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IMPASpedia
List of various types of pulp based on their pulping process, raw
material used or type of bleaching etc.

Word Description
A
Abaca (Manila
Hemp) Pulp
Pulp made from abaca (manila hemp). Abaca pulp exhibits very high tensile
and tear strengths, high viscosity and high porosity. These properties make
it the preferred raw material for the production of dielectric, bank note,
vacuum bag, tea bag and the full range of filtration papers, as well as
various wet laid non-wovens. It is also used in the production of various art,
decorative and vellum papers.
Acetate Pulp A highly purified (high alpha cellulose) pulp made especially to be dissolved
in acetic acid, acetic anhydride and sulfuric acid to make acetate rayon and
acetate fiber.
Acid Sulfite
Dissolving Pulp
Dissolving grade pulp made using sulfite pulping process.
Agricultural Residue
Pulp
Pulp made from agricultural residue such as straw, bagasse etc.
Alkaline Peroxide
Mechanical Pulping
(APMP)
Pulping sequence: Soaking of wood chips in alkaline solution, washing,
peroxide treatment and Refining.
Alkaline Pulping Pulping by alkaline solutions of sodium hydroxide, with or without sodium
sulfide. Without sodium sulfide it is called soda process and with sodium
sulfide it is known as Kraft or sulfate process.
Alpha Pulp A specially processed, high alpha cellulose content, chemical pulp. It is also
called dissolving pulp.
Aspen Hardwood
Kraft Pulp
Aspen wood has a relatively low lignin content compared to other pulped
hardwoods which makes the pulp easier to bleach. Bleached ECF pulps are
available both at a standard brightness level(90% ISO) and sometimes
higher brightness levels can be obtained(91-92% ISO). Like birch kraft,
Aspen kraft pulps refine quickly producing a dense, smooth paper, but with
less strength compared to birch pulp.

Aspen kraft pulp can be used in a variety of printing grades and is
specifically useful where a higher brightness is required. Its high
smoothness characteristics are particularly suited for coated papers to be
gravure printed.

Typical properties of Aspen hardwood kraft pulp fiber.
Fiber Length: 1.0-1.3 mm
Fiber Width: 18-19 m
Wall Thickness: 2.0-3.0 m
Fiber Coarseness: 86 micro g/m
B
Bagasse Pulp Pulp made from bagasse. (Bagasse is sugarcane residue left after extracting
the juice)

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Bamboo Pulp Pulp made from bamboo, a grass native to Asia.
Birch Hardwood
Kraft Pulp
Birch hardwood kraft pulps are thin walled and the pulped wood has a
relatively high hemicellulose content. These pulps refine quickly, producing
a pulp which tends to be lower in opacity and bulk compared to eucalyptus
hardwood kraft pulps, but higher in burst strength and tensile.

Occasional poor sheeting of birch pulps at the pulp mill can result in the
formation of hard fiber bundles. If such fiber bundles are present in the
paper furnish, they can cause transparent spots (sometimes called
windows, or shiners or fisheyes) when the paper is calendered. Such
fiber bundles can also cause uneven dyeing in colored papers.

Birch kraft pulps are often used interchangeably with other hardwood kraft
pulps such as eucalyptus krafts in mixed softwood/hardwood furnishes.
Typically birch pulps have been used in paper grades where extra
tensile/burst strength and a good formation is required. Birch pulps are
ideally suited for lightweight coated and uncoated woodfree printing
papers and for coated silicone release papers, where the birch fibre
provides a smooth surface with good hold out properties.

Typical properties of Birch hardwood kraft pulp fiber.
Fiber Length: 1.1-1.5 mm
Fiber Width: 16-22 m
Wall Thickness: 3.0-3.6 m
Fiber Coarseness: 114 micro g/m
Bisulfite Chemi
Mechanical Pulp
(BCMP)
High yield Bleached CTMP. Non lignin destructive bleaching such as ozone
or per oxide bleaching is used to retain yield. Used in newsprint and other
printing paper.
Softwood BCTMP Is produced at a similar yield (>85%) to Hardwood BCTMP and the
Softwood pulp is produced as a TCF pulp, since only peroxide is used for
bleaching to levels between 60-80% ISO Brightness. The key characteristics
of Softwood BCTMP are bulk, absorbency, internal bond and stiffness. The
pulp is usually co-refined with hardwood and softwood kraft pulp, in
varying percentages or sometimes mixed with Deinked (DIP) fiber.

Softwood BCTMP has been used in a variety of applications. The pulp has
been used to prepare fluff pulp (for diapers) up to 80% of the furnish. It has
been mixed with DIP furnishes in newsprint and tissue/towel grades to
improve bulk and absorbency of the latter. One of the principal applications
for Softwood BCTMP is mixed with Hardwood BCTMP in the production of
some multiply board grades as a chemical pulp substitute to improve bulk
and stiffness. It has also found limited uses in coated and uncoated
printing/writing grades and packaging grades but generally its use, in both
of these cases, has been superseded by Hardwood BCTMP.
Hardwoods BCTMP Is higher (80-90%), compared to those woods treated by the kraft or Sulfite
process (circa 50%), because in the former process most of the wood lignin
is retained. Only TCF Hardwood BCTMP is produced, since hydrogen
peroxide is the sole bleaching agent. Pulps with an ISO brightness of 88%
can be produced, but some brightness reversion will occur due to the
presence of lignin. The Lignin levels are lower in hardwoods than in
softwoods so the degree of brightness reversion is less. In the pulp mill, by

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varying the cooking/mechanical pulping conditions, pulps with varying
degrees of "Canadian Freeness" can be produced to enhance bulk or pulp
strength. In the paper mill hardwood BCTMP pulps are generally used
unrefined or with deflaker treatment only. Mill refining can increase the
pulp's brightness loss.

Lower brightness grades (circa 70% ISO) have been used as a part
hardwood kraft replacement in tissues and towel, especially for higher bulk
in towel. Brighter grades (circa 85% ISO) have been used as a part
replacement in a variety of paper grades, including printings and writings
(for higher opacity), in multiply boards (for higher bulk, stiffness and
improved creasing properties), coated grades (for bulk). In specialties
grades, such as decorative laminates, Aspen hardwood BCTMP pulps with
the highest brightness have been used to enhance bulk and surface
smoothness. A grade of Eucalyptus BCTMP has been used as a part
hardwood kraft substitute, to maximize bulk and opacity in grades such as
book papers.
Brown Pulp A mechanical pulp made from wood, which is steamed before grinding. The
color-bearing, non-cellulosic components of the wood remain with the
pulp. The pulp is generally used for wrapping and bag paper.
Brown Stock The unbleached chemical pulp.
C
Chemical Pulp Pulp obtained from the chemical cooking or digestion of wood or other
plant material.
Chemi-Groundwood
Pulp (CGP)
Mechanical pulp produced by grinding pre chemical soaked wood log
against a stone roll, rotating at very high speed.
Chemi-Mechanical
Pulp (CMP)
Mechanical pulp produced by treating wood chips with chemicals (usually
sodium sulfite) before mechanical defibration. Sequence of action: Soaking
wood chips in chemical - Refiner.
Chemi-Refiner
Mechanical Pulp
(CRMP)
Same as CMP. Separate name to distinguish from CGP which is also chemi-
Mechanical Pulp. Sequence of action: Soaking wood chips in chemical -
Refiner.
Chemo-Thermo-
Mechanical Pulp
(CTMP)
Mechanical pulp produced by treating wood chips with chemicals (usually
sodium sulfite) and steam before mechanical defibration. Sequence of
action: Soaking wood chips in chemical- Steaming-Refiner.
Cold Soda Pulp Agricultural residue or straw pulp produced by soaking these material with
dilute caustic solution at atmospheric temperature and pressure. The cost
in plant and machinery is minimal. Pulp yield is high. Pulp is normally used
for making thick board.
Combined Deinking Deinking process combining flotation and washing.
Continuous Pulping Production of pulp in continuous digester as compared to a batch digester.


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Cooking Reacting fibrous raw material with chemical under pressure and
temperature to soften and or remove lignin to separate fibers.
Cotton Pulp Pulp made from cotton linter/cotton waste. Cotton linter pulps are
available as ECF and TCF grades bleached to 88%+ ISO Brightness.
Unrefined these pulps have a very high bulk, air permeance and opacity. On
refining there is some development of Schopper Reigler wetness, but little
development of strength properties. The opacity increases as refining
proceeds due to the sheet closing up as the fibre shortens. The largest
change on refining is a loss of air permeance.

Cotton fiber has a very high alpha cellulose content, which makes this pulp
ideal for producing long life archival papers.

First cut cotton linters find uses in Artists Drawing papers, which must have
a resistance to fading, neutrality and stability. These are heavier weight
papers were the finish varies from a coarse surface for paint to a smooth
surface for graphic work. First cut linters also find uses in some boards (eg.
greetings cards) and Mill Run and First cut linters are used as extenders to
the much longer Staple Cotton fibers in currency papers.

Second cut linters are valued for their bulk and purity. In addition to uses in
the above grades, Second cut linters are used in Fine and Security to add
bulk and prestige value. For Fine papers requiring a good formation, care
should be taken when selecting the linter grade to ensure that it is clear of
"Fiber Knots". The latter, if present in large numbers in the pulp, can give
rise to a poor formation or a "Fish Eye" problem.
D
Deinked Pulp (DIP) Paper pulp produced by deinking of recovered paper.
Deinking The process of removing inks, coatings, sizing, adhesives and/ or impurities
from waste paper before recycling the fibers into a new sheet.
Delignification The removal of lignin, the material that binds wood fibers together, during
the chemical pulping process.
Direct Cooking Batch cooking in which digester contents are heated by blowing steam
directly into the digester.
Dissolving Pulp A high purity special grade pulp made for processing in to cellulose
derivatives including rayon and acetate.
E
Enzyme Bleaching Bleaching technique in which cooked and oxygen-delignified chemical pulp
is treated with enzymes prior to final bleaching. Allows pulp to be bleached
without chlorine chemicals.
Esparto Pulp Pulp made from esparto grass, grown mainly in Africa. Esparto fibers have
thick walls and are short, normally less than 3 mm in length, with an
average length of 1.5 mm. The fiber diameter varies from about 0.005 to
0.015 mm, with an average of about 0.012 mm, giving a length to diameter
ratio of 125.

Esparto refines quite quickly yielding low strength properties, but retains
bulk, air permeance and excellent opacity. Its low fiber coarseness provides
the sheet with a good formation, smoothness and excellent opacity. A
particular property of this pulp is its ability to give the sheet a good

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dimensional stability.

The formation, smoothness and optical characteristics of this pulp, makes it
suitable for all Fine paper grades. Its ability to create a dimensionally stable
sheet finds uses in wall paper base. The pulp also has a low extract
conductivity which finds application in some electrical grades.

Typical properties of Esparto pulp fiber.
Fiber Length: 0.9-1.5 mm
Fiber Width: 10 m
Wall Thickness: -
Fiber Coarseness: 90 micro g/m
Ethers Pulp Generally these are high purity, high viscosity pulps that are swollen in
sodium hydroxide initially, followed by reaction with organic epoxides or
chlorides like ethylene oxide or methyl chloride to form an organic polymer
called cellulose ethers (methyl cellulose, hydroxyethyl cellulose,
carboxymethyl cellulose, etc.). Cellulose ethers are used for thickening of
fluids such as toothpaste, ketchup, shampoos, diet drinks and hundreds of
other applications.
Eucalyptus Pulp Pulp made from eucalyptus. Eucalyptus is a fast growing hardwood, grown
mainly in Australia, India etc. Eucalyptus tree takes 5 -8 years for full
growth.

Compared to most other hardwoods, eucalyptus pulps tend to give a higher
bulk, tear strength, opacity and formation (due to finer fibers). In all grades
of uncoated and coated printing and writings, eucalyptus is used for
opacity, formation and smoothness, up to 100% of the furnish in some
cases. It can also be used in towel and tissue grades without refining to
achieve bulk and air permeance.

Typical properties of eucalyptus pulp fiber.
Fiber Length: 0.9-1 mm
Fiber Width: 14-16 m
Wall Thickness: 4-4.5 m
Fiber Coarseness: 80-90 micro g/m
F
Flax Pulp Flax is an annual plant, which when fully grown reaches a height of 0.5 to
1.2m (1.5 t0 4 ft). When approaching maturity (after 70 to 100 days
depending upon weather conditions), blue (vulgare) or white (album)
flowers are produced depending on the variety. Generally speaking the
blue flowered variety produces fine, good quality fibre whereas the white-
flower plant produces stronger but coarser fibre.

The strands of flax fibre are embedded longitudinally in the stalk of the
plant, between the outer epidermis and the central woody tissue. The fibre,
which is very high in cellulose, is extracted first by "retting" (rotting either
by water or dew) and then by "scutching" the stalks.

Following the process of retting, the straw is dried and then scutched, a
process which by mechanical means breaks down the pith, or "boon", and
removes it as completely as possible from the fibre.

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Pulp made from flax is called Flax Pulp. Flax fiber is soft, lustrous and
flexible. It is stronger than cotton fiber but less elastic. Flax pulp is used for
the high quality paper such as currency notes and cigarette tissue.

Flotation Deinking Using flotation method for removing ink from paper during the de-inking
process.
Fluff Pulp A chemical, mechanical or combination of chemical/mechanical pulp,
usually bleached, used as an absorbent medium in disposable diapers, bed
pads and hygienic personal products. Also known as "fluffing" or
"comminution" pulp.
Fully Bleached Pulp Pulp that has been bleached to the highest brightness attainable (> 90 ISO)
Fully Bleached Kraft
Pulp (FBKP)
A variation of Fully Bleached Kraft.
G
Groundwood Pulps
(GWP) or Stone
Groundwood Pulp
(SGWP)
A mechanically prepared (by grinding wood logs against a rough surfaced
roll rotating at very high speed) coarse wood pulp used in newsprint and
other low cost book grades where it contributes bulk, opacity, and
compressibility. Groundwood pulp is economical since all the wood is used;
however, it contains impurities that can cause discoloration and weakening
of the paper.
H
Hard Cooked Pulp A pulp intentionally or un-intentionally cooked with less chemical or shorter
time or at lower temperature. The net result is less cooked but higher yield
pulp. Difficult to bleach.
Hard Wood (Beech)
Sulfite Pulp
Pulps produced predominately from Beech Wood are characterized by
being very easily refined, but develop very little strength. Beech sulfite
pulps do however promote smoothness and opacity. This hardwood has a
very low lignin content and together with the aggressive nature of the
pulping process, pulps of this type are easy to bleach and can produce a
high brightness (>93% ISO) and cleanliness.

Beech sulfite pulps have been used in a variety of Fine papers and Cover
papers, usually of the higher grammage range to offset the low pulp
strength. Where high brightness and cleanliness pulps have been produced,
such grades find applications in photographic, drawing and ink jet papers.

Typical properties of Hard wood (beech) sulfite pulp fiber.
Fiber Length: 1.0-1.5 mm

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Fiber Width: 16-22 m
Wall Thickness: 2.0-3.6 m
Fiber Coarseness: 86-114 micro g/m
Hemp Pulp A pulp made from hemp. Hemp fibers are long and thin. Frequently used in
the manufacture of cigarette papers but, due to their high opacity and
tensile strength, may be suitable for a wide variety of papers which require
these specific characteristics.

Hot Groundwood
Pulp or Thermo
Groundwood
Mechanical pulp produced by grinding logs that have been pre-treated with
steam.
Hydrogen Peroxide
Bleaching
A method in which pulp is bleached in an alkaline environment with
hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sometimes using oxygen reinforcement. The
method considerably reduces the need for chlorine-containing chemicals in
the final bleaching of chemical pulps.
J
Jute Pulp A pulp made from jute. Jute is a long, soft, shiny fiber that can be spun into
coarse, strong threads. It is one of the cheapest natural fibers, and is
second only to cotton in amount produced and variety of uses. Jute fibers
are composed primarily of the plant materials cellulose, lignin, and pectin.
Both the fiber and the plant from which it comes are commonly called jute.
The fibers are off-white to brown and 3 to 15 feet (0.9 to 4.5 meters)
long. Due to its porosity, this pulp can be used for applications like tea bag
and high porosity cigarette papers.


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K
Kenaf Pulp Pulp made from kenaf (an annual plant).
Knotter Pulp Pulp made from the rejects from chemical pulp screening.
Kraft Pulp Chemical wood pulp produced by digesting wood by the sulfate process
(q.v.). Originally a strong, unbleached coniferous pulp for packaging papers,
kraft pulp has now spread into the realms of bleached pulps from both
coniferous and deciduous woods for printing papers.
L
Lignin A complex constituent of the wood that cement the cellulose fibers
together. Lignin is brown in color. Lignin is largely responsible for the
strength and rigidity of plants, but its presence in paper is believed to
contribute to chemical degradation. To a large extent, lignin can be
removed during manufacturing.
M
Market Pulp Pulp which is made to be used elsewhere for the production of paper.
Usually dried to reduce freight costs but may be "wet lap" ( 50% water).
Mechanical Pulp Pulp produced by mechanically grinding logs or wood chips. It is used
mainly for newsprint and as an ingredient of base stock for lower grade
printing papers.
Micro Crystalline
Cellulose Pulp
Like Ethers Pulps, these pulps are used in thickening and pharmaceutical
applications, particularly in construction of tablets and other non-capsular
pills.
N
Neutral Sulfite or
Mono-sulfite Pulps
Harwood pulp made by the neutral sulfite process in which the cooking
liquor is a single radical sulfite chemical made to produce a neutral pH
solution conditions.
Neutral Sulfite Semi
Chemical (NSSC)
A chemical wood pulping process in which neutral sodium sulfite and
sodium carbonate solution is used for cooking. The cooking is carried in
slightly alkaline conditions. It is semi-chemical pulping process.
Nitration Pulps High purity pulps that are reacted with nitric acid to form a class of
chemical derivatives called cellulose nitrates. Cellulose nitrates are used in
applications ranging from solvents to smokeless (gunpowder) propellants.
Northern Mixed
Hardwood Kraft
Pulp
The pulps produced from "Whole Tree Waste" are generally easy to refine,
have good opacity and smoothness, but are not particularly strong. The
refinability and properties of the pulps produced in a controlled blend, are
generally dependent on the dominant species in that blend. For example
pulps containing a higher proportion of maple fibre, tend to refine quickly
giving a high opacity, smoothness, good formation and watermarking
quality, but low strength.

Pulps from "Whole Tree Waste" have been used as extenders to birch or
eucalyptus pulps up to a limited 20% of the furnish. These pulps, and the
blended types containing a higher proportion of birch or aspen, have been
used in some lightweight papers such as bible paper or directory stock.
Where maple fiber is the dominant species (sometimes almost 100%
maple), such pulps have been used in coated papers, plastic base surface
papers, photographic papers and deep dyed bulky papers.

Typical properties of Southern Mixed Hard Wood Kraft pulp fiber.
Fiber Length: 0.9-1.5 mm

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Fiber Width: 15-25 m
Wall Thickness: 3.3-3.8 m
Non Wood Pulp Chemical or semi-chemical pulp made from Non-wood plant material such
as straw, grasses, rag etc.
O
Oxygen Bleaching A process in which pulp is initially treated with oxygen followed by 4-5
bleaching stages.
Oxygen
Delignification
A process in which oxygen gas and sodium hydroxide are used to remove
lignin from brown stock.
Ozone (O
3
) A highly reactive gas with molecules made up of three oxygen atoms.
Ozone Bleaching A process that uses ozone to whiten cellulose fibers following the Kraft
pulping and oxygen delignification processing.
P
Peroxide Bleaching
or Hydrogen
Peroxide Bleaching
Method of bleaching pulp with hydrogen peroxide (H
2
O
2
) to remove lignin;
reduces or avoids the need for chlorine dioxide in final bleaching.
Pressurized
Groundwood Pulp
(PGW)
Mechanical pulp produced by treating logs with steam before defibration
against a grindstone under externally applied pressure.

Characteristics of Groundwood pulp produced under pressure as compared
to normal groundwood at 100 CSF
Particular SGW PGW Unit
Initial Wet Strength 60 90 N/m
Density 0.40 0.38 g/cc
Tensile Index 32 37 Nm/g
Tear Index 3.5 5.6 mN m
2
/g
Bursting Strength 1.4 2.3 kPa m
2
/g


Pressurized Refiner
Mechanical Pulp
(PRMP)
A variation of RMP where extra pressure is created in refiner.
Pulp A suspension of cellulose fibers in water.
R
Radiata Pine Soft
Wood Kraft Pulp
The properties of Radiata Pine pulps is considered to be part way between
the characteristics of Northern Softwood and Southern Pine pulp, but
generally closer to Northern softwoods.

Typical properties of Radiata Pine Soft wood pulp fiber.
Fiber Length: 2.5 mm
Fiber Width: 30 m
Wall Thickness: 3.7-4.0 m
Fiber Coarseness: 250 micro g/m
Rag The term rag is often used interchangeably with cotton fiber content
and harkens to a period of time when paper was actually made using cotton
rags which were cleaned and then broken down into fibers which were
then used to manufacture paper. In a sense it could be stated that the fine
paper business has been engaged in recycling materials for production
since its very beginning. Today paper is no longer made from rags and the
term rag is falling in disfavor by the industry in lieu of the phrase cotton

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fiber content.
Rag Pulp Papermaking pulp made from textile waste, cotton, hemp or flax.
Recycled Fiber Fiber obtained from recovered paper; also secondary fiber (cf. virgin fiber).
Recycled Fiber Pulp Pulp produced from recovered paper to be used in papermaking.
Refiner Mechanical
Pulp (RMP)
Mechanical pulp produced by passing wood chips between the plates of a
refiner without any pre-treatment. Defibration takes place under
atmospheric pressure. The wood chips are defibrated at about 100
0
C
mostly in 2 stages with consistencies of 20-30% in the second stage.
Particulars Unit SGW RMP TMP
Energy Required mJ/Kg 5.0 6.4 7.0
Burst Index Mn m2/g 1.4 1.9 2.3
Tear Index kPa m2/g 4.1 7.5 9.0
Bulk cm3/g 2.5 2.9 2.7
R-48 Bauer McNett 28 50 55
Shive content % 3.0 2.0 0.5
Brightness 61.5 59.0 58.5


Refiner Sawdust
Pulp
Mechanical pulp produced from sawmill dust.
Reinforcement Pulp Softwood chemical pulp added to give paper greater strength and to
improve runnability on the paper machine or printing press.
S
Sawdust Pulp Pulp made from saw mill dust. Catalyst Paper Canada make sawdust pulp.
Scandinavian
Softwood Kraft Pulp
The pulpwood is largely Scots pine containing 20-25% summerwood
(latewood), depending on the north to south wood location. Bleached pulps
from this area have a good burst and tear strength, but are the least bulky
of the softwood kraft pulps.

These pulps can be used interchangeably in most printing and writing
grades. Pulps produced from wood grown mainly in the north of Scaninavia
tend to have a higher, thinner walled, springwood content. Such pulps are
useful for lighter wight papers. Pulps produced from wood grown mainly in
the south of the region, tend to be more absorbent and bulky (due to a
higher, thicker walled, summerwood content) and these pulps find uses in
grades such as coffee filters.

Typical properties of Scandinavian Soft Wood Kraft pulp fiber.
Fiber Length: 3.0-3.7 mm
Fiber Width: 27-38 m
Wall Thickness: 2.9-3.0 m
Fiber Coarseness: 160-200 micro g/m
Semi-Alkaline Pulp A variance of semi-chemical pulp where cooking liquor is alkaline (NaOH or
NaOH+Na
2
S)
Semi-Bleached Pulp
(SBP)
Pulp bleached to a brightness somewhere between that of unbleached and
fully bleached pulp.
Semi-chemical Pulp Pulp produced by chemical treatment followed by mechanical treatment.
Semi-chemical
Mechanical Pulp
(SCMP)
Same as Semi-chemical Pulp.

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Soda Pulping An alkaline pulping process that uses a simple, sulphur- free sodium
hydroxide as cooking liquor.
Sisal Pulp The main characteristic of sisal pulp is its high porosity, making it an
excellent raw material for papers such as dielectric, plug wrap, laminating
substrate, vacuum bag, tea bag, filtration papers and wet laid non-wovens.
Soft Cooked Pulp A pulp intentionally or un-intentionally cooked with more chemical or
longer time or at higher temperature. The net result is over cooked but
lower yield pulp. Easy to bleach.
Soft Wood Sulfite
Pulp
Softwood Sulfite pulps requires less refining to reach a given freeness. They
are characterized by having a high initial wet strength at low refining
values, but have a low bulk, tear, opacity and absorbency at the same
tensile level compared with Softwood kraft pulps. Softwood Sulfite pulps
can provide a good surface and formation. Pulps produced in Western
Canada tend to be stronger than those produced in Scandinavia/Europe.

Softwood Sulfite pulps are used in printing and writing papers, both
uncoated and coated and in high grade card stock. In colored papers the
use of Softwood sulfite fibers at a high level of the furnish promotes even
dyeing. These pulps have a particular application in tissue grades, since the
pulp can develop adequate tensile strength very quickly, has a low adhesion
to MG dryers and can provide softness to the tissue grade. When heavily
refined, sulfite pulps produce a very dense paper and this property finds
uses in such products as greaseproof and tracing papers. The easy
bleaching nature of sulfite pulps can enable the pulp supplier, in a few
cases, to produce a grade with a very high brightness (circa 93/94% ISO) for
use in photographic grades or papers suitable for Artists use.

Typical properties of Soft wood sulfite pulp fiber.
Fiber Length: 3.0-3.7 mm
Fiber Width: 27-38 m
Wall Thickness: 2.9-3.5m
Fiber Coarseness: 160-200 micro g/m
Southern Mixed
Hardwood Kraft
Pulp
Southern mixed hardwoods refine at a similar rate to bleached eucalyptus
globulus pulps. These pulps tend to retain a higher tear strength, bulk,
stiffness and porosity, but are generally weak in tensile and have a lower
opacity. Their high coarseness value detracts from the paper's formation
and if the pulp should contain a high percentage of white oak fiber, this can
give rise to vessel picking problems.

Southern mixed hardwoods are generally used at up to 50% of a
papermaking furnish with single species softwoods. Southern mixed
hardwoods has been used in high volume paper qualities, including
printings and writings, packaging grades and uncoated art papers (for
stiffness and bulk). The pulp also finds use in towel grades were it
contributes to bulk and absorbency.

Typical properties of Southern Mixed Hard Wood Kraft pulp fiber.
Fiber Length: 1.4-1.8 mm
Fiber Width: 18-32 m
Wall Thickness: 5.0 m
Fiber Coarseness: 130-200 micro g/m

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Southern Pine Soft
Wood Kraft Pulp
Southern Pine pulps have thick fiber walls, due to a high summer wood
content. These pulps are characterized by having a high tear strength, bulk
and absorbency, but require much more refining to develop a useful tensile
strength, compared to Scandinavian softwood krafts. The opacity of
Southern Pine pulps is less than other softwoods and their high coarseness
can lead to formation difficulties.

Pulps produced from single species in the more northern part of the
Southern Pine region or those produced from juvenile wood, can be part
interchanged with Northern softwoods in a range of both coated and
uncoated, Fine Printing and Writing grades.

The high absorbency of Southern Pine pulps find applications in tissue,
towel and filter (EG Coffee Filters) grades. These pulps are also used in
packaging grades and circuit boards. Their resistance to refining and high
tear, due to the long fiber and thick fiber wall, finds some application in
Tracing Paper.

Typical properties of Southern Pine Soft Wood Kraft pulp fiber.
Fiber Length: 3.8-4.4 mm
Fiber Width: 36-40 m
Wall Thickness: 5.0-10 m
Fiber Coarseness: 230-300 micro g/m

Specialty Pulp Chemical pulps used for purposes other than ordinary papermaking (e.g. in
textile production).
Straw Pulp Pulp that is made from the straw of grains such as rice straw. It is cooked by
soda process.
Sulfate Pulping Alkaline process of cooking pulp.
Sulfite Pulping Acid process of cooking pulp
T
Tandem Thermo
Mechanical Pulp
(Tandem TMP)
Sequence of actions: Chips - steaming - 2- refining stages. Used to pulp HW
and SW. High yield pulp.
Thermo Chemi-
Mechanical Pulp
(TCMP)
Sequence of actions: Chips - steaming - soak in chemical- refiner. Used to
pulp HW and SW. High yield pulp. The steaming is done at 140-155
0
C for
short time at 300-500 kPa or 3-5 bar.
Thermo Mechanical
Pulp (TMP)
Sequence of actions: Chips - steaming - refiner. Used to pulp HW and SW.
High yield pulp. Pulp used for newsprint etc.
Thermo Pulp Thermopulp differ from TMP in that the first-stage pulp is heated up to very
high temperature (~170
0
C) before entering the 2
nd
stage.
Totally Chlorine Free
(TCF)
Totally chlorine free applies to virgin fiber papers that are unbleached or
processed with a sequence that includes no chlorine or chlorine derivatives.
U
Un-washed Pulp Semi-chemical or Chemical pulp before washing. A stage in pulping process
where pulp is cooked and transfer to storage tank but spent and residual
cooking liquor is not separated from fibers.
V
Virgin Fiber Fiber that has never been used before in the manufacture of paper or other
products.

Page 13 of 13

Viscose Pulp or
Rayon Grade Pulp
Viscose pulps are high purity pulps that are mixed with sodium hydroxide to
form a material called alkali cellulose and then reacted in a mixture of
sodium hydroxide and carbon disulfide. This resulting substance, called
cellulose xanthate is further reacted with a mineral acid to regenerate pure
cellulose. The regenerated cellulose can be a fiber, like rayon, or other
forms, like the film cellophane.
W
Washed Pulp Semi-chemical or Chemical pulp after washing (removing residual cooking
and spent liquor).
Washing Deinking Deinking in which solid particles are separated on the basis of their size by
washing. Also see Flotation Deinking and Combination Deinking.
Wood-Free Pulp Pulp furnish without mechanical pulp.
Wood Pulp Mechanical or chemical pulp made from wood (cf. Non-wood pulp).




by. Andi Lukman Hakim
Student of Pulp and Paper Processing Technology
Bandung Science and Technology Institute

Source http://paperonweb.com/gradepl.htm














Member of IMPAS-ITSB








(Ikatan Mahasiswa Pulp dan Kertas ITSB)