FORTH Grade

English
Simple Past
FORM
[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs
Examples:
You called Debbie.
Did you call Debbie?
You did not call Debbie.
Complete List of Simple Past Forms
USE 1 Completed Action in the Past

Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at
a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention
the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
Examples:
I saw a movie yesterday.
I didn't see a play yesterday.
Last year, I traveled to Japan.
Last year, I didn't travel to Korea.
Did you have dinner last night?
She washed her car.
He didn't wash his car.
USE 2 A Series of Completed Actions

We use the Simple Past to list a series of completed actions in the past. These
actions happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on.
Examples:
I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim.
He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00,
and met the others at 10:00.
Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?
USE 3 Duration in Past

The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the
past. A duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for
two years, for five minutes, all day, all year, etc.
Examples:
I lived in Brazil for two years.
Shauna studied Japanese for five years.
They sat at the beach all day.
They did not stay at the party the entire time.
We talked on the phone for thirty minutes.
A: How long did you wait for them?
B: We waited for one hour.
USE 4 Habits in the Past

The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the
past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are
talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually,
never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc.
Examples:
I studied French when I was a child.
He played the violin.
He didn't play the piano.
Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid?
She worked at the movie theater after school.
They never went to school, they always skipped class.

Present Perfect
FORM
[has/have + past participle]
Examples:
You have seen that movie many times.
Have you seen that movie many times?
You have not seen that movie many times.
Complete List of Present Perfect Forms
USE 1 Unspecified Time Before Now

We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified
time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the
Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year
ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that
day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific
expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so
far, already, yet, etc.
Examples:
I have seen that movie twenty times.
I think I have met him once before.
There have been many earthquakes in California.
People have traveled to the Moon.
People have not traveled to Mars.
Have you read the book yet?
Nobody has ever climbed that mountain.
A: Has there ever been a war in the United States?
B: Yes, there has been a war in the United States.
How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect?
The concept of "unspecified time" can be very confusing to English learners.
It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics:
TOPIC 1 Experience
You can use the Present Perfect to describe your experience. It is like saying,
"I have the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have
never had a certain experience. The Present Perfect is NOT used to describe
a specific event.
Examples:
I have been to France.
THIS SENTENCE MEANS THAT YOU HAVE HAD THE EXPERIENCE OF BEING IN
FRANCE. MAYBE YOU HAVE BEEN THERE ONCE, OR SEVERAL TIMES.
I have been to France three times.
YOU CAN ADD THE NUMBER OF TIMES AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE.
I have never been to France.
THIS SENTENCE MEANS THAT YOU HAVE NOT HAD THE EXPERIENCE OF GOING
TO FRANCE.
I think I have seen that movie before.
He has never traveled by train.
Joan has studied two foreign languages.
A: Have you ever met him?
B: No, I have not met him.
TOPIC 2 Change Over Time
We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened
over a period of time.
Examples:
You have grown since the last time I saw you.
The government has become more interested in arts education.
Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university
since the Asian studies program was established.
My English has really improved since I moved to Australia.
Already means that something happened earlier than we expected. With
Present Perfect already usually goes after have or has and before the
main verb.
Examples

- We've already had our breakfast.

- When are you going to do your homework?
- But I've already done it!

- Do you want a cup of coffee?
- No, thanks. I've already had one."
Yet means that something that we expected has happened or hasn't
happened. We usually put it at the end of a sentence.
Examples

- Has the post arrived yet?

- Have you done your homework?
- Not yet.

- Haven't you got ready yet? Look at the time!

SCIENCE
Work
refers to an
activity involving
a force and
movement in the
directon of the
force. A force of 20
newtons pushing
an object 5 meters
in the direction of
the force does 100
joules of work.
Energy
is the capacity for
doing work. You
must have energy
to accomplish
work - it is like the
"currency" for
performing work.
To do 100 joules of
work, you must
expend 100 joules
of energy.
Power
is the rate of doing
work or the rate of
using energy,
which are
numerically the
same. If you do
100 joules of work
in one second
(using 100 joules of
energy), the power
is 100 watts.

Index

Work
concepts

HyperPhysics***** Mechanics R Nave

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Work-Energy Principle

The change in the kinetic energy of an object is equal to the net
work done on the object.
This fact is referred to as the Work-Energy Principle and is often a very useful tool in mechanics
problem solving. It is derivable from conservation of energy and the application of the
relationships for work and energy, so it is not independent of theconservation laws. It is in fact a
specific application of conservation of energy. However, there are so many mechanical
problems which are solved efficiently by applying this principle that it merits separate attention
as a working principle.
For a straight-line collision, the net work done is equal to the average force of impact times the
distance traveled during the impact.
Average impact force x distance traveled = change in kinetic energy
If a moving object is stopped by a collision, extending the stopping distance will reduce the
average impact force.
Car crash example Seatbelt use
Auto stopping
distance
Large truck-small truck
collision
Two trucks, equal
momentum
Impact force of
falling object


SOCIAL STUDIES
FAST FACTS


OFFICIAL NAME: Canada
FORM OF GOVERNMENT: Federal parliamentary state
CAPITAL: Ottawa
POPULATION: 34,834,841
OFFICIAL LANGUAGES: English, French
MONEY: Canadian dollar
AREA: 3,849,674 square miles (9,970,610 square kilometers)
MAJOR MOUNTAIN RANGES: Rockies, Coast, Laurentian
MAJOR RIVERS: St. Lawrence, Mackenzie


Map of Canada
NATURE

Canada's remote north and extensive forests are home to wildlife, from bears,
wolves, beavers, deer, mountain lions, and bighorn sheep to smaller animals like
raccoons, otters, and rabbits. The country's lakes and rivers, which contain about
20 percent of all fresh water on Earth, are full of fish such as trout and salmon.

Canada's prairies in the south are home to bison and pronghorn antelope. Farther
north are Canada's sprawling evergreen forests, which have lots of wildlife,
including moose and black bears. Even farther north is the cold, bare tundra,
where herds of caribou and musk ox live.

Canadians work hard to protect the native wildlife. Canada has 41 national parks
and three marine conservation areas. Nevertheless, species like wolves, lynx, and
Atlantic fish have been overhunted and overfished.
PEOPLE & CULTURE

In some ways Canada is many nations in one. Descendents of British and French
immigrants make up about half the population. They were followed by other
European and Asian immigrants. First Nations peoples make up about four percent
of the population.

Inuit people live mostly in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut. Many Native
Canadians live on their traditional lands, but many others have moved to cities
across Canada. First Nations artwork is widely recognized and is seen as a symbol
of Canadian culture.

Canadian Flag
GEOGRAPHY

Canada is a vast and rugged land. From north to south it spans more than half the
Northern Hemisphere. From east to west it stretches almost 4,700 miles (7,560
kilometers) across six time zones. It is the second largest country in the world, but
it has only one-half of one percent of the world's population.

Canada features black-blue lakes, numerous rivers, majestic western mountains,
rolling central plains, and forested eastern valleys. The Canadian Shield, a hilly
region of lakes and swamps, stretches across northern Canada and has some of
the oldest rocks on Earth.

Canada's far north lies in the frozen grip of the Arctic, where ice, snow, and
glaciers dominate the landscape. Few trees grow here, and farming is not practical.
Native Canadians, called First Nations people, live in this region by hunting and
fishing.

Canadian Dollar,
Photograph by Peter Spirer, Dreamstime
GOVERNMENT & ECONOMY

The British monarch is the head of state of Canada. The monarch is represented
by a governor-general, who has very limited powers. Laws are made by Canada's
elected federal government, which includes a parliament and a prime minister.

Britain's Quebec Act of 1774 granted Quebec its own legal and religious rights.
Despite this concession, many Quebec citizens have long sought independence. In
votes held in 1980 and 1995, Quebec decided to stay in Canada. But the second
vote was very close, and the debate is still alive.

Canada has provided fish, furs, and other natural resources to the world since the
1500s. Today, it is a world leader in agricultural production, telecommunications,
and energy technologies. The vast majority of Canada's exports go to the United
States.
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HISTORY

The first people to come to Canada arrived between 15,000 and 30,000 years ago
across a land bridge that joined Asia and North America. Around A.D. 1000, the
Viking explorer Leif Eriksson reached Newfoundland, Canada. He tried to establish
a settlement, but it didn't last.

In the 16th century, French and British settlers arrived. Land disputes between
farmers and fur traders led to four wars between 1689 and 1763. The final war,
called the French and Indian War, left the British in control of Canada, but French
influence remains strong even today.

In 1867, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick combined to form a
dominion with its own government, parliament, and prime minister. Manitoba joined
soon after. In 1931, Canada became an independent nation.
Math
A fraction is part of an entire object.




1
4

One fourth is yellow




2
4

Two fourths are yellow.
One half is yellow.




3
4

Three fourths are yellow.




4
4

Four fourths are yellow.
Adding Fractions with the Same Denominator
Fractions consist of two numbers. The top number is called the numerator.
The bottom number is called the denominator.
numerator
denominator
To add two fractions with the same denominator, add the numerators and
place that sum over the common denominator.

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Fractions ...

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1
/
3
,
4
/
3
, 1
1
/
3


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"Multiplying fractions no big
problem,
Top times top over bottom times
bottom,
"Dividing fraction, as easy as pie,
Flip the second fraction, then
multiply,
"If adding or subtracting is your aim,
The bottom numbers must be the
same!
"Change the bottom using multiply or
divide,
But the same to the top must be
applied,
"And don't forget to simplify,
Before it's time to say goodbye"



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