Name:

College of Engineering and Computer Science

Mechanical Engineering Department
Mechanical Engineering 390
Fluid Mechanics
Spring 2008 Number: 11971
Instructor: Larry Caretto
Solutions toMidterm Examination
1. (37 points) The gate shown in the figure at the
right piots a!out the hinge and is
held in place !" the #$$$ l!f
counterweight% W. &ind the water
depth% h. 'ssume the weight of the
gate is negligi!le.
For the vertica part o! the gate the
resutant !orce o! the "ater is given by
the e#uation F$ % hc& "here hc % h'2
an( & % )* !t+h, -his gives F$ % , (h'2+
)* !t+h % h
2
)2 !t+,
-he (istance !rom the top o! the "ater
to the point "here this resutant !orce acts. y$ is given by the !oo"ing e#uation
c
c
xc
R
y
A y
I
y +
-he moment o! inertia about the centroi( is given by the e#uation I/c % ab
0
'12 "here a is the "i(th
o! the area an( b is the height, In our case. I/c % )* !t+h
0
'12, Substituting vaue o! I/c into the
e#uation !or y$ gives
( )
( )
3
2
2 6 2
4
2
12
4
3
h h h h
h ft
h
h ft
y
A y
I
y
c
c
xc
R
+ + +
& moment baance about the hinge is sho"n in the !igure at the e!t, -he (istance. (. !rom the
hinge to the ocation o! the resutant !orce is simpy ( % h 1 y$ 1 h % 2h'0 % h'0,
-he moment baance about the hinge has ony t"o
!orces. F$ an( W, -his baance re#uires that F$( %
W)0 !t+,
Substituting ( % h'0 an( F$ % h
2
)2 !t+ into this
moment baance "ith W % 2000 b! an( !or "ater %
22,* b!'!t
0
gives
( ) ( )( ) ft lb
h
ft h
f
3 2000
3
2
2

( )
f
f
lb ft
h
ft
ft
lb
6000
3
2
4 . 62
3
3
h = 5.24 ft
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#. (37 points) 'ir flows through a (enturi
channel with a rectangular cross
section. The width of the
channel is $.$) m* the heights at
point (1) and the e+it are $.$, m.
The height at the throat is $.$#
m. Compressi!ilit" and iscous
effects are negligi!le.
(a) -hat is the flow rate when
the water in the small tu!e
attached to the static
pressure tap at the throat is
drawn up $.1$ m as shown.
Since the !o" can be assume( to be invisci( an( incompressibe. "e can use the 9ernoui
e#uation to reate the various state points in the !o", In particuar "e can reate con(itions at the
throat )0+ to con(itions at the e/it )*+,
( ) 0
2
2
3
2
4 3 4
3 4

+
V V p p
z z g

Since both ocations are at the same eevation. :* 1 :0 % 0, ;e aso have p* % 0 because this
point is a !ree <et )open to the atmosphere,+ &t the throat. the manometer e#uation !or the "ater
height o! 0,10 m gives p0 = )0,1 m+" % 0 or p0 % 1)0,1 m+", Finay "e can use the continuity
e#uation. >*&* % >0&0. to give >*)0,02 m+)0,0* m+ % >0)0,02 m+)0,02 m+ or >0 % 2>*, 5a?ing these
substitutions in the 9ernoui e#uation gives,
( )
( ) [ ] ( )

3
1 . 0 2
0
2
4 1 . 0 0
0
2
4
2
4
2
4
2
3
2
4 3 4
3 4
m
V
V V m V V p p
z z g
w w

+

+

+
;e are not given any (ata on the atmospheric pressure o! the temperature o! the !o"ing air, ;e
can assume that the air is at stan(ar( con(itions !or "hich "e !in( % 1,20 ?g'm
0
in the insi(e
!ront cover o! the te/t, @sing this (atum an( a vaue o! 9800 N'm
0
!or " )aso !rom the tabes in
the insi(e !ront cover+ "e can sove !or the e/it veocity. >*,
( )
( )
s
m
m kg
s N
m
kg
m
m
N
m
V
w
1 . 23
1 23 . 1
3
1 . 0
9800
2
3
1 . 0 2
2
3
3
4

-he !o" rate. A % >*&* % )20,1 m's+)0,02 m+)0,0* m+ or Q = 0.0554 m

3
/s ,
(!) Determine the height% h#% at section (#) for the flow rate "ou found in part (a).
;e can again appy 9ernouiBs e#uation. this time bet"een section )2+ an( the e/it to !in( the
(esire( height. h2, In this case 9ernouiBs e#uation becomes
( ) 0
2
2
2
2
4 2 4
2 4

+
V V p p
z z g

Since both ocations are at the same eevation. :* 1 :2 % 0, &s be!ore. "e have p* % 0. an(. the
manometer e#uation !or the "ater height h2 at station )2+ is p2 = ")0,0C m+ % 0 or p2 % 7)0,0C m+",
5a?ing these substitutions an( the vaue o! >* % 20,1 m's !oun( above gives,
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)0+ )*+
Name:
( )
( ) [ ]
0
2
1 . 23
05 . 0 0
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
4 2 4
2 4


,
_

+

+

+
V
s
m
m V V p p
z z g
w

Soving this e#uation !or >2 an( substituting (ata !or an( " as be!ore gives
( )
( )
2
2
2
3
3
2 2
2
2
1332
1 23 . 1
05 . 0
9800
2
1 . 23 05 . 0 2 1 . 23
s
m
m kg
s N
m
kg
m
m
N
s
m m
s
m
V
w

,
_

,
_

-a?ing the s#uare root gives >2 % 02,C m's, Finay. "e can appy the continuity e#uation to !in(
the height. h2
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
4
2 2 2 4 2 2 4 4
5 . 36
1 . 23
04 . 0 04 . 0 04 . 0
s m
s m
m
V
V
m h wh V m w V A V A V
h
2
= 0.02534 m
(c) Determine the pressure at section (1) re/uired to produce this flow.
-his time "e appy the 9ernoui e#uation bet"een points )1+ an( )*+,
( ) 0
2
2
1
2
4 1 4
1 4

+
V V p p
z z g

Since both ocations are at the same eevation. :* 1 :1 % 0, &s be!ore. "e have p* % 0. Since the
!o" areas at both points )1+ an( )*+ are the same. the t"o veocities are the same, -hese
substitutions in the 9ernoui e#uation give
( ) 0 0
0
0
2
1
2
1
2
4 1 4
1 4
+

+

p V V p p
z z g
p
1
= 0
3. (37 points) -ater flows through the #$
o
reducing !end shown in the figure
at the right at a rate of $.$#0 m
3
1s.
The flow is frictionless% graitational
effects are negligi!le% and the
pressure at section (1) is 10$ 23a.
Determine the + and " components
of the force re/uired to hold the
!end in place.
;e can use the genera momentum
baance in both the / an( y (irections
to get t"o e#uations !or the t"o
re#uire( !orce components, -he
genera e#uation is sho"n beo",
( )

+

k
N
i
i k i i i
N
o
o k o o o
cv
k
F V A V V A V
t
mV
inlets outlets
1
,
1
,
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Dere "e have one inet an( one outet an( "e assume stea(y !o", -his gives the !oo"ing
baance e#uations in the t"o (irections, Note that the pressure !orce is in the =/ (irection at
station 1 "ith no y component an( "e have to resove the components o! the pressure !orce at
station 2E the / component is 1p2&2cos 20
o
. because it acts in the minus7/ (irectionE the y
component is p2&2sin20
o
. because it acts in the =y (irection, F/ an( Fy (enote the / an( y
components o! !orce re#uire( to ho( the ben( in pace,
o
x x x
A p A p F V A V V A V 20 cos
2 2 1 1 1 , 1 1 1 2 , 2 2 2
+
o
y y y
A p F V A V V A V 20 sin
2 2 1 , 1 1 1 2 , 2 2 2
+
For this system. >/.1 % >1. >y.1 % 0. >/.2 % >2cos20
o
. an( >y.2 % 1>2sin20
o
, -he negative sign !or >y.2
is because it is in the minus7y (irection,
-he continuity e#uation tes us that the mass !o" rate is the same at both inet an( outet, In
a((ition. the "ater has constant (ensity so the voume !o" rate is constant, ;e can compute the
mass !o" rate an( the veocities at inet an( outet !rom continuity reations,
( ) ( ) s
m
m
s
m
D
Q
A
Q
V
s
m
m
s
m
D
Q
A
Q
V
7 . 12
4
5 . 0
025 . 0
4
18 . 3
4
1 . 0
025 . 0
4
2
3
2
2 2
2 2
3
2
1 1
1


@sing the (ensity o! "ater as 998 ?g'm
0
"e !in( the mass !o" rate as
1 1 1 2 2 2
3
3
95 . 24 025 . 0 998
A V A V m
s
kg
s
m
m
kg
Q m
;e can substitute this mass !o" rate an( the !oo"ing veocity components into our momentum
e#uations: >/.1 % >1. >y.1 % 0. >/.2 % >2cos20
o
. an( >y.2 % 1>2sin20
o
, -his gives:
( )
o
x
o
A p A p F V V m 20 cos 20 cos
2 2 1 1 1 2
+
( )
o
y
o
A p F V m 20 sin 20 sin
2 2 2
+
;e are given 61 % 1C0 ?6a. but "e (o not ?no" the vaue o! 62, Since the !o" is !rictioness an(
"e have area(y assume( that it has constant (ensity. "e can use 9ernouiBs e#uation to reate
points )1+ an( )2+ an( sove !or 62,
( ) ( )
1 2
2
1
2
2
1 2
2
1
2
2 1 2
1 2
2
0
2
z z g
V V
p p
V V p p
z z g

;e are to( that gravitationa e!!ects are negigibe so "e can ignore the g: term, -his gives
kPa
kg
s m kPa
s
m
s
m
m
kg
kPa
V V
p p 5 . 74
1000
18 . 3 7 . 12
2
1 998
150
2
2
2 2
3
2
1
2
2
1 2


1
1
]
1

,
_

,
_

;e no" have the re#uire( in!ormation to compute the resutant !orces,
( )
( )
( )
m kg
s N
s
m
s
m
s
kg m
kPa
m
kPa
m kPa
N
V V m A p A p F
o
o o o
x

,
_

+
1
1
]
1

+
2 2
2
2
1 2 1 1 2 2
1 18 . 3
20 cos
7 . 12 95 . 24
4
1 . 0
150
20 cos
4
05 . 0
5 . 74
1000
20 cos 20 cos
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F

= !""2 #
( )
m kg
s N
s
m
s
kg m
kPa
m kPa
N
V m A p F
o o
o o
y

,
_

1
1
]
1

2 2
2
2 2 2
1
20 sin
7 . 12 95 . 24
20 sin
4
05 . 0
5 . 74
1000
20 sin 20 sin
F
$
= !15% #
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