontal azim"th angle of
/7 degree' i' in'talled at the top of the tower and the antenna radiate' to the
rever'e dire#tion of the donor antenna> the re9"irement' on antenna i'olation
#an 1e met even if the gain of the repeater rea#he' 55 d0. 8n thi' #a'e> the
o"tp"t power of the repeater i' %7 d0m. &nd the level of the 'ignal' in the area'
along the highroad whi#h are 7 km 1eyond the tower #an rea#h +67 d0m.
$herefore> the radi"' of the #ell along the highroad i' enlarged 1y 57D.
Note+
8f a retran'mi''ion antenna i' in'talled at the top of the tower> yo" m"'t en'"re
that the re#eived 'ignal level in the zero point filling area' near the tower.
/. Repeater o"tp"t power #ontrol
;hen adopting a repeater> yo" m"'t pay 'pe#ial attention to the effe#t of the
intermod"lation prod"#t' again't the 'y'tem. $he intermod"lation prod"#t' of the
repeater depend on the n"m1er of the amplified #arrier'> the o"tp"t power of
ea#h #arrier> and the linearity of the amplifier. !or the linearity of the amplifier>
'ee !ig"re 1.1.
!ig"re 1.1 ,inearity of the amplifier
$hird order intermod"lation will in#rea'e with o"tp"t power d"e to the
nonlinearity of the amplifier. $herefore> yo" m"'t #ontrol the o"tp"t to a #ertain
degree to en'"re that that the inde:e' on third order intermod"lation meet the
re9"irement'. $he following form"la 'how' the relation'hip 1etween the o"tp"t
power of ea#h #arrier of the repeater and the re9"irement' on third order
intermod"lation.
Po I 8P% J <P8MPB= J17 lg <NB=
-ere>
Po indi#ate' the o"tp"t power of ea#h #arrier <d0m=

8P% indi#ate' the third order 'e#tion of the amplifier <d0m=
P8MP indi#ate' the level of the third order intermod"lation <d0#=
N indi#ate' the n"m1er of #arrier'

8f the third order 'e#tion of the amplifier of a typi#al repeater i' 57 d0m> and the
intermod"lation level m"'t 1e lower than +*5 d0# a##ording to the re9"irement of
the wirele'' #omm"ni#ation in'tit"te' in 0ritain> the relation'hip of the o"tp"t
power of ea#h #arrier and the n"m1er of #arrier' i' li'ted in $a1le 1.1.
Table 1.1 Relation'hip of o"tp"t power of ea#h #arrier and the n"m1er of #arrier'
of a repeater
$he n"m1er of #arrier' $he o"tp"t power of ea#h #arrier <d0m=
J*.5
* J1.5
17 J7.5
7 J13.5
/). Repeater gain setting
$he gain of the early repeater' m"'t 1e 'et man"ally> 1"t the late't gain of the
late't repeater' #an 1e a"tomati#ally 'et. !or the repeater' who'e gain i' 'et
man"ally> the '"m of the repeater gain and the prote#tion margin m"'t 1e e9"al
to or 'maller than the repeater i'olationS otherwi'e> the 'elf+e:#itation of the
repeater will 1e #a"'ed. -ere the repeater i'olation indi#ate' the i'olation
1etween the donor antenna and the retran'mi''ion antenna of the repeater.
Generally> the prote#tion margin range' from 17 d0 to 15 d0.
/)). Repeater ad=a#ent #ell planning
$he #overage area' of a repeater may overlap other donor #ell'> 'o yo" m"'t
#onfig"re the #orre'ponding ad4a#ent #ell relation'hip for the repeater to en'"re
normal handover. 8n addition> yo" m"'t pay attention that the fre9"en#ie' in the
#overage area' of the repeater and that in the donor #ell' #annot 1e the 'ame
fre9"en#y and neigh1or fre9"en#y.
/))). *ffe#t of dela$ pro#essing against repeater planning
8f only one repeater #annot f"lly #over an area <'"#h a' a narrow and long
t"nnel=> yo" #an "'e 'everal #a'#aded repeater' to provide the #overage. $he
'ele#tion of the addre'' and antenna for the repeater of ea#h level i' the 'ame
a' that for a 'ingle repeater.
-owever> the repeater will amplify the 'ame fre9"en#y and it take' 'ome time for
the repeater to pro#e'' the 'ignal> 'o there i' a delay for ea#h 'ignal 'egment. 8f
the delay i' greater than the time for the GSM 'y'tem to identify the time
window> the intra+fre9"en#y interferen#e will o##"r. $herefore> yo" m"'t #on'ider
the effe#t of the delay when adopting #a'#aded repeater'> 1e#a"'e the delay will
al'o a##elerate the time di'per'ion and 'horten the #overage di'tan#e.
8f adopting the opti#al repeater> yo" m"'t #on'ider that the tran'mi''ion 'peed of
the 'ignal' in opti#al fi1er' i' B% that of in free 'pa#e> namely> if the e:ten'ion
#ell te#hnology i' not "'ed> the ma:im"m tran'mi''ion di'tan#e of the 'ignal' in
opti#al fi1er i' %5 km m"ltiplie' B% <a1o"t %.% km= d"e to the re'tri#tion on
tran'mi''ion delay.
8n addition> if one of three 'yn#hrono"' #ell' adopting the opti#al repeater> the $&
of two #ell' will 1e different d"e to the differen#e of tran'mi''ion mode and rate.
8n thi' #a'e> the 'yn#hrono"' handover fail"re will o##"r. $herefore> yo" m"'t
adopt the a'yn#hrono"' handover to o1tain the $& of a new #ell> whi#h work' a'
the handover target #ell.
$he delay pro#e''ing varie' with repeater type'. Some take to % V' and 'ome
take' 5 to /V'. 8n a GSM 'y'tem> the delay of two 'ignal' #annot 1e greater than
1/V'. !or the effe#t of repeater delay pro#e''ing again't time di'per'ion> 'ee
!ig"re 1.1.
!ig"re 1.1 )ffe#t of repeater delay pro#e''ing again't time di'per'ion
8n !ig"re 1.1> the di'tan#e 1etween point & and the repeater KdL i' .1km. $he
delay for the mo1ile 'tation at point & to re#eive the 'ignal' from the repeater
and the #ell i' a' follow'?
<.1km J .1km=B# <light 'peed= J %V' I 1*V' J %V' I 13V' F 1/V'.
8n thi' #a'e> the intra+fre9"en#y interferen#e may 1e pre'ent. 8f the differen#e of
the level' of the two 'ignal' i' e9"al to or lower than 1 d0> the #onver'ation
9"ality will 1e affe#ted.
$he time di'per'ion will #a"'e intra+fre9"en#y interferen#e> and the time
di'per'ion i' #a"'ed 1y the overlap of the 'ignal 'o"r#e #ell and the repeater
#overage area. $herefore> yo" m"'t 'ele#t the 'ignal of the 'e#ondary #ell' in
the #overage area' of the repeater in'tead of the 'ignal' of the ma4or 'ervi#e #ell
a' the 'o"r#e 'ignal of the repeater. 8n thi' #a'e> the time di'per'ion #a"'ed 1y
overlap #an 1e avoided.
)>. *ffe#t of ba#kgro"nd noise against repeater planning
S"ppo'e that the ma:im"m re#eived noi'e level allowed 1y the 1a'e 'tation i'
(N> if the "plink 1a#kgro"nd noi'e level of the repeater ho't i' too great> the 1a'e
'tation #hannel' will 1e #onge'ted when the noi'e level at the 1a'e 'tation i'
greater than (N. -owever> how to 'et the repeater witho"t affe#ting the 1a'e
'tation^ $hey are introd"#e' a' follow'.
8f the following a''"mption' are pre'ent?
$he tran'mitted 'ignal 'trength of the 1a'e 'tation i' $1.
$he re#eived 'ignal 'trength of the 1a'e 'tation i' R1.
$he re#eived downlink 'ignal 'trength of the 1a'e 'tation ho't i' (r.
$he tran'mitted "plink 'ignal 'trength of the 1a'e 'tation ho't i' 2t.
8n thi' #a'e> the path lo'' 1etween the 1a'e 'tation and the repeater i' $1+(r> 'o
R1 I 2t P <$1+(r=. &' a re'"lt> if the repeater doe' not affe#t the 1a'e 'tation> R1
E
(N> 'o the following two ine9"itie' are pre'ent?
2t P ($1 + (r) E (N
2t
E $1+(r J (N
&##ording to the previo"' analy'i'> the repeater doe' not affe#t the 1a'e 'tation
if the "plink 1a#kgro"nd noi'e level o"tp"t 1y the repeater ho't i' lower than <$1+
(rJ(N=. !rom thi' per'pe#tive of review> the 1a#kgro"nd noi'e m"'t 1e
parti#"larly empha'ized in repeater planning 1e#a"'e it i' ea'ier to 1ring
interferen#e than other type' of 1a'e 'tation'.
>. Spe#ifi#ations of wireless repeaters
!or the 'pe#ifi#ation' of 'ome repeater' in #ommer#ial "'e> 'ee $a1le 1.1.
Table 1.1 Spe#ifi#ation' of part' of repeater' in #ommer#ial "'e
So"r#e T
Referen#e
$ypeB1and
B#hannel
'ele#tive
Power <;=
(ownlink
<2plink=
Gain <d0=
(ownlink
<2plink=
Noi'e
!ig"re
<d0=
(ownlink
<2plink=
%
rd
order
inter#ept
<d0m=
(ownlink
<2plink=
No. of
#hannel'
Size
<mm=
&!,
GSM
677M-z
0and 1> 5> 17>
7> 5
%7> 57> 57>
65 <%7> 57>
57> 65=
*.5 <*.5= *7> *3>
57> 5*
<*7> *3>
57> 5*=
NB& */7:
557:
7
<17;=
GSM
1577M-z
0and 1> 5> 17>
7>5
%7> 57> 57
<%7> 57>
57=
E *.5
<E*.5=
*7> *3>
57> 5*
<*7> *3>
57> 5*=
NB& */7:
557:
7
<17;=
GSM Channel 1> 5> 17>
7>5
%7> 57> 57
65> <%7> 57>
57> 65=
/.7 </.7= *7> *3>
57> 5*
<*7> *3>
57> 5*=
1> > *> 5 */7:
557:
7
<17;=
GSM
1577M-z
Channel 1> 5> 17>
7>5
%7> 57> 57
65> <%7> 57>
57> 65=
E /.7
<E /.7=
*7> *3>
57> 5*
<*7> *3>
57> 5*=
1> > *> 5 */7:
557:
7
<17;=
&llgon
&R 177
GSM
677M-z
0and 57+67 5 5 NB& **7<;=
5%7<-=
13*<(=
&R 17
GSM
677M-z
Channel * d0m
<7= d0m
*7+/7 E /.7 %7<;=
55<-=
17<(=
&R 177
GSM
1577M-z
Channel %% d0m
<+#hannel=
%7 d0m
<*+#hannel=
57+67 5 1+*> 5+5 **7<;=
5%7<-=
13* or
*7<(=
Mikom
MR %*7 Channel % d0m
<+#hannel=
5 d0m
<*+#hannel=
55+56
<+#hannel=
5+5/
<*+#hannel=
/+5 +#hannel
mod"le'
per
#a1inet
NO
*5<;=
55<-=
117<(=
5.1& Con#l"sion
Network planning i' the fo"ndation of a mo1ile #omm"ni#ation network>
e'pe#ially the wirele'' part' in a mo1ile #omm"ni#ation network #o't' great and
i' of vital importan#e to network 9"ality> 'o yo" m"'t make a good planning at
earlier 'tage> whi#h i' helpf"l for network e:pan'ion and 'ervi#e "pdate in the
f"t"re.
Network planning re9"ire' engineer' to analyze #overage> de#ide network
layer'> and analyze traffi# 1a'ed on relative te#hnologie' and parameter'> and
finally o"tp"t the re'"lt' of R! planning> in#l"ding 1a'e 'tation layo"t and '#ale.
R! planning> a' well a' the appli#ation of #ell parameter'> determine' the #ell
#overage. $he #ell #overage m"'t 1e properly de'igned 'o that the mo1ile
'tation #an alway' en4oy the 1e't 'ervi#e at the 1e't #ell'. 8n addition> the #ell
#overage m"'t 1e de'igned in a way #ond"#ive to network #apa#ity e:pan'ion.
$hi' #hapter al'o introd"#e' the 'ol"tion' to d"al+1and network> indoor
#overage> t"nnel #overage> and 'o on. ,a't> thi' #hapter introd"#e' the repeater
appli#ation.

Chapter 5 - GSM Radio Network Planning

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GSM Radio Network Planning and Optimization

Chapter 5 GSM Radio Network Planning

.alid tran'mit power of the 1a'e 'tation

;orking 1and' to 1e "'ed <677 M-z or 1577 M-z=

&ntenna type and in'tallation po'ition

Radio propagation environment

Carrier'@ inde:e' on #overage

)'timate the ma:im"m 1a'e 'tation #onfig"ration type a##ording to the

Sele#t the de'ign inde:e'

Sele#t the de'ign parameter'> whi#h in#l"de'?

(efinition of #overage area'

Spe#ifi# divi'ion of the 'ervi#e 9"ality in #overage area'

Grade of 'ervi#e <GoS= at 2m interfa#e

Predi#tion of network #apa#ity and '"1'#ri1er growth rate

&vaila1le 1and' and re'tri#tion' on "'ing 1and'

Re'tri#tion' on 1a'e 'tation addre'' and the n"m1er of #arrier'

Penetration lo'' in #ar' or indoor environment

Performan#e and 'en'itivity of 1a'e 'tation'

R"le' on 1a'e 'tation naming and n"m1ering

8nformation of the 1a'e 'tation' in the e:i'ting network

(en'e high 1"ilding' and man'ion' di'tri1"ted in

!lo"ri'hing 'hopping #enter'

Relatively developed e#onomy

Relatively large traffi#

(en'e 1"ilding' di'tri1"ted in #enter area'

&#tive and promi'ing 'hopping #enter'

Promi'ing e#onomi# development

Relative den'e 1"ilding' di'tri1"ted in #enter area'

& #ertain '#ale of 'hopping #enter' 1"t with great

National high way

Road' in mo"ntain area'

,enerally, the propagation loss of ,-. )/00.1( signals is / d+ greater

For the areas in countryside, the two ratios can be lower.

$he antenna i' in'talled on 1"ilding top'.

8t #over' 'everal 1lo#k'.

8t' #overage area' #ontain the area' #overed 1y m"ltiple middle+layer

S"1'#ription ratio of fi:ed telephone

(evelopment of national e#onomy

KnL i' the #all time' in 1"'y ho"r

K$L i' the d"ration of ea#h #all> in the "nit of 'e#ond.

$he r"le' and diagram' of fre9"en#y re"'e are repeata1le.

$he original 1a'e 'tation' #an 'till work.

$he tran'ition #ell' m"'t 1e red"#ed or avoided.

$he #ell #an 'plit witho"t effe#t.

Pr Nat the edge of the original #ellO I Pt1R

Pr Nat the edge of the new #ellO I Pt <RB=

& mi#ro 1a'e 'tation with 'ingle #arrier J 5+'haped antenna

Roaming fa#tor <a##ording to the development trend of traffi# 'tati'ti#'= I

(ynami# fa#tor <with 1"r't traffi# #on'idered= I 15D.

&d4"'ting S(CC- #apa#ity dynami#ally

Red"#ing S(CC- #onge'tion ratio

Red"#ing the effe#t of initial S(CC- #onfig"ration again't 'y'tem

Making S(CC- and $C- #onfig"ration more adaptive to the #hara#teri'ti#'

Optimizing the performan#e of the 'y'tem' "nder the 'ame #arrier

(ynami# allo#ation from S(CC- to $C-

(ynami# re#overy from S(CC- to $C-

CCC- Config"re de'ignate' the type of CCC- #onfig"ration> namely>

)8RPR P RR,).0 I /6.55 J 1.//lgf + 1%.5lgh1 J <**.6 + /.55lgh1= lgR <1=

)8RPr+ RR,).# I /6.55 J 1.//lgf + 1%.5lgh1 I <**.6 + /.55lgh1= lgr <=

)8RPR + )8RPr I<**.6 + /.55lgh1=C<lgR P lgr= I<**.6 + /.55lgh1= C lg <RBr= <%=

)8RPR + )8RPr I 7.% C <**.6 + /.55lgh1= <*=

Mo1ile 'tation re#eiver o"tp"t power I Po"tm

0a'e 'tation diver'ity re#eived gain I Gd1

)8RPR + )8RPr I<.6 + /.55lgh1=C<lgR P lgr= I<.6 + /.55lgh1= C lg <RBr= <%=

! I .5 d0 <.515=> noi'e #oeffi#ient of the 1a'e 'tation