Department of Electrical Engineering

B. Tech. VII Sem(Sec. B) I Mid Term Exam paper solution Sept. 2014
Sub. and code : Power system engineering (7EE5)
Unit01
Q.1 Draw and explain Heat rate curve and incremental cost curve of thermal generating units.
Prove that incremental cost curve cuts the heat rate curve at its minimum value.
Solution:
Heat rate curve:
Heat rate is the heat energy (which is obtained by combustion of fuel in (MKcal)) needed
to generate one unit of Electric energy (MWh).


Fig. 1 Heat rate curve
Fig.1 shows the approximate shape of the heat rate curve , which can be determined
experimentally.
The generating unit efficiency can be defined as the ratio of electric energy output generated to
fuel energy input. The generating unit is most efficient at the minimum heat rate which
corresponds to a particular P
Gi
and curve indicates the increase in the heat rate varies with the
output power P
Gi
and curve indicates the increase in the heat rate at low and high power limits
or drop in efficiency at low and high power limits.
Incremental fuel cost:
In the input output curve if we add the to the generation axis then the corresponding increase
in input fuel cost axis is .
Also we called the slope of the fuel-cost curve, dC
i
/dP
Gi
, is called the incremental fuel cost (IC)
and is expressed in Rs./MWh.

Fig. 2 incremental fuel cost
The equation of Heat rate for output power P of a thermal generating rating of is given by
H(P)=

+b+ c P (i)
Heat rate curve for above equation is shown in fig. 1
To find point of minimum value , we have to differentiate Eq. (i) w. r. t. variable power P

At minimum value of Heat rate differentiation w. r. t. P is zero

=0
Or P=

, Power can not be ve value

Hence , putting the value of P in eq. (i) we get
H(P)= +b += 2 +b
Now the point of minimum value for the heat rate is (

, 2 +b)
The equation of incremental fuel cost is given by

= b+2cP (ii)
Putting the value of P in eq. (ii) we get

= 2 +b this satisfies the above minimum value of heat rate curve

Hence incremental cost curve cuts the heat rate curve at its minimum value
Q.2 Three plants of a total capacity of 500 MW are scheduled for operating to supply a total
system load of 310 MW. Evaluate the optimum load scheduling if the plants have the following
cost characteristic and the limitation. C
1
=0.06 P
1
2
+ 30 P
1
+10 30P
1
150,
C
2
=0.10 P
2
2
+ 40 P
2
+15, 20P
2
100
C
3
=0.075 P
3
2
+ 10 P
3
+20, 50P
3
250
Solution: The incremental fuel costs of the plants

, 30P
1
150 ,
1min
=33.6,
1max
=48

, 20P
2
100
2min
=44,
2max
=60

, 50P
3
250
3min
=17.5,
3max
=47.5
Limiting values of

are 17.5, 33.6, 44, 47.5, 48 and 60
For economic operation of the power system load sharing should be according to minimum
incremental fuel cost
(i)17.5 33.6
In this range for economic operation of power system only plant 3 is available to supply
increased load
P
1
=30 MW, P
2
= 20 MW, Now determining the range of P
3

17.5= 0.15P
3
+10, P
3
=(17.5-10)/0.15=50 MW
33.6=0.15P
3
+10, P
3
=(33.6-10)/0.15=157.33MW
Hence Plant 1 and 2 at minimum load sharing, increased load to be shared by the help of Plant 3
The corresponding system load range

207.33 MW (2.1)
(ii) 33.6 44
In this range for economic operation of power system only plant 1 and 3 are available to supply
increased load
P
2
= 20 MW, applying coordination equation for plant 1 and plant 3
=(IC)
1
=(IC)
3,
=

, =

Solving above equation for P
D1
=P
1
+P
3

P
D1
= (27 -570)/1.8 MW (2.2)
Putting the values of we get the range of P
D1
187.33

343.33 MW
Adding the minimum load value of P
2
The corresponding system load range
207.33

363.33 MW (2.3)
We have to supply system load 310 MW, hence our problem to be solved according to (2.2)
The plant 2 supplying load at minimum value of 20 MW
Remaining load of 290 MW is supplying according to coordination equation
290= (27 -570)/1.8 ,27 =(2901.8)+570, = 1092/27= 40.44 Rs./MWh
Putting values of and we get the values of P
1
and P
3

P
1
= (40.44-30)/0.12= 87 MW
P
3
=(40.44-10)/0.15 = 202.93 MW
And P
2
=20 MW
Unit 02
Q.3 A 50 Hz, 4 pole turbo generator rated 200 MVA, 11 KV has an inertia constant of 1.0
MJ/MVA.
(i) Find the stored energy in the rotor at synchronous speed.
(ii) if the mechanical input is suddenly raised to 100 MW for an electrical load of 60 MW , find
rotor accelerations , neglecting mechanical and electrical losses.
(iii) If the accelerations calculated in part ( ii) is maintained for 20 cycles, find the change in
torque angle and rotor speed in revolutions per minute at the end of the period.
Solution:
(i) Stored energy in the rotor at synchronous speed =GH= 2001.0= 200MJ
(ii) P
a
= 100-60 MW= M

Where M=GH/180f =200/(18050)= 1/45 MJ-s/elect deg

1/45

=40
Or =

= 1800 elect deg/s

2
(iii) 20 cycles= 0.4 sec
Change in torque angle =

(1800)(0.4)
2
= 144 elect rad

Changing from elect deg/s
2
to rpm/s

= (601800)/(2360)= 150 rpm/s

Rotor speed at the end of 20 cycles
=

+ 1500.4 = 1560 rpm

Q.4 Explain rotor dynamics. Derive the formula of swing equation.
Solution: Rotor Dynamics:
The Kinetic energy of the rotor at synchronous machine is
K.E. =

Jw
2
m
10
-6
MJ
Where
J= rotor moment of inertia in kg-m
2

w
sm
= synchronous speed in rad (mech)/s
But w
s
=(

) w
sm
=rotor speed in rad(elect)/s
Where P= no. of machine poles
K.E.=

)w
s

=

Mw
s
MJ
Where M=(

) =moment of inertia in MJ-s/elect rad

Now GH= K.E. =

Mw
s
MJ
where G= machine rating (base) in MVA (three-phase)
H= inertia constant in MJ/MVA or MW-s/MVA
It follows that
M=

MJ-s/elect rad
=

MJ-s/elect degree

The Swing equation:
The fig. shows the torque , speed and flow of mechanical and electrical powers in a
synchronous machine .
The differential equation governing the rotor dynamics can be written as

= T
m
T
e
Nm (2.1)
Where

=angle in rad(mech)
T
m=
turbine torque in Nm; acquires negative value for a motoring machine
T
e=
electromagnetic torque developed in Nm; it acquires negative value for a
motoring machine
Assuming the rotor speed to remain constant at the synchronous speed(

)
Multiplying both sides by w
s
in eq. (2.1) we can write

= T
m

T
e

= P
m
P
e
MW
Where P
m
= mechanical power input in MW
P
e
=electrical power output in MW