2014

A

English Alphabet = a

a b c d e f g
A () B () C () D () E () F () G ()
h i j k l m n
H () I () J () K () L () M () N ()
o p q r s t u
O () P () Q () R () S () T ()
U ()
v w x y z
V () W () X ) Y () Z ()





Numbers =
Cardinal numbers Ordinal numbers
0 zero

1 one 1st first
2 two 2nd second
3 three 3rd third
4 four 4th fourth
5 five 5th fifth
6 six 6th sixth
7 seven 7th seventh
8 eight 8th eighth
9 nine 9th ninth
10 ten 10th tenth
11 eleven 11th eleventh
12 twelve 12th twelfth
13 thirteen 13th thirteenth
14 fourteen 14th fourteenth
15 fifteen 15th fifteenth
16 sixteen 16th sixteenth
17 seventeen 17th seventeenth
18 eighteen 18th eighteenth
19 nineteen 19th nineteenth
20 twenty 20th twentieth
21 twenty-one 21st twenty-first
30 thirty 30th thirtieth
40 forty
50 fifty
60 sixty








COLORS =




COLORS =












Animals-
Alligator =
Anchovy =
Ant =
Ape =
Bat =
Bear =
Bee =
Beetle =
Bird =
Boa =
Buffalo =
Bumble bee =
Butterfly =
Camel =
Canary =
Cat =
Caterpillar =
Centipede =
Chick =
Cobra =
Cock, rooster =
Falcon =
Crab =
Cricket =
Crocodile =
Cuckoo =
Deer =
Doe =
Dog =
Dolphin =
Donkey =
Duck =
Eagle =
Eel =
Elephant =
Ewe =
Feather =
Fish =
Fly =
Fox =
Frog =
Giraffe =
Goat =
Goldfish =
Goose =
snake =
Grouse =
Gull =
Hamster =
Hawk =
Hedgehog =
Hen =
Hippopotamus =
Horse =
Hummingbird =
Iguana =
Shrimp =
Jackal =
Jellyfish =
Kangaroo =
Kitten =
Koala =
Oyster =
Lamb =
Lark =
Leech =
Lion =
Lizard =
Lobster =
Mackerel =
Monkey =
Mosquito =
Moth =
Mussel =
Octopus =
Ostrich =
Otter =
Owl =
Ox =
Panda =
Parrot =
Peacock =
Penguin =
Pig =
Pigeon =
flamingo =
Polar bear =
Praying mantis =
Puppy =
Rabbit =
Ram =
Rat =
crow =
Rhinoceros =
Salmon =
Sardine =
Wasp =
Sea lion =
Seagull =
Louse =
Shark =
Snail =
Snake =
Spider =
Squid =
Squirrel =
Stag =
Starfish =
Stork =
Swallow =
Swan =
Sparrow =
Bug =
Tiger =
Caterpillar =
Tortoise =
Trout =
Tuna =
Turkey =
Blackbird =
Eagle =
Jackdaw =
Wasp =
Whale =
Peacock =
Wolf =
Woodpecker =
Worm =
Zebra =

Family-
Adolescence =
Adult =
Aunt =
Baby =
Birthday =
Boy =
Bride =
Brother =
nemu,foe =
Child =
Childhood =
Christening =
Neighbor =
Cousin =
Daughter =
Divorce =
Divorcee =
Elder =
Boy =
Family =
Father =
Girl =
grand-father =
Friend =
grand-mother =
Great-grand-father = -
Great-grand-mother = -
Half-brother =
Half-sister =
Honeymoon =
Husband =
Kid =
Surname =
Marital status =
Marriage =
Mother =




Name =
Mum =
Nephew =
Niece =
Pregnant =
Relatives =
Sister =
Godfather =
Son =
Spouse =
Mather in law =
Father in law =
Youth =
Men =
Teenager =
Twins =
Uncle =
Women =
Wife =
Body-
Allergy =
Ankle =
Arm =
Armpit =
Back =
Belly =
Brow =
Bone =
Brain =
Breast =
forehead =
Buttock =
Cheek =
Chest =
Chickenpox =
Chin =
Cough =
Cuticle =
Ear =
Elbow =
Eye =
Eyebrow =
Eyelid =
Face =
Finger =
Fist =
Flu =
Foot =
Forearm =
Genitals =
Hand =
Head =
Headache =
Health =
Heart =
Heel =
Hormone =
Ill =
Illness =
Injury =
Kidney =
Knee =
Knuckle =
Large intestine =
Leg =
Lip =
Moustache =
Liver =
Lung =
Medicine =
Bosom =
Mouth =
Muscles =
Nail =
Nape =
Navel =
Neck =
Nipple =
Nose =
Nostril =


Jaw =
Palm =
Penis =
Pore =
Tongue =
Toes =
Shoulder =
Skeleton =
Skin =
Skull =
Hair =
Spine =
Stomach =
Sweat =
Syringe =
Legs =
Forehead =
Thigh =
Throat =
Thumb =
Toe =
Toenail =
Tongue =
Tooth =
Wrist =

Food-
Acorn squash =
Almond =
Apple =
Apricot =
Artichoke =
Aubergine =
Avocado =
Banana =
Basket of fruit =
Beef =
Beetroot =
Bitter =
ripe =
Bean =
Blueberry =
Bread =
boiled eggs =
Broccoli =
Brown rice =
green beans =
Cabbage =
Carrot =
Cream =
Cauliflower =
Hoddog =
Celery =
Cereal =
Cheese =
Cherry =
Toast =
Chestnut =
Chicken =
Chicory =
Chocolate spread =
fried eggs =
Hamburger =
Cookie =
Coconut =
Coffee maker =
Ham =
Eg =
Corn =
Chocolate =
Cake =
Cucumber =
Dairy produce =
Dandelion =
Date =
Grill =
Fennel =
Stew =
Vermicelli =
Flour =
Flesh =
Food =
Ground meat =
Fresh =
Frozen =
Icecream =
pea =
Garlic =
Ginger =
Grapefruit =
Grapes =
Hazelnut =
spicy =
Jam =
Honey =
Sandwich =
Juice =
Juicy =
Ketchup =
Stiffed cabbage =
Kiwifruit =
Leaf =
meat =
Leek =
Lemon =
Lettuce =
Lime =
Lentil =
Mango =
Margarine =
Mayonnaise =
Meal =
Meat =
Melon =
Macaroni =
Milk =
Mince =
Mushroom =
Mustard =
Nectarine =
Oats =
Olive =
Onion =
Orange =
Pancake =
Pretzel =
Peach =
Peanut =
Pear =
Parsley =
Pepper =
Pepper =
Pickled gherkin =
Pie =
nut =
Pineapple =
Pistachio =
Pizza =
Plum =
Pork =
Potato =
pear, fig =
Popcorn =
rice =
Pumpkin =
Poppy =
Quince =
Radish =
Raisin =
Rasher =
Raspberry =
Raw =
Red meat =
Redcurrant =
Youghurt =
Soup =
Rice =
Root =
Rotten =
Sausage =
Salt =
Sauce =
Seed, pip =
Sugarbeet =
Susame =
Semolina =
Chips =
Slice =
Smoking =
Sour =
Spice =
chilli =
Spinach =
onion =
Fig =
Strawberry =
Sunflower =
Sweetcorn =
Sweet =
Tangerine =
Tea =
Tomato =
Truffle =
Turnip =
Veal =
Vegetables =
Vinegar =
Walnut =
Garden =
Watermelon =
Wheat =
White rice =
Pomegranate =
Zest =
Zucchini, courgette =
alcohol
apple juice
beer
bottle
brandy
champagne
water
cocktail e
coffee
Coke
drink
to drink
fizzy, carbonated
fruit juice
gin
glass
vine
instant coffee
herb tea
hot chocolate
ice cube
lemonade
liqueur
milk
mineral water
orange juice
rum
Sparkling water
vodka



House-
Alarm clock =
Armchair =
Attic =
whisky, whiskey
to be thirsty
Steak =
Lollipop =
Pudding =
Biscuits =
Bleach =
Canned =
Breakfast =
Lunch =
Snack,repast =
Dinner =
Sugar =
Salt =
cooking oil =
Vinegar =
yeast =
Eat =
Balcony =
Bathroom =
Bed =
Bedroom =
Block of flats =
Carpet =
Ceiling =
Chair =
Chest of drawers =
Chimney =
Clock =
Corridor =
Curtain =
Cushion, pillow =
Dining room =
Dishwasher =
Door =
Brush =
Comb =
Fan =
Fireplace =
Flat =
Floor =
Freezer =
Home =
House =
Intercom =
Razor =
Ironing board =
Kitchen =
Lamp =
Shaving foam =
Lawn =
Light bulb =
Living room =
Padlock =
Path =
Toothbrush =
Hairdryer =
Roof = ,
Rug =
Showerhead =
Cellar =
Sink =
Basement =
Sofa =
Staircase =
Stool =
Table =
Tap =
Tile =
Vacuum cleaner =
Wall =
Wardrobe =
Washing machine =
Water closet =
Window =
Workshop =
Kitchen -
kitchen
sink
tap
faucet
fridge
freezer
dishwasher
cooker hood
oven
microwave oven
mixer
blender
meat mincer
toaster
coffee maker
kettle
teapot
colander
deep fryer
frying pan
plate
glass
cup
bowl
vegetable peeler
knife
stove
fork
spoon
Clothing-
Boots =
Backpack, rucksack =
Blouse =
Belt =
Tie =
Shorts =
Bra =
Briefcase =
Brooch =
Brush =
Cap =
Cleanser =
Coat =
Comb =
Button =
Zipper =
Bracelet =
Disrobe =
Dress =
Dressing gown =
Dungarees =
Dressing =
dress up =
Undress =
Gel =
Glasses =
Gloves =
Hairdryer =
hanger =
Hairspray =
Handbag =
Handkerchief =
Hat =
Raincoat =
Jacket =
Jumper =
Knickers =
Lace =
Leather =
Tuxedo =
Lipstick =
Make-up =
Mittens =
Slippers =
Sandals =
Nail varnish =
Necklace =
Nightie =
Perfume =
running shoes =
Pyjamas =
Raincoat =
Ring =
Scarf =
Scarf =
Fur =
Shampoo =
Shirt =
Shoe =
Skirt =






Tunic =
Socks =
ans =
jacket =
Sunglasses =
Sweatshirt =
T-shirt =
nappy =
Tie =
Uniform =
Tights =
Tracksuit =
Vest =
Trousers =
Umbrella =
Underpants =
Waistcoat =
Wallet =
Watch =
Wedding dress =

Sport-
Athletics =
Badminton =
Baseball =
Basket =
Basket =
Basketball =
Camping =
Casino =
Chess =
Chessboard =
Cricket =
Darts =
Figure skateing =
Golf clubs = clubs de golf
Football field =
jump =
Footballer =
Golf =
Game =
Gymnast =
Goal =
Hiking =
Goalkeeper =
Hockey =
Ice-skate =


Javelin =
Long jump =
Marathon =
Match =
Rugby =
Scrabble =
Skiing =
Soccer =
Squash =
Swimming =
Swimming pool =
Volleyball =
Wrestling =
Tennis =
ping pong = -
Boxing =
Riding =
Judo =
Karate =
Diving =
Sliding =
Golf =
Handball =
Dancing =
Gymnastics =
Hiking =
Cycling =
skating with roller skates =
Jobs-
Accountant =
Actor =
Adviser =
Air hostess, stewardess =
Architect =
Barman =
Beekeeper, apiarist =
Bookseller =
Builder =
Bus driver =
Butcher =
house-porter, door-keeper =
Carpenter =
charlady, cleaning lady =
Chef =
servant =
Cleaner =
Confectioner =
Contractor =
Customs officer =
Dancer =
Delivery-boy =
Dentist =
Developer =
Doctor =
Dustman =
Electrician =
agent =
Farmer =
Film editor =
Fireman =
Fisherman =
Florist =
Gardener =
Hairdresser =
Jeweller =
Job =
Judge =
Lawyer =
Librarian =
Locksmith =
Lorry driver =
nurse =
Manager =
Mechanic =
Miner =
Musician =
Notary =
Optician =
Painter =
Pharmacist =
Photographer =
Pilot =
Plumber =
Policeman =
Postman =
Producer =
Prostitute =
Psychiatrist =
Railway man =
Receptionist =
Repairman =
Researcher =
Sailor =
Scientist =
Scriptwiter =
Sculptor =
Seamstress =
Secretary =
Security guard =
Singer =
Soldier =
Sportsman =
Tailor =
Taxi driver =
Teacher =
Translator =
Typist =
Veterinary =
Waiter =
Waitress =
Wholesealer = grossiste
Work =
Writer =
Programmer =
Surgeon =
Potter =
Craftsman =


Nature -
Blow =
Barometer =
Atmosphere =
Climate =
Cloud =
Cloudy =
Dry =
Dew =
Drop =
Drought =
Flood =
Flower =
Frost =
Fog =
Hail =
Heat =
Hurricane =
Ice =
Wet =
Lightning =
Sunset,sundown =
Mud =
Rain =
Rainbow =
Sunrise =
Shadow =
Star =
Sky =
Snow =neige
Storm =
Sun =
Sunny =
Oir =
Thunder =
Windy =
Tornado =
Tree =
Typhoon =
Wave =
Weather =
Weather forecast =
Wind =
Whats the weather like
today ?

?
Its hot
Its nice out
Its foggy
Its sunny
Its windy
Its cold
Its humid
Its cloudy
Its rainy
Its raining
Its snowing
Its freezing
a cave
the coast
earth
an earthquake
flora and fauna
a forest
the flowers
a beach
a hill
a lake
the moon
the mud
a mushroom
mountains
grass
lake
a rainbow
a river
the sand
the sea
the sky
the stars
a stream
a swamp
a stone
a cliff
a desert
a tree
the jungle
the savannah
a branch
a fir tree
a pine tree
a valley
a bush
a leaf
the soil
the weather
a waterfall
a maple


Days -
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
Months in year


January


February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December


What time is it?- ?
3.00 three o'clock three
3.02 just gone three o'clock three oh two
3.03 three minutes past three three oh three
3.05 five past three three oh five
3.09 nine minutes past three three oh nine
3.10 ten past three three ten
3.15 a quarter past three three fifteen
3.20 twenty past three three twenty
3.21 twenty-one minutes past three three twenty-one
3.25 twenty-five past three three twenty-five
3.30 half past three three thirty
3.35 twenty-five to four three thirty-five
3.40 twenty to four three forty
3.45 a quarter to four three forty-five
3.50 ten to four three fifty
3.55 five to four three fifty-five
3.57 three minutes to four three fifty-seven
3.58 nearly four o'clock three fifty-eight
4.00 four o'clock four







Musique



Musique -
a musical instrument
a wind instrument
a wood instrument


a musical instrument
a wind instrument
a wood instrument
a string instrument
piano
accordion
flute
guitar
bass guitar
violin
cello
bass
oboe
flute
saxophone
xylophone
clarinet
drums
trombone
percussion
trumpet
harp
tuba
bagpipe
bow
mandolin
drumsticks
Grand piano
Fiddle-bow,fiddlestick
fiddle
pipe




















Flovers
a camelia
a carnation

a chrysanthemum
a daffodil
a daisy
a dandelion
forget-me-not
a geranium
gladioli
ivy
lavender
a lily
a nasturtium
an orchid
a peony
a periwinkle
a poppy
a primrose
a rose
a snowdrop
a sunflower
a violet
a thorn
a bud
cactus
camomile
nettle
tulip
lilac
marigold
mimosa
clover
wormwood
herbarium
Flower pot
Lily of the valley
basil

flourishes

shrivel
a bluebell


School -

state school
private school
pupil
student
teacher
subject
exam
school
classroom
nursery school
primary school
secondary school
university
lesson
board
lecture
lecturer
professor
to study
to pass an exam
homework

library
desk
class
marker pen
chalk
pen
pencil
playground
gym
locker
test
question
answer
mistake
correct
wrong
textbook
to read

classroom
sponge
book
notebooks
Colour pencil
rubber
glue
Pencil cases
School bag
ruler
School bell
maths
science
chemistry
physics
biology
medicine
business studies
economics
computer science
literature
geography
geology
sociology
politics
philosophy
psychology
archaeology
history
engineering
theology
music
art
architecture
anatomy
gymnastics
economy
learn
write
reads

Tools =
a drill
axe
extinguisher
flashlight
hammer
hose
ladder
Shovel,spade
lighter
the screw
pincer
pliers
rope
saw
scale
screwdriver
wheelbarrow
wrench
toolbox
a rake
hoe
adz
forceps
pump
sickle
scissors
Watering can
bucket
nail
awl
metre
pitchfork
the brush


Christmas -
Calendar
bell
candle
candy
chimney
chocolate
Christmas
Christmas garland
Christmas tree
Santa Claus
gift , present
ornaments
reindeer
ribbon
roast turkey
snowman






Easter =
basket
bell
chocolate
Easter
Easter bunny
Easter egg
egg hunt
to dye
to find
to hide


star
toy
winter
Halloween
bat
black cat
broom
candle
candy
cemetery
costume
devil
ghost
Halloween
mask
monster
mummy
pumpkin
scarecrow
skeleton
spider
vampire
witch


Sity-
pedestrian crossing
car park
taxi rank station de taxi
bus station
train station
street
avenue
side street
pavement
children's playground
park parc
supermarket
butchers
fishmongers
bakery
centre
electrical shop
department store
newsagents
bookshop
church
cemetery
cathedral
bus stop
hairdressers coiffeur
barbers
post office
art gallery
caf
restaurant
bank
cinema
theatre
kiosk
school
university
petrol station
garage
hotel
shopping centre
petrol station
a crossroads
traffic lights
a square
the pavement
the main street
the citizens
a building
a lift , an elevator
the stairs
a bridge
a factory
Museum
government
Assembly
pharmacy
Library
police station
confectionery
ironmangery
mill
Restaurant


Materials -
plastic
cloth
cotton
wool
linen
silk
man-made fibres
polyester
lace
wood
coal
petrol
gas
rubber
leather
paper
cardboard
sand
cement
brick
stone
glass
marble
clay


Punctuation marks
(.)= a full stop
(,)= a comma
(:) = a colon
(;) = a semi-colon
(/ \ ) = a slash
(-) = a dash
(?) = a question mark
(!) = an exclamation mark
( ) = brackets
= in inverted commas


- On the road
bike

boulevard

car

crossroads

driver

highway

moped

motorbike


passenger

pavement


road

road map

traffic lights

truck

drive
parking space
Street
Main street
Stop sign
Traffic lights
Level crossing
Toll
Traffic
a ring-road
a zebra crossing
Traffic
a tunnel








At the restaurant
Fast-food
Kebab -
the menu -
barman -
waiter -
waitress -
cook -
to eat -
to taste -
to drink -
to choose -
to call the waiter
plate -
fork -
knife -
spone -
glass -
napkin, a serviette -
table cloth
salt and peper
bottle of wine
bottle of water
main course
dessert -
Starter -
appetizer
cutlery
meal
recipe -
spices-




**********************************************
pregnancy =
a mother-to-be =
a maternity hospital =
childbirth , the delivery =
a baby =
a newborn =
twins =
a nappy =
a cradle =
to expect a baby =
to breastfeed =
************************************************************
good health =
poor health =
an Illness =
pain =
a headache =
a stomach ache
influenza =
healthy =
to cough =
to sneeze =








:
=Nouns
=Prepositions
=Adjective
=dverbs
=Pronouns
=Conjunctions
=Interiections
=Verbs





1. =Nouns
.
:
1. O = Common nouns
2. = Collective nouns
3. = Proper nouns
4. = Materijal nouns
5. = Abstract nouns
6. = Countable nouns
7. = Uncountable nouns



1.O =Common nouns

,,......
= nimals: lion,tiger,bear, dog,rabbit
= People:mother,father,grandmother,woman
= Places:city,state,continent,park.
= bjects:table,book,pensil, windows.

2. =Proper nouns
,
,,,,,,
,, .
=People:James,Jon,David,Julie,Madona.....=Stat
es:Macedonia,Bulgaria,England.
=Rivers:Vardar,Mississippi,Black River..
=Oceans:Atlantic Ocean,Pacific ocean...
=Mountains:Alps,Himalaya,Shar mountain
=Books:Pinocchio,Robizon Crusoe
=Churches:Sveti Spas,Virgin Mother..
=Journals:Our world,Food and wine
proper nouns
.


=Collective nouns
, .

:
: ,,,,
, ........
Groups of people:army,audience,band,choir, a band, a class, a gang
Family,police, a group, a team, a company, the government
:,,......
Groups of animals:herd,swarm,flock, cattle, poultry.
:,,,,....
Groups of things:bunch,bundle.clump,pair..

3. =Materijal nouns

.
:
gold---, iron---, glass---
,
paper---, silver---, rubber---
....
copper---, cotton--- , wool---
.
Ice---, stone---, tree---
, salt---sol milk---,
plastic---............


4. =Apstract nouns
A

.
love---, nger---, delight---
,
liberty--- , doration---
,
success---, thrill---,
truth, thirst---,
fear---,




5. ---Countable nouns

.
:
apple---, eggs---, potatos---
,
birds---, picture---, dog---, woman---
............


---Uncountable nouns

.
:
ir---, blood---, flour---, rice---
,
salt---, water---, milk---, food---
..........


Possessive Form of Nouns =

s
The childrens room is always messy.
.
s
a .
The pupils desks are arranged in rows.
.

=Plural of nouns
:

-s.
:
book=books = cup=cups
=
cat=cats = pencil=pencils
=
-s, o, -ss, -x, -sh,
-tch a -s.
:
box = boxes =
watch = watches =
class = classes
bench = benches =
patato = potatoes =
fox = foxes =

kiss = kisses =

-Y, a
-s .
Boy =boys =
Holiday = holidays =
Key = keys =
guy = guys

-Y a
-ies ,
Y.
:
Party = parties =

.
Pants, pajamas, shorts, trousers, sandals, scissors, sneakers, slippers,
stockings................













Singular Plural
boy boys
holiday holidays
key keys
guy guys
Singular Plural
kiss kisses
wish wishes
match matches
box boxes
fox foxes
Singular Plural
party parties
lady ladies
story stories
nanny nannies
city cities
Singular Plural
car cars
house houses
book books
bird birds
pencil pencils
Singular Plural
man men
woman women
child children
foot feet
tooth teeth
goose geese
mouse mice
Story = stories =
city = cities =
baby = babies =

f fe f
fe -ves.
:
Life = lives
Leaf = leaves
Wife = wives

is is
es.
analysis = analyses
basis = bases
crisis = crises


.
:
fish = fish =
sheep = sheep =
deer = deer =
moose = moose =
aircraft =aircraft =


.
:
woman = women =
man = men =
child = children =
tooth = teeth =
foot = feet =
person = people =



= Gender of nouns

: Bo
,
.

(masculine),
(feminine) , a

(neuter) .
,
.
:
girl = cow =
mother = goat =
sister = sheep =

,
.
:
boy = bull =
brather = cock =
father = ox =




PEOPLE ()
MASCULINE( ) FAMININE( )
actor
author
boy
brother
dad
duke
father
father-in-law
grandfather
headmaster
heir
husband
king
man
nephew
son
uncle
waiter

actress
authoress
girl
sister
mum
duchess
mother
mother-in-law
grandmother
headmistress
heiress
wife
queen
woman
niece
daughter
aunt
waitress





CREATURES ()
MASCULINE( ) FAMININE ( )
billy-goat
boar
buck-rabbit
bull
nanny-goat
sow
doe-rabbit
cow
bull-elephant
bull-seal
bullock
bull-whale
cob (swan)
cock
cockerel
cock-pigeon
colt (young horse)
dog
drake
drone
fox
gander
hawk
he-bear
he-goat
he-wolf
jack-ass
leopard
lion
peacock
ram (sheep)
stag
stallion
tiger
tom-cat
turkey-cock
cow-elephant
cow-seal
heifer
cow-whale
pen
hen
pullet
hen-pigeon
filly
bitch
duck
bee
vixen
goose
bowess
she-bear
she-goat
she-wolf
jenny-ass, she-ass
leopardess
lioness
peahen
ewe
hind
mare
tigress
tabby-cat
turkey-hen


.

:
babies, parents, singers , pupil,
Dancers, teachers, reporters, frend.


.
:
pen, book, chair, tree, room,
computer, pencil, bicycle
= Adjective

.
.
:

1. = Proper adjective
2. = Descriptive adjective
3. = Quantitative adjective
4. = Demonstrative adjective
5. = Interrogative adjective
6. = Possessive adjective
7. () = Indefinite
adjectiive
8. = Distributive adjective
9. = Numeral adjective


=
Proper adjective
American =
French =
Bosnian =
Serbian = ...............................................................

.


=
Descriptive adjective
Colors are adjectives - black, blue, white, green, red
Sizes - big, small, large, thin, thick
Shapes- triangular, round, square, circular
Qualities- good, bad, mediocre
Personality - happy, sad, angry, depressed
Time - Yearly , monthly, annually
Ages - new, young, old, brand-new, second-hand
Sound related Adjectives - list: loud, noisy, quiet,
silent
Touch related Adjectives - slippery, sticky
Taste related Adjectives - juicy, sweet



O =
Descriptive adjective for materijals
wooden =
woolen =
cottony =
metallic =
plastic =
glass =
iron = ..........................................................


= Quantitative
adjective
: some , much , little , enough ,
all , no , any ,whole
some = , ,
Some ,
,
, , .
Some pens ,some friends
Some money, some time, some water, some tea.
They talked to some people.
I have some money.
'Would you like some milk?
Would you like some coffee?
Give me some apples.
Give him some money.


Any = ,,

Any ,
,
.
Have you got any brothers or sisters?
Do you know any famous people?
Jane doesn't have any friends.
There isnt any milk in the fridge.

Much =

Much
, .
Is there much milk in the fridge?
Is there much food in the refrigerator?
Much of our food is exported.
How much fruit is there?
There isn't much food in the refrigerator.
He doesnt earn much money.

Many =
Many
, .
There are many apples in this picture.
How many dollars do you have?
How many cups of coffee do you drink?
I havent got many CDs.
Carla does not have many friends.

Whole = ,
Whole .
I learned a whole lesson in ten minutes.
She wrote a whole novel in two weeks.
I learned the whole song in an hour.
at soup whole day.

All = ,

All
, .
All my friends visited me in the hospital.
All the students in the class have computers.
All the fruit is rotten.
The baby seems to cry all the time.


Enough = ,

Enough :
= adjective
She isnt tall enough to be a ballet dancer.
The car is big enough for them.
= nouns
enough bread
enough money
= adverbs
quickly enough
often enough

little =

Little
little time,
little food
little money


= Demonstrative adjective
: this, that, these, those.
This (, )
.
This is my car. (singular)
This pencil in my hand is yellow.
This is a nice cup of tea.

That (oa, )
.
That city is busy. (singular)
That house is expensive.
That dog is bad.

These = ()
.
These pencils are in the box.
These are our children. (plural)
These chocolates are delicious. (plural)

Those ()
.
Those flowers are beautiful. (plural)
Those are very expensive shoes.
Those are really good English books .


= Indefinite Adjectives

.
: any, each, few, many, most,
several, and some.
, , , , , , .
:
There are several people in the room.
Many children like dinosaurs.
Did you want some bananas?
You can find a state name on each quarter.


= Possessive adjective


my its
your our
his their
her whose


:
Your bike is blue.
Their car is in their garage.
= Interrogative adjective
:
What =
Which =
Whose =
Where =
Who =
How =
:
What program are you watching?
Whose car is this?
Whose shop is closed?
What day is today?
How are you?
Where are my books?



1. = Distributive
adjective
:
each = either=
every = neither =
On either side of the canal there were long fields of barley.
Every boy has one or the other pet.
Neither of the tow men is trustworthy.
Each girl in our class is well-versed in music.



.
.
.
.

.
= Numeral adjective
:

1. Definite Numeral Adjective (first, second, third, one, two,
three.)
2. Indefinite Numeral Adjective (some, any, much, many,
little, a few.)
3. ) Distributive Numeral Adjective (every, each, another,
other.)









Comperative and superlative

K ,

.

-r,
a -est
long longer longest - -
short shorter shortest - -
bright brighter brightest
young younger youngest --
old older oldest --
young younger youngest





-y -y
i,a
.
pretty prettier prettiest
happy happier - happiest
angry - angrier - angriest
crazy - crazier craziest


more a

most.

Beautiful - more beautiful most beautiful
- -


.
good better best
bad worse worst
far further/farther furthest/farthest




.






= Adverbs

,, (
).
:
= Adverbs for time
= Adverbs for place
= Adverbs for quantitative
= adverbs for way


= Adverbs for time :
When: today, yesterday, later, now, last year
For how long : all day, not long, for a while, since last year
How often: sometimes, frequently, never, often, yearly

: , , , ,
: , , ,

: , , , ,


Have you finished yet?
Have you already mailed the package?
I am going to the shops on Monday.
I'm just going to the shops.
I'm going to the shops soon.

to talk about the past: yesterday, the day before, ago, last
week/month/year
to talk about the present: still, yet, while, when
to talk about the future: soon, then, next week/month/year,
in 2 days, tomorrow, the day after tomorrow
: , , ,
/ /
: , , ,

: , ,
/ / , 2 , , .

=Adverbs for place
:
about
above

anywhere
away
back
behind
below
down
far
here
in
inside
near
nearby
on
out
outside
over
there
towards
under
up
upstairs
where

= Adverbs for
quantitative, frequency
:
again, almost, always, ever, frequently, generally, hardly ever,
nearly, nearly always, never, occasionally, often, rarely,
seldom, sometimes, twice, usually, weekly.

, , , , , ,
, , , ,
, , , , , ,
, .

= adverbs for way

Awkwardly-
Beautifully-
carefully, cheerfully, competitively
eagerly, effortlessly, extravagantly: girlishly,
happily, halfheartedly, hungrily
lazily, lifelessly, loyally
quickly, quietly, quizzically
really, recklessly, remorsefully, ruthlessly
savagely, sloppily, so, stylishly
unabashedly, unevenly, urgently
well, wishfully, worriedly

-lu
Accidentally
angrily
anxiously
awkwardly
badly
beautifully
blindly
boldly
bravely
busily
calmly
carefully
carelessly
cautiously
cheerfully
clearly
closely
correctly
courageously
cruelly
daringly
deliberately
eagerly
easily

:

= forgive adverbs (now, than, fast)
= Adverbs derived from
adjectives(beoutifully, lasily, happily)
= Complex adverbs(a great deal
=),at present =.


= Interjections
A: aha, ahem, ahh, ahoy, alas, arg, aw
B: bam, bingo, blah, boo, bravo, brrr
C: cheers, congratulations
D: dang, drat, darn, duh
E: eek, eh, encore, eureka
F: fiddlesticks
G: gadzooks, gee, gee whiz, golly,
goodbye, goodness, good grief, gosh
H: ha-ha, hallelujah, hello, hey, hmm,
holy buckets, holy cow,

holy smokes, hot dog, huh?, humph, hurray
O: oh, oh dear, oh my, oh well, oops,
ouch, ow
P: phew, phooey, pooh, pow
R: rats
S: shh, shoo
T: thanks, there, tut-tut
U: uh-huh, uh-oh, ugh
W: wahoo, well, whoa, whoops, wow
Y: yeah, yes, yikes, yippee, yo, yuck

Ah,
"Ah, that feels good."
"Ah, now I understand."
"Ah well, it can't be heped."
"Ah! I've won!"

Ah, I see.
Ah, the flowers of spring.


Alas, "Alas, she's dead now."
Alas, catfish football is no more.
Alas! He is dead.

Dear, "Oh dear! Does it hurt?"
"Dear me! That's a surprise!"
Oh dear, I've broken the lamp.
Oh, Dear god!
eh

"It's hot today." "Eh?" "I said it's hot
today."
"What do you think of that, eh?"
"Eh! Really?"
"Let's go, eh?"
I went to the restaurant, eh, but my friends didn't show up.
Eh? She's got how many children?

er "Lima is the capital of...er...Peru."
Well, er - I'm not really sure.
Lima is the capital oferPeru.
hello, hullo
"Hello John. How are you today?"
"Hello! My car's gone!"
Hello! Is there anybody home?
hey
"Hey! look at that!"
, "Hey! What a good idea!"
Hey, I just wanted to talk to you about the previous incident.
Hey! This is new!
Hey! Stop that!


1. Express a feelingwow, gee, oops, darn, geez, oh:
Oops, Im sorry. That was my mistake.
Geez! Do I need to do it again?
Oh, I didnt know that.
2. Say yes or noyes, no, nope:
Yes! I will do it!
No, I am not going to go there.
Nope. Thats not what I want.
3. Call attentionyo, hey:
Yo, will you throw the ball back?
Hey, I just wanted to talk to you about the previous
incident.
4. Indicate a pausewell, um, hmm:
Well, what I meant was nothing like that.
Um, here is our proposal.
Hmm. You really need to be on a diet.


1. -, , , , geez, :
, . .
Geez! ?
, .

2. -, , :
! !
, .
. .

3. , :
, ?
,
.
4. -, , :
, .
, .
. .






= Conjunctions

.
:
1. = Coordinative conjunctions
2. = Subordinative conjunctions
3. = Correlative Conjunctions

1. = Coordinative conjunctions :
And
But
Or
Nor
For
Yet
So

and
He lives in Victoria, and he
studies at Victoria.
but
John is Canadian, but Sally is
English.
or
I could cook some supper, or
we could order a pizza.
so


She was sick, so she went to
the doctor.
nor (joining two negative alternatives)
for (meaning because)
yet (meaning but)

( )
( ", ")
( "")

= Subordinative conjunctions
= Subordinative conjunctions :


after
although
as
because
before
even if
even though
once
provided that
rather than
since
so that
than
that
until
when
whenever
where
whereas
wherever
whether
if
in order that
though
unless
while
why



= Correlative Conjunctionas
either. . .or both. . . and
neither. . . nor not only. . . but
also
Christmas is a time not only for exchanging gifts, but also for
spending time with family.
The test was both very long and difficult.
It was both a very long test and a difficult one.
Neither Brittney nor the sisters understood why their parents
said no.
Either the cousins or Sasha should speak up when she
disagrees.
Neither the male students or Joanne hands in papers in a
timely manner.
The cat, purring contentedly, was neither thirsty nor hungry.
You either do your work or prepare for a trip to the office.
Not only is he handsome, but he is also brilliant.
Neither the basketball team nor the football team is doing
well.
Both the cross country team and the swimming team are
doing well.
Whether you stay or you go, it's your decision.
Just as many Americans love basketball, so many Canadians
love ice hockey.

= Pronouns
Personal pronouns =
Demonstrative pronouns =
Interrogative pronouns =
Indefinite pronouns =
Possessive pronouns =
Reciprocal pronouns =
Reflexive pronouns =
Intensive pronouns =
Relative pronouns =


Personal pronouns =


I me
you you
he him
she her
it it
we us
you you
they Them
Subject pronouns (I, You, He, She, It, They, We)
Object pronouns (Me, You, Him, Her, It, Us, Them)

(, , , , , , )
(, , , , , , )
I am twenty-nine years old.
You live in Barcelona.
She has got a dog.
He makes the bed every morning.
She runs inside the house.
We sing a good song at the disco.
They write an e-mail to the teacher.


You talk to me.
I talk to you.
You call him.
You look at her.
You eat it.
Someone talks to us.
Someone gave them ice cream.


Demonstrative pronouns =
This (, ) .
This is my car. (singular)
This pencil in my hand is yellow.
This is a nice cup of tea.

That (oa, ) .
That city is busy. (singular)
That house is expensive.
That dog is bad.

These = () .
These pencils are in the box.
These are our children. (plural)
These chocolates are delicious. (plural)

Those () .
Those flowers are beautiful. (plural)
Those are very expensive shoes.
Those are really good English books .



Interrogative pronouns =

What ( )
Which(
)
Who( )
Whom
Whose


Who won the race?
Whom shall we ask?
Whose did they take?
Which is the greater?
What is that?




Indefinite pronouns =

( ):


anybody anyone
anything everybody
everyone everything
nobody none
no one nothing
somebody someone
something

( )


all another
any both
each either
few many
neither one
some several




:
Another Anybody
Anyone Anything
Each Either
Everybody Everyone
Everything Neither
Nobody No one
Nothing One
Somebody Something


Someone
Both =
Few =
Many =
Several =


: another, anybody, anyone, anything, each, either,
everybody, everyone, everything, little, much, neither, nobody ,
no one, nothing, one, other, somebody, someone, something

:both, few, many, others, several

: all, any, more, most, none, some
:
All are welcome to attend the concert.
Mary gave the book to another.
I don't have any.
Does anybody have a clue?
Anyone can play that game.
Peter didn't see anything suspicious.
Each brought a dish to pass.
Everybody left town for the weekend.
Everyone enjoyed the movie.
Everything is taken care of.
Few visited that park.
Many called for information.
Jennifer told nobody her secret.
None came forward to claim the prize.
One could see the mountains from miles away.
Several signed the card.
The room is too gloomy for some.
Somebody called the store.
Joe gave the form to someone.




Possessive pronouns =



Subject
Possessive
Pronouns
I Mine ---
You Yours ----
He His ---
She Hers ----
It Its -----
We Ours ------
You (pl) Yours -----
They Theirs -----
:

We have a dog. Our dog is very clever.
Lea has a chihuahua. Her chihuahua is tiny.
Sammy has a golden retriever. His golden retriever hunts ducks.
My sisters are raising a poodle. Their poodle is doing calculus.
I have a dachshund. My dachshund is always eating.
The dog has a bed. Its/her/his bed is over there.
Ours is very clever. (our dog)
Hers is tiny. (her chihuahua)
His is a duck hunter. (his golden retriever)
Theirs is doing calculus. (their poodle)
Mine is always eating. (my dachshund)
Its/Hers/His is over there. (its bed)


Reciprocal pronouns =
each other = e
one another =
:
Peter and Paul admire each other.
Allie and Jerry loathe each other.
The sisters were hugging one another.
The gangsters were fighting one another.
each other = 2 .
one another = 3 .



Reflexive pronouns =



reflexive pronoun
singular
myself
yourself
himself, herself, itself
plural
ourselves
yourselves
themselves
I like myself.
He spoke to himself.
She thumped herself.
The dog bit itself.



I made myself a sandwich.( )
I made a sandwich for the President himself.(
)
I gave myself plenty of time to get to work.(
)
I myself am sick of the heat.( )




Intensive pronouns =
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves
and themselves.

I bought myself a car. = reflexive pronoun
I bought the car myself. = intensive pronoun
He cut himself. = reflexive pronoun
He cut his hair himself. = intensive pronoun
Relative pronouns =
that, which, whom, who, whoever, whomever and
whichever
, , , , ,
who, whom ( )
which ( )
which ( )
whose ( )
:
Spaghetti, which many of us enjoy, can be messy.
This is the book that everyone is talking about.
She wrote to the person whom she had met last month.
We didnt bring the receipt, which was a big mistake.
I have a friend whose cat is annoying.
People who are clever can always find a way.
Grandma remembers a time when radio shows were
popular.
Never go to a doctor whose office plants have died.
This is the man who helped us.





Subject who, that which, that
Object
(that, who,
whom)*
(which, that)* where when

Possessive whose
whose, of
which


I cannot believe that he said it.
He who laughs last laughs best.
The car, whose driver is a young man, is from Ireland


= The article
:
----- the
------ a , an

the
, , .
The man, the woman, the house, the cinema,the theatre,the disco.
The telephone is ringing.

a
.
a book, a boy, a pen..

an
.
an apple, an umbrella, an orange, an elephant..

Please close the door.
The cat sat on the couch.
I am a journalist.
Give me a book.
An elephant and a mouse fell in love.


:
= Auxiliory verbs
= Impersonal verbs
=
= Regular verbs
=
= Transative verbs
= Intpansitive verbs
= Reflexive verbs
= Multi vords verbs
= Modals verbs

=

:
Be =
Do =
Have =


Defective verbs
Regular verbs
Irregular verbs
Transative verbs
Intpansitive verbs
Reflexive verbs
Multi vords verbs
Modals verbs

= Auxiliory verbs

Auxiliory verbs
VERB TO DO

Question Positive Statement
(spoken)
Negative Statement
(spoken)
Singular
Do I? I do I do not (I don't)
Do you? You do You do not (You don't)
Does
he/she/it?
He/she/it does He/she/it does not (He/she/it
doesn't)
Plural
Do we? We do We do not (We don't)
Do you? You do You do not (You don't)
Do they? They do They do not (They don't)


VERB TO HAVE
Question Positive Statement
(spoken)
Negative Statement (spoken)
Singular
Have I? I have (I've) I have not (I haven't/I've not)
Have you? You have (You've) You have not (You
haven't/You've not)
Has
he/she/it?
He/she/it has
(He/she/it 's)
He/she/it has not (He/she/it
hasn't)
Plural
Have we? We have (We've) We have not (We haven't/We've
not)
Have you? You have (You've) You have not (You
haven't/You've not)
Have they? They have (They've) They have not (They
haven't/They've not)
I am a teacher.
Am I a teacher?
"Is this your coat" TO BE =
John is angry.

I have a job.
I have a car. TO HAVE =
Do you have a car?
He has a new guitar.
TO DO

I do not know the truth.

Did he finish his homework? .



= Impersonal verbs

(1) It rains. .
(2) It is cold. .
(3) It is growing dark. .
(4) It seems .
(5) It is unclear.
(6) It is snowing. .
It thunders. .


, .


= Defective verbs
beware

can
Cant
could
Couldnt
may
Maunt
might
Mighnt
must
Mustnt
Oughtnt
= Regular verbs

BASE FORM SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE
Accept Accepted Accepted
Achieve Achieved Achieved
Add Added Added
Admire Admired Admirer
Admit Admitted Admitted
Adopt Adopted Adopted
Advise Advised Advised
Agree Agreed Agreed
Allow Allowed Allowed
Announce Announced Announced
Appreciate Appreciated Appreciated
Approve Approved Approved
Argue Argued Argued
Arrive Arrived Arrived
Ask Asked Asked
Assist Assisted Assisted
Attack Attacked Attacked
Bake Baked Baked
Beg Begged Begged
Behave Behaved Behaved
Boil Boiled Boiled
Borrow Borrowed Borrowed
Brush Brushed Brushed
Bury Buried Buried
Call Called Called
Challenge Challenged Challenged
Change Changed Changed
Chase Chased Chased
Cheat Cheated Cheated
Cheer Cheered Cheered
Chew Chewed Chewed
Clap Clapped Clapped
Clean Cleaned Cleaned
Collect Collected Collected
Compare Compared Compared
Complain Complained Complained
Confess Confessed Confessed
Construct Constructed Constructed
Control Controlled Controlled
Copy Copied Copied
Count Counted Counted
Create Created Created
Cry Cried Cried
Cycle Cycled Cycled
Damage Damaged Damaged
Dance Danced Danced
Deliver Delivered Delivered
Destroy Destroyed Destroyed
Divide Divided Divided
Drag Dragged Dragged
Earn Earned Earned
Employ Employed Employed
Encourage Encouraged Encouraged
Enjoy Enjoyed Enjoyed
Establish Established Established
Estimate Estimated Estimated
Exercise Exercised Exercised
Expand Expanded Expanded
Explain Explained Explained
Fry Fried Fried
Gather Gathered Gathered
Greet Greeted Greeted
Guess Guessed Guessed
Harass Harassed Harassed
Hate Hated Hated
Help Helped Helped
Hope Hoped Hoped
Identify Identified Identified
Interrupt Interrupted Interrupted
Introduce Introduced Introduced
Irritate Irritated Irritated
Joke Joked Joked
Jump Jumped Jumped
Kick Kicked Kicked
Kill Killed Killed
Kiss Kissed Kissed
Laugh Laughed Laughed
Lie Lied Lied
Like Liked Liked
Listen Listened Listened
Love Loved Loved
Marry Married Married
Measure Measured Measured
Move Moved Moved
Murder Murdered Murdered
Need Needed Needed
Obey Obeyed Obeyed
Offend Offended Offended
Offer Offered Offered
Open Opened Opened
Paint Painted Painted
Park Parked Parked
Phone Phoned Phoned
Pick Picked Picked
Play Played Played
Pray Prayed Prayed
Print Printed Printed
Pull Pulled Puled
Punch Punched Punched
Punish Punished Punished
Purchase Purchased Purchased
Push Pushed Pushed
Question Questioned Questioned
Race Raced Raced
Relax Relaxed Relaxed
Remember Remembered Remembered
Reply Replied Replied
Retire Retired Retired
Return Returned Returned
Rub Rubbed Rubbed
Scold Scolded Scolded
Select Selected Selected
Smoke Smoked Smoked
Snore Snored Snored
Stare Stared Stared
Start Started Started
Study Studied Studied
Talk Talked Talked
Thank Thanked Thanked

Travel Travelled Travelled
Trouble Troubled Troubled
Type Typed Typed
Use Used Used
Visit Visited Visited
Wait Waited Waited
Walk Walked Walked
Want Wanted Wanted
Warn Warned Warned
Wink Winked Winked
Worry Worried Worried
Yell Yelled Yelled



= Irregular verbs

Simple Present Simple Past
Past Participle
arise
awake
be
bear
beat
become
begin
bend
bet
bite
bleed
blow
break
bring
arose
awoke
was, were
bore
beat
became
began
bent
bet
bit
bled
blew
broke
brought
arisen
awoken
been
borne
beaten or beat
become
begun
bent
bet
bitten
bled
blown
broken
brought
build
burn
burst
buy
catch
choose
cling
come
cost
creep
cut
deal
dig
dive
do
draw
dream
drink
drive
eat
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
fit
flee
fling
fly
forbid
forget
forgive
built
burned or burnt
burst
bought
caught
chose
clung
came
cost
crept
cut
dealt
dug
dived or dove
did
drew
dreamed or
dreamt
drank
drove
ate
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
fit, fitted
fled
flung
flew
forbade or forbad
forgot
built
burned or burnt
burst
bought
caught
chosen
clung
come
cost
crept
cut
dealt
dug
dived
done
drawn
dreamed or
dreamt
drunk
driven
eaten
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
fit, fitted
fled
flung
flown,
forbidden or
forbade
forgo
freeze
get
give
go
grind
grow
hang
have
hear
hide
hit
hold
hurt
keep
kneel
knit
know
lay
lead
leap
leave
lend
let
lie (down)
light
lose
make
mean
meet
pay
prove
forgave
forwent
froze
got
gave
went
ground
grew
hung or hanged
had
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knelt or kneeled
knitted or knit
knew
laid
led
leapt or leaped
left
lent
let
lay
lit or lighted
lost
made
meant
met
paid
forgotten
forgiven
forgone
frozen
gotten or got
given
gone
ground
grown
hung or hanged
had
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
knelt or kneeled
knitted or knit
known
laid
led
leapt or leaped
left
lent
let
lain
lit or lighted
lost
made
meant
met
put
quit
read
ride
ring
rise
run
saw
say
see
seek
sell
send
set
sew
shake
shave
shear
shine
shoot
show
shrink
shut
sing
sink
sit
slay
sleep
slide
sneak
speak
speed
proved
put
quit
read
rode
rang
rose
ran
sawed
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed
shook
shaved
sheared
shone or shined
shot
showed
shrank or shrunk
shut
sang
sank
sat
slew
slept
slid
sneaked or snuck
spoke
paid
proved or proven
put
quit
read
ridden
rung
risen
run
sawed or sawn
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
sewn or sewed
shaken
shaved or shaven
sheared or shorn
shone or shined
shot
shown or showed
shrunk or
shrunken
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slain
slept
slid
spend
spill
spin
spit
split
spread
spring
stand
steal
stick
sting
stink
strew
strike
strive
swear
sweep
swim
swing
take
teach
tear
tell
think
thrive
throw
undergo
understand
upset
wake
wear
weave
sped
spent
spilled or spilt
spun
spat or spit
split
spread
sprang
stood
stole
stuck
stung
stank or stunk
strewed
struck
strove or strived
swore
swept
swam
swung
took
taught
tore
told
thought
thrived or throve
threw
underwent
understood
upset
woke or waked
wore
sneaked or snuck
spoken
sped
spent
spilled or spilt
spun
spat or spit
split
spread
sprung
stood
stolen
stuck
stung
stunk
strewn
struck or stricken
striven or strived
sworn
swept
swum
swung
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrived or thriven
thrown
undergone
understood
upset
weep
win
wind
withdraw
wring
write
wove
wept
won
wound
withdrew
wrung
wrote
woken or waked
worn
woven
wept
won
wound
withdrawn
wrung
written



= Transative verbs

.

bring
Please bring me a glass of water.
buy
Do not buy hamburgers at that
restaurant.
cost
My coat cost a lot of money.
get
My children get good grades in school.
give
Our family gives gifts at Christmas.
leave
I leave home at 8:00 in the morning.
lend
Could you please lend me five
dollars?
make
Did you make coffee this morning?
offer
My
boss
offered me a great new job.
owe
I owe you ten dollars.
pass
All the students passed the test.
pay
Don't forget to pay the phone bill.
play
Jennifer loves playing the piano.
promise
She promised me she would come to
the party.
read
They read the
newspaper
every day.
refuse
The customs officers refused to let me
enter the country.
send
My girlfriend sends me an e-mail
message every day.
show
My neighbour showed me her
garden
yesterday.
sing
Muriel sings songs at karaoke every
Sunday night.
take
Travellers take planes or trains to their
destinations.
teach
Our parents teach us to be kind.
tell
The author tells a good story.
write
Tommy writes short stories about
the South.



= Intransitive verbs

.

agree appear arrive become
belong collapse consist of cost
depend die disappear emerge
exist fall go happen
have inquire knock laugh
lie live look last
occur remain respond rise
sit sleep stand stay
swim vanish wake wait


I laughed.
I cried.
The book fell.
The horse galloped.
The sun set.
She smiles.
= Reflexive verbs

.
.
Reflexive pronouns: MYSELF . . . HIMSELF . . . HERSELF . . .
OURSELVES . . . ITSELF . . . THEMSELVES .
I am teaching myself to play the piano.
You might cut yourself.
I taught myself to play the guitar.
My cat always licks itself.
I dress myself every morning.


= Multi vords verbs
:
Phrashal verbs
Prepositional verbs
Separable phrasal verbs
Phrasal prepositional verbs

Phrashal verbs
+ (Down | In | Into | Off |
On | Out | Up )
:
Intransitive phrashal verbs (get up, break down.)
.
He suddenly showed up.
break down
come over
dress up
drop by
eat out
fall through
get by
get up
go back
grow up
pass out
show up
shut up
throw up

Transitive phrashal verbs (put off, turn down.)
.
I made up the story.

Prepositional verbs
+ (in, for,after.........)
wait for
talk about
look after
believe in
He sent for his secretary.
Separable phrasal verbs

.
Turn the TV off.
She looked the phone number up.
I looked the word up in the dictionary.
Inseparable phrasal verbs
O
.
get up
make up
look into
back out of

Phrasal
Verb
Separable
or
Inseparable
Meaning
Ask out Separable To ask someone to go out on a
date.
Bring Separable To make something happen
about, bring
on
Bring up Separable 1) To raise children
2) To raise a topic
Call back Separable Return someone's telephone call
Call in Separable Ask someone into an official
place or office
Call off Separable Cancel
Call on Inseparable 1) Ask someone to do something
2) Visit
Call up Separable Call someone on the telephone
catch up Inseparable To become equal or reach the
same level
Check in,
check into
Inseparable Register at a hotel or travel
counter
Check out Inseparable Leave a hotel
Check out
of
Inseparable Leave a hotel
Cheer up Separable Make someone happy
Clean up Separable Tidy, make clean
Come
across
Inseparable To find
Cross out Separable Eliminate
Cut out Separable Remove something or stop
doing something annoying
Do over Separable Repeat
Drop by Inseparable Visit unexpectedly
Drop in Inseparable Visit unexpectedly
Drop off Separable Leave something somewhere
Drop out Inseparable Stop attending a class
Figure out Separable Understand
Fill out Separable Complete a form
Fill in Separable Complete spaces on a form
Get along
with
Inseparable Have a good relationship with
Get back
from
1)
Inseparable
2)
Separable
1) Return from somewhere
2) Receive something originally
lent to another person
Get in Inseparable Enter
Get off Inseparable Leave a bus, train, airplane
Get on Inseparable Enter a bus, train, airplane
Get out of Inseparable Leave a car
Get over Inseparable Recover
Get through Inseparable Survive
Get up Inseparable Stand up
Give back Separable Return
Give up Separable Stop trying
Go over Inseparable Review
Grow up Inseparable Become an adult
Hand in Separable Give an assignment or project to
a teacher
Hang up Separable Replace the telephone in the
receiver
Have on Separable Wear
Keep out Separable Not enter
Keep up
with
Inseparable Stay at the same level
Kick out Separable Ask to leave
Look after Inseparable Take care of
Look into Inseparable Investigate
Look out for Inseparable Watch for
Look over Separable Review
Look up Separable Try to find information
Make up Separable Invent
Pass away Inseparable Die
Pass out 1)
Inseparable
2)
Separable
1) Faint
2) Distribute
Pick up Separable Lift
Pick out Separable Choose
Point out Separable Identify
Put away Separable Put in the proper place
Put back Separable Return
Put off Separable Delay
Put on Separable Get dressed or dress someone
Put out Separable Extinguish
Put up with Inseparable Tolerate
Run into Inseparable Find or meet
Run across Inseparable Find or meet
Run out of Inseparable Come to the end of something
Show up Inseparable Appear
Show off Separable Demonstrate something of envy
Shut off Separable Stop something from running
Take after Inseparable Be like someone
Take off Separable Remove
Take out Separable 1) Remove
2) Go on a date with someone
Take over Separable Take control
Take up Inseparable Begin
Tear down Separable Demolish or destroy
Tear up Separable Rip into pieces
Think over Separable Consider, ponder
Throw away Separable Discard
Throw out Separable Discard
Throw up Inseparable Vomit
Try on Separable Test
Turn down Separable Reduce
Turn in Separable Go to bed
Turn off Separable Stop a machine
Turn on Separable Start a machine
Turn out Separable Put out a light
Turn up Separable Increase
Phrasal prepositional verbs

++. inseparable
( ).

phrasal-
prepositional
verbs
meaning
examples

direct
object
get on with
have a friendly
relationship with
He doesn't
get on with
his wife.
put up with tolerate
I won't put
up with
your
attitude.
look forward to
anticipate with
pleasure
I look
forward to
seeing
you.
run out of use up, exhaust
We have
run out of
eggs.




= Modals verbs
:
can could may might will
would must shall should ought to

Can =

(I,you,he,she,we,you,they ) + Can + .........
:
I can make jewelry.
Cant speak French.
Can you open this jar?
I can speak Chinese.

:
Can I use your bathroom?
Can I come with you?
I can drive Susan's car when she is out of town.

:
You can take this spot if you like.
You can do whatever you want.
Could = ( can)
(I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + Could + .........

.
I could swim when I was young.
You could see the boat sinking.
They could tell he was nervous.

:
John could be the one who stole the money.
John could have been the one who stole the money.
John could go to jail for stealing the money.
Could it be true?


May =
(I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + May + .........
:
May I come in?
May I say something now?
May I ask one question?
:
She may agree with this plan.
They may not be happy about what happened.
It may shower tonight.
Might ( MAY)
(I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + Might + .........
:
She might be on the bus. I think her car is having problems.
I might go see a doctor.
The store might have been closed today.


Must =
(I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + must + .........
:
You must answer my question right now.
I must complete the project by this week.
You must not swim in that river. It's full of crocodiles.
I must stop smoking.

:
She must be very tired.
He must be a genius.

:
He must go today.
They must work tomorrow.

Will =
(I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + Will + .........

:
It will rain tomorrow.
The news will spread soon.

Would = ( will)
.
He said he would be here at eight o'clock
She asked if I would help.

:
Would you like a sandwich?
Would you have dinner with me on Friday.

When I was a kid, I would always go to the beach.
When he was young, he would always do his homework.

Shall =
(I,you,he,she,it,we,you,they) + Shall + .........
:
Shall I help you?
Shall we begin dinner?

:
I shall never forget where I came from.
I shall take care of everything for you.

:
Shall we dance?
Shall I go now?

Should = ,

Present (subject +should +o )
She should study more.
Past (subject +should +have + past participle )
She should have studied more.

You should save some money.
. People with high cholesterol should eat low-fat foods.

I should be at work before 10:00.
We should return the video before the video rental store closes.
Is should get back to work.


You should eat less sugar.


ought to =

You ought to stop smoking.
ary ought to exercise more.
You ought to wear a raincoat.

.
If he started out at nine, he ought to be here by now.
That ought to be enough food for the four of us.
Oughtn't the water to have boiled by now?



:
Modal verbs to express ability
present past
can

We use can when we speak
about general ability in the
present:

Tommy can swim.
I can play the guitar. Can you
play?
could

We use could when we
speak about general ability
in the past:

Picasso could paint when he
was two.
I could swim before I could
walk.
The negative of can is can't The negative of could is
(cannot):

I can't ski and I can't skate.
couldn't (could not):

I couldn't swim until I was
ten.
Specific situations - can

We also use can to speak
about specific situations in
the present:

I can hear you but I can't see
you.
Can you hear me? - Yes, I
can.





Specific situations - was
able to / could

We often use was able to
when speaking about a
specific situation:
We fixed the car and then we
were able to drive home.

However, we prefer could to
speak about a specific
situation in the past when we
use these verbs: see, hear,
feel, smell, taste,
remember, believe,
understand, decide.
They could smell smoke.
I could understand him
perfectly.
Questions about ability -
present

How many languages can
you speak?
Can you name all the
capitals of Europe?
Questions about ability -
past

Could you write before you
started school?
Could you ride a bike when
you were small?
:

Modal verbs to express asking for, giving, and refusing
permission
present or future past tense
Giving permission: can

We use can when we give
someone permission to do
something:
You can bring a friend to the
party if you want.
You can borrow my phone if
your battery is dead.

We also use may for
permission. May is more
formal and is used less often
than can:
Passengers may take one
small bag on board the plane.
Permission in the past:
could, was allowed to

We use could to say that
something was permitted in
the past:
Many years ago you could
smoke in cinemas, but now
it's banned.

We can also use was/were
allowed to:
We had to wear a tie at
school but we were allowed
to take it off in hot weather.

Saying "no" - refusing
permission

We use can't to say that
something isn't permitted:
You can't park here - it's
private property.
He can't drive my car; he
doesn't have insurance.

Must not / mustn't is also
used, but is more formal and
is often used on signs and in
announcements:
We use couldn't / wasn't
allowed to to say that
something was not permitted
in the past:

We couldn't cross the border
without our passports.




Passengers must not speak
to the driver while the bus is
in motion.
Asking for permission
can, could, may

We use can I? / could I /
may I? to ask for permission:
Can I speak to John Wilson,
please?

Could is more formal and
polite than can:
Could I speak to John Wilson,
please?

May is the most formal:
May I speak to John Wilson,
please?
Questions about
permission in the past
was allowed to? / could?

Were you allowed to stay up
late when you were a child?
Could you stay up late when
you were a child?
Could people travel between
East and West Berlin during
the Cold War?





:
Present tense =
Must / can't - to express probability in the present
Structure: modal + infinitive without to
must be, must have, can't go, etc.
We use must to express that we
feel sure that something is true.
They are really good, they must
win.
They must be very rich. Look at
the house.
We use can't to say we are sure
that something is impossible.
She can't be ill. I've just seen her
in the shop and she looked fine.
It can't be true. I don't believe it.
May / might / could - to express probability in the present
Structure: modal + infinitive without to
may be, might do, could go, etc.
We use may or could or might to
say that it is possible that
something will happen or is
happening.
They may be arriving tomorrow.
He might be away on holiday.
He could be away on holiday.
He might be offered the job.
The negative of may is may not.
The negative of might is might
not.

They both mean that it is possible
that something will not happen or
is not happening.
We DO NOT use could not to
express probability.
He might not be offered the job.
I may not pass the exam.
I might not go to the match
tomorrow.
I could not go to the match
tomorrow.


Past tense =

Must / can't / couldn't have - to express probability in the past
Structure: modal + have + past participle
must have been, can't have gone, couldn't have gone
We use must have to express
that we feel sure that something
was true.
They must have left early.
He must have already gone.
We use can't have / couldn't
have to say that we believe
something was impossible.
He can't have escaped through
this window. It is too small.
She can't have said that.
She couldn't have said that.
May / might / could have - to express probability in the past
Structure: modal + have + past participle
may have been, could have gone, might have lost
We use may / could / might
have to say that it was possible
that something happened in the
past (but we are not 100% sure).
He may have missed the bus.
The road might have been
blocked.
The negatives are may not have
and might not have.
He may not have left yet.
The assistant might not have
received his message.



:
Should - to express obligation
Structure: should + infinitive form
of a verb:
should be, should go, should do,
etc.

We use should for the present
and the future.
We use should to give advice to
someone and to say that
something is a good idea.
Should is weaker than have to
and must.
You should tell them the truth.
You shouldn't smoke, it's bad for
you.
I don't think you should do it.


Should have - to express unfulfilled obligation in the past
Structure: should + have + past
participle

We use should have for the past.
We use should have to say that
someone didn't do something but
it would have been better to do it.
You should have told them the
truth.
You shouldn't have gone there -
it was a mistake.
I don't think you should have
done it.




- :
Modal verbs in the past
present past
should be should have been
could be could have been
will be would be
may be may have been
might be might have been
would be would have been



Modal verbs - negative forms
positive negative
can (used for possibility)

It can happen; everything's
possible.
can't / can not

It can't happen; it's impossible.
can (used for permission)

Can I smoke here? - Yes, you
can.
can't / cannot / mustn't

You can't smoke here. You
mustn't smoke here.
can (used for ability)

I can play the guitar.
can't / cannot

I can't play the guitar.
must / have to / has to (used for
obligation)
don't have to / needn't


You must be there at 8 o'clock.
You have to be there at 8 o'clock.
You don't have to be there at 8
o'clock.
You needn't be there at 8 o'clock.
must (used for personal opinion,
certainty)

He must be here - I can see his
car.
can't

He can't be here - his car's not
outside.
might / may (used for personal
opinion, certainty)

He might/may be late today -
there's a lot of traffic on the roads.
may not / might not

He might/may not get here on
time - there's a lot of traffic on the
roads.
should (used for weak obligation
/ advice)

You should stop smoking
because it's unhealthy.
shouldn't

You shouldn't smoke so much -
it's unhealthy. You shouldn't
spend so much time watching TV.




voice

Voice . 2
:
Active voice =
Passive voice =

Active voice =
---- Active voice
subject ( ).

Harry ate six shrimp at dinner. (active)
Beautiful giraffes roam the savannah. (active)
You are making too much noise.
Ben will eat popcorn and watch a movie tomorrow evening.

--- Passive voice ( be +past particip)

The ball was thrown by me.
The agent is unknown.
Jack was kicked by Jill.
The tray of food was dropped by the waiter.


Active Passive
Simple
Present
Once a week, Tom
cleans the house.
Once a week, the house
is cleaned by Tom.
Present
Continuous
Right now, Sarah is
writing the letter.
Right now, the letter is
being written by Sarah.
Simple Past Sam repaired the car.
The car was repaired by
Sam.
Past
Continuous
The salesman was
helping the customer
when the thief came into
the store.
The customer was being
helped by the salesman
when the thief came into
the store.
Present
Perfect
Many tourists have
visited that castle.
That castle has been
visited by many tourists.
Present
Perfect
Continuous
Recently, John has
been doing the work.
Recently, the work has
been being done by
John.
Past Perfect
George had repaired
many cars before he
received his mechanic's
license.
Many cars had been
repaired by George
before he received his
mechanic's license.
Past Perfect
Continuous
Chef Jones had been
preparing the
restaurant's fantastic
dinners for two years
before he moved to
Paris.
The restaurant's fantastic
dinners had been being
prepared by Chef Jones
for two years before he
moved to Paris.
Simple
Future
will
Someone will finish the
work by 5:00 PM.
The work will be finished
by 5:00 PM.
Simple
Future
be going to
Sally is going to make
a beautiful dinner
tonight.
A beautiful dinner is
going to be made by
Sally tonight.
Future
Continuous
will
At 8:00 PM tonight, John
will be washing the
dishes.
At 8:00 PM tonight, the
dishes will be being
washed by John.
Future
Continuous
be going to
At 8:00 PM tonight, John
is going to be washing
the dishes.
At 8:00 PM tonight, the
dishes are going to be
being washed by John.
Future
Perfect
will
They will have
completed the project
before the deadline.
The project will have
been completed before
the deadline.
Future
Perfect
be going to
They are going to have
completed the project
before the deadline.
The project is going to
have been completed
before the deadline.
Future
Perfect
Continuous
will
The famous artist will
have been painting the
mural for over six
months by the time it is
finished.
The mural will have been
being painted by the
famous artist for over six
months by the time it is
finished.
Future
Perfect
Continuous
be going to
The famous artist is
going to have been
painting the mural for
over six months by the
time it is finished.
The mural is going to
have been being painted
by the famous artist for
over six months by the
time it is finished.
Used to
Jerry used to pay the
bills.
The bills used to be paid
by Jerry.
Would
Always
My mother would
always make the pies.
The pies would always
be made by my mother.
Future in the
Past
Would
I knew John would
finish the work by 5:00
PM.
I knew the work would be
finished by 5:00 PM.
Future in the
Past
Was Going to
I thought Sally was
going to make a
beautiful dinner tonight.
I thought a beautiful
dinner was going to be
made by Sally tonight.



Participle form
Participle :
*Present participle (to be + -
ing).
*Past participle
*Present participle
Present participle
-ing.
He came reading around the corner.
I am learning English.
I am reading / I was reading.


*Past participle
*Past participle
-ed.( )
finished played
arrived surfed
, Past participle

.
Present Past Past Participle
be was, were been
become became become
begin began begun
Infinitive
Infinitive e
to.
to + verb = infinitive
Infinitive .
to sleep to be to love.

Infinitive :
To learn is important.
To dance was his ambition.
His ambition was to dance.
He wants to learn.

Infinitive :
They need water to drink.
This is the game to watch.

Infinitive :
The officer returned to help.

:
to:
: want, wish, agree, fail, mean, decide, learn
: to be to, to have to, and ought to.
'it is + adjective + to-infinitive'
The elephant decided to marry the mouse.
The mouse agreed to marry the elephant.
You will have to ask her.
You are to leave immediately.
He ought to relax.
She has to go to Berlin next week.
It's easy to speak English.
It is hard to change jobs after twenty years.
It's stupid to believe everything you hear.

to:
I would rather visit Rome.
She would rather live in Italy.
Would you rather eat steak or fish?
He would rather work in a bank.
I'd rather be a forest than a tree.


The perfect infinitive: to have + past participle
to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.
I am glad to have found my soul mate.
She seems to have quit the job

The continuous infinitive: to be + present participle, to be swimming, to
be joking, to be waiting
I'm glad to be sitting here.

The perfect continuous infinitive: to have been + present participle
He must have been waiting for ages.

The passive infinitive: to be + past participle, to be given, to be shut,
to be opened
Your composition has to be typed.

Active Passive
Simple infinitive (to) write (to) be written
Continuous infinitive (to) be writing (to) be being written
Perfect infinitive (to) have written (to) have been written
Perfect continuous
infinitive
(to) have been
writing
(to) have been being
written





Gerund
infinitive + -ing

Gerund ing.
.( subject object Subject
Complements.
Subjects
Swimming is excellent exercise.
Drinking too much coffee gives him a headache.

Objects
He dislikes doing homework.
The manager suggested having our meeting
away from the office.

Subject Complements
His hobby is playing computer games.
My least favorite chore is cleaning the bathroom.
His problem is not coming to class on time.
Active Passive
Simple gerund writing being written
Perfect gerund having written
having been
written
active
Simple gerund === verb + ing
Perfect gerund ===Having +verb past participle
pasive
Simple gerund === being +verb past participle
Perfect gerund ===hav(ing)+been+verb past participle
GERUND FORMS INFINITIVE FORMS
SIMPLE
The teacher enjoys
teaching.
The teacher wants to
teach.
PROGRESSIVE
Mr. Smith is really
enjoying teaching his
class.
Looks the same as
simple form above.
Mr. Smith would like to
be teaching his class.
PASSIVE
The students enjoy
being taught.
The students want to
be taught.
PERFECT
The retired teacher
recalled having taught.
The teacher was
expecting to have
taught that already.
PASSIVE +
PROGRESSIVE
The students are
enjoying being taught
by such an exciting new
teacher.
Looks the same as the
passive form above.
The students would
like to be being
taught by Mr Smith.
PASSIVE +
PERFECT
The older students
recalled having been
taught that already.
The students were
expecting to have
been taught that by
now.

:
Idioms ( ,


.)
A hot potato
A penny for your thoughts
Actions speak louder than words
Add insult to injury
An arm and a leg
At the drop of a hat
Back to the drawing board
Ball is in your court
Barking up the wrong tree
Be glad to see the back of
Beat around the bush
Best of both worlds
Best thing since sliced bread
Bite off more than you can chew
Blessing in disguise
Burn the midnight oil
Can't judge a book by its cover
Caught between two stools
Costs an arm and a leg
Cross that bridge when you come to it
Cry over spilt milk
Curiosity killed the cat
Cut corners
Cut the mustard
Devil's Advocate
Don't count your chickens before the eggs have hatched
Don't give up the day job
Don't put all your eggs in one basket
Drastic times call for drastic measures
Elvis has left the building
Every cloud has a silver lining
Far cry from
Feel a bit under the weather
Give the benefit of the doubt
Hear it on the grapevine
Hit the nail on the head
Hit the sack / sheets / hay
In the heat of the moment
It takes two to tango
Jump on the bandwagon
Keep something at bay
Kill two birds with one stone
Last straw
Let sleeping dogs lie
Let the cat out of the bag
Make a long story short
Method to my madness
Miss the boat
Not a spark of decency
Not playing with a full deck
Off one's rocker
On the ball
Once in a blue moon
Picture paints a thousand words
Piece of cake
Put wool over other people's eyes
See eye to eye
Sit on the fence
Speak of the devil!
Steal someone's thunder
Take with a grain of salt
Taste of your own medicine
To hear something straight from the horse's mouth
Whole nine yards
Wouldn't be caught dead
Your guess is as good as mine


Idioms, with definitions or
synonyms
Examples
all of a sudden - suddenly
All of a sudden, he quit his job and
left town.
all the same - no difference
If it's all the same to you, let's go
there by bus.
as a rule - usually, generally
As a rule, he goes for a walk after
dinner.
as for - in reference to
As for me, I liked the book very
much. As for the trip, let's talk about
it tomorrow.
at all - (not) in the smallest degree She doesn't speak English at all.
at this point - at this time At this point, we can't turn back.
be about to do something - be close
to doing something
I was about to leave when you
called.
be broke - have no money at all I spent all my money. I'm broke.
be in charge of something - be
responsible for something
He is in charge of marketing.
be in good health - be healthy She is in good health.
be in poor health - not healthy She is in poor health.
be in good shape - be physically fit
He exercises regularly, and he is in
good shape.
be in bad shape - be in bad state
The patient is in bad shape. His
affairs are in bad shape.
be on one's way I'm on my way.
be out of date - be outdated This information is out of date.
be to blame - be responsible for a
mistake, for something wrong
Who is to blame for this awful
mistake? Tom is to blame for this
mix-up.
be used to something - be
accustomed to something
I'm used to hard work. He's used to
hot weather.
by heart - by memorizing
Learn this poem by heart for
tomorrow.
by oneself (by myself, by himself,
etc.) - alone; on one's own
She likes to spend an evening by
herself. He did it by himself.
by the way - incidentally
By the way, Ann is coming back
today.
come true - become reality
His dream came true when he met
Kate.
do one's best - try very hard
I did my best to help him in his
work.
every now and then - occasionally
Every now and then I visit my old
aunt.
every other - every second one
She washes her hair every other
day.
fall in love - begin to love
Tom fell in love with Sue at first
sight.
feel like doing something - want to do;
be inclined to do something
I don't feel like going for a walk. I'd
rather watch TV.
for good - forever
After her death he left town for
good.
for the time being - for now; at this
time
For the time being, this house is all
right for us.
from now on - since now
From now on I forbid you to go
there.
get in touch with someone - contact
someone
Get in touch with Mr. Smith for help.
get lost - lose one's way She got lost in the old part of town.
get mixed up - get confused
I got mixed up and went the wrong
way.
get rid of something or someone -
dispose of; discard
He got rid of his old useless car.
get to the point - speak directly about
the subject; come to the point
Please get to the point. I don't have
much time now.
give someone a hand - help someone
Can you give me a hand with
cooking?
give someone a lift; give someone a
ride - take someone to some place by
car
Can you give me a lift to the bank?
He gave her a ride in his new
Porsche.
in advance - well before
He told her about his plan in
advance.
in fact - actually; in reality
In fact, he works as a manager
here.
in general - generally; generally
speaking
In general, he likes to be alone. He
described the place only in general.
in other words - using other words
In other words, you left her when
she needed your help.
in time (to do something) - early
enough; before something begins
I came in time to have a cup of
coffee before class.
it's time - should do it right away Hurry up. It's time to go.
It's worth it. It's not worth it.
Watch this film. It's worth it. Don't
buy this coat. It is not worth it.
just in case - to be on the safe side
Take a little more money, just in
case.
Just my luck! - Bad luck! Hard luck!
They lost my job application. Just
my luck!
keep in mind - bear in mind; consider;
remember
Keep in mind that he may not like
this idea.
keep in touch - keep in contact by
calling, visiting, etc.
Good-by! Keep in touch!
keep one's word - fulfill a promise
You promised to help me. Keep
your word.
let it go - forget bad experience;
return to normal life
You can't change anything, so let it
go.
little by little - step by step; gradually
Little by little, they saved enough
money to buy a car.
lose one's way - get lost I lost my way. Can you help me?
make friends - become friends Anton makes new friends easily.
make fun of someone or something -
laugh at; joke about
He made fun of her German accent.
make sense - be logical What you say makes sense.
make up one's mind - decide
Will you go there? Make up your
mind.
Make yourself at home. - Be
comfortable; feel at home.
Come in, please. Make yourself at
home.
never mind - don't worry about it
I'm sorry. I lost your book. - Never
mind.
not to mention - in addition to
We have three dogs, not to mention
two cats.
no wonder - not surprising
He ate three big fish. No wonder he
is sick.
on credit - not having to pay cash
right away
He bought a car on credit.
on guard - on the alert
He is always cautious and on
guard.
on hand - available Do you have a calculator on hand?
on one's own (on my own, on your
own, on his own, etc.) - alone; by
oneself
She likes to live and work on her
own. I decided to do it on my own.
on purpose - intentionally
I didn't do it on purpose. It just
happened so.
on second thought - after thinking
again
I'd like to sit on the aisle. On second
thought, I'd like a window seat.
on the alert - on guard
He is always cautious and on the
alert.
on the other hand - considering the
other side of the question
I'd like to have a dog. On the other
hand, my wife likes cats.
on time - punctually; at the specified
time
Jim is always on time.
out of the question - impossible Paying him is out of the question!
pay attention - be attentive Pay attention to his words.
right away - immediately It' very important to do it right away.
so far - up to now
So far, I have read five books by
Stephen King.
take a break - stop for rest Let's take a break. I'm tired.
take care of someone or something -
look after; see that something is done
properly
Can you take care of my dog while
I'm away? Tom takes good care of
his car.
take into account - consider
something
You must take into account her old
age and poor health.
take it easy - relax; be calm Take it easy. Everything will be OK.
take part in something - participate
Mary is going to take part in the
show.
take place - happen
The accident took place on Oak
Street.
take time - take a long time
It takes time to get used to a new
place.
take turns - alternate doing something
one after another
We went to Minsk by car. We didn't
get tired because we took turns
driving.
That's just the point. - That's it. That's just the point! I hate this job!
that will do - it's enough Stop reading. That will do for now.
under the weather - feeling a little ill, a
little unwell
I'm a little under the weather today.
(be) up to date - modern, latest,
current
His reports are always up to date.
used to do something - did something
regularly in the past but not now
He used to live on Maple Street. I
used to play the piano when I was
in school.
What's the matter? - What is it?
What's the matter? What
happened?
would rather - prefer I'd rather stay at home today.


Compound words =
.
noun + noun bus stop
Is this the bus stop for the
number 12 bus?
fire-fly
In the tropics you can see
fire-flies at night.
football Shall we play football today?
adjective + noun
full moon
I always feel crazy at full
moon.
blackboard
Clean the blackboard
please.
software
I can't install this software on
my PC.
verb(-ing) + noun
breakfast
We always eat breakfast at
8am.
washing
machine
Put the clothes in the red
washing machine.
swimming
pool
What a beautiful swimming
pool!
noun + verb(-ing)
sunrise I like to get up at sunrise.
haircut You need a haircut.
train-spotting His hobby is train-spotting.
verb + preposition check-out
Please remember that check-
out is at 12 noon.
noun +
prepositional
phrase
mother-in-
law
My mother-in-law lives with
us.
preposition + noun underworld
Do you think the police accept
money from the underworld?
noun + adjective truckful
We need 10 truckfuls of
bricks.




aftereffect, afterthought, aircushion, airman airplane, airport, airtight,
another, anybody, anyhow, anyone, anything, anyplace, anytime,
anyway, anywhere, armhole, artwork.

backbone, backside, backspace, backwater, backwoods, bagpipes,
basketwork, bathroom, become, bedroom, beeswax, bird's-eye,
birthday, birthrate, birthright, blackberry, blackbird, blackboard,
blackout, blood-vessel, bluebell, bookkeeper, bookmark, bookshelf,
bookworm, brakeman, breath-taking, brickwork brother-in-law,
brushwood, businessman, buttercup, buttermilk, buttonhole, button-
hook, bygone.

cardboard, carefree, caretaker, clockwork, commonsense, copyright,
cupboard, countryside .

daylight, doorway, downfall, download, drainpipe .

earring, ear-ring, earthwork, evergreen, everybody, everyday,
everyone, everything, everywhere, eyeball .

farmhouse, father-in-law, fatherland, fingerprint, firearm, fireboat, fire-
engine, firefly, fireman, fireplace, fireworks, first-rate, football,
footlights, footman, footnote, footprint, footstep, footway .

gasworks, goldfish, , good-morning, goodnight, gunboat, gun-
carriage, gunmetal, gunpowder .

haircut, handbook, handgrip, handgun, handwork, handwriting,
headdress, headland, headstone, headway, hereafter, herewith,
herself, highlands, highway, himself, horseback, horseplay,
horsepower, hourglass, houseboat, housekeeper, however .

inasmuch, income, indoors, inland, inlay, inlet, input, inside, instep,
into, itself .

keyboard, keyhole, keystone, keyword .

landmark, landowner, landslip, lighthouse, looking-glass, lookout .

manhole, milkman, month-end, moonlight, mother-in-law, myself .

needlework, newborn, newcomer, network, newspaper, nobody,
notebook, nothing, nowhere .
offspring, oncoming, oneself, onlooker, onto, ourself, outbuilding,
outburst, outcome, outcry, outdoor, outgoing, outhouse, outlaw,
outlet, outline, outlook, output, outside, outskirts, outstretched,
overacting, overall, overbalancing, overbearing, overcoat, overcome,
overdo, overdressed, overdrink, overfull, overhanging, overhead,
overhear, overheat, overland, overleaf, overload, overlook, overseas,
oversee, overseer, overshoe, overstatement, overstretched, overtake,
overtaxed, overtime overturned, overuse, overvalued, overweight,
overworking .

paperback, paperwork, peacekeeper, pincushion, plaything ,
policeman, postman, postmark, postoffice.

railroad, railway, roadway, runaway .

sailboat, sailcloth, sailmaker, schoolhouse, schoolroom, seaman,
secondhand, shoemaker, shorthand, shutdown, sideboard, sidewalk,
sister-in-law, somebody, someday, somehow, someone, something,
sometime, somewhat, somewhere, son-in-law, starfish, starlight,
starship, startup, steamboat, steamship, stonework, storehouse,
straightforward, suchlike, sunburn, sunbrown, sunlight, sunshade,
sweetheart .

themselves, throughway, today, tonight, tradesman .

underclothes, undercooked, underdone, undergo, undergrowth,
underhand, undermined, undersigned, undersized, understatement,
undertake, undervalued, update, upkeep, uplift, upload, upon, upright,
uptake, username .

viewpoint .

warship, waterfall, waterway, website, weekend, well-being, well-off,
whatever, whenever, whereas, whereby, wherever, whichever,
whitewash, whoever, windpipe, within, without, woodwork,
workhouse , workman, workplace, workstation, wrongdoing.

yearbook, year-end, yearlong, year-long, yourself .



determiners words =
.
:
Articles ( the, a an)
Demonstratives (this, that, these and those)
Possessives (possessives adjectives= my, your, his, her, its, our,
your, their
possessive pronouns= mine, his, hers, yours, ours, their.)

Quantifiers
:

1. How many?
2. How much?

count nouns:
many
a few
few
several
a couple of
none of the

non-count nouns:
not much
a little
little
a bit of
a good deal of
a great deal of
no

both count and non-count nouns:
all of the
some
most of the
enough
a lot of
lots of
plenty of
a lack of

Only with
uncountable nouns
With uncountable
and countable nouns
Only with
countable nouns
How much? How much? or How
many?
How many?
a little no/none a few
a bit (of) not any a number (of)
- some (any) several
a great deal of a lot of a large number of
a large amount of plenty of a great number of
- lots of


Distributives
Distributives
.
.
Distributives: each, every, either, neither, another, other

EACH, EVERY, EITHER, and NEITHER
.
Each man is wearing a hat.

EACH, EITHER, and NEITHER
, of.
Each of the men is wearing a hat.
Each .
Each boy was given a watch.


Each of the boys was given a watch.

Either and Neither .
Either .Neither
.
Neither answer is correct.
Either parent is going to look for their sons bully.


DIFFERENCE WORDS
OTHER==
ANOTHER = =

Another is used with singular nouns.
Other with singular or plural.
Have you got any other questions?
Some children learn quickly but other children need more time.
We need another plate.
Please give me another chance.
Let's meet another day.
I'd like another piece of cake.


Syonym
Syonym () ,
.
Adjectives Synonyms
big large
blank empty
broad wide
center middle
cunning clever
dangerous risky
eatable edible
false untrue
fertile fruitful
gay cheerful
glad happy
hard difficult
high tall
huge enormous
intelligent clever
lazy indolent
little small
loving fond
loyal faithful
mad crazy
new modern
nice kind
noisy rowdy
old ancient
oral verbal
polite courteous
poor destitute
quick rapid/fast
rare scarce
ready alert
real genuine
rich wealthy
rude impolite
sad unhappy
safe secure
sleepy drowsy
slim slender
thin lean
usual normal
vacant empty
weak feeble
well-known famous





Homonyms
Homonyms ()
, .
AIR HEIR
AISLE ISLE
ALTAR ALTER
BAND BAND
BANK BANK
BARE BEAR BEAR
BARK BARK
BAT BAT
BE BEE
BEAT BEET
BOUGH BOW BOW
BOW BEAU
BRAKE BREAK
BUY BY
CACHE CASH
CELL SELL
CENT SCENT
CEREAL SERIAL
COARSE COURSE
CURRANT CURRENT
DEAR DEER
DESERT DESSERT
DEW DUE
DIE DYE
FAIR FAIR FARE FINE FINE
FIR FUR FLEA FLEE
FLOUR FLOWER
FOREWORD FORWARD
GAIT GATE
GRATE GREAT
GROUND GROUND
HAIR HARE
HALL HAUL HANGAR HANGER
HAY HEY
HEAL HEEL
HEAR HERE
HI HIGH
HOARSE HORSE
HOLE WHOLE
I EYE
KNIGHT NIGHT
KNOW NO
LIE LIE
LIGHT LIGHT
MAIL MALE
MEAN MEAN
MEAT MEET
NONE NUN
PAIL PALE
PAIR PEAR
PEACE PIECE
PEAK PEEK
PLAIN PLANE
POLE POLE POLL
POUND POUND
PRINCIPAL PRINCIPLE
RACE RACE
READ REED
RIGHT WRITE
RING RING
ROLE ROLL
ROOT ROUTE
ROW ROW
SAIL SALE
SEA SEE
SEW SO SOW
SIGHT SITE
SOLE SOLE SOLE SOUL
SOME SUM
SON SUN
STAIR STARE STAKE STEAK
STEAL STEEL
SUITE SWEET
TAIL TALE
TIP TIP
TOAST TOAST
TOE TOW
TOO TWO
TRUNK TRUNK
VAIN VEIN
WAIST WASTE
WAIT WEIGHT
WARE WEAR WHERE
WAY WEIGH
WEAK WEEK
WEATHER WHETHER
WELL WELL
WHICH WITCH
WHINE WINE
Heteronyms
Heteronyms () ,
.
Affect (verb) and affect (noun, in psychology)
Agape (a mouth) and agape, and also a term for a
Alternate (adjective) and alternate (verb)
Appropriate (adjective) and appropriate (verb)
Bases (plural of basis) and bases (plural of base, but also a
near-homonym for basis)
bass(fish) and bass (voice)
Bow (defer) and bow (for violin)
Buffet and buffet
Close (adjective) and close (verb)
Console (verb) and console (noun)
Contents (noun) and contents (verb, usually reflexive, third
person singular; but also works in the first person with the
singular form of the noun)
Contract and contract
Contrary and contrary
Converse (verb) and converse (noun)
Coordinates (verb) and coordinates (mathematical or
cartological noun)
Defect (verb) and defect (noun)
Delegate (verb) and delegate (noun)
Denier (one who denies something, such as the holocaust) and
denier (unit of measurement for the fineness of silk, nylon and
other fabrics)
Desert (noun) and desert (verb), though the latter is a
homophone for dessert (noun)
Deliberate (adjective) and deliberate (verb)
Does (verb) and does (plural noun)
Dogged (one syllable) and dogged (two syllables)
Dove (the bird) and dove (past tense of dive)
Entrance (noun) and entrance (verb)
Essay (noun) and essay (verb)
Evening (noun) and evening (verb)
Grave (to rhyme with 'halve') and grave (to rhyme with 'gave')
Import (verb) and import (noun; for example, close synonym for
importance)
Incense (noun) and incense (verb)
Invalid (adjective) and invalid (noun)
Intimate (adjective) and intimate (verb)
Lead (metal) and lead (verb)
lied(musical noun) and lied (verb, past tense)
Liver (internal organ) and liver ("a name arbitrarily given to the
bird figured in the arms of the city of Liverpool"
Minute (noun) and minute (adjective)
Moped (noun) and moped (verb, past perfect tense)
None (to rhyme with "nun") and none (may be attended by a
nun)
Number (noun) and number (relative form of numb)
Pace (by the leave of) and pace (footstep/speed)
Pasty (noun) and pasty (adjective)
Plaque and plaque
Present (verb) and present (noun)
Project (noun) and project (verb)
Pussy (adjective) and pussy (noun, meaning cat. Settle down,
class.)
Putting (not golf) and putting (golf)
Recreation and recreation
Recover (from illness or other misfortune) and recover (while
restoring furniture, for example)
Refuse (verb) and refuse (noun)
Resign (as in resignation) and resign (as in signature)
Routed (in battle) and routed (via a computer network)
Row (argue, argument) and row (line)
Seconded and seconded
Severer (more severe) and severer (one who severs)
Sewer (one who sews) and sewer (sanitation infrastructure)
Sin (mathematical) and sin (theological). This is a triple
heteronym, according to someone who knows better than I how
to pronounce Sin, the Akkadian god of the moon.
Skied (past tense of ski) and skied (an old cricketing term,
Slough (verb) and slough (noun)
sow(noun) and sow (verb)
Supply (verb or noun) and supply (adverb from 'supple'; this
spelling is preferable to 'supplely', according to the Oxford
Spelling Dictionary.)
Swinging and swinging (alternative spelling of 'swingeing',
according to the OED)
Tear (verb) and tear (noun)
Tier (noun, one who ties something) and tier (noun, a level or
layer)
Unionized (meaning formed a union) and unionized (reverse of
ionized)
Wicked (two syllables) and wicked (one syllable)
Wind (noun) and wind (verb, to rhyme with bind)
Whoops (verb) and whoops (exclamation)
Whooping (in which the 'h' is silent) and whooping, in which the
'w' is silent. Since the latter only occurs in 'whooping cough'
Worsted (yarn or fabric) and worsted (opposite of bested)
Wound (noun) and wound (past tense of wind)
Zoon (two syllables; scientific noun) and zoon (one syllable;
verb, meaning a style of preaching or praying)

Homophones
Homophones () ,

.
air heir
aisle isle
ante- anti-
eye I
bare bear
be bee
brake break
buy by
cell sell
cent scent
cereal serial
coarse course
complement compliment
dam damn
dear deer
die dye
fair fare
fir fur
flour flower
for four
hair hare
heal heel
hear here
him hymn
hole whole
hour our
idle idol
in inn
knight night
knot not
know no
made maid
mail male
meat meet
morning mourning
none nun
oar or
one won
pair pear
peace piece
plain plane
poor pour
pray prey
principal principle
profit prophet
real reel
right write
root route
sail sale
sea see
seam seem
sight site
sew so
shore sure
sole soul
some sum
son sun
stair stare
stationary stationery
steal steel
suite sweet
tail tale
their there
to too
toe tow
waist waste
wait weight
way weigh
weak week
wear where


Heterograph
Heterograph
.
Right write
Warn worn
Role roll
Sight site
Red read
Reed read
Due dew
Dye die
What watt
Peel peal
Reel real
Raise raze
Wait weight
Piece peace
Please pleas
Jeans genes
Throne thrown
Groan grown
Pale pail
Male mail
Lie lye
Pain pane
Team teem
Seam seem
Pair pear
Boy buoy
Whale wail
Bale bail
Ail ale
Aisle isle
Fair fare
Hair hare
Stair stare
Chord cord
Board bored
Where wear
Bare bear
Saw sore
Raw roar
Sure shore
Paw pore
Or oar
Oar ore
Hour our
Steal steel
Heal heel
For four
Tore tour
Buy by
Rain reign


Homographs
Homographs
.
arms (weapons) arms (part of body)
ball (sphere) ball (dance)
band (music makers) band (strap)
bass (low musical sound) bass (fish) *
bear (animal) bear (carry)
bluff (steep embankment) bluff (fool)
boil (bubble) boil (skin sore)
bow (bend) bow (part of ship)
bow (weapon) *
box (container) box (hit)
box (shrub)
brush (tool) brush (undergrowth)
can (container) can (able)
case (container) case (condition)
colon (part of body) colon (punctuation mark)
count (royalty) count (number)
date (fruit); date (on calendar) date (companion)
down (feathers) down (direction)
down (grassland)
duck (bird) duck (avoid)
duck (cloth)
fan (admirer) fan (cooling device)
fast (quick) fast (starve)
fine (good quality) fine (payment for wrongdoing)
firm (hard) firm (company)
fly (insect) fly (move through air)
fly (flap of cloth covering pant zipper)
fresh (new) fresh (bold)
gum (chewing treat) gum (mouth part)
hold (grasp) hold (part of ship)
jam (preserved fruit) jam (squeeze)
jam (impromptu music)
lap (part of body) lap (course)
lap (drink)
lean (slant) lean (thin)
left (direction) left (went)
lie (untruth) lie (recline)
loaf (lounge) loaf (bread)
lumber (wood) lumber (walk slowly)
mole (skin spot) mole (animal)
page (call) page (of paper)
page (youth)
pen (for writing) pen (enclosure)
pitcher (container) pitcher (in baseball)
pop (sound) pop (popular)
pop (father) pop (soda)
pound (weight) pound (kennel)
pound (hit)
prune (fruit) prune (cut)
pupil (part of eye) pupil (student)
racket (for tennis) racket (scheme)
racket (noise)
ring (circle) ring (sound of bell)
row (in a line) row (with oars)
row (fight)*
sock (hit) sock (stocking)
tap (hit lightly) tap (faucet)
swallow (bird) swallow (gulp)
well (good) well (for water)
nail (body part) nail (hit with a hammer)

Homonym = same spelling + same pronunciation + different meaning

Homograph = same spelling (with same pronunciation or not) +
different meaning

Homophone = same pronunciation (with same spelling or not) +
different meaning

Heteronym = same spelling + different pronunciation + different
meaning

A word with:
Same spelling + same pronunciation + same meaning = same word!

Same spelling + same pronunciation + different meaning =
homograph, homophone and homonym

Same spelling + different pronunciation + different meaning =
homograph and heteronym








Tenses =

:
1. = Present tens
2. = Past tens
3. = Future tens

1. = Present tens
1. :
* = Present simple tense
* = Present continuous tense
* = Present perfect tense
* = Present perfect continuous
tense


* = Present simple tense
different spelling + same pronunciation + different meaning =
homophone
Present simple tense
subject ,
s es.
Subject Verb
I / you / we / they + speak / learn
he / she / it + speaks / learns

: Subject + Verb+(s, es ) + Object
-O, -CH, -SH, -SS, -X, -Z
-es .
go goes
catch catches
wash washes
kiss kisses
fix fixes
buzz buzzes
y ,a (consonant)
y i es.(
)
marry marries
study studies
carry carries
worry worries

y, a (vowel)
s.( )
play plays
enjoy enjoys
say says
I always eat a salad for lunch.
I live in New York.
John drives a taxi.

Some birds sleep by day and hunt by night.
Present simple tense
.

Always -
often -
usually -
sometimes -
seldom -
never -
every day -
every week -
every year -
on Mondays - ...........
after school - ...........

subject,
to do + not
.
: Subject + Do not(Does not ) + Verb
+ object
I do not play football.
He does not play football.


to do, subject ,
bject.
: Do(Does ) + Subject + Verb + object
Do I play football?
Does he play football?

Present simple tense :

.
She always forgets her purse.
He never forgets his wallet.
I always come to school by car.
I play football every weekend.
She never plays football.
My friend often draws posters.

.
It rains a lot in winter.
The sun sets in the West.
Wood floats on water.
The sun rises in the East.
Two and two make four.

.
You walk for two hundred metres, then you turn left.
First you roll out the pastry, then you cut circles with a cup or a glass.
Go straight on to the traffic lights, then you turn right.
Open your books at page 50.


.
I write. .( )
I work. .( )

.
The party starts at 5 o'clock.
The train leaves tonight at 7 PM.
The train departs in 20 minutes.


* = Present continuous tense
Present continuous tense subject
, to be ,
ing.
: Subject + is/ am/are + Verb + ing + Object
I am playing cricket.
He is driving a car.
not
to be .
: subject +is/am/are +not +verb+ing+object
I am not playing cricket.
He is not driving a car.
They are not reading their lessons.


to be subject.
to be subject,
-ing.
: Is/am/are + Subject + Verb + ing + Object
Am I playing cricket?
Is He driving a car?
Are they reading their lessons?

Present continuous tense :

.
The kids are watching TV.
They are doing their homework.
The telephone is ringing!


.
I am reading a really interesting book now.
We are studying English .
Jenny is working in a restaurant this week.


( .)
Mary is coming for dinner tomorrow.
We are having lunch at 13.30 o'clock.
I am going to the cinema tonight.
They're coming to the party at the weekend.
:
at the moment
at this moment
today
now
right now
Listen!
Look!
in the morning / in the afternoon / in the evening
at noon / tonight
tomorrow
next ...
this week / this month / this year
at the moment
now / just now / right now
more and more

He is now watching TV.
She is just learning English.
They are spending this week in Paris.
I'm leaving for Vienna tomorrow morning.
He's studying right now.
More and more people are becoming vegetarian.
Are they visiting you next winter?
* = Present perfect tense
Present perfect tense j
,

.
.
Present perfect tense
subject to have past participle
bject.
: Subject + has/have + Past Participle (verb) + Object
I have known Mary since 2000.
You have gone to school.
He has already arrived in Catalonia.


-ed. Arriv +ed

not
have .
: Subject + has/have not+ Past Participle (verb) + Object
I have not known Mary since 2000.
You have not gone to school.
He has not already arrived in Catalonia.
I have not studied for three hours today.



have subjekt.
Have I known Mary since 2000?
Have You gone to school?
Has He already arrived in Catalonia?

Present perfect tense :
.
I have been to France three times.
I have never been to France.
He has never traveled by train.
.
He has lived in Canada for five years.
She has worked at the University since 1994.


.
I have buoght a car.
I have cleaned my room.

.
He has just played handball.
The bus has just arrived. She has cooked dinner.
( )
:
just I have made a special dish just for you.
yet She hasn't found the time yet.
never She has never been so surprised.
already We have seen this movie already.
ever Have you ever read books?
so far
up to now
recently
since You have been sick since last week.
for I have thought about it for two hours.



* = Present
perfect continuous tense

Present perfect continuous tense
subject
have (have/has) past participle
be(been) , o
ing object .
: Subject + have/has +been Verb + ing + Object
You have been watching TV for the last five hours.
You have been playing handball.
He has been painting the house for 5 hours.
not
have past participle been.
: Subject + have/has not +been Verb + ing +
Object

You have not been watching TV for the last five hours.
You have not been playing handball.
He has not been painting the house for 5 hours.


subject have.
: Have/has+ Subject + been Verb + ing + Object
Have you been watching TV for the last five hours?
Have you been playing handball.
Has he been painting the house for 5 hours.


Present perfect continuous tense :

.
I have been reading for 2 hours.
We've been waiting for the bus for hours.
I have been working all afternoon.
He hasn't been talking to me for weeks.

.
I'm tired, because I've been running.
I'm so tired, I've been studying.
I've been reading your book, it's very good.
I have been waiting for you for half an hour.

:
all day
the whole day the whole (morning/ afternoon/ week/)
since
for
how long
I have been working all afternoon.
She has been writing for two hours.
I have been writing for an hour.



2. = Past tens
* = Past simple tense
* = Past continuous tense
* = Past perfect tense
* = Past perfect continuous tense

* = Past simple tense
Past simple tense
ed. subject
ed, bject.
Past simple tense
.
: Subject + Verb +ed+ Object
We arrived at 9:00 o'clock.
She opened her bag.
We visited Japan in 2007.
I went to the cinema yesterday. .
Susan bought her little sister a doll.

,
d.
baked, cared, eased, filed, greased,
hated, liked, piled, raced, seized,
smiled, typed, wheezed, whined
Y, Y
- ied

copy / copied; defy / defied fry / fried;

Apply / applied;
bury / buried;
cry / cried;
fry / fried;
hurry / hurried;
marry / married;
pry / pried;
spy / spied
try / tried
vary / varied
worry / worried
falsify / falsified; hurry / hurried; modify / modified;
pity / pitied; qualify / qualified; reply / replied;
spy / spied; supply / supplied; try / tried

A ,
,
d.
beg / begged; clap / clapped; fan / fanned;
hop / hopped; jog / jogged; mar / marred;
pin / pinned; rip / ripped; slam / slammed;
tan / tanned; whip / whipped; zip / zipped
She kissed me on the cheek.
He played the violin when he was a child.
subject,
to do(did), not ,
ed.
: subject +did +not +verb1(infinitive) + object
We did not arriv at 9:00 o'clock.
She did not open her bag.
subject
did.
: Did + subject + verb1(infinitive) + object
Did we arriv at 9:00 o'clock.?
Did she open her bag?
Did we visit Japan in 2007?

Past simple tense :
.
I visited Berlin last week.
He went to a club last night.
I visited a client in London yesterday.
.
First I got up, then I had breakfast.
I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
She opened her bag, took out the key and unlocked the door.

:
ago, an hour ago, one minute ago, in 2011 ..., in 1999 ..., last
month, last week, last year, last weekend, last summer,
yesterday, at 5 o'clock.
They weren't in Rio last summer.
He went to a club last night.
Did he come to your party last week?
* = Past continuous tense
Past continuous tense subject
, to be
-ing (present
participle) ,a object.
: Subject + was/were + Verb + ing + Object
I was studying when she called.
She was crying yesterday.
We were listening to the music.
not
to be
ing.
: Subject + was/were + not Verb + ing + Object
I was not studying when she called.
She was not crying yesterday.
We were not listening to the music.

to be subject.
: was/were + Subject + Verb + ing + Object
Was I studying when she called?
Was she crying yesterday?
Were we listening to the music?

Past continuous tense :


.
I was taking a bath when the telephone rang.
You phoned while I was having a bath.
I was reading when he arrived.


.
At this time last week I was lying on the beach in Florida.
The children were doing their homework when I got home.
Peter was reading a book yesterday evening.

,
.
Anne was writing a letter while Steve was reading.
Ben was singing while Sarah was dancing.
What were they doing while she was crying?

:
while when
She was watching TV when somebody knocked at the door.
While I was reading my wife was taking a shower.
Ben was singing while Sarah was dancing.
When she was sleeping, the phone rang.

* = Past perfect tense

Past perfect tense
subject, have,
ed, o (past
participle).
: Subject + had + Past Participle verb(verb+ed)+ Object


They had visited a doctor.
I had finished my work last year.
Mary had eaten dinner before he started his homework.
You had gone .( )

not
have .
: Subject + had + not + Past Participle verb(verb+ed)+
Object
They had not visited a doctor.
I had not finished my work last year.
Mary had not eaten dinner before he started his homework.
You had not gone .( )


subject had.
: Had + subject + Past Participle verb(verb+ed)+ Object
Had they visited a doctor? Had I finished my work last
year?
Past perfect tense :
.
I had finished my homework before I went playing football.
John had never been to London before we went there last year.
. James had cooked breakfast when we got up.

.
If we had gone by taxi, we wouldn't have been late.
If Mary had studied harder, she would have passed the exam.
If I had known you were ill, I would have visited you.

.
Mary said she had already seen this film.
He asked if I had read Harry Potter.
He said he had lost his puppy.

:
1 By the time
Id finished all the work by the time you called.
2 When
When we arrived at the airport, our flight had already left.
3 Before
Before we sold our car, we had owned it for 12 years.
4 Until
Hed never met a native English speaker until he visited London.
5 Said
She said that shed lost her wallet.

after, before, when

After he had sent an email, he got an answer.
Before we read the book, we had bought the book.
When she arrived in London, she had waited for hours.

* = Past perfect
continuous tense
Past perfect continuous tense
subjekt , i have (had)
past participle be (been) ,
-ing , (present
participle ).
: Subject + had + been + Verb + ing + Object + since/for
I had been waiting for him for one hour.
She had been playing chess since 7 Oclock.
He had been playing cricket for two hours.

not

had been.
: Subject + had not + been + Verb + ing + Object +
since/for
I had not been waiting for him for one hour.
She had not been playing chess since 7 Oclock.
He had not been playing cricket for two hours.

subject
had.
: had + Subject + been + Verb + ing + Object + since/for
Had I been waiting for him for one hour?
Had she be been playing cricket for two hours?
Had he been playing cricket for two hours?

Past perfect continuous tense :

.
They had been watching TV for two hours before Mike came.
. Diana had been playing tennis for half an hour when it began to rain.
They had been playing tennis for two hours before the accident
happened.
"I had been studying at university for 6 months before I met her.

.
1. The road was wet because it had been raining.
2 . I had to go on a diet because I had been eating too much sugar.
3.Jason was tired because he had been jogging.
I put on weight because I had been eating too much.
.
If it hadn't been raining, we would have gone to the park.
If he hadn't been reading for hours last night, he would have got up
earlier.

.
He said that Jane had been driving for 8 hours.
She said she had been teaching English for the last three years in
Japan.

:
for, since, how long, all day, after, before
Lisa had been dancing for 2 hours before she was tired.
He had not been working at the dock at all that afternoon.
She had been playing chess since 7 Oclock.
Mike wanted to sit down because he had been standing all day at
work.
He had been playing football before ten years.


3. = Future tens

3. :
* = Future simple tense
* = Future continuous tense
* = Future perfect tense
* = Future perfect continuous tense

* = Future simple tense
Future simple tense Will Be Going
To.

Future simple tense Will / shall
: Subject + Will / shall + verb +object
I will finish my report later today.
He will finish his homework in twenty minutes.
You will help him later.
I will arrive on Tuesday
I shall arrive on Tuesday.
not
Will / shall
verb.
: Subject + Will / shall not + verb +object

I will not finish my report later today.
He will not finish his homework in twenty minutes.
You will not help him later.
I will not arrive on Tuesday
I shall not arrive on Tuesday.


Subject Will / shall .
: Will / shall + Subject + verb +object
Will I finish my report later today?
Will He finish his homework in twenty minutes?
Will You help him later?
Shall I arrive on Tuesday?
Shall we see?
* = Future simple tense
:
~ .
tomorrow, today, later today, in five minutes, in two hours, on
Monday, on Saturday afternoon, next week/month, this year,
I will finish my report later today.
The sun will rise at 6:03 am.
I'll go to the market tomorrow.
There will be another conference next month.
I'll come to see you on Sunday.

~ .
I'll close the window.
- The phone is ringing.
- I'll answer it.

~ .
I think it will rain.
It will rain in a moment.
It will get more difficult.
~ .
I'll be there at 7 p.m., I promise.
I'll tell your parents what you did.
I promise I will buy you this toy.
Promise you will never leave me!
:
next friday..., next weekend, next year, next party..., soon, tomorrow,
tomorrow evening..., in the future, 2011, expect, believe, hope,
suppose, think, probably
I will buy a computer tomorrow.
They will dance all night long.
John will be here in a second or two.



am/is/are
Subject.

re you going to meet Jane tonight?

re we going to make a bag as her birthday present?

m I going to pick it up for you?

Future simple tense (going to) :
.
We are going to sing at the party.
I'm going to see him later today.
I am going to study harder next year.
.
Look at those boys playing football! They're going to break the
window.
Look out! That cup is going to fall off.
Look at those black clouds. It's going to rain soon.
The sky is absolutely dark. It is going to rain.




* = Future continuous tense (
will, shall)
: Subject + will+ be() + Vrb + ing(present
participle) + Object.
: Subject + shall+ be() + Vrb + ing(present
participle) + Object.
I will be waiting for you.
You will be feeling well tomorrow.
We shall be sleeping by the time you return.
At this time next week, I shall be playing poker.

:
: Subject + will +not + be() + Vrb +
ing(present participle) + Object.
: Subject + shall +not be() + Vrb +
ing(present participle) + Object.
I will not be waiting for you.
You will not be feeling well tomorrow.
We shall not be sleeping by the time you return.
At this time next week, I shall not be playing poker.

:
: Will+ subject + be() + Vrb + ing(present
participle) + Object.
: Shall + subject+ be() + Vrb + ing(present
participle) + Object.
Will I be waiting for you?
will you be feeling well tomorrow?
Shall we shall be sleeping by the time you return?
At this time next week, shall I be playing poker?

Future continuous tense :

.
At eight oclock, I will be eating dinner.
Tonight at 11 p.m, we will be dancing at the party.
.
This time tomorrow I will be celebrating my birthday.

.
He won't be coming any time soon. He is still at the office.
Beatrice will be getting married very soon.
She will be feeling very sad after learning the truth.
I will be waiting for you when your train arrives.
She will be working when the celebration starts.

At the concert tomorrow, Ben will be singing while Sarah will be
dancing.
I will be working hard next week while you will be relaxing on the beach.


= ( will be)(shall be)
tomorrow, next week/month/year, in 2041, at midnight
It will be raining tomorrow.
I shall be sleeping at midnight.
We will be going to the gym after work.
I will be speaking. (I'll be speaking)
I will not be speaking. (I won't be speaking)


* = Future perfect tense
( will, shall)
: Subject + will have() shall
have() + verb+ed(Past participle )+ Object .
She will have fallen asleep by the time we get home.
I shall have gone by then.
She will have finished the work by Wednesday.
Jack will have finished his homework by the time his mother gets
home.

:
: Subject + will+ not+ have() shall
have() + verb+ed(Past participle )+ Object .

She will not have fallen asleep by the time we get home.
I shall not have gone by then.
She will not have finished the work by Wednesday.
Jack will not have finished his homework by the time his mother
gets home.

:
: will have() shall have()
+Subject + +verb+ed(Past participle )+ Object .
Will she have fallen asleep by the time we get home?
Shall I have gone by then?
Will she have finished the work by Wednesday?
Will Jack will have finished his homework by the time his mother gets
home?
Future perfect tense :

.
She will have cooked dinner by the time her husband repears the car.
By the time we get to the cinema the movie will have started.
Jack will have finished his homework by the time his mother gets
home.


.
The student will have passed his exam by Friday.
I will have finished the writing by midnight.
The snow will have stopped by April.
John will have eaten the whole cake, by the time the birthday party
starts!

= will have shall
have.
by (the end of the day, ... week, ...month, ...year, ...decade)
until, before by the end of the day, by the end of the week, by the
end of the month,
By the time you arrive, we will have finished the meal and the
speeches.
By next month, you will have received your promotion.
I will have finished by 5pm.
By the end of the month we will have finished the course.



* = Future
perfect continuous tense Will / Shall
: Subject + will have been() shall have
been() + Verb + ing(present participle) + Object +
since/for
I will have been waiting for him for one hour.
She will have been playing football since 2015.
I will have been waiting here for three hours by six o'clock.
I shall have been working in the company for five years next month.

:
: Subject + will + not + have been()
shall have been() + Verb + ing(present participle) +
Object + since/for
I will have not been waiting for him for one hour.
She will not have been playing football since 2015.
I will have not been waiting here for three hours by six o'clock.
I shall have not been working in the company for five years next
month.

:
: will shall + Subject+ have been + Verb + ing(present
participle) + Object + since/for
Will I have been waiting for him for one hour?
Will she have been playing football since 2015?
Will I have been waiting here for three hours by six o'clock?
Shall I shall have been working in the company for five years next
month?
Future perfect continuous tense :
.
I will have been working here for ten years next week.
.
By the next year, Ben and his wife will have been living together for 50
years.
:
By this time, he will have been working for 12 hours, so he will be
very tired.

, .
I'll go home on 20 June. By then I'll have been staying at this hotel for
a fortnight.
At six o'clock we'll have been waiting here for three hours.
When you arrive, we'll have been sitting in the classroom all day.
By tonight, it will have been raining several hours, and the street will
be very wet.
By next summer, I will have been running for almost a year, and I will
be fit and healthy.
By the time of the concert, she will have been practicing the piano for
several months, and she will be much better.
: will have been
shall have been.
all day long, for ..., the last couple of hours, by the time
By the time I finish this course, I will have been learning English for
twenty years.
He will have been driving for an hour by the time he gets home.


Future simple tense (going to)
Future simple tense (going to)
subject to
be(am,is,are) , going to
, bject.
: Subject + am/is/are + going to +infinitive verb +object
You are going to meet Jane tonight.

We are going to make a bag as her birthday present.

I am going to pick it up for you.

not
am/is/are
going to.
You are not going to meet Jane tonight.

We are not going to make a bag as her birthday present.

I am not going to pick it up for you.


am/is/are

Subject.
re you going to meet Jane tonight?

re we going to make a bag as her birthday present?

m I going to pick it up for you?
* = Future continuous
tense
( be going to)
: subject+am/is/are + going to be +verb+ing( present
participle)+object
You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
He is going to be working at 3:00 tomorrow afternoon.
:
: subject+am/is/are +not + going to be +verb+ing( present
participle)+object
You are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
He is not going to be working at 3:00 tomorrow afternoon.
:
: am/is/are+ subject+ + going to be +verb+ing( present
participle)+object
Are you going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight?
Is he going to be working at 3:00 tomorrow afternoon?
I am going to be learning English tomorrow at this time.
I am not going to be learning English tomorrow at this time.
Am I going to be learning English tomorrow at this time?


Future perfect tense (going to)
: subject+am/is/are + going to have()
+verb+ed( past participle)+object
He is going to have finished his lecture by the time we get there.
I am going to have finished her homework by the time her schoolmate
arrives.
:
: subject + am/is/are+ not + going to have()
+ verb+ed(past participle)+object
He is not going to have finished his lecture by the time we get there.
I am not going to have finished her homework by the time her
schoolmate arrives.
:
: Am/is/are+ subject+ + going to have()
+verb+ed( past participle)+object
Is he going to have finished his lecture by the time we get there?
Am I going to have finished her homework by the time her schoolmate
arrives

Future perfect continuous tense ( be going
to)
:subject+am/is/are+going to have
been()+verb+ing
(present participle)+object
You are going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her
plane finally arrives.
She is going to have been working at that company for three years
when it finally closes.

:
:subject+am/is/are+ not +going to have
been()+verb+ing
(present participle)+object
You are not going to have been waiting for more than two hours when
her plane finally arrives.
She is not going to have been working at that company for three
years when it finally closes.

:
: am/is/are +subject +going to have
been()+verb+ing
(present participle)+object
Are you going to have been waiting for more than two hours when her
plane finally arrives?
Is she going to have been working at that company for three years
when it finally closes?
Tenses -

The four present tenses are :
1. the simple present ("I go")
2. the present progressive ("I am going")
3. the present perfect ("I have gone")
4. the present perfect progressive ("I have been going")

The four past tenses are :
1. the simple past ("I went")
2. the past progressive ("I was going")
3. the past perfect ("I had gone")
4. the past perfect progressive ("I had been going")

The four future tenses are :
1. the simple future ("I will go")
2. the future progressive ("I will be going")
3. the future perfect ("I will have gone")
4. the future perfect progressive ("I will have been going")






Conditional =
4 Conditional :
Conditional 0
Conditional 1
Conditional 2
Conditional 3

Conditional 0

, .
If + simple present, simple present
'IF' CLAUSE
(CONDITION)
MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present
If you heat ice +
If it rains +
simple present
it melts.
you get wet
If he gets there before me, ask him to wait.
If I eat too much, I get sick.
If I drink, I never drive.
If you freeze water, it turns into ice.
If people eat too much, they get fat.
If you mix red and blue, you get purple.
If it rains, the grass gets wet.
Ice melts if you heat it.
Conditional 1

,
If +simple present +simple futur




IF' CLAUSE (CONDITION)



MAIN CLAUSE (RESULT)
If + simple present
If it rains
+
If you don't hurry
+
Simple future
you will get wet
we will miss the train.

If he's feeling better, he will come.
If I have time today, I will phone my friend.
If I have enough money, I will go to Japan.
Ill go shopping on the way home if I have time.
If its a nice day tomorrow we will go to the beach.
If it rains tomorrow, I will take my umbrella.
If it rains, I won't go to the park.
If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes.
If it rains today, I'll stay at home.
If he is busy now, I will come back tomorrow.

CONDITION: if + subject + present simple
RESULT: subject + future (will/wont, going to)


Conditional 2
,
.
If + Simple Past + Modal + Base Verb

If clause +
Main clause
If + Past Simple + would / could / might + verb

If I had more money, I would buy a car.
If he were 16, he could drive.
If I were rich, I would buy a private jet.
If I had one million dollars, I'd give a lot to charity.
If he studied more, he would pass the exam.
If elephants had wings, they would be able to fly.

CONDITION: if + subject + past simple
RESULT: subject + would/might/could + verb



Conditional 3

.
If clause Main clause
If + Past Perfect
tense
would/could/might + have +
past participle
If I had won the
lottery,
I would have traveled around
the world.

Present Conditionals (Present Real Conditional)
If / When .+.. Simple Present ...,+ ... Simple Present ...
... Simple Present .+.. if / when ..+. Simple Present ...

If I heat water to 100 degrees C., It boils.
If I go to a friend's house for dinner, I usually take a bottle of
wine or some flowers.
When I have a day off from work, I often go to the beach.
If I have money, I spend it.
Present Conditionals (Present Real Conditional)
.

Present Unreal Conditional
If .+.. Simple Past ...,+ ... would + verb ...
.+.. would + verb ..+. if ..+. Simple Past ...
If I owned a car, I would drive to work. But I don't own a car.
She would travel around the world if she had more money.
But she doesn't have much money.
Present Unreal Conditional
.



Past Conditionals(Past Real Conditional)
If / When .+.. Simple Past ...,+ ... Simple Past ...
... Simple Past..+. if / when ..+. Simple Past ...

If I went to a friend's house for dinner, I usually took a bottle
of wine or some flowers. I don't do that anymore.
When I had a day off from work, I often went to the beach.
Now, I never get time off.
Past Conditionals(Past Real Conditional)

.

Past Unreal Conditional
If .+.. Past Perfect ...,+ ... would have + past participle ...
... would have + past participle .+.. if ..+. Past Perfect ...

If I had owned a car, I would have driven to work. But I didn't
own one, so I took the bus.
She would have traveled around the world if she had had
more money. But she didn't have much money, so she never
traveled.
Past Unreal Conditional
.



Future Conditionals(Future Real Conditional)
If / When ..+. Simple Present ...,+ ... Simple Future ...
... Simple Future .+.. if / when ..+. Simple Present ...
If I go to my friend's house for dinner tonight, I will take a
bottle of wine or some flowers.
When I have a day off from work, I am going to go to the
beach.
Future Conditionals(Future Real Conditional)

.
Future Unreal Conditional
If .+.. Simple Past ..., +... would + verb ...
... would + verb .+.. if ..+. Simple Past ...
If I had a day off from work next week, I would go to the beach.
I am busy next week. If I had time, I would come to your party.
.
Future Unreal Conditional
If ... were + present participle ...,+ ... would be + present
participle ...
... would be + present participle .+.. if ..+. were + present
participle ...

If I were going to Fiji next week, I would be taking my scuba
diving gear with me.
If I were not visiting my grandmother tomorrow, I would help
you study.


Future Unreal Conditional
If ..+. were going to + verb ...,+ ... would be + present
participle ...
... would be + present participle ..+. if .+.. were going to + verb
...

If I were going to go to Fiji next week, I would be taking my
scuba diving gear with me.
If I were not going to visit my grandmother tomorrow, I would
help you study.

Conditional with Modal Verbs
would + can = could
would + shall = should
would + may = might
If I went to Egypt next year, I could learn Arabic.
Unfortunately, that's not possible.
If I didn't have to work tonight, I could go to the fitness center.



mix Conditional





Past --> Present
If I had taken an aspirin, I wouldn't have a headache
now.
If I had installed an anti-virus, my computer wouldn't be so
slow now.
If I had won the lottery, I would be rich.

Past --> Future
If I had known that you are going to come by tomorrow, I
would be in then.
If she had signed up for the ski trip last week, she would be
joining us tomorrow.
If our house had been broken into, we would call the police.
Present --> Past
If she had enough money, she could have done this trip to
Hawaii.
if I was more diligent, I would've finished my degree at
university.
If I were rich, I would have bought that Ferrari we saw
yesterday.
Present --> Future
If I were you, I would be spending my vacation in Seattle.
If you were more eloquent, you would become a politician.
If I didn't have so much vacation time, I wouldn't go with you
on the cruise to Alaska next week.
Future --> Past
If I weren't flying to Detroit, I would have planned a trip to
Vancouver.
If she had stayed up late yesterday, she will be late
tomorrow.
If I weren't going on my business trip next week, I would have
accepted that new assignment at work.
Future --> Present
If I were taking this exam next week, I would be high-strung.
If I were going to that concert tonight, I would be very
excited.



Clause
Clause (subject,verb,object.........)
Clause
.
clause
clause
clause = independent clause main clause=
clause.
He was eating a bacon sandwich.
He ran fast.
We walk to school.
And, or, nor, but, yet(
2 clause.)
The door opened and the man walked in.
clause
, clause =
dependent clause.
clause :
Before, after, because, since, in order to, although, though,
whenever, wherever, whether, while, even though, even if,
Because I forgot my homework, I got sent home.
The door opened because the man pushed it.
Before they go to the airport, they will visit you.
I went to the show that was very popular.
= dependent clause :
Noun Clauses(how, that, what, whatever, when, where,
whether, which, whichever, who, whoever, whom, whomever,
whose, and why.)
Remind whoever is on your discussion panel that we will
meet tomorrow morning in the library.
I know that Latin is no longer spoken as a native language.
Adjective Clauses(who, whom, whose, which, that, where, or
when.)
Katie loves books which describe life in the 29
th
century.
The happy woman danced across the street.
The red coat which I bought yesterday.
Adverb Clauses
Place wherever, anywhere, everywhere, where
Everywhere she goes, she brings a camera.
Time since, while, as soon as, before, after, until, when,
anytime
While we were waiting for the pizza guy to arrive, we played
poker at the kitchen table.
Reason because, since, as, for, so that
Because it was exceptionally cold, I wore my winter jacket.
Condition if, when, unless, even if, even though
Even if they lose by five goals, people will still love them.
Contrast though, although, despite, in spite of, whereas
Despite the poor service provided by the wait staff, we still
enjoyed the food and the atmosphere of the restaurant.






Sentences =
:
1.Subject
2.Verb
3.Object
1.Subject
Subject e / . Subject
.
John dance on the table.
We go to school.
John drinks coffe.

2.Verb
Verb e ,
subject.
John dance on the table.
We go to school.
John drinks coffe.
3.Object
Object
.
John dance on the table.
We go to school.
John drinks coffe.
Sentence types =

4
:
1.Simple sentence( , )
2.Compound sentence
3.Complex sentence
4.Complex- Compound sentence

1.Simple sentence
Simple sentence (one
independent clause).
She is my girlfriend.
Joe waited for the train.
The train was late.
Mary and Samantha took the bus.
2.Compound sentence
Compound sentence
(independent clause)
:
for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so.
I am skinny and you are obese.
I like chocolate ice cream, but my friend likes strawberry.
Joe waited for the train, but the train was late.
The boys walked down the road and their parents waved from
the house.

3.Complex sentence
Complex sentence

(independent clause)
(dependent clause).
As she is a big bully, I stay away from her.
Because my coffee was too cold, I heated it in the
microwave.
I always make friends quickly wherever I live.
We visited the museum before it closed.

4.Complex- Compound sentence
Complex- Compound sentence
( independent clause)
(dependent clause).
I usually use a pick whenever I play the guitar, or I just use
my fingers.
I would have purchased the cheese that you like, but it was
too expensive.
John went to school, but James remained at home because
he had a sore throat.


Sentence types =
:
1.Declarative sentences
2.Interrogative sentences
3.Imperative sentences
4.Conditional sentences
5.Exclamative sentences
1.Declarative sentences
Declarative sentences .
.
Subject + Predicate
My coat is red.
Yesterday I left school early.
Yesterday, I slept through my alarm.
My name is Mary.
We get lots of snow in the winter .
2.Interrogative sentences
Interrogative sentences
.
.
Interrogative sentences :
1. Yes/No interrogatives
2. Alternative interrogatives
3. Wh-interrogatives
4. Tag questions.

Yes/No interrogatives
Will you bring your book? Answer: Yes or No
Are you a student? Answer: Yes or No
Did Rama eat a mango? Answer: Yes or No
Alternative interrogatives
Would you prefer chocolate or vanilla ice cream?
Do you want coffee, tea, or soda?
Should I telephone you or send an email?
Wh-interrogatives
What are you doing?
Where do you live?
Who is playing in the Super Bowl?
What is the meaning of this?
Which songs do you like best?
Tag questions

You came by train, didnt you?

She works for a big company, doesn't she?
She is collecting stickers, isn't she?
We often watch TV in the afternoon, don't we?
You've eaten breakfast, haven't you?
You made some coffee, didn't you?


3.Imperative sentences
Imperative sentences ,
.
.
Please pass the salt.
Get out of my way!
Shut the door.
Let's eat something, we are all hungry.
Give me the keys.
4.Conditional sentences
"Zero conditional" = "If you don't eat for a long time, you
become hungry."
"First conditional" = "If you make a mistake, someone will let
you know."
"Second conditional" = If it were to rain tomorrow, I would
dance in the street.
"Third conditional" = If you had called me, I would have
come.
"Mixed conditional" = If you had done your job properly, we
wouldn't be in this mess now.
If we were soldiers, we wouldn't have done it like that.

5.Exclamative sentences

No, you cannot dye the dog's hair! (anger)
I don't want to go to Grandma's house! (frustration)
I scored three goals at the soccer game! (happiness)
I love you! (love)
We're going to Hawaii! (elation)
Wow, I am excited about this trip!
What a beautiful place this is!
Some whales are over 90 feet long!
What a beautiful night!
Its a great day!
.
1. What + a/an + Adjective + Noun!
Example: What a beautiful day!
What an ugly picture!
What a sunny day!
What a bad weather!
2. How + Adjective + Subject + Be!
Example: How handsome he is!
How amazing story is!
How bad it is!



Direct and Indirect speech

Direct speech( )

.
She said, "Today's lesson is on presentations."
"Today's lesson is on presentations", she said.
She says "What time will you be home?"
David said, I am writing a letter now.
Indirect speech( )
.
John said that he would give me a pen.
He said that he worked in a factory.
She said that she had seen him.
David said that he was writing a letter then.
Direct Speech - Indirect Speech
now - then
here - there
this - that
these - those
ago - before
thus - so
to-day - that day
to-night - that night
yesterday -
the day before (or)
the previous day
tomorrow -
the next day (or)
the following day
last week - the week before
next week - the week after
Direct speech

Indirect speech
Present simple
She said, "It's cold."
Past simple
She said it was cold.
Present continuous
She said, "I'm teaching
English online."

Past continuous
She said she was teaching
English online.
Present perfect simple
She said, "I've been on the
web since 1999."

Past perfect simple
She said she had been on the
web since 1999.
Present perfect continuous
She said, "I've been teaching
English for seven years."

Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching
English for seven years.
Past simple
She said, "I taught online
yesterday."

Past perfect
She said she had taught online
yesterday.
Past continuous
She said, "I was teaching
earlier."

Past perfect continuous
She said she had been teaching
earlier.
Past perfect
She said, "The lesson had
already started when he
arrived."

Past perfect
NO CHANGE - She said the
lesson had already started when
he arrived.
Past perfect continuous
She said, "I'd already been
teaching for five minutes."

Past perfect continuous
NO CHANGE - She said she'd
already been teaching for five
minutes.
Modal verb=
Direct speech Indirect speech
will
She said, "I'll teach English
online tomorrow."

would
She said she would teach
English online tomorrow.
can
She said, "I can teach
English online."

could
She said she could teach
English online.
must
She said, "I must have a
computer to teach English
online."

had to
She said she had to have a
computer to teach English
online.
shall
She said, "What shall we
learn today?"

should
She asked what we should
learn today.
may
She said, "May I open a new
browser?"

might
She asked if she might open
a new browser.




Questions =

:

.
It is snowing. .
Is it snowing? ?
He was driwing fast. .
Was he driwing fast? ?


to do.
You speak English. .
Do you speak English? ?
She lives in France. .
Does she live in France? ?

:
Who =koj
Where =ka
When =
What =
Which =
How =



used to + infinitive =

.
I used to have long hair (but now I have short hair).
He used to smoke (but now he doesn't smoke).
Tom used to drink coffee. Now he prefers tea.

Be 'used to' + noun =

Tom is used to noise.
Julie is used to hard work.

be used to +verb+ing=
Tom is used to living in a noisy street.
Julie is used to working hard.

Must ( ) have to ()
.
Must
.
Have to
, .
I must buy flowers for my mother.
In France, you have to drive on the right.
I/we/you/they have to get up early.
He/she/it has to get up early.
Wish = ,
Wish
.
wish + past simple (
,
.
I wish I spoke Italian.
I wish I had a big car.
I wish it was the weekend tomorrow. (future)

wish + past continuous (

.
I wish I was lying on a beach now.
I wish it wasn't raining.
I wish you weren't leaving tomorrow.

wish + past perfect (
.
I wish I hadn't eaten so much.
I wish they'd come on holiday with us.
I wish I had studied harder at school.

Wish + would (
.
I wish you would stop smoking.
I wish it would stop raining.
WHATEVER - WHENEVER - WHEREVER - WHICHEVER -
WHOEVER
Whatever - Any thing (This could also be every thing)
Whenever - Any time (This could also be 'every time')
Wherever - Any 'where' (Anywhere or everywhere).
Whoever - Anyone (Any person or every person, or
sometimes used to refer to a person unknown to the
speaker)
Whichever - Any 'which' (Choice between a group or
set).
However - Any 'way' (In any manner or way, regardless
of how).

Whatever = anything or everything; regardless of what =
,
Whatever you bake will be delicious.(
.)
Whatever the hour, he calls me. (
.)
WHENEVER= = ; ,
.
You may leave whenever you wish.(
.)
Whenever he leaves the house he always takes an
umbrella.( ,
.)
WHEREVER = = ; ,

With a good education in English, wherever you go, you will
have a good time.
She'll be happy wherever she decides to live.
WHICHEVER= , [to
You can drive whichever of the cars you want.
Wear whichever shoes are the most comfortable.
WHOEVER= ,
Whoever broke the vase, can you please replace it?
Whoever comes with you is welcome.
However =
You can dress however you like for the party, it's not formal.
However much she eats, she never puts on weight.


There, Their, and They're


There .
Their .
Theyre there are
There ( o to be
.
There are many documents that are used in investigations.
There is a library in the first building.
Stop right there.( Adverb)
Is there a phone?( Pronoun)
Those there look good.( Adjective)
Their .
My friends have lost their tickets.(
.
Theyre =
If theyre ready, we can go.


used to, get used to, be used to
Used to + verb (infinitive) =
, .
I stopped smoking last year.
I used to smoke ten cigarettes a day.
I used to smoke a packet a day but I stopped two years ago.
Get used to + verb (-ing) =
, .
She used to be a long distance runner when she was
younger.
I used to eat meat but I became a vegetarian 5 years
ago.
subject + be + used to + object =

I am used to driving on the left.
.
I am used to hard work. .

/ n / some / any

, a banana, a pear.
n
, An apple, an orange
some
(uncountable nouns) ,
.
Some money, Some fruit, some friends
There is some cheese in the fridge.
Any

.
Is there any bread in the house?
I havent got any time.


Will Going To?
Will :
-
,
, .
I will be rich and famous. .
I'm sure you'll like her. .
It's raining. I'll take an umbrella!
Will
Probably = , possibly = , I think = ,
I hope = .
I hope you'll visit me in my home one day.
.
I think I'll go to the gym tomorrow.

Going To :
-
.
The traffic is terrible. We're going to miss our flight.
Be careful! You're going to spill your coffee.

Look! David is going to crash against that tree!
-
I'm going to study law at university next year.
Lots of accidents will happen in that weather.


on / in / at
on ,,
,.
the 21th century
In the 1980s
In 2014
In the summer
In Octobe
In ,
On Friday
On March 15th
At ,
At 3:30.
At quarter past four.

there is and there are
there is .
there are .
There is a tree in our garden.
.
There are cows in the field. .


Something anything someone anyone
Some + -thing -body -one -where
Any +
No +
Someone is sleeping in my bed.
He saw something in the garden.
I left my glasses somewhere in the house.
Some, any + -body / -one, + -thing, + -where

I saw somebody there.

I did not see anybody there.

Did you see anybody there?

Would you like something better?
Something anything
Somewhere anywhere
Someone anyone
Somebody anybody
I need to find somewhere to live. (positive sentence)
Is there anywhere you would recommend? (question)
I didn't know anyone at the party. (negative sentence)
Somebody at the party spilt beer on the carpet. (we're not
sure who).
I saw somebody outside the window. (= 1 person)
Theres nobody there. (= 0 person)
Everybody knows that The Beatles were from Liverpool. (= all
people)
Has anybody seen my keys? (= 1+ people ).
People: someone - anyone - no one - everyone
Things: something - anything - nothing - everything
Places: somewhere - anywhere - nowhere - everywhere
Either, neither, both
either, neither and both
2 .
either =
Would you like tea or
coffee?

neither = ,
Would you like ham or
beef in your sandwich?
Neither. I am a vegetarian. I
don't eat meat.

both =
I take both milk and sugar
in my coffee.
either

either car, either person
either of the chairs, either
,

.


of the people

Either day is fine for me.
Either of the days is fine for
me.
neither

,
.

neither house, neither man
neither of the houses,
neither of the men

Neither day was suitable.
Neither of the days was
suitable.
both
.


both

both houses, both men
both of the houses, both of
the men

Both (of) my brothers are
tall.




GOOD LUCK