TRNG I HC CNTT&TT

KHOA CNT&TT


BO CO THO LUN
Mn: Chuyn 2
Ni dung :
ng dng k thut OFDM trong WLAN
Gio vin hng dn: Th.S Trnh Th Dip
Nhm SV thc hin: Hong nh Bng
Nguyn Gia Huy
Trn Th Lin
Nng Th Mai
H Th Thy
Hong Th Yn
Phan Vn Sn
Thi Nguyn, thng 8 nm 2014

1. IEEE 802.11 v chun ha mng mng LAN khng dy (WLAN)
1.1. Ngun gc ra i v Gii thiu b tiu chun IEEE 802.11
Vin k thut in-in t M (IEEE-institute of Elactrical and Electronic
Enginrneers) l t chc nghin cu, pht trin v cho ra i nhiu chun khc nhau
lin quan n mng LAN nh: 802.3 cho mng Ethernet, 802.5 cho mng token ring,
802.3z cho mng 100BASE-T. IEEE c chia thnh cc nhm pht trin khc nhau
v mi nhm nghin cu v mt lnh vc ring. Cui nhng nm 1980, khi m mng
khng dy bt u c pht trin, nhm 802.4 ca IEEE nhn thy phng thc truy
nhp token ca chun LAN khng c hiu qu khi p dng cho mng khng dy.
Nhm ny ngh xy dng mt chun khc p dng cho mng khng dy. Kt
qu l IEEE quyt nh thnh lp nhm 802.11 c nhim v nh ngha tiu chun
vt l( PHY-physical) v lp MAC(Medium Access Control) cho WirelessLAN.

Chun u tin m IEEE cho ra i l IEEE 802.11 vo nm 1997, tc t c
l 2Mbps s dng phng php tri ph trong bng tn ISM (bng tn dnh cho cng
nghip, khoa hc v y hc). Tip sau l cc chun 802.11a,b,g

Mng WLAN l mng LAN gm cc my tnh lin lc vi nhau bng sng radio.
Chun IEEE 802.11 nh ngha tng vt l v tng MAC cho mt mng WLAN.
Chun ny nh ngha ba tng vt l khc nhau cho mng WLAN 802.11, mi tng
hot ng mt di tn khc nhau v s dng cc tc 1 Mbps v 2 Mbps. Thnh
t c bn ca kin trc 802.11 l t bo (cell) vi tn gi trong 802.11 l BSS (Basic
Service Set). Mi BSS thng gm mt vi my trm khng dy v mt trm c s
trung tm c gi l AP (access point). Cc my trm (c th di ng hoc c nh)
v trm trung tm lin lc vi nhau bng giao thc MAC IEEE 802.11 khng dy. C
th kt ni nhiu trm AP vi nhau bng mng hu tuyn Ethernet hoc mt knh
khng dy khc to mt h thng phn tn (DS distributed system). i vi cc
giao thc tng cao hn, h thng phn tn ny nh l mt mng 802 n.
Cc my trm dng chun IEEE 802.11 c th nhm li vi nhau to thnh
mt mng ad hoc - mng khng c iu khin trung tm v khng c kt ni vi "th gii
bn ngoi". Trong trng hp ny, mng c hnh thnh tc thi khi mt s thit b di
ng tnh c thy mnh ang gn nhau trong khi ang c nhu cu lin lc m khng tm
thy mt c s h tng mng sn c ti ch (chng hn mt BBS 802.11 vi mt trm
AP). Mt v d v mng ad hoc c hnh thnh l khi mt vi ngi mang my tnh
xch tay gp nhau ti mt bn tu v mun trao i d liu m khng c mt trm AP
gn . Tng t trong nh mng Ethernet hu tuyn 802.3, cc my trm trong mng
WLAN 802.11 phi phi hp vi nhau khi dng chung mi trng truyn dn (tn s
radio). Giao thc MAC c nhim v iu khin s phi hp ny. MAC IEEE 802.11 l
giao thc CSMA/CA.
1.2. Mt s chun trong b chun IEEE 802.11
a. IEEE 802.11
Nm 1997, IEEE a ra chun WLAN u tin c gi l 802.11 theo tn ca
nhm gim st s pht trin ca chun ny. Lc ny, 802.11 s dng tn s 2,4GHz v
dng k thut tri ph trc tip (Direct-Sequence Spread Spectrum-DSSS) nhng ch h
tr bng thng ti a l 2Mbps tc kh chm cho hu ht cc ng dng. V l do ,
cc sn phm chun khng dy ny khng cn c sn xut na.
b. IEEE 802.11b
T thng 6 nm 1999, IEEE bt u m rng chun 802.11 ban u v to ra cc
c t k thut cho 802.11b. Chun 802.11b h tr bng thng ln n 11Mbps, ngang
vi tc Ethernet thi by gi. y l chun WLAN u tin c chp nhn trn th
trng, s dng tn s 2,4 GHz. Chun 802.11b s dng k thut iu ch kha m b
(Complementary Code Keying - CCK) v dng k thut tri ph trc tip ging nh
chun 802.11 nguyn bn.

u im ca 802.11b l gi thp, tm ph sng tt v khng d b che khut.
Nhc im ca 802.11b l tc thp; c th b nhiu do l vi sng, in thoi
v cc dng c cng s dng tn s 2,4 Ghz, phm vi ph sng 100 feet 31m. Tuy
nhin, bng cch lp t 802.11b khong cch hp l s d dng trnh c nhiu
c. IEEE 802.11a
Song hnh vi 802.11b, IEEE tip tc a ra chun m rng th hai cng da vo
802.11 u tin - 802.11a. Chun 802.11a s dng tn s 5GHz, tc 54Mbps trnh
c can nhiu t cc thit b dn dng. ng thi, chun 802.11a cng s dng k thut
tri ph khc vi chun 802.11b - k thut tri ph theo phng php a phn chia tn s
trc giao (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing-OFDM). y c coi l k
thut tri hn so vi tri ph trc tip (DSSS). Do chi ph cao hn, 802.11a thng ch
c s dng trong cc mng doanh nghip, ngc li, 802.11b thch hp hn cho nhu
cu gia nh. Tuy nhin, do tn s cao hn tn s ca chun 802.11b nn tn hiu ca
802.11a gp nhiu kh khn hn khi xuyn tng v cc vt cn khc.
Do 802.11a v 802.11b s dng tn s khc nhau, hai cng ngh ny khng tng
thch vi nhau.

u im ca 802.11a l tc nhanh; trnh xuyn nhiu bi cc thit b khc.
Nhc im ca 802.11a l gi thnh cao; tm ph sng ngn hn v d b che
khut.

d. IEEE 802.11g
Nm 2002 v 2003, cc sn phm WLAN h tr chun mi hn c gi l
802.11g ni ln trn th trng; chun ny c gng kt hp tt nht 802.11a v 802.11b.
802.11g h tr bng thng 54Mbps v s dng tn s 2,4GHz cho phm vi ph sng ln
hn.
Thng 7/2003, IEEE ph chun 802.11g. Chun ny cng s dng phng thc
iu ch OFDM tng t 802.11a nhng li dng tn s 2,4GHz ging vi chun
802.11b.

u im ca 802.11g l tc nhanh, tm ph sng tt v khng d b che khut.
Nhc im ca 802.11g l gi cao hn 802.11b; c th b nhiu bi cc thit b
gia dng.

e. IEEE 802.11h
Chun ny c dng chu u ,di tn 5 Ghz. N cung cp tnh nng s la
chn knh ng v iu khin cng sut truyn dn TPC, nhm trnh can nhiu. chu
u ngi ta ch yu s dng thng tin v tinh, nn phn ln cc quc gia y s dng
ch s dng Wireless LAN trong nh (Indoor). Chun ny ang giai on chun ha.

f. IEEE 802.11n
802.11n l mt cng ngh t ph cho php kt ni mng li wifi vi tc
mnh hn v tm ph sng din tch rng hn, n cung cp kt ni tt nht c th cho
mng my tnh v cc ng dng gii tr tng t- cung cp phm vi bng thng, ng
dng a phng tin hiu qu. Theo c t k thut 802.11n c tc l thuyt ti a ln
n 600Mbps (cao hn 10 ln so vi chun 802.11g) v ph sng rng khong 250m (cao
hn chun 802.11g gn 2 ln, 140m).
Do tnh tin dng v d trin khai, mng WLAN ngy cng thm nhp khp ni
phc v nhu cu trao i thng tin v gii tr. Vi nhu cu ngy cng cao cp, tc 11
Mbps ca chun 802.11b, 54Mbps ca chun 802.11a/g d rt hp dn nhng cng cha
tha yu cu ca ngi dng. p ng nhu cu ngy cng cao hn , IEEE hnh
thnh nhm lm vic pht trin chun 802.11n. Phm vi lm vic ca nhm ny l nh
ngha iu chnh lp vt l v lp MAC chuyn giao mt gi tr nh nht 100Mbps
thng qua mt im truy nhp dch v MAC (SAP).
Cc c tnh chnh ca chun 802.11n bao gm:
Mt tn hiu wifi mnh m c th bao trm ton b mt khu vc.
Chia s lin kt internet vo mt mng rng ca cc thit b.
Rt nhiu bng thng chuyn i video nt cao v m thanh t thit
b n thit b.
Nhng dng tri nghim cho ngi s dng tt nht cho nhu cu gii tr a
phng tin, c th xem phim tc cao (HD, Full HD) vi cc cuc
m thoi (VoiIp), tr chi video(video game), v cc ng dng a phng
tin khc.
Sao lu cc tp tin mt cch nhanh chng.
Kh nng tng thch ngc vi cc sn phm trc ( chng hn nh
nu sn phm wifi n s dng ng thi 2 tn s 2,4 Ghz v 5Ghz th s
tng thch ngc vi sn phm 802.11b/a/g).
802.11b 802.11a 802.11g 802.11n
Nm ph
chun
Thng 7/1999 Thng 7/1999 Thng 6/2003 Cui nm 2009
Tc ti a 11Mbps 54Mbps 54Mbps 300Mbps hoc cao
hn
iu ch DSSS,CCK OFDM DSSS,CCK,OFDM DSSS,CCK,OFDM
Di tn s
trung tn
2,4Ghz 5Ghz 2,4Ghz 2,4 Ghz hay 5Ghz
rng
bng thng
20Mhz 20Mhz 20Mhz 29Mhz v 40Mhz
Bng so snh cc chun ca IEEE 802.11
2. L do OFDM c ng dng trong WLAN theo chun 802.11 a,g
Cng vi nhng tin b vt bc ca my tnh c nhn v cc thit b truyn
thng, cc ng dng chuyn mch gi khng dy cng ngy cng c quan tm dn
ti s ra i ca mng ni b khng dy Wiless LAN. c tnh ca Wiless LAN l tc
cao, tnh di ng thp, tri tr truyn dn thp v thng c s dng mi trng
trong nh. Do Wiless LAN chn phng thc iu ch OFDM:
- OFDM gii quyt c kh khn ca Wiless LAN l b phn x a ng
ln do cc vt th mi trng trong nh gy nn.
- Tng i hiu qu trong vic s dng bng thng.
- Thch hp vi tc truyn thay i.
- Chng nhiu bng hp tt.Nhiu bng hp gy ra do nhiu ngi s dng v do
cc thit b khc gy ra.
- Hiu qu tnh ton cao:s dng bin i Fourier nhanh FFT cho php gim
phc tp xung do ch phi thc hin Nlog
2
N php tnh cho1symbol.Vi N l s sng
mang.
- ng b tt: my thu OFDM t chu nh hng ca jitter thi gian hn so vi
dng k thut tri ph.


Tc bit
(Mbps)
iu ch
Tc
m ha
(R)
S bit truyn
trn 1 sng
mang
S bit truyn
trn 1 OFDM
symbol
S bit d
liu trn 1
symbol
6 BPSK 1/2 1 48 24
9 BPSK 3/4 1 48 36
12 QPSK 1/2 2 96 48
18 QPSK 3/4 2 96 72
24 16-QAM 1/2 4 192 96
36 16-QAM 3/4 4 192 144
48 64-QAM 2/3 6 288 192
54 64-QAM 3/4 6 288 216
Bng 2-1. Cc tc bit dng trong WLAN
B iu ch OFDM trong WLAN c tng cng 64 sng mang bao gm 12 sng
mang trng (zero), 48 sng mang d liu v 4 sng mang dn ng (pilot). rng
bng thng ca WLAN l 20 MHz, do khong cch gia cc sng mang l 20MHz/64
= 312.5 kHz. Chu k ca mt OFDM symbol l 4 s trong khong bo v GI l 0,8
s. Khong bo v y l CP (cyclic prefix). B iu ch OFDM s dng bin i
IFFT 64 im (64 point IFFT).










3. ng dng OFDM trong WLAN theo chun 802.11a,g

Bng 3-1. S khi b thu pht trong WLAN theo chun a,g
my pht:
+Dng d liu vo nh phn uc a ti b m ha FEC vi t l m ha t tc
truyn d liu cao hn. T l ny c th l 2/3 hoc .
+ Tn hiu sau m ha c a ti b bin i QAM v bin i S/P. Ti y, dng d
liu c chuyn thnh cc mu bt v c iu ch QAM. Bn gi tr pilot dn c
c thm vo vi 48 bt d liu, kt qu ta c 52 gi tr QAM trn 1 symble OFDM.
+ Ti b IFFT, thc hin bin i IFFT 1 symbol c iu ch thnh 52 sng mang ph.
+ Sau tn hiu c chn thm khong bo v GI kh hon ton nh hng ca ISI.
+B nh dng xung lc ph tn hiu u ra hp ph hp vi knh truyn.
+iu ch I/Q c s dng chuyn i tn hiu sang tng t, sau c khuch
i v truyn ra anten.
my thu:
thc hin qu trnh ngc li vi bn pht. Tn hiu sau khi thu c i tn, cn bng v
khuch i. Sau thc hin gii iu ch I/Q, tch GI trn mi mu tn hiu thu c.
Tn hiu ny c bin i FFT khi phc li gi tr QAM ca cc sng mang ph.
Cc gi tr QAM sau c gii iu ch thnh gi tr nh phn ri thc hin chuyn
i sang lung ni tip. Cui cng c gii m ha FEC thnh nhng bt thng tin.
4. Kt lun
K thut iu ch a sng mang ang pht trin ht sc nhanh chng vi nhng k
thut mi v c p dng rng ri trong nhiu loi ng truyn ca cc ng dng khc
nhau.
K thut iu ch a sng mang OFDM vi nhng c tnh k thut ni bt ca mnh:
Tnh trc giao c khng nh chc chn v hiu qu ca n trong l thuyt truyn
tin; Khong bo v cho php m bo tnh trc giao ng thi gip loi b c nhiu
ISI; Php bin i Fourier to ra gii php n gin v hiu qu thc hin k thut
ny, gip cho OFDM c th c ng dng rng ri. Cng vi vic s dng hiu qu
nhng k thut ng b, cn bng v m ha, OFDM chng t vai tr ca mnh trong
cc h thng vin thng nh l mt k thut iu ch tin tin. Cc ng dng ca k thut
iu ch a sng mang OFDM rt a dng: OFDM c th c dng trong mi trng
truyn dn v tuyn v hu tuyn; c th dng cho thng tin qung b, thng tin im ni
im, a truy nhp, nhiu ngi s dng Multiuser. Hin nay OFDM c ng dng
thnh cng trong mt s ng dng nh pht thanh truyn hnh s qung b, mng cc b
khng dy, ng dy thu bao s khng i xng v thng tin qua ng dy ti in.
Trong tng lai, OFDM s c p dng trong nhiu lnh vc c bit l trong thng tin
di ng.