This document analyzes barriers to using empty fruit bunches (EFB) from palm oil production as a renewable fuel in Malaysia. It details the supply chain for EFB as fuel from palm oil mills to potential end users. Through a case study of a proposed combined heat and power plant, it identifies key barriers such as a lack of industry acceptance of EFB as fuel, unreliable supply, and high transportation and processing costs that reduce the economic feasibility. The report concludes with recommendations to address these barriers through policies to improve perceptions and access to EFB fuel supply, make the economics more favorable, and undertake further technical studies.
Original Description:
Renewable Fuel
Original Title
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Processing Biomass (Empty Fruit Bunch) as Renewable Fuel
This document analyzes barriers to using empty fruit bunches (EFB) from palm oil production as a renewable fuel in Malaysia. It details the supply chain for EFB as fuel from palm oil mills to potential end users. Through a case study of a proposed combined heat and power plant, it identifies key barriers such as a lack of industry acceptance of EFB as fuel, unreliable supply, and high transportation and processing costs that reduce the economic feasibility. The report concludes with recommendations to address these barriers through policies to improve perceptions and access to EFB fuel supply, make the economics more favorable, and undertake further technical studies.
This document analyzes barriers to using empty fruit bunches (EFB) from palm oil production as a renewable fuel in Malaysia. It details the supply chain for EFB as fuel from palm oil mills to potential end users. Through a case study of a proposed combined heat and power plant, it identifies key barriers such as a lack of industry acceptance of EFB as fuel, unreliable supply, and high transportation and processing costs that reduce the economic feasibility. The report concludes with recommendations to address these barriers through policies to improve perceptions and access to EFB fuel supply, make the economics more favorable, and undertake further technical studies.
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 1 -
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Processing Biomass (Empty Fruit Bunch) as Renewable Fuel January 2005
A report prepared under the Malaysian - Danish Environmental Cooperation Programme Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Component
Consultants: Eco-Ideal Consulting Sdn. Bhd. Mensilin Holdings Sdn Bhd The views expressed in this document, which has been reproduced without formal editing, are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Government of Malaysia nor DANIDA.
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 2 -
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 3 - Table of Contents LIST OF TABLES ...............................................................................................................................5 LIST OF FIGURES..............................................................................................................................5 LIST OF ANNEXES ............................................................................................................................5 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS................................................................................................................6 1. INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................8 1.1 BACKGROUND ..........................................................................................................................8 1.2 OBJECTIVES & SCOPE ..............................................................................................................8 1.3 METHODOLOGIES .....................................................................................................................9 1.4 STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTED ....................................................................................................9 2. SUPPLY CHAIN OF EFB AS RENEWABLE ENERGY FUEL................................................11 2.1 GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OF OIL PALM PLANTATIONS................................................................11 2.2 SUPPLY CHAIN OF EFB AS FUEL .............................................................................................14 2.3 LARGE PALM OIL COMPANIES .................................................................................................16 2.4 INDEPENDENT PALM OIL PROCESSING MILLS...........................................................................16 2.5 OTHER TRANSPORTERS OF EFB (E.G. BROKERS, WASTE COMPANIES, USERS ETC.) ...................16 2.6 FUEL PROCESSING EQUIPMENT SUPPLIERS & OPERATORS ......................................................17 2.7 BOILER FACILITIES & SUPPLIERS.............................................................................................17 3. EFB FUEL SUPPLY CHAIN BARRIERS.................................................................................20 3.1 ACCEPTANCE OF EFB AS RENEWABLE FUEL............................................................................20 3.1.1 General Awareness and Acceptance ..........................................................................20 3.1.2 Palm Oil Mills Acceptance...........................................................................................20 3.1.3 Industry Acceptance....................................................................................................21 3.1.4 Power Sector Acceptance ...........................................................................................21 3.2 ACCESS TO EFB FUEL SUPPLY ...............................................................................................21 3.3 ECONOMIC ASPECTS ..............................................................................................................22 3.4 TECHNICALITIES......................................................................................................................22 3.4.1 Demand for Power and Heat .......................................................................................22 3.4.2 Suitability of EFB as a fuel...........................................................................................23 3.4.3 Reliability of EFB Energy Production Technologies....................................................23 3.4.4 Standardisation of EFB as Renewable Fuel................................................................23 3.5 SUMMARY OF EFB SUPPLY CHAIN BARRIERS ..........................................................................23 4. DEMONSTRATION PROJECT: EFB FUEL SUPPLY CHAIN ................................................25 4.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................25 4.2 OBJECTIVES & ACTIVITIES.......................................................................................................26 4.3 SITE SELECTION AND DESCRIPTION.........................................................................................26 4.3.1 Site selection criteria....................................................................................................26 4.3.2 Description of Selected Case Proposed Penggeli CHP Plant..................................27 4.4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS ...................................................................................................27 4.4.1 Mapping of EFB Suppliers...........................................................................................27 4.4.2 Barriers Identified by Stakeholders on Penggeli CHP Plant .......................................28 4.4.3 Assessment of EFB Fuel Supply.................................................................................29 4.4.4 EFB Transportation......................................................................................................33 4.4.5 Economic Barriers with Penggeli EFB CHP Plant.......................................................34 4.4.6 Assessment of Fuel Supply Chain Options Case example......................................35 4.4.7 Potential Barriers of Sourcing EFB from Other Mills ...................................................38 4.4.8 Determining the EFB Fuel Value.................................................................................39 Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 4 - 4.4.9 EFB Fuel Price Vs CHP Economic Feasibility.............................................................40 5. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS........................................................................43 5.1 CONCLUSIONS........................................................................................................................43 5.2 POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS TO ENCOURAGE EFB AS RE FUEL ................................................44 5.2.1 Perceptions and Acceptance of EFB as Fuel ..............................................................44 5.2.2 Access and Security of Fuel Supply............................................................................45 5.2.3 Economic Aspects .......................................................................................................46 5.2.4 Technicalities...............................................................................................................47 5.2.5 Futher research and studies......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. 6. REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................53
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 5 - List of Tables Table 1: Barriers Identified for the Proposed EFB CHP at Penggeli, Johor .................................................... 28 Table 2: EFB source for Penggeli power plant................................................................................................ 30 Table 3: EFB generation of non FELDA mills ................................................................................................. 30 Table 4: Nutrient content of typical EFB.......................................................................................................... 31 Table 5: EFB mulching value.......................................................................................................................... 32 Table 6: Comparison and sensitivity analysis of cost savings from EFB fuel supply scenarios ...................... 37 Table 7: Examples of fuel characteristics of EFB fuel in Malaysia .................................................................. 49 Table 8: Examples of boiler supplier demand on EBF fuel in Malaysia........................................................... 49
List of Figures Figure 1: Distribution of palm oil plantations in Malaysia. ............................................................................... 11 Figure 2: Stakeholders involvement in the palm oil industries ........................................................................ 12 Figure 3: Distribution of palm oil mills in Malaysia........................................................................................... 13 Figure 4: EFB generated and mulching in typical palm oil mill in Malaysia..................................................... 13 Figure 5: Supply chain model for EFB fuel...................................................................................................... 15 Figure 6: A typical biomass fired boiler system............................................................................................... 18 Figure 7: A typical process diagram for EFB biomass power plant ................................................................. 19 Figure 8: Summary of Barriers of EFB as Renewable Energy ........................................................................ 24 Figure 9: EFB supply chain for Demonstration Case in Johor ........................................................................ 25 Figure 10: Location of proposed EFB CHP power plant ................................................................................. 28 Figure 11: Oil palm mills around Proposed Penggeli CHP.............................................................................. 36 Figure 12: Scenarios comparison - EFB supplied by other nearby mills......................................................... 38 Figure 13: Sensitivity analysis of EFB price to power plant IRR...................................................................... 41 Figure 14: An assessment of CDM on EFB CHP plant with different fuel price .............................................. 42 Figure 15: Processed EFB fibre.........................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Figure 16: Example of standard sampling of biomass in Sweden................................................................... 50
List of Annexes Annex A: Directory of Palm Oil Mills in Malaysia (valid till mid 2004).............................................................. 55 Annex B: Distribution of Palm Oil Mills in Malaysia......................................................................................... 71 Annex C: Independent palm oil millers & private mills with small plantations ................................................. 72 Annex D: Directory of EFB Fuel equipment/facilities suppliers ........................................................................ 74 Annex E: Directory of Known Existing / Planned EFB Energy Plant in Malaysia (Iskandar) ............................ 79 Annex F: Assessment of Barriers, Recommendations and Priorities.............................................................. 80 Annex G: Sensitivity Analysis for 10 MWe EFB Power Plant IRR................................................................... 86 Annex H: Discussion Notes from Stakeholder Workshop in Johor.................................................................. 89
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 6 - List of Abbreviations Bhd. Limited (companies) BOOT Build-Own Operate Transfer CHP Combined heat and power generation CPO Crude Palm Oil DANIDA Danish International Development Assistance EFB Empty Fruit Bunch EPU Economic Planning Unit FELDA Federal Land Development Authority FELCRA Federal Land Consolidation and Rehabilitation Authority FFB Fresh Fruit Bunch FRIM Forest Research Institute Malaysia GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Green House Gas IRR Internal Rate of Return JTOP Johor Tenggara Oil Palm K.S. Kilang Sawit m.c. moisture content mt metric ton MDF Medium density fibreboard MF mesocarp fibres MPOA Malaysian Palm Oil Association MPOB Malaysian Palm Oil Board MW Mega Watt PKC palm kernel cakes PKS palm kernel shells POM palm oil mill POME palm oil mill effluent PTM Pusat Tenaga Malaysia (Malaysia Energy Centre) REEE Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Project REPPA Renewable Energy Power Purchase Agreement RISDA Rubber Industry Smallholders Development Authority ROI Return on investment SIRIM Standards and Industrial Research Institute of Malaysia SLDB Sabah Land Development Board TNB Tenaga National Berhad Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 7 - UKM Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia UNDP United Nations Development Programme UPM Universiti Putra Malaysia USD American Dollars w.t. Weight
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 8 - 1. Introduction 1.1 Background Biomass residue from palm oil industries such as palm kernel shells (PKS), mesocarp fibres (MF) and empty fruit bunch (EFB) are potential renewable energy fuel in Malaysia. The abundance of these biomass resources is increasing with the fast development of palm oil industries in Malaysia. The utilization of these energy sources will promote replacement of fossil fuel while addressing the issue of waste management in relation to biomass especially EFB which are difficult to transport, store and manage. Today, PKS and MF are the most common fuel for energy for palm oil mills but not EFB. Most palm oil mills with their own plantations will mulch their EFB in the field. However, EFB is currently a waste problem especially the case for independent palm oil processing mills without their own plantation where mulching of EFB is not possible. Despite the great potential of EFB as a renewable fuel, there are several existing barriers identified in relation to the market development of these palm oil biomasses as fuel for energy in earlier studies on biomass potential by the DANIDA / Economic Planning Unit (Energy Section) Renewable Energy / Energy Efficiency component. These barriers impede development of renewable energy products as another product from the palm oil industries while meeting the nations target to promote cleaner fuel. 1.2 Objectives & Scope The overall objective of this study is to promote EFB as one of the renewable biomass fuel in Malaysia and suggest policy measures to remove the existing barriers. Based on earlier findings on the barriers and challenges identified in the DANIDA RE/EE component, this study assessed these barriers in great details, including consultations with relevant players in the supply chain as well as testing the barriers on a selected demonstration case. Based on these, specific policy recommendations were formulated to establish an enabling condition for future market development of EFB as biomass fuel. PKS & MF are higher quality fuel and easier for transport to other uses as compared to EFB. Therefore, a potentially ideal model would be to utilize EFB for on-site energy demand while making PKS & MF available to off-site utilization which will likely bring higher market prices as compared to burning on-site. These off-site utilization can be energy or non-energy related (increasing market for these e.g. activated carbon, animal feed, etc.). In this specific task, focus was placed on addressing issues related to the supply chain of EFB as a ready feedstock for energy production. Special emphasize were Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 9 - placed on the especially the use of EFB in boilers for energy production. These boilers could be those installed in palm oil mills, refineries as well as other industrial applications such as glove manufacturing, cement production and so forth. In this study, the demonstration case was based on an energy plant in palm oil milling setting. The specific tasks under the overall objective were divided into 2 phases: Phase 1 Mapping of EFB Fuel Supply Chain and Detail Barrier Analysis To detail out the supply chain of EFB as fuel in boilers, including clarification of stakeholders; Confirm and address pertinent issues/barriers related to market development of EFB as a fuel for energy; Provide recommendations to alleviate these barriers and promote EFB as biofuel; Specifically, this study elaborated issues related to developing an EFB fuel specification and standard in Malaysia;
Phase 2 Demonstration and application of supply chain model Demonstration site: Testing of supply chain model and barriers identified Provide evaluation and recommendations for barriers removal. 1.3 Methodologies The following approaches were used to address the objectives of the study: Collect, review and consolidate earlier and related studies and relevant literatures, publications etc.; Meeting and discussions with relevant stakeholders (palm oil industries, research institutes, boiler manufacturers etc.); Elaborate fuel standards based on other available standards and current best practices; Demonstration site for barrier supply chain testing; Supply chain workshop with relevant stakeholders for demonstration site; Elaborate findings, recommendations and reporting. 1.4 Stakeholders Consulted The following stakeholders were consulted and involved during the study: Government / Research Institutes Malaysia Energy Centre (PTM), UNDP GEF BioGen Project Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) SIRIM Palm Oil Industries Palm Oil Millers Association Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 10 - United Bell Plantations Penggeli Palm Oil Mill (FELDAs mill) Johor Tenggara Oil Palm Berhad, JTOP (Plantation and mills) Malim Sawit Sdn Bhd (independent mill) Fuel Handling & Energy Equipment Suppliers Vyncke (East Asia) Sdn Bhd Enco Systems Sdn Bhd Vickers Hoskins (M) Sdn Bhd Kejuruteraan EMI Sdn Bhd
Others Vyncke (East Asia) Sdn Bhd Felda Technoplant Sdn. Bhd Ladang Inas Selatan (FELDAs plantation)
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 11 - 2. Supply Chain of EFB as Renewable Energy Fuel 2.1 General Distribution of Oil Palm Plantations In Malaysia, there is a total acreage of 3.8 million hectares of oil palm plantation throughout the country 1 . The Peninsular Malaysia contributes to 58% of the oil palm planted area in Malaysia, where else the East Malaysia, which is Sabah and Sarawak together contribute to the rest of 42% planted area. The distribution of oil palm plantation throughout Malaysia is illustrated in figure below. Most of the oil palm plantations located in Peninsular Malaysia are concentrated in Johor, Pahang and Perak States while in East Malaysia, plantation is concentrated on the east coast of Sabah and Northern region of Sarawak.
Figure 1: Distribution of palm oil plantations in Malaysia. (Note : Plantation areas are shown in red (colour version) or dark grey (black and white version. Source: MPOB homepage at www.mpob.gov.my, accessed October 2005) Oil palm plantations can be classified into 3 broad categories involving a range of stakeholders. These stakeholders and relationship can be genericly illustrated in the figure below:
1 Based on the planted area in 2003 (Source: Malaysian Oil Palm Statistics 2003) Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 12 -
Figure 2: Stakeholders involvement in the palm oil industries (Source: http://www.fftc.agnet.org.)
There are three main sources of palm oil fruits (commonly referred as Fresh Fruit Brunch FFB). These are large estate owners, farmers in land development scheme such as FELDA/FELCRA as well as independent small holders. As illustrated above fruits from large estates and land development scheme are processed in their own palm oil mills. Where as the fruits from smallholders are usually sold to independent palm oil mills which have no plantation or one with limited size. Of all these mill owners, the independent palm oil millers are the ones that would have waste management issues in term of handling empty fruit bunches (EFB).
At the first quarter of 2005, there were all together 388 palm mills in Malaysia 2 catering the milling of the Fresh Fruit Bunches (FFB) produce by from these 3.8 million hectares of plantations (see Figure 3 below).
A directory of palm oil mills categorised according to distribution according to State up to year 2003 3 (consisting of 358 mills) is attached as Annex A. A summary showing the mill size distribution according to State is attached as Annex B.
2 Records according to MPOB until March 2005. 3 Listing in 2004/2005 not made available during this study Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 13 -
Figure 3: Distribution of palm oil mills in Malaysia (Source: SIRIM Biogen Report 2005)
On average, total FFB produced is about 19-20 tonnes per every hectare of oil palm planted. In year 2004, the total FFB yielded was estimated around 80 million tonnes 4 . Among this, about 23% weight of FFB ends up as Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB), which is a by-product generated during the stripping process of palm oil milling. Thus, about 18 million tonnes of EFB was produced in year 2004 and the figure is predicted to increase due to the continuous growth trend of oil palm industry.
Figure 4: EFB generated and mulching in typical palm oil mill in Malaysia
4 Malaysia Palm Oil Statistics 2004, Malaysian Palm Oil Board (MPOB) Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 14 - Presently, most EFB are combusted in on-site incinerators where the ash is later distributed back to plantation as fertiliser. These typically old and improperly maintained incinerators are often inefficient in combustion.
Some are utilised for mulching directly in the oil palm plantations where common problems are limitation of application, attraction of pest and vermins.
EFB in general is considered not a ready fuel due to its physical property e.g. high moisture content, fibre structure causing problems in fuel feeding etc. However, with appropriate fuel preparation, there is a large potential of converting these large amount of EFB into renewable energy that could meet the existing energy demand of palm oil mills or other industries. Under such scenario, other sources of biomass fuel such as palm kernel shells and mesocarp fibres which are currently utilised for providing heat for mills can be relieved for other uses off-site with higher economic returns for palm oil millers. 2.2 Supply Chain of EFB as Fuel The supply chain of EFB involves a series of stakeholders involved from the generation, handling to the end users of the EFB as a product.
The following main groups of stakeholders were identified: Oil palm plantations supplies FFB to mills, often transporters of EFB Palm Oil Processing Mills generators and some case transporters of EFB Other transporters of EFB (e.g. brokers, waste companies, users etc.) Fuel Processing Equipment Suppliers & Operators Boiler facility owners Boiler equipment suppliers
An illustration of the supply chain of EFB as fuel is illustrated in Figure 5 below: Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 15 -
Figure 5: Supply chain model for EFB fuel (Source: Own Illustration) The stakeholders and their roles in the EFB fuel supply chain will be described further below:
Boiler / CHP Plant Energy Distribution and Use Transporters (Transporters) Suppliers Transporters Brokers Suppliers Facility owners, operators Energy consumer Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 16 - 2.3 Large Palm Oil Companies Large palm oil companies are those large scale oil palm plantations who have their own mills installed typically within the vicinity of the plantation area. However the sizes of these plantation companies vary considerably from few hundred hectares to more than hundred thousand hectares of oil palm plantation.
The top ten main players in Malaysia with the large planted area and milling capacities are government owned Felda (Federal Land Development Authority), private listed corporations Kumpulan Guthrie Berhad, Golden Hope Plantation Bhd., IOI Corporation Berhad and Sime Darby Bhd, Guthrie Bhd., S. Kinabalu Bhd., FFM Berhad, United Plantations Bhd. and Boustead Group. The government scheme - FELDA is the largest upstream player which accounts about 17% of the planted area in 2003 5 .
According to MPOB, in year 2004, there were 156 oil palm mills installed with milling capacity over 50 tonnes of FFB per hour. These large palm oil mills are the main contributor to EFB. However, the availability of EFB as boiler fuel is not certain as often the EFB will be recycled as mulch for their own plantation. Transportation of FFB (from plantations to mills) as well as EFB (from mills to plantations) is done by the company themselves. 2.4 Independent Palm Oil Processing Mills Independent palm oil processing mills refer to those mills which do not have their own plantation. Instead, these mills obtain their role material i.e. FFB from mainly the small holder oil palm farmers, and some from the state or government scheme plantation. According to MPOA, the independent palm oil mills contributed to roughly 30-35% of the mills production in Malaysia 6 . This group of stakeholder would be expected as the main contributor to EFB as boiler fuel as they do not have plantation to decompose the EFB residues generated from their mills.
A list of known independent palm oil processing mills identified is attached in ANNEX C. 2.5 Other Transporters of EFB (e.g. brokers, waste companies, users etc.) Besides the plantations and millers who are directly involved in the transportation of the EFB as mulch to plantation, there are also other parties involve in transporting the EFB away from oil palm mills. These parties are either dedicated transporters or companies mainly dealing with the secondary usage of EFB for example MDF manufacturing, EFB fibre production, composting, charcoal briquettes, pulp and paper,
5 Source: Malaysian Oil Palm Statistics 2003. 6 Discussion with Datuk Lo, President of Palm Oil Millers Association, 13 April 2005. Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 17 - etc. All kinds of EFB users collect and transport the EFB from oil palm mills themselves. 2.6 Fuel Processing Equipment Suppliers & Operators
The fuel processing equipment suppliers and operators play an very important role in the supply chain of EFB for boiler fuel as the properties of the EFB are not naturally suitable as boiler fuel. The large size, high moisture content and high bulk density EFB resulting in a difficult to handle and lower caloric value fuel. Hence some pre-treatment such as shredding/chipping and dewatering (screw pressing or drying) are necessary in order to improve the fuel property of EFB. Without sufficient technologies to prepare the EFB into suitable size and moisture content, problem will arise in introducing EFB as boiler fuel as demonstrated in the few actual EFB power plants in operation now.
Depending on where the pre-treatment of EFB is carried out, the dewatering and shredding will greatly improve the handling and reduces the transportation cost to the end user i.e. energy plant.
A list of existing suppliers identified is attached in ANNEX D. 2.7 Boiler Facilities & Suppliers There are several biomass boiler suppliers in Malaysia. A list of existing suppliers identified is attached in ANNEX D.
Biomass fuel applications encompass of boilers, steam turbines and solid fuel handling as basic components. As the nature of EFB contains high moisture, fibrous and containing soluble alkalis, problems will be encountered if direct burning of EFB is done in a boiler. Due to this problems, EFB has been categorised as poor fuels that having risk for deposit and corrosion 7 . This nature must be reflected in the boiler design where some efforts ought to be carried out to modify the boiler facility for accommodating the EFB fuel. Some solutions to EFB combustion are as follow 8 :
1. The fuel handling facilities should include shredder and screw press to pre-treat the EFB into suitable size and moisture (if not done earlier). The conveying systems ought to be specially designed base on case to case.
7 Olle, Nystrm (2004). Applicability and competitive position of European equipment. EC ASEAN Cogeneration Programme Phase III. 8 Stowell, Graham & Tubb, Victoria. (2000). Maximising energy from biomass A practical view considering the technology issues within three case studies in Asia. Presented in Energy Resource 2000 Virtual Conference; and Olle, Nystrm (2004). Applicability and competitive position of European equipment. EC ASEAN Cogeneration Programme Phase III. Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 18 - 2. Controlled combustion will be useful where staged combustion can be implemented to minimise the generation of nitrogen oxides and to promote better burnout of carbon in biomass fuel. This approach has been refined to handle high moisture wastes where the temperatures in lower furnace are maintained lower to dry the wet fuel for combustion. 3. Co-combustion or use of additives could be the option for EFB combustion.
For the purpose of power generation, higher thermal efficiencies can be achieved by selecting higher boiler pressure and lower condenser pressure thermodynamic 9 .
A typical layout of a EFB power plant is illustrated below:
Figure 6: A typical biomass fired boiler system (Source: CETREE (2002). Modern renewable energy technologies are totally competitive with conventional energy strategies. In Renewable energy: A private sector initiative.)
A typical process diagram from storing and preparing EFB fuel to power generation is attached in Figure 7 below.
9 Anon (2004). The status of REPPA review exercise. BioGen News: Volume 1, Issue 1. Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 19 -
Figure 7: A typical process diagram for EFB biomass power plant (Source: Samad, J.A. (2005). Renewable Energy The need for further incentives. In Jurutera, February 2005)
A list of existing and planned EFB energy production plants installation in Malaysia is attached in ANNEX E.
1. EFB Collection & Storage 2. EFB Moisture & Size Reduction 3. Prepared EFB Fuel Storage 4. Fuel Combustion (Boiler Combustion Zone) Ash Collection Ash Sales 5. Steam Generation (Boiler Water Tubes) 6. Electricity Production (Steam Turbine Generator) Oil Recovery Oil Sales Steam/Water Cycle Recirculation Loop River/JBA Water Electricity Sales to Grid Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 20 - 3. EFB Fuel Supply Chain Barriers Most of the EFB residues generated in Malaysia are not currently used as boiler fuel either in the palm oil mills or other industries. For palm oil mills, the quantity of PKS and mesocarp fibre produced from the milling process can already meet the mills energy demand and hence there has not been strong motivation to develop EFB as a fuel.
As the development of EFB renewable fuel is relatively new in Malaysia, there exist certain barriers that prevent further development of EFB as a fuel. These barriers, many related to the supply chain of EFB, were identified and categorised into four main categories by combining earlier findings and the findings from the interviews and discussion of this study: Acceptance of EFB as renewable fuel; Access to fuel supply; Economical aspect of EFB fuel; Technicalities of EFB as fuel.
A summary of these barriers and some recommended measures to overcome them are summarised in Annex F. These will be further elaborated below: 3.1 Acceptance of EFB as Renewable Fuel 3.1.1 General Awareness and Acceptance Generally, the concept of EFB for energy production has not been widely promoted until recent years. The idea of using EFB for energy is still a relatively new idea to many, ranging from politicians to government officers (who both play important role in directing the government policies), to palm oil millers, industries and so forth. Thus, the EFB fuel market development is difficult to develop with this lack of awareness and thus acceptance to the idea. In some cases, due to the lack of understanding and success stories, EFB can be perceived as a messy waste generated from palm oil industries
These perception and lack of awareness barriers will inevitably prevents inaction for promoting EFB as fuel, leading to no further actions or policies being formulated. 3.1.2 Palm Oil Mills Acceptance Some problems also arise from the acceptance of palm oil mills where many palm oil mills may perceive energy as a troublesome, messy and less attractive way of dealing with EFB. The perception of EFB as better option (mentioned earlier) further adds to the barrier where palm oil mill owners will not further explore the EFB as renewable Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 21 - energy fuel since their core business is to produce value added palm oil products such as crude palm oil, but not producing energy.
Furthermore, since there are many other potential options of utilising EFB currently being developed (as mentioned earlier), POMs are generally reluctant to commit themselves when there are many new uncertain markets for EFB based downstream products. The uncertain market conditions also allow speculations and expectations for the EFB value to rise, thus resulting in a wait and see situation. 3.1.3 Industry Acceptance In terms of using EFB in other industrial sectors, there seems to be an acceptance issue due to lack of awareness and success stories. The overall impression of EFB as messy fuel and the uncertainties surrounding the EFB fuel supply are discouraging other industries to uptake using EFB as renewable fuel for their boiler applications. 3.1.4 Power Sector Acceptance In addition to the similar acceptance barriers outlined above for palm oil mills and industries that is equally applicable for power sectors, an additional barrier is the uncertainty towards co-firing of EFB fuel technology. This uncertainty hinders the acceptance of power sector toward usage of EFB fuel. 3.2 Access to EFB Fuel Supply The access to sufficient and consistent EFB fuel supply is an important pre-condition for EFB energy plants. This is particularly crucial for EFB plants entering into current sales of power agreement such as the Renewable Energy Power Purchase Agreement (REPPA) which include penalty clauses for non delivery due to the lack of fuel supply.
The access to the supply of EFB can be subjected to several factors below: Non-energy competitive usages of EFB Season fluctuation of EFB produced
Due to the above factors, a firm and long term contract for EFB supply is not easily achieved as most EFB suppliers will be anticipating changes in the value of EFB and thus unwilling to commit to long term contracts.
For non-energy competitive usages, some are commonly practices e.g. the direct use of EFB for mulching in oil palm plantations while others are still in developing phases e.g. composting of EFB with palm oil mill effluent into fertiliser or compost, processing of fibre for MDF (medium density fibre board) and particle boards, animal feeds, pulp and paper and so forth. Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 22 - Among the non-energy usage, mulching is the most common practice, where the demand can ranges from 50-90% of the EFB usage 10 . Mulching is most commonly practiced due to the minimal pre-treatment requirement of EFB before the distribution back to the planation as mulch. The mulching practice is also able to reduce the inorganic fertilisers applications required otherwise. Thus, a general perception is that the EFB value for mulching is higher that for energy production. However, an economic evaluation has shown that the returns of EFB as fuel for power generation may be higher than mulching (as high as 3 times of mulching reported) 11 . 3.3 Economic Aspects From the economical point of view, utilisation of EFB as renewable energy is facing the same economic barrier as other renewable energy projects in Malaysia. These economic barriers are a result of: Due to economic of scale, unattractive current tariffs for renewable energy is causing unattractive payback for the investment and to drive the market; Subsidized fossil fuel price which results in fossil fuel based boilers more attractive then biomass boilers; Low-tariff natural gas at certain areas causes uncompetitive of biomass as fuel for industrial boilers. 3.4 Technicalities There are some technicalities issues that hamper development of EFB as fuel. Overall, the available technology for EFB combustion is still undergoing adaptation and there is no widely known success cases leading to the lack of confidence in the technology. 3.4.1 Demand for Power and Heat The availability of demand for the power and heat generated from an EFB plant is of great importance to the overall feasibility of the project. For the case of palm oil mills, since most mills would have excess demand for power and heat, the availability of a market for excess power and heat is important. Currently, the connection to power grid is not possible for those mills located in remote area (especially those in East Coast Sabah and Sarawak for examples) there no grid access is available. In the case where grid connection is possible, there are also several existing barriers applicable for all renewable energy projects: Conditions and procuderal barriers of REPPA;
10 Anon. (2000). Feasibility study on grid connected power generation using biomass cogeneration technology. Pusat Tenaga Malaysia. Pg 12. 11 Menon, Ravi, Rahman, Zulkifli & Bakar, A. Nasrin. (2003). Empty fruit bunches evaluation: mulch in plantation vs. fuel for electricity generation. Oil palm industry economic journal: Vol. 3(2)/2003. Malaysian Palm Oil Board 2003. Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 23 - Prohibitive standby charges for facilities such as EFB CHP plant. Similarly, should there be no steam demand around palm oil mills; locating a EFB CHP plant would be difficult. Thus, the location of such a facility will be limited by the demand of the power and heat. 3.4.2 Suitability of EFB as a fuel Due to the physical property (high moisture up to 65%, fibrous nature etc.) of EFB, it is widely recognised that EFB is often perceived as unsuitable boiler fuel if not pre- treated. The need of this additional fuel preparation (as compared to for example PKS that can be directly combusted with good efficiency) presents a technical barrier for the industries to take up EFB based boilers. Due to bulkiness and need of fuel preparation, there will be additional need for land space as well as additional cost for the fuel preparation. 3.4.3 Reliability of EFB Energy Production Technologies Mostly due to the maturity of EFB energy production technology, many industries perceived that the technology would not be reliable enough for industrial processes where regular breakdown or energy disconnection would be too costly for the investment in EFB energy plant. In addition, the accessibility to reliable fuel supply adds to the uncertainties and overall reliability. 3.4.4 Standardisation of EFB as Renewable Fuel Combustion of biomass (e.g. EFB) for energy recovery is not new in Malaysia. However, the focal objectives of the combustion is waste disposal rather than for energy production. Thus, not much effort has been placed on energy conversion efficiency and the quality of biomass as a fuel.
There are several concerns related to the importance of knowing the fuel quality. Examples such as pricing, whether the fuel will meet the demand of the process equipment e.g. boiler and how the trade should be conducted and monitored. The lack of EFB fuel specification may lead to difficulty in pricing as well as maintaining fual quality.
3.5 Summary of EFB Supply Chain Barriers
A summary of the above barriers in relation to the supply chain stakeholders is summarised in the figure below:
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 24 -
Figure 8: Summary of Barriers of EFB as Renewable Energy
General Acceptance Barriers (awareness, messy EFB perceptions) Palm Oil Mill Acceptance Industry / Power sector Acceptance Access to fuel supply Barrier (competitive use, seasonal cropping) Economic barriers Technicalities (fuel property, technology reliability) Low payback subsidized oil price Security of supply Palm oil Mills (EFB fuel supplier) EFB transporters EFB end user (EFB energy producer) Products (power/heat) user Barriers Supply chain stakeholders Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 25 - 4. Demonstration Project: EFB Fuel Supply Chain 4.1 Introduction
Phase 2 of this study focused on applying the supply chain barriers developed from Phase 1 against a real proposed EFB project in reality.
The selected case (Penggeli in Johor) for testing was a proposed EFB energy plant within palm oil plantation area. Both government owned and privately owned mills were relevant. The conceptual idea of demonstration project is presented in the flow diagram below:
Figure 9: EFB supply chain for Demonstration Case in Johor
End-users specific requirements on EFB (type of pre-treatment needed) Transporters EFB Suppliers (Palm Oil Mills) Independent mills (without plantation) Excess from mills with own plantation Fuel Processing Equipment suppliers: * Shredder/Chopper * Screw press, dryer * Boiler, CHP plant Palm oil CHP / Heat Production plant Data collection: * Production capacity * Energy (steam/power) demand * Boiler/CHP type * Location (distance from EFB fuel supply) * Quantity of EFB needed * Mapping of source of EFB Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 26 - 4.2 Objectives & Activities The objectives of the demonstration project included: To test and evaluate market barriers solution based on the supply chain framework developed in phase 1; Verify and develop real life experiences of the barriers identified in Phase 1; To identify the benefits of improved supply chain management including formation of cooperations among the mills and development of EFB market within the area; For the selected demonstration case (from the production, delivery to the utilization of EFB), identify and recommend measures to alleviate EFB market development barriers; To demonstrate a successful supply chain model for disseminations to other similar area;
Specific activities of the demonstration project included : Identification of a specified supply chain geographical area; Mapping of all relevant stakeholders; Identification and engagement of related stakeholders related to the EFB supply chain; Briefing and discussion among the stakeholders; Dissemination of supply chain information and formation of organisation; Testing of solutions recommended to overcome barriers; Monitoring and reporting. 4.3 Site Selection and Description 4.3.1 Site selection criteria
The demonstration site selected for the supply chain study was based on the following criteria: Planned EFB based power and heat plant The EFB energy plant have no own sources of EFB There is a need of EFB supply from several source There exist both mills with plantation and private independent mills There are potential demands of power and heat from different sources Interest of project developers
After screening several potential sites, the proposed Penggeli CHP at Kota Tinggi, Johor by FELDA was selected. Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 27 - 4.3.2 Description of Selected Case Proposed Penggeli CHP Plant
FELDA is planning to construct an EFB to power and heat plant (CHP) at Kilang Sawit Penggeli that located in Kota Tinggi district, Johor. This would be the first grid connected EFB to power plant to operated by FELDA.
Although the power plant is proposed within the vicinity of Penggeli Palm Oil Mill, the management of the power plant is proposed to be independent from the Penggeli mill operation. 4.4 Findings and Discussions 4.4.1 Mapping of EFB Suppliers The proposed EFB power plant is designed to source EFB supply from several FELDA mills around the proposed site. Investigation by FELDA had shown that the plant can meet their fuel supply demand from 5 FELDA mills identified. There are three nearby (less then 20 km) FELDA mills (including Penggeli) while other possible suppliers are expected from other FELDA mills located further away i.e. Kahang and Kulai Palm Oil. The EFB fuel cost is estimated at RM 15-17 per ton which is mainly to cover the transportation charges.
Besides own mills, there are some other non-FELDA mills (mills with plantation and independent mills) situated near to the proposed Penggeli site and these could be plausible sources of EFB for the power plant. The five mills which located within 30 km of Kilang Sawit Penggeli are Kilang Sawit Sibol, Kilang Sawit Malim Sawit, Kilang Sawit Sg. Kachur, Kilang Sawit Tabung Haji and Kilang Sawit Ladang Sindora. These mills have capacity range between 30 and 40 mt/hour.
The location of EFB fuelled CHP power plant and the neighbouring mills are plotted in Figure 10 below: Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 28 -
Figure 10: Location of proposed EFB CHP power plant
4.4.2 Barriers Identified by Stakeholders on Penggeli CHP Plant
Consultations and field visits identified the following barriers through communication with different stakeholders. A brief summary is tabulated in Table 1 below:
Table 1: Barriers Identified for the Proposed EFB CHP at Penggeli, Johor Stakeholders Consulted Barriers Highlighted FELDA Palm Industries Sdn Bhd (Proponent of the Penggeli EFB CHP plant) SREP and REPPA conditions are not attractive and too rigid: - tariff price too low (RM0.17/kWh) - limit of the size of power plant to maximum 10MWe (but normally approved at reduced size than 10MWe) - rigid penalty for non-conformance - 3 tier conditions: peak, off-peak, weekend Lack of government incentives Source of fund hard to finance the power plant compared to more established fossil fuels plant as the success of the EFB plant is yet to be Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 29 - proven Communication problems in application and monitoring process Fuel (EFB) supply anc conditions not consistent, boilers difficult to cater 100% EFB FELDAs transporters Low EFB bulk density, high transportation cost Loading and unloading conditions and time spent FELDAs mill managers Unstable EFB supply. There are plenty competitive usage of EFB e.g. Mulching, composting, MDF etc. Fluctuation of supply due to cropping seasons (peak/off peak) as well as crop cycle (age of crop and replanting) Unfavourable EFB fuel characteristics as fuel. High moisture content of EFB causes long term storage problem where degradation of EFB easily happen. Besides, low bulk density of EFB will occupy large storage. Other non-FELDA millers Insecure EFB fuel supply. Each mill has own usage for EFB. Problems may exist if the power plant tries to source fuel from other non- FELDA mills Plantation operators Insufficient EFB as plantations also need EFB for mulching
Details of the above barriers will be further elaborated in the sections below. A final consultation workshop was carried out on 9 December 2005 to present and discuss the findings from the study. Details from the discussions can be found in APPENDIX H. 4.4.3 Assessment of EFB Fuel Supply Fuel availability assessment for proposed Penggeli Power Plant was carried out by PTM and TNB earlier. Based on a 10 years projection, the EFB supply from five Feldas east coast mills are expected to be sufficient for the planned Penggeli EFB biomass CHP plant. The total EFB requirement is estimated at about 200,000 ton/yr. The capacity and location of each FELDA mill are listed in below:
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 30 - Table 2: EFB source for Penggeli power plant Mill Processing capacity (ton/yr) Est. EFB Generation (ton/yr) Location Distance from Penggeli Penggeli Palm Oil Mill 150,000 - 250,000 34,500 - 57,500 Kulai 0 km Kahang Palm Oil Mill 150,000 34,500 Kluang 50 km Belitong Palm Oil Mill 250,000 57,500 Kluang 20 km Bukit Besar Palm Oil Mill 120,000 27,600 Kulai 10 km Kulai Palm Oil Mill 120,000 27,600 Kulai 25 km Total 181,700 204,700
It must be noted that the above assumed all EFB is supplied to Penggeli and it can be noted that one of the potential supplier (Kahang) is located relatively far (around 50 km) from Penggeli while the rest are within 30 km.
Non-FELDA mills located within 20 km from proposed Penggeli site might be possible alternative sources of EFB. They are Malim Sawit Palm Oil Mill (6 km from Penggeli mill), Sibol Palm Oil Mill (10 km) and Sg Kachur mill (15 km). Both Sibol and Sg. Kacur belong to JTOP Berhad (private corporation active in palm oil sector). The EFB generated and location by non-FELDA mills are tabulated below:
Table 3: EFB generation of non FELDA mills Mill Processing capacity (ton/hr) Est. EFB Generation (ton/yr) Location Distance from Penggeli Malim Sawit Palm Oil Mill 30 34,500 Kulai 6 km Sibol Palm Oil Mill 30 34,500 Kulai 10 km Sg Kachur mill 40 46,000 Kota Tinggi 15 km Total 115,000
Currently, most of EFB in Penggeli area are incinerated and the bunch ash returned to the field or the EFB is directly mulched in plantations. While FELDA mills interviewed expressed their acceptance to the EFB CHP plant and have no objections to offer their EFB, there were some barriers identified for the EFB generation and access to fuel especially from non-FELDA mills:
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 31 - Reluctance to offer excess EFB or entering into long term supply contracts; Competitive use e.g. JTOP claiming they need all for mulching. There are also companies engaging into composting of EFB with POME in the area (see below for detail); Setting of selling prices for EFB difficult. 4.4.3.1 Competitive Usage of EFB As for Penggeli Mill, a mill constructed before year 1992, is equipped with incinerator for EFB. The EFB ash is sold as fertilizer, a supplement of potassium (K), at a price of RM 150 per tonne. However, to maintain the incinerators, the maintenance cost as well as environmental is high. The mill is very willing to stop the operation of the incinerator if there is better solution for EFB management 12 .
Two of the non-FELDA palm oil companies interviewed were both utilising their EFB. JTOP recycles the EFB back to field as mulch. Malim Sawit, an independent mill that does not own any plantation, processes EFB into fibre as feedstock for their own steam boiler.
A comparison of the cost and benefit for competitive EFB applications at the area is elaborated below:
Mulching EFB nutrient contents make it suitable as fertilizer substitute for oil palm plantation. Proper mulching technique of EFB in plantation can release nutrient content slowly while the EFB degrades. Other than supplying nutrients, the more important role of mulching is to conserve moisture content of soil and act as soil conditioner. The EFBs nutrient composition is stated below:
Table 4: Nutrient content of typical EFB Potassium (K) Nitrogen (N) Magnesium (M) Calcium (Ca) Phosphorus (P) % of dry matter 2.24 0.44 0.36 0.36 0.144 (Source: Ravi, Menon, N., Zulkifli, Ad Rahman, & Nasrin, Abu Bakar. (2003). Empty fruit bunches evaluation: mulch in plantation vs. fuel for electricity generation. Oil palm industry economic journal, vol. 3(2)/2003.)
12 Personal communication with Mill Manager, Penggeli Palm Oil Mill, 12 October 2005. Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 32 - The recommended EFB application rate for mature palm planted on inland soils is 35 to 70 t/ha. A field trial carried out by Sabah Land Development Board (SLDB) indicated that one tonne EFB is equivalent to RM 11.47 of fertilizer but other researchers found a lower value of RM 5.39/ton EFB. Both studies did not consider the increase of yield in the range of 15 to 20% claimed by some researchers as well as additional cost involved in EFB transportation. Cost benefit study carried out by researchers under proper controlled and monitored conditions showing a net return of RM 14.40 for a tonne of EFB used as mulch 13 . However, in reality, it is impractical to achieve the ideal return as above. The EFB mulching can only cover small area of the plantation, usually within 5 km radius of the mill, due to high transportation cost. The application is also limited to certain areas depending on topography and land conditions.
According to JTOP, the EFB application for mulching at their mills is at an average of 45 mt/ha/year and this rate conforms to the rate recommended 14 . The JTOPs plantation is around 20,000 hectares and is expected to consume 900,000 tonnes of EFB every year. However, due to high transportation cost, mulching for whole estate will not technically be possible and economically feasible. The mulching practice is normally recommended within 8,000 hectares from the mill 13 . For the Penggeli case, to mulch 8,000 hectares, 360,000 tonnes of EFB is required.
JTOP claimed that their mills have no excess of EFB for Penggeli as all are ustilised for mulching.
Table 5: EFB mulching value
Value, RM /ton EFB (Dec 2002 fertilizers price) Nutrient contents reported by Hoong and Nadaraja, (1988) 11.47 Nutrient contents reported by Loong et al. (1987) 5.39 Net returns for mulching (taking into consideration for the cost of mulching and the benefit yield from mulching) 14.40 (Source: Ravi, Menon, N., Zulkifli, Ad Rahman, & Nasrin, Abu Bakar. (2003). Empty fruit bunches evaluation: mulch in plantation vs. fuel for electricity generation. Oil palm industry economic journal, vol. 3(2)/2003.)
13 Ravi, Menon, N., Zulkifli, Ad Rahman, & Nasrin, Abu Bakar. (2003). Empty fruit bunches evaluation: mulch in plantation vs. fuel for electricity generation. Oil palm industry economic journal, vol. 3(2)/2003. 14 Personal communication with Manager, JTOP Bhd., 12 October 2005. Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 33 - Fuel for Boiler Steam Generation EFB can be processed into fuel fibre by pressing, shredding and hammering to reduce size and moisture. As an independent mill, Malim Sawit has no estate to dispose of EFB generated. In order to solve the EFB disposal problem while meeting the biomass fuel demand for their mill, Malim Sawit is currently converting part of their EFB generated into fibre for feeding into boilers.
During the study, Malim Sawit converted on average 50% of the EFB generated into fibre. This fibre is burnt together with shell and mesocarps fibre in boilers at a ratio 50:50 to generate steam for their mill operation. Malim Sawit is upgrading the system to process all the EFB yielded into fibre and expected to complete by 2005. The additional EFB fibre can be supplied to refinery boiler for replacing some of the shells used. These shells (PKS) are purchased as fuel for refinery boiler at an average cost of RM 56/ton.
It was estimated that one ton of EFB fibre (processed and reduced 75% of moisture content) can yield 1.5 to 2 tonnes of steam as compared to the PKS that can generate 3.5 tonnes of steam. Therefore one ton of EFB fibre is equivalent to about 0.5 ton of shell in fuel value. By replacing the shell with fibre, the fuel cost (shell) is saved. Hence, one ton of EFB fibre can save about RM 28. One ton of raw EFB can produce about half ton of EFB fibre. This leads to an average value of one ton raw EFB to be equivalent to around RM 14 15 .
A comparison of the cost of EFB value as compared to the use as EFB fuel for the proposed Penggeli CHP plant would be discussed later. 4.4.4 EFB Transportation As the proposed EFB plant will be receiving EFB from off-site sources, these EFB will have to be transported to the EFB CHP site. Some of the barriers in transporting EFB identified during the study included: High cost of transportation for mills far away i.e. Kahang Palm Oil Mill around 50 km away; Handling of EFB : bulky, decomposition leading to foul odour etc; Loading and unloading condition determine the cost of transportation. The waiting time is a loss for transporters. Minimise the waiting time will be an advantage to transporters;
15 This cost includes EFB fibre processing cost and the processing cost is not assessed in this study. Therefore the actual value of raw EFB is lower than RM 14. Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 34 - Processed EFB (in the fibre form) are too light to transport. A 34-feet truck can only carry around 20 tonnes of EFB per trip. The fibres ought to be baled or packed for the ease of handling.
The charges for EFB transportation in Penggeli area vary according to distance (from mill to plantation) and practice (whether stacking or distribute on field). The average cost is between RM 5 to 15 for every ton of EFB transported within 20 km of distance. There is no common practice on how EFBs transportation is managed. Different stakeholders will practice their own system.
For example, Ladang Sg. Sayong pays RM 7 for every ton of EFB transported by the same lorry which sends the FFB to Penggeli mill. There is not contract among tranporters and plantation. The distance of transportation is about 11 km. The transporter is only responsible to bring back the EFB to field without doing any stacking or field distribution. On the other hand, the cost involved for Ladang Inas Selatan is RM 10.50 per ton of EFB transported within 9 15 km. The EFB transporter for Inas Selatan is different with the FFB transporter. The transporter is contracted and dedicated for transporting EFB. The transporter will carry EFB from Penggeli Mill to the plantation, at the same time responsible to distribute the EFB on the field.
Summarising the information gathered from the site visit, the transportation cost for raw EFB can be estimated at an average of RM 0.70 /ton/km. This will be used for further calculations of EFB fuel cost below.
In terms of other technicalities, should preparation of fuel is desired, it is found that the party that is responsible for pre-treatment and handling of fuel (shredding or chipping, pressing or drying and finally compressed into bales or pellets) should be negotiated and decided before the commissioning of the plant. The fuel could either be prepared by the mills before sell to the power plants, or handled by the end users based on their own requirements. Besides, centralised EFB collection and pre-processing system could be considered as a component in EFB supply chain. From the discussion with EFB power plant developer, boiler suppliers and palm oil mills, it appears that there is a lack of interest and need at this stage to develop strict fuel specification for EFB as fuel. This is mostly due to the flexibility of the boiler where some variation of fuel quality is acceptable. 4.4.5 Economic Barriers with Penggeli EFB CHP Plant
The orginal proposed plant is designed at capacity between 10-13 MW. However, the SREP licence approved was only for 7.5 MW installation capacities. With this lower capacity, the feasibility of project is suppressed. After appeal and negotiation, the allowed export capacity is increased to a maximum of 9 MW. However the three tier Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 35 - conditions associated are not favourable to developer, where 9 MWe can only be exported during peak load, but during off peak, only 6 and 4 MW is allowed for week days and weekends respectively. With this maximum 9 MW EFB to power plant and the three tier conditions, the feasibility of the project is predicted to be less attractive compared to the economic analysis carried based on 10 MWe plant unless there is off- grid power demand. The IRR is claimed to be about 9% which is not an economically feasible project from business point of view 16 .
While the demand for power to grid is there, the demand of the steam produced is rather limited in the area. Most mills interviewed were reluctant to rely their steam supply off-site that is handled by other management while the piping of steam across long distance will be costly as well.
Assessment of EFB fuel cost and the CHP plant feasibility will be discussed later in Section 4.8 & 4.9. 4.4.6 Assessment of Fuel Supply Chain Options Case example Sourcing EFB Fuel Supply from Surrounding non- FELDA Mills (within 20 km) As indicated in Section 4.4.2, the transportation cost of EFB fuel supply to the plant one of the major barriers due to the low bulk density of the EFB. The need to reduce transportation is especially relevant considering the increasing fossil fuel prices that will expect to continue. Thus, a case example to assess the possibilities of sourcing EFB from nearer mills was carried out in this study for the case of Penggeli.
Although the EFB supplies from the FELDAs mills are claimed to be sufficient as discussed earlier, it seems more logical from a EFB supply chain point of view to source EFB from mills closer to the proposed CHP plant. This will largely reduce the high transportation cost involved and thus more cost effective.
In this Penggeli demonstration case, some of the EFB is proposed to be sourced from FELDAs mills that located relatively far away i.e. 50 km. The feasibility of sourcing EFB from other mills (non-FELDA) which located within 20 km in radius is investigated below. Some of the mills that located within 20 km from the proposed power plant are plotted in the map below.
16 Personal communication with Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd, General Manager (Technical). Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 36 -
Figure 11: Oil palm mills around Proposed Penggeli CHP As discussed in section 4.4.3, the other three independent mills, Malim Sawit, Sg. Kachur and Sibol located within 20 km from Penggeli have good potential to provide cheaper EFB sources to replace especially Kahang Palm Oil Mills (FELDA) that is located further away (50 m). As indicated in Table 3, three mills are estimated to generate a total of 115,000 tonnes of EFB per year from the vicinity of 20 km. If the Penggeli power plant manages to purchase for example 30% of these EFB, an amount of 34,500 tonnes/year can be obtained. This will be equivalent to the EFB amount generated by Kahang Mill that is located 50 km away from Penggeli. Although the EFB fuel from Kahang is expected to be provided to Penggeli free of charge, the EFB transportation cost for Kahang Mill to Penggeli is estimated to be as high as RM 35/ton 17 . By replacing the intended supply of EFB from Kahang Mill, the actual EFB fuel cost is expected to be lower even if a price is to be paid for EFB obtained from nearby mills.
By assuming the maximum distance of 15 km where EFB should be sourced from nearer mills, the transport cost of EFB from above mentioned independent mills to Penggeli will be on an average of RM 10.50/ton. Hence an average saving of EFB fuel cost (including the transportation) from surrounding independent mills as opposed to Kahang Mill will be in the range of say RM 20-25/ton of EFB. This indicates that although Kahang mill can supply EFB free of charge, it is economically worth to pay for EFB obtained from independent mills nearer.
17 Based on RM 0.70 /ton/km identified earlier. Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 37 -
An attempt to assess the different supply scenarios (i.e. EFB supplied by Malim Sawit, JTOP and a mixture from both) of EFB fuel supply with different EFB buying price is summarised in Table 6 and Figure 12 below.
Table 6: Comparison and sensitivity analysis of cost savings from EFB fuel supply scenarios Scenario Amount of EFB Supplied by FELDA mills (mt/yr) Amount of EFB Supplied by non-FELDA mills* (mt/yr) Cost of fuel (EFB) to purchase ** (RM) Cost of Fuel (EFB) transport *** (RM) Total Cost of Fuel per year (RM) % of Saving for EFB fuel procurement Baseline EFB supply by FELDA only 200,000 0 0 2,688,700 2,688,700 - EFB Supply by Malim only: - RM 2/mt - RM 10/mt - RM 15/mt - RM 20/mt
31% 21% 14% 8% EFB supply by Malim (30%) and JTOP (30%) at - RM 10/mt - RM 15/mt - RM 20/mt
165,500
34,500
345,000 517,500 690,000
1,704,600
2,049,600 2,222,100 2,394,600
24% 17% 11% * The supply of Kahang mill which is estimated at 34,500 mt/yr is replaced by other nearby mills. ** Assume that FELDAs mills will supply EFB free of charge. ***The cost of transportation is estimated as RM 0.70/mt/km as derived from the ground study.
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 38 - 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Malim Sawit JTOP Both mills Selling prices (Assumed) %
s a v i n g RM 2/mt RM 10/mt RM 15/mt RM 20/mt
Figure 12: Scenarios comparison - EFB supplied by other nearby mills
From the above analysis, it can be shown that cost saving for fuel supply will be applicable even if Penggeli CHP is to pay a price as high as RM 20 per tonne of EFB. Significant savings can be achieved if the price of EFB is lower than RM 10 / tonne. However, the earlier analysis had shown that the EFB is already being used for mulching (JTOP) and Fibre boiler fuel (Malim) having an estimated value of around RM 14 / tonne of raw EFB. Thus, a win-win situation can be achieved if the price of EFB is set above RM 15 where the Penggeli CHP will get lower price of EFB supply while the EFB supplier gets higher value out of their EFB. The analysis also shown highest saving if the EFB is obtained from Malim Sawit Palm Oil only, mostly due to the proximity of the mill from Penggeli (only 6 km).
In summary, by purchasing EFB fuel from near by mills instead of Kahang, the Penggeli EFB power plant can expect between 10 to 20% fuel cost saving depending on the buying price of EFB from the these non-FELDA mills. 4.4.7 Potential Barriers of Sourcing EFB from Other Mills The results from Section 4.4.6 show a possible win-win situation. However, besides the obvious cost benefit due to logistic savings, there are several crucial considerations that can potentially become barriers to the above proposal. These barriers can be against the CHP plant operators as well as the potential EFB suppliers: risk of inconsistent supply from other mills; difficult in reaching a mutually agreeable price and fuel standard of EFB fuel; EFB suppliers (Malim and JTop) expecting prices of EFB to increase due to for example breakthrough in other utilisation giving higher value than the agreed price, thus unwilling to commit long term contracts. Palm oil industry has high Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 39 - expectation to the future value of EFB seeing its future potential. Hence not many mills are interested to commit in their EFB selling 18 .
In order to have more secure supply, sell and purchase contract need to be signed between the power plant and the mills. The EFB pricing should be based on the positive and negative factors identified to each particular mill. Besides, the contract period should be taken into consideration when determine the EFB pricing 19 . 4.4.8 Determining the EFB Fuel Value The equivalent monetary values of EFB found from the field study are summarised in Error! Reference source not found.. Considering the value of EFB to other mills, the EFB purchasing price should be RM 15/ton and above.
The pricing of EFB however, must also be considerd from the EFB CHP plant economic feasibility point of view. If the fuel price is too high, the project will not be feasible. An assessment of the value based onenergy value, as compared to other sources of fuel e.g. coal should also be assessed (see later). When comparing coal to EFB, the coal with energy value of 31.8 MJ/ton 20 is carrying about 7 times energy content of raw EFB (4.3 MJ/ton 21 ). The current coal price is about USD $ 50 22 per ton which is equivalent to about RM 190. Hence, the equivalent monetary value for one tonne of raw EFB merely based on energy content will be RM25. On the other hand, the well established coal power plants will have the advantages in economic of scale; well developed technologies hence lower installation prices. Besides, moisture and size reduction of EFB will consume almost 30% of total biomass power plant auxiliary electrical load and this reduces the total output of EFB biomass power plant 23 .
Thus, with the fast development of EFB biomass technologies and the lowering of investments with economic of scale, the value of EFB as a fuel would definitely be higher in the near future. This will be further supported by the expected increased in fossil fuel prices and the lowering of government subsidies on fuel.
18 Anon (2005). Background report 2: Renewable energy resources. Integrated Resource Planning, Economic Planning Unit. 19 Chow, Mee Chin. (2005). An assessment of pontential and availability of palm biomass for bioconversion to bioethanol. NIRAS Consulting Engineers and Planners A/S, on Provision of consultancy services on renewable energy efficient component. 20 Karunakaran, Phubalan (2003). Industrial energy audit guidelines: A handbook for energy auditors bibliography. Pusat Tenaga Malaysia. 21 Anon. (2005). Background report 2: Renewable Energy Resources. Integrated Resource Planning, Economic Planning Unit. 22 Reuters (25 Oct 2005) at http://aseanenergy.org/news/ 23 Samad, J. A. (2005). Renewable Energy The need for further incentives. In Jurutera, February 2005. Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 40 -
Although the investment cost for power plant (RM 40-60 mil) is at higher end compared to other application such as composting (RM 5-10 mil), MDF (RM 40 mil), pulp and paper (RM 50-60 mil) 24 and mulching (minimal investment), the power generation is suggested as the best option by the stakeholders involved (FELDA as well as other millers) as there is more certainty in the market of the product especially the electricity 25 . This preference can be supported by earlier study of Ravi et al. 26 that showed a higher benefit above cost for EFB to energy then mulching.
The assessment of the EFB for energy above hardly include other potential benefits (including) non-financial such as : Localisation of power and heat generation decentralised power supply, less grid losses etc.; Reduced greenhouse gas emissions by substituting fossil fuel renewable green energy. The potential of CDM will be discussed in 4.4.9;
4.4.9 EFB Fuel Price Vs CHP Economic Feasibility
A simple economic analysis of 10 MWe EFB biomass grid connected power plant had been carried out by Ir Samad 23 . The following assumptions were used by him: By assuming raw EFB price at RM 15/ton; Predicting plant operation and maintenance costs based on established power industry rates; Supply to grid at 90% of net installed capacity (i.e. no 3-tiers conditions where differential supply limit for peak and off-peak) 100% tax exemption for first 10 years and 28% tax on profit after that; electricity sales at RM 0.17/kWh to TNB (under SREP); land cost not considered cost for land; other cost included : owners project management costs, loan interest etc.
The financial IRR of the investment before tax was estimated to be 14.7% and 13.5% after tax. The simple pay back is within six to seven years. The overall investment scenario is marginally acceptable when compared to a commonly accepted investment IRR of 15%. However, it must be noted that this IRR is based on a very important
24 Suki, Anhar, Wok, Kamal & Nor, Mohd Tusirin (2005). Biomass utilization: Prospects & challenges. Presented at International Palm Oil Congress (PIPOC), Kuala Lumpur, 25-29 September. 25 Recommendations from the Biomass EFB Stakeholder Workshop, Sofitel Johor Bahru, 8 December 2005. 26 Ravi, Menon, N., Zulkifli, Ad Rahman, & Nasrin, Abu Bakar. (2003). Empty fruit bunches evaluation: mulch in plantation vs. fuel for electricity generation. Oil palm industry economic journal, vol. 3(2)/2003. Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 41 - assumption where there are no peak and off- peak delivery conditions. As discussed earlier, the REPPA conditions for example for Penggeli, only allows peak load delivery during the peak period while as low as 50% delivery for off peak. Thus, the overall payback of investment will be greatly reduced due to this condition.
In view of increasing demand in EFB for other application such as mulching, composting, paper and pulp, MDF, etc, the increase of EFB fuel price is inevitable. Therefore the uncertainty of the EFB price over long term will be the main concern and major factor that hindering EFB biomass power plants development. Considering the possibility of increase in EFB fuel price, the next constraint will be electricity sales tariff.
Based on the assumption employed by the above study, a sensitivity analysis for EFB prices (Figure 13 below) was carried out (details attached as Error! Reference source not found.). It is found that if the EFB price exceeds RM20, the 10 MWe CHP becomes not feasible under the current REPPA condition.
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 IRR (%) without Tax IRR (%) with Tax (28% after 10 years of exemption) Payback (yrs) I R R
/ S
i m p l e
P a y
B a c k
( %
/
y r s ) RM 15/ton RM 20/ton RM 25/ton
Figure 13: Sensitivity analysis of EFB price to power plant IRR
Impact of Clean Development Mechanism on Proposed CHP The utilisation of EFB as renewable fuel for substituting fossil fuel will reduce the emission of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. This would mean that EFB CHP project such as Penggeli would be eligible for Clean Development Mechanism application where additional financing of the investments can come from the sell of carbon credits (known as Certified Emission Reduction (CERs)).
An assessment of the impact of CDM on the overall project feasibility of the 10 MWe CHP plant case discussed above was carried out with different EFB fuel prices. The following assumptions were made: CAPEX and OPEX based on the Samads case study; Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 42 - Average 80% delivery of CHP installed capacity. Power tarrifs of RM 0.17 / kwh; CERs unit price of USD 5 / tonne;
The results are plotted in Figure 14 below. It can be shown that CDM can make projects more attractive when the price of EFB fuel is between RM 15-20 per tonne. If the price of EFB exceeds RM 20, the proposed EFB CHP plant will be financially not attractive even with CDM financing. This will only change if the some of the current renewable energy supply conditions under the REPPA (such as power tariffs, maximum installed capacity of 10 MWe, delivery conditions, other incentives) are changed. Assessment of CDM on CHP Project 0 5 10 15 20 25 5 10 15 20 25 30 Price of EFB / tonne P r o j e c t
I R R
( % ) IRR IRR with CDM
Figure 14: An assessment of CDM on EFB CHP plant with different fuel price
SUMMARY If EFB price is less that RM 15, then other competitive usage would be economically equally attractive for the EFB suppliers while the EFB CHP plant would be feasible; If EFB price is between RM 15-20, the results above showed that the CHP plant would be economically not feasible unless with CDM financing; If EFB price exceeds RM 20 per tonne, EFB CHP plant below 10 MWe will not be feasible even with CDM financing. The conditions offered to EFB as renewable fuel must be improved!
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 43 - 5. Conclusions and Recommendations 5.1 Conclusions
This study concluded that there are indeed many existing barriers hampering the development of EFB as renewable fuel in Malaysia. Most of the barriers associated with the supply chain of EFB identified from earlier study by DANIDA RE/EE in 2004 were thoroughly assessed in this study and further confirmed. The main categories of barriers include perception and acceptance, accessibility to fuel supply, economical and technical barriers.
The study, based on individual consultation meetings, visits as well as the case of demonstration site, further confirmed and illustrated the barriers identified were valid, applicable and requires a variety of measures and actions from different levels in order to overcome the barriers.
For the case of the demonstration (Penggeli) site, in terms of acceptance, most of the stakeholders consulted were reasobably interested in utilising EFB as a renewable fuel. However, key barriers were identified and mainly associated at the end of supply chain with the overall economic viability of the EFB CHP plant and accessibility to reliable fuel supply being the two most crucial barriers.
It appears that the major bottleneck of establishing such an EFB energy plant is the economic barriers identified associated with low return of investment due to the low SREP tariff and rigid conditions under the REPPA. Based on the current SREP and REPPA conditions, there is need to ensure a minimal size of power plant (need to be more than 10 MWe) to ensure the financial feasibility of the project. However, the current approval is normally less than 10MWe installation (for the case only 9 MWe at peak loading for Penggeli case) and further delivery conditions such as the 3-tier system where peak and off-peak loading is imposed. With the less delivery due to this limitation in supply to grid, the overall economic return will be hampered. The markets demand for the products especially heat is limited due to the reluctance of most mills to rely on off-site (such as the independent EFB power/heat plant) power or heat supply.
With the above economic of scale barriers surrounding proposed EFB CHP, the proposed plant is subjected to various other supply chain barriers. The need to have a minimium size would lead to the need to access EFB fuel from typically several EFB producers. Due to this, the demand of EFB fuel is subjected to various barriers such as accessibility of fuel due to high transportation costs, uncertainty of EFB fuel prices (e.g. with other competitive usage of EFB) difficulty in handling as well as fluctuation of supply due to cropping seasons (peak/off peak). Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 44 - From the demonstration site experiences, it appeared that an improved supply chain management, with an establishment of a EFB supply market within an area, would not only bring benefits to the EFB energy plant but may also bring a win-win situation for both the EFB fuel supplier as well as the EFB user i.e. the EFB energy plant.
The study showed that by gaining access to EFB supply from nearby mills, the EFB energy plant can save at least between 10-20% on fuel cost and the suppliers can in turn obtain higher return from EFB. In addition, the EFB suppliers will spend less maintenance cost for their own EFB boilers or other usage such as mulching.
When it comes to the EFB fuel price, if EFB price is valued less that RM 15, then other competitive usage would be economically equally attractive for the EFB suppliers while the EFB CHP plant would be feasible. In contrast, if the EFB price is set between RM 15-20, the results above showed that the CHP plant would be economically not feasible unless with Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) financing. CDM is found to be able to improve the financial viability of EFB CHP plant especially when the price of EFB is between RM 15-20 / tonne. In the case if EFB price exceeds RM 20 per tonne, EFB CHP plant below 10 MWe will not be feasible even with CDM financing. The overall renewable energy conditions offered to EFB as renewable fuel project must be improved.
Drawing the findings from both the phase 1 and 2, further recommendations based on the findings of the study are elaborated in the next section. 5.2 Policy Recommendations to encourage EFB as RE fuel 5.2.1 Perceptions and Acceptance of EFB as Fuel In order to popularise EFB as renewable fuel to increase the acceptance, several measures could be taken:
Promotion campaigns / Roadshows Campaigns for EFB as a fuel can be held by campaigns, road shows, conferences and other media release as examples. The promotion should be designed to target politicians and high level management of relevant government departments and authorities as well.
A more concrete way of promoting the EFB fuel will be setting up or assigning an institution such as the Malaysia Energy Centre (PTM) with the role of collecting and disseminating successful experiences. At the same time, such institution can actively support market development by providing assistance to entrepreneurs, technological development, research, development of standards etc.
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 45 - Economic benefits and practical viability can be promoted through demonstration of success stories. With more success stories, more interest can be generated leading to more involvement in developing EFB as a RE fuel.
Changing Perception on EFB as Messy Fuel The perception of messy and problematic conventional disposal of EFB e.g. inefficiency incineration leading to air pollution etc. need to be changed with the promotion of technological advancement in EFB handling technologies with closed handling systems, good combustion quality, flue gas cleaning with less pollution.
Positive environmental benefits such as the need for renewable energy, reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) that could be eligible for Clean Development Mechanism should be promoted as part of market development incentives.
Technological Reliability In order to encourage the uptake of EFB as fuel in industries, government support in setting up a few successful demonstrations would be beneficial in improving the confidence in the technology and idea. Provision of information, technical support as well as financial subsidies would be required.
Build-Own Operate Transfer (BOOT) contracts can be encouraged to further promote the involvement of other industries in using EFB biomass fuel. The BOOT contracts make the technology easier available for the related industries where by the industries operators only need to operate the power or energy plants without bother to set up the plants themselves.
For industrial boilers, the transfer the knowledge in co-firing biomass from other countries utilising EFB would be useful in overcoming the lack of confidence in technology. A system study can be performed to identify best supply chain, fuel quality and fuel source. Besides, by launching research programmes to address problems associated with co-firing for example standards, pre-treatment, milling, biomass fraction, fly ash utilization, lower processing costs, etc, will be helpful to 5.2.2 Access and Security of Fuel Supply
From this study, it is clear that the mapping of available EFB resources would be useful for EFB resource supply chain improvement. This is particular important as there are many different competitive usages. An assessment of the current and potential market to predict the potential quantities of EFB that may be taken up by these industries have to be done to know the volume of EFB for energy fuel.
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 46 - With proper mapping, assessment of better logistics and EFB resource planning can lead to better cost effectiveness for both supplier and user of the EFB. This was demonstrated from the Penggeli demonstration site in this study.
It is recommended to fund and promote a few good supply chain practices demonstration facilities where proper mapping, evaluation and EFB supply contracting are optimised. Supply chain analysis can be carried out to optimise EFB as fuel based on the information of EFB distribution. Legally binding sale and purchase agreement should be negotiated and signed to ensure supply as well as power and heat supply once implementing the EFB to power project. The sale and purchase contract should provide a win-win situation to both power plant operator and the millers (EFB supplier).The success stories should be dessiminated to other areas for their considerations. and end users location found from the directory.
As for other down-stream EFB applications such as MDF, particle board, pulp and paper and so forth, a comparison of cost and benefit as compared to mulching and for energy production need to be further assessed.
For the millers side, further study to elaborate on optimisation of biomass energy resources within their palm oil industries and the impact on the CPO production and cost could be beneficial. The available renewable energy resources include PKS, Mesocarp, EFB, biogas from POME, etc which is generated in vast amount during the milling process can be optimised whereby energy sources such as PKS and mesocarp can be transported away for value-added utilisation while EFB and POME can be fully capitalised for lower energy needs. Further study on this is recommended and guidelines can be developed for palm oil mills to adopt. 5.2.3 Economic Aspects
The study revealed that the bottleneck of the whole EFB to energy supply chain is the economic barriers of setting up a EFB energy plant. It is strongly recommended that the government review and improve the following conditions currently offered to EFB renewable energy project under the SREP programme:
Electricity tariffs : The size constraints of less than 10 MWe approval should be increased. Current maximum tariffs of RM 0.17 to be uplifted for renewable energy project to improve the economical feasibility of such an investment. Should tariffs be increased, the minimum sizes of EFB plants as a barrier would be reduced; REPPA conditions : The overall conditions should be simplified and more flexible, considering the national interest to promote renewable energy. The 3- tier delivery conditions where the plant can only supply at installed capacity Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 47 - during peak hours should be reviewed. It is recommended that the selling to grid be organised based on whatever amount generated from the EFB plant as the % contribution to the entire grid will be very minimal while contributes to the national renewable target for grid.
In addition, to increase the payback to make the EFB fuel attractive, introduction of some subsidies from an energy fund can be useful. An investment subsidy scheme can be introduced to industries participating and as a return; information of their operation is required.
Other financing sources such as green tax as incentive and Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) financial support should be promoted to improve the feasibility of EFB power plant. Besides the recommendations above, gradual reduction and removable of subsidies for fossil fuel is recommended or at least the level of playing field should be equal for biomass fuel such as EFB. 5.2.4 Technicalities 5.2.4.1 Suitability of EFB as a fuel Experiences developed from the various demonstration plants with different boiler technologies and suppliers can be shared and promoted for the optimisation of EFB combustion and energy recovery.
Setting up a R&D programme and a centre to manage and promote biomass technology can be considered to help accelerate the deployment of EFB technologies leading to faster EFB market development. Further research into the optimal fuel specification e.g. % moisture content, can be carried out. Different fuel combinations can be tested. Fuel standardisation based on the maturing EFB technologies is recommended to be developed (see Section 5.4.2.3 below).
In terms of other technicalities, should preparation (pre-treatment) of EFB fuel is desired, it is found that the party that is responsible for pre-treatment and handling of fuel (shredding or chipping, pressing or drying and finally compressed into bales or pellets) should be negotiated and decided before the commissioning of the plant. The fuel could either be prepared by the mills before sell to the power plants, or handled by the end users based on their own requirements. Besides, centralised EFB collection and pre-processing system could be considered as a component in EFB supply chain. From the discussion with EFB power plant developer, boiler suppliers and palm oil mills, it appears that there is a lack of interest and need at this stage to develop strict fuel specification for EFB as fuel. This is mostly due to the flexibility of the boiler where some variation of fuel quality is acceptable. Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 48 - 5.2.4.2 Reliability of EFB energy production technologies On the other hand, the perception where the biomass boilers are not reliable can be altered by having more successful demonstration cases. Disseminating operational experience, benchmarking data and the best practice solutions which can be adopted into the use of EFB fuel and the boilers design can help to improve confidence of project developers. Besides, set up a network of biomass energy plant operators to share and exchange experiences is recommended. 5.2.4.3 Fuel Specification and Standardisation In the effort to develop a market for EFB, a standard fuel specification should be developed to provide unambiguous and clear classification of EFB fuel. These standards, as tool for communication, will enable better understanding and clarity among the EFB fuel supplier (palm oil millers) and the buyers (boilers and CHP operators). With such standards introduced, permissions and reporting from authorities will also be facilitated.
The development of a technical specification of EFB fuel requires substantial effort and experiences. To tackle this problem, the standards of fuel for trade can be introduced. These standards include the specifications for moisture, heating value, fibre length, impurities and control procedures. Thats mean the EFB will be pre-processed before sold as fuel and this can guarantee the quality of EFB fuel.
In order to establish certainty in fuel quality, the following aspects of EFB as a fuel must be addressed in the fuel standards: Fuel Specification; Sampling and Testing Methods.
Fuel specification describes the following properties of EFB fuel: Origin of fuel source of supply; Fuel preparation and storage; Physical & Chemical characteristics.
Example of a specification and detail specification and standards can be developed for EFB as a fuel as tabulated in Table 7 & 8 below: Table 7 Examples of fuel characteristics of EFB fuel in Malaysia Parameters Specification Origin Palm Oil Processing Residues Traded Form Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) Usage Biomass Boiler Properties Particle P 45, Moisture M60, Ash A1.5 Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 49 - Table 8: Examples of fuel characteristics of EFB fuel in Malaysia Properties Example of Description / Quality Range Origin (Source of fuel), Location Palm oil processing biomass residues Traded form EFB Preparation / Storage Description: Shredding, press etc. Shred into small size and further screw press to reduce moisture content. Age of fuel 1-3 days Storage / Conditions Open, no fungal activities observed Physical & Chemical Characteristics Moisture content (% weight as received) 45-55% Calorific value (67% moisture content Low Heating Value) 4.3 MJ/kg Net Calorific value (Dry matter Low Heating Value) 18 MJ / kg Bulk density (kg/m 3 loose) as received xx Particle density (kg/m 3 ) xx Fibre length (mm) xx Looseness (fluffiness) xx Impurities (dust, sand, dirt, aggregates) Dust, soil, mud, sand, residue oil. Total carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen xx Sulphur (% weight of dry basis) xx Chlorine (% weight of dry basis) xx Major element (Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, P, K, Si, Na & Ti) xx Minor element (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu etc.) xx Ash content (% weight of dry basis) xx Ash composition (wt. %) SiO 2 =34.7 MgO=2.90 TiO 2 =0.10 Fe 2 O 3 =3.9 AlO 3 =1.20 Na 2 O=0.80 P 2 O 5 =2.50 CaO=3.30 K 2 O=40.10 SO 3 =8.00
Sources: UKM, PTM, FRIM & SIRIM
Ash melting behaviour xx Soluble alkalis (potassium) xx (Source: Adapted from the European Committee for Standardisation, 2002) From this study, discussion with the various boiler suppliers gives the following demand of EFB fuel characteristics:
Table 9: Examples of boiler supplier demand on EBF fuel in Malaysia Property Supplier A Supplier B Supplier C Range Moisture content 50-55 % 40-45% < 45% 40-55% Fuel Size (fibre length mm) Not specified <50 < 75 50-75 mm (Source: Personal communication with boiler suppliers, April 2005)
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 50 - It can be noted that the existing desirable raw EFB should have moisture content in the range of 40-55% while fibre length of less than 75 mm. With the maturing of biomass technologies in Malaysia with EFB application, the range is expected to be smaller and more specific in the future for the fuel specification.
Sampling and Testing Methods The various technical specifications need further elaboration of sampling and testing method. Description of sampling standards ideally includes information such as: Definition of sample e.g. common sample, combined sample, increment etc.; Types of sampling equipment e.g. scoop, shovel, fork etc.; Sampling point, size, plan; Labelling and handling of samples; Certificate of sampling. An example of biomass (wood chips) fuel sampling is illustrated below:
Figure 15: Example of standard sampling of biomass in Sweden (photo: Soon Hun Yang, 2003)
Example of sampling and testing standards can be developed into for example:
Table 10 Examples of Sampling and Testing Method Form for EFB Fuel Properties Description / Quality Range Sampling Method & Procedure Testing Method and Procedure Source of Supply Source of fuel Palm oil biomass residue (EFB)
Traded form EFB Pre-treatment Description: Shredding, press etc. Shred into small size and further screw press to reduce moisture content.
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 51 - EFB may be compacted to about one seventh of its volume after shredded and squeezed out the liquor content Error! Bookmark not defined. . Age of fuel: (storage time, conditions)
Physical properties Calorific value (Dry matter Low Heating Value) 18 MJ / kg Moisture content 45-55% 1-10 kg Weight before and after heating @ 103 C ~ 1 hour. Looseness (fluffiness) Visual Fibre length Impurities Impurities (dust, sand, dirt, aggregates) Dust, soil, mud, sand, residue oil.
Soluble alkalis (potassium)
Ash composition (wt. %) SiO 2 =34.7 MgO=2.90 TiO 2 =0.10 Fe 2 O 3 =3.9 AlO 3 =1.20 Na 2 O=0.80 P 2 O 5 =2.50 CaO=3.30 K 2 O=40.10 SO 3 =8.00
Sources: UKM, PTM, FRIM & SIRIM
Ash melting behaviour
Residual oil
0.1 -0.2 % of EFB 27
(Source: Adapted from the European Committee for Standardisation, 2002)
27 Menon, Ravi (1999). Waste products from oil palm industry and their utilization potential. Presented at the World Renewable Energy Congress, Kuala Lumpur, 8-11 June. Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 52 -
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Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 55 - Annex A: Directory of Palm Oil Mills in Malaysia (valid till mid 2004) No. Mill Name Mill Owner Cor State Mill Add 1 1 Bukit Benut Oil Palm Mill Golden Hope Plantations Johor Darul Takzim Bukit Benut Oil Mill, Batu 7, Jalan Renggam, 86009 2 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Ayer Itam Asiatec Development Berhad Johor Darul Takzim Batu 54, Jalan Johor, 86100 Ayer Itam 3 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Gomali IOI Corporation Berhad Johor Darul Takzim Batu 5, Jalan Gemas-Batu Anam, 85109 Batu Anam 4 Bandung Palm Oil Industries Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim Batu 1, jalan Gambir, Kangkar Senangar, Parit Sulong, 83500 Batu Pahat 5 KSBP (Parit Ju) Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim Lot 4910-4911, Parit Ju, Mukim 4, Simpang Kiri, 83000 Batu Pahat 6 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Johor Labis Johor Darul Takzim c/o Johor Labs Estaste, 85400 Chaah 7 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Chaah Kumpulan Guthrie Berhad Johor Darul Takzim Chaah Estate, 17 Km., 002093-104000 8 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Ulu Tiram/Kulim Kulim Plantations (M) Bhd Johor Darul Takzim KKS Tiram, Mukim Ulu Tiram, Johor Bahru 9 Sedenak Oil Palm Mill Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Johor (PKENJ) Johor Darul Takzim Batu 28, Jalan Air Itam, Johor Bahru 10 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Sungai Kahang Johor Darul Takzim Batu 22, Jalan Mersing, Lot 402, Mukim Kahang, Kluang 11 Ladang Padang Kahang (Seong Thye) Johor Darul Takzim Lot 2262, Ladang Padang Kahang, Kahang, 86700 Kluang 12 Coronation Palm Oil Mill Johor Darul Takzim Batu 3, Jalan Batu Pahat 13 Kahang Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim Batu 26 Jalan Mersing, 86700 Kahang, Kluang 14 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Bukit Lawiang Johor Darul Takzim Km. 20, Lebuhraya Kluang-Kota Tinggi, 86007 Kluang 15 Kluang Oil Palm Processing Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim Batu 4 1/2, Jalan Mersing, 86000 Kluang 16 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Belitong Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim Km. 30, Jalan Kluang-Kota Tinggi, 86000 kluang 17 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Kahang Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim 18 Kilang Sawit Nitar Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim Batu 32, Jalan kluang, Mersing, Jemaluang 19 Kahang Palm Oil Mill IOI Corporation Bhd Johor Darul Takzim Batu 26, Jalan Kahang-Mersing, 86700 Kluang 20 Ladang Tereh Mill Kulim Plantations (M) Bhd Johor Darul Takzim MukimPaloh/Niyor, Kluang 21 Kilanmg Kelapa Sawit Sungai Tawing Kumpulan Guthrie Berhad Johor Darul Takzim Mukim Paloh, Kluang 22 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Pamol Pamol Plantations Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim Batu 8 1/2, Jalan Mersing, 86000 Kluang 23 Sindora Palm Oil Mill Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Johor (PKENJ) Johor Darul Takzim Km. 23, Jalan Kluang/Bandar Tenggara, 86009 Kluang 24 Chan Wing Palm Oil Mill Sime Darby Berhad Johor Darul Takzim Km. 32, Labis 25 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Air Tawar Johor Darul Takzim Felda Air Tawar 2, 81920 Kota Tinggi Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 56 - 26 Kim Loong Palm Oil Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim Batu 7, Jalan Mawai, 81900 Kota Tinggi 27 Tai tak Oil Palm Mill Johor Darul Takzim Batu 21/22, Jalan Kota Tinggi, 81900 Kota Tinggi 28 Telok Sengat Oil Palm Mill Boustead Estate Agency Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim 29 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Adela Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim Km. 51, Jalan Pengerang, 81907 Kota Tinggi 30 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Lok Heng Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim Km. 19, Jalan Desaru, 81907, Kota Tinggi 31 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Semencu Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim 32 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Sening Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim 33 Felda Kilang Kelapa Sawit Wa Ha Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim 34 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Tenggaroh 4 Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim Jemaluang, 86801 Mersing 35 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Tenggaroh Timur Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim 36 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Pasir Panjang Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Johor (PKENJ) Johor Darul Takzim Lot MLO 27, Mukim Rambau, Kota Tinggi 37 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Siang Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Johor (PKENJ) Johor Darul Takzim Batu 29, Jalan Desaru, Mukim Penawar, Kota Tinggi 38 Tunjuk Laut Oil Palm Mill Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Johor (PKENJ) Johor Darul Takzim Bau 18, Jalan Kota Tinggi-Mersing 39 Malim Sawit Oil Palm Mill Johor Darul Takzim Lot 3460, Mukim Layang-Layang, 86000 Kulai 40 Ulu Sebol Oil Palm Mill Johor Darul Takzim 41 Kulai Besar Oil Mill Asiatec Development Berhad Johor Darul Takzim Batu 19, Jalan Johor-Air Itam, 81000 Kulai 42 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Bukit Besar Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim 43 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Kulai (Taib Andak) Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim 44 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Penggeli Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim 45 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Fraser Kuala Lumpur-Kepong Berhad Johor Darul Takzim Ladang Chaah, Mukim Chaah Baru, Batu Pahat 46 Kulai Palm Oil Mill Sime Darby Berhad Johor Darul Takzim Batu 25, Jalan Air Itam-Kulai, Johor Bahru 47 Alaf Palm Oil Mill YPJ Oil Estate Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim YPJ Oil Estate Sdn Bhd, Alaf Palm Oil Mill, Batu 16, Kulai, 81000 Kota Tinggi 48 Kilang Sawit Maokil Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim 49 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Ulu Remis Kumpulan Guthrie Berhad Johor Darul Takzim Batu 6, Jalan Renggam, Layang-Layang, Kluang 50 Masai Oil Palm Mill Kilang Kelapa Sawit Masai Johor Darul Takzim No. 10-16, Jalan Sagu 8, Taman Daya, 81100 Johor Bahru 51 Kilang Sawit Risda Sungai Ambat Risda Johor Darul Takzim Batu 32, Jalan Kota Tinggi-Mersing, 86810 Mersing 52 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Bukit Pasir Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim Batu 11, Off Jalan Bukit Pasir, 84300 Muar Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 57 - 53 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Muar Bhd Johor Darul Takzim Lot 2743, Mukim Parit Jawa, Jalan Bukit Mor (Off 9 1/2 Mile, Jalan Yong Peng), Muar 54 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Bukit Kepong Felcra Berhad Johor Darul Takzim Bukit Kepong, Muar 55 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Nordanal Golden Hope Plantations Johor Darul Takzim 84500 Panchor, Muar 56 Perusahaan Minyak Sawit Bintang Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim Batu 6 1/2, Jalan Paloh-Yomh Peng, T.S.T. No. 30, 86609 Paloh 57 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Landak Kuala Lumpur-Kepong Berhad Johor Darul Takzim Ladang Landak, Mukim Paloh, 86009 Paloh 58 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Paloh Kuala Lumpur-Kepong Berhad Johor Darul Takzim Lot 51, Mukim Paloh, 86609 Paloh 59 Kilang Sawit United Bell Sdn Bhd Karung Berkunci No. 103 Johor Darul Takzim Batu 7 1/2, Jalan Sawah, Pekan Nenas, Pontian 60 C.E.P. Renggam Palm Oil Mill Sime Darby Berhad Johor Darul Takzim 86300 Renggam 61 Bukit Bujang Palm Oil Mill Johor Darul Takzim PTD 444, Mukim Buluh Kasap, Ladang Bukit Bujang, 85010 Segamat 62 KKS Selumpur Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim Lot 1124, Mukim Sermin, Segamat 63 Stable Win Sdn Bhd (Segamat Oil Palm Mill) Johor Darul Takzim Batu 10, Jalan Labis, PO Box No. 57, 85007 Segamat 64 Keratong Estate Oil Palm Mill Chin Teck Plantations Bhd Johor Darul Takzim Bukit Ibam, Rompin 65 Syarikat Pukin Ladang Kelapa Sawit Sdn Bhd IOI Corporation Berhad Johor Darul Takzim 30 Km. Lebuhraya Tun Razak-Keratong 66 Palong Cocoa Palm Oil Mill Perbadanan Kemajuan Negeri Johor (PKENJ) Johor Darul Takzim 7 1/2 Km., Jalan Segamat-Kuantan, 85009 Segamat 67 Southern Malay Oil Palm Mill Johor Darul Takzim Bt. 41, Jalan Johore Baru, 86200 Simgpang Renggam 68 Syarikat Perusahaan Kelapa Sawit Sdn Bhd Johor Darul Takzim Batu 9 3/4, Jala Labis, 83700 Yong Peng 69 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Yong Peng Kumpulan Guthrie Berhad Johor Darul Takzim Batu 6, Jalan Paloh, Yong Peng 70 Setiakawan Kilang Kelapa Sawit Sdn Bhd Kedah 98A, Jalan Batu Putih, Mukim Padang Cina, 09700 Kulim 71 Taclico Oil Palm Mill Kedah MK Padang Meha, Lot No. 20, 21 & 29, 09400 Padang Serai 72 Bukit Mertajam Oil Palm Mill Boustead Estate Agency Sdn Bhd Kedah Sg. Kob, 09700 Karangan 73 Batu Lintang Oil Palm Mill Kuala Lumpur-Kepong Berhad Kedah Lot 5, Bandar Baru, 09800 Serdang 74 Kilang Sawit KPSB Paloh 3 Kelantan KPSB Paloh 3, 18300 Gua Musang 75 Gua Musang Oil Palm Mill Chin Teck Plantation Bhd Kelantan 18300 Gua Musang 76 Kilang Sawit Airing A Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Kelantan Ladang Aring 2, 18300 Gua Musang 77 Kilang Sawit Airing B Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Kelantan Km. 40, Gua Musang 78 Kilang Sawit Chiku Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Kelantan Mukim Chiku, Gua Musang Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 58 - 79 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Serasa Kelantan Mukim Sg. Bayu, 18000 Kuala Krai 80 Lepan Kabu Oil Palm Mill Boustead Estate Agency Sdn Bhd Kelantan 18000 Pahi, Kuala Krai 81 Kuala Sawit Kuala Pertang Kuala Lumpur-Kepong Berhad Kelantan 18000 Kuala Krai 82 Kilang Sawit Kemahang Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Kelantan Mukim Kemahang, Tanah Merah 83 Kilang Sawit Jerangau Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Kuala Terengganu Kilang Sawit Jerangau 84 Kilang Sawit Felda Chalok Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Kuala Terengganu KKS Felda Chalok 85 Kilang Sawit Jerangau Barat Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Kuala Terengganu 86 Rakyat Ketengah Perwira Sdn Bhd Kuala Terengganu Bandar Ceneh Baharu 87 Kilang Sawit Risda Durian Mas Kumpulan Kilang Sawit Risda Sdn Bhd Kuala Terengganu Kawasan Perindustrian Bandar Al-Muktafi Billah Shah 88 Kilang Sawit Kerteh Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Kuala Terengganu Perbadanan Kilang FELDA 89 Kilang Sawit Bukit Kapah Kuala Terengganu 90 Sungai Tong Oil Palm Mill Kuala Terengganu Kilang Kelapa Sawit Sungai Tong, Setiu 91 Nam Bee Company Sdn Bhd Melaka No. 87, Jalan Kg. Hulu, 75200 92 Diamond Jubilee Oil Mill Golden Hope Plantations Sdn Bhd Melaka Batu 24 3/4, Jalan Chabau/Asahan, 7709 Jasin 93 KKS Sri Lingga Sdn Bhd Melaka Batu 32, Kuala Linggi, Kuala Sg. Baru 94 Prosper Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus Lebuhraya Bahau-Keratong, 72120 Bandar Baru Serting 95 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Palong Timor Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus 96 Gemas Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus Lot 514 / 515, Kg Tiong, 73400 Gemas PO 97 MPOB Experimental Palm oil Mill (Labu) Kumpulan Guthrie Berhad Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus Km. 16, Jalan Labu 98 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Linggi Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus Lot 2680, Ladang Sua Manggis, 71150 Linggi 99 Tanah Merah Oil Palm Mill Kumpulan Guthrie Berhad Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus Batu 6 3/4, Jalan Sepang-Port Dickson, Tanah Merah, 71007 Port Dickson 100 Ulu Kanchong Oil Palm Mill Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus Gan Teng Siew Realty Sdn Bhd, Ulu Kanchong Estate, 71209 Rantau 101 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Rantau Kumpulan Guthrie Berhad Negeri Sembilan Darul Khusus Batu 1, Jalan Rantau-Siliau, 71209 Rembau 102 Kilang Kosfram Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur Lot PT 256, Mukim Keratong, Rompin 103 Kok Foh Palm Oli Mill Austarl Enterprises Bhd Pahang Darul Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 59 - Makmur 104 Jeram Padang Oil Palm Mill Kuala Lumpur-Kepong Berhad Pahang Darul Makmur Jalan Tampin 105 Bukit Berembun Palm Oil Mill Pahang Darul Makmur Lot PT 360, Ladang Bukit Berembun, Mukim Keratong 106 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Serting Hilir Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur Kilang Kelapa Sawit Serting hilir, Highway Keratong, Segamat 107 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Jengka 3 Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 108 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Jengka 4 Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 109 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Jengka 8 Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 110 Kota Bahagia Oil Palm Mill Pahang Darul Makmur Lot PT 289 (HSD) 83, Bandar 14, Kota Bahagia, Keratong 111 Ladang Rompin Oil Mill Pahang Darul Makmur Km. 44, Jalan Rompin, Muadzam Shah 112 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Lepar Utara 4 Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 113 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Lepar Utara 6 Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 114 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Chenor Kumpulan Guthrie Berhad Pahang Darul Makmur Sungai Jerik, 26409 Bandar Pusat Jengka 115 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Jengka 9 Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 116 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Keratong 2 Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 117 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Keratong 3 Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 118 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Keratong 9 Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 119 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Krau Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 120 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Mempaga Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 121 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Serting Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur Kilang Kelapa Sawit Serting, 72109 Jempol 122 Kilang Kelapa Sawit FELCRA Bhd Jaya Putra Pahang Darul Makmur Mukim Ulu Cheka, Jerantut 123 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Jerantut Sdn Pahang Darul PT 2571, Mukim Tebing Tinggi, Kg. Jeransong, 27100 Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 60 - Bhd Makmur Jerantut 124 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Kota Gelanggi Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 125 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Padang Piol Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 126 Kilang Sawit Kemaman Pahang Darul Makmur Mukim Tebak 127 Kilang Sawit Panji Alam Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur Bandar Seri bandi 128 Jeng Huat (Bahau) Realty Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur KKS Ladang Juntai, Wakil Pos Kemayan, 28380 Kemayan 129 MHC Kemayan Plantation Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur Lot 15, Mukim Bera, Bera 130 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Kechau Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 131 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Kechau B Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 132 Endau Palm Oil Mill Pahang Darul Makmur NS(D) 1446, No. PT 1112 Mukim Endau Rompin 133 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Lepar Pahang Darul Makmur Blok 7, Kompleks Perladangan Lepar, Pekan 134 Pahang Enterprise Palm Oil Mill Pahang Darul Makmur PT116, Lot 3840, Mukim Ulu Lepar, Kuantan 135 Soon Seng Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur Batu 19 1/2, Sg. Lembing, 25700 Kuantan 136 Kilang Sawit Neram Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur FELDA Neram 1 137 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Bukit Sagu Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 138 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Cini 3 Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 139 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Lepar Hilir 1 Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 140 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Pancing Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 141 Kilang Sawit Jabor Kumpulan Guthrie Berhad Pahang Darul Makmur Ulu Jabor 142 Suburban Properties Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur Blok 14, Mukim Keratong, Rompin 143 Kema Development Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Pal Oil Mill Division, 26030 Sri Jaya, Maran Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 61 - Makmur 144 Sri Senggora Kilang Kelapa Sawit Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur PT 6108, Jalan Kg. Belimbing, 26500 Maran 145 Timur Oil Palm Plantation Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur Batu 4,Jalan Sekolah, 26500 Maran 146 Kilang Kelapa Sawit FELCRA Maran FELCRA Berhad Pahang Darul Makmur Simpang Jengka, Jalan Maran 147 Syarikat Penanaman Bukit Senarong Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 28380 Kemayan 148 Kilang Minyak Kelapa Sawit Samantan Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur Batu 3, Lebuhraya Karak, 28407 Mentakap 149 Dara Lam Soon Oil Palm Mill Pahang Darul Makmur Ladang Sungai Merba, Pahang Tenggara 150 Kosma Palm Oil Mill Pahang Darul Makmur Lot ITS (D) 5, Lot PT 356 Mukim Keratong, Rompin 151 Rompin Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur Ladang Juasa, H.S9D) 1942, PT 3922, Mukim Bebar, Pekan 152 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Bukit Leelau IOI Corporation Berhad Pahang Darul Makmur 75 Km. Kuantan/Segamat, 26700 Muadzam Shah 153 Kilang Kelapa Sawit LKPP Perwira Sg. Jernih Boustead Estate Egency Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur Km. 71, Lebuhraya-Kuatan-Segamat, Paloh, Hinai, 26650 Pekan 154 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Cini 2 Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 155 Raub Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur Bt. Koman, Lot 6073, Mukim Gali, Raub 156 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Sungai Koyan Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 157 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Tersang Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 158 Sawira Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur Lot 792, Mukim Keratong, Rompin 159 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Selendang Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 160 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Lum Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur Blok 13, Mukim Keratong, Rompin 161 Kuantan Trading Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur Blok 15, Keratong, Rompin 162 Lian Hup Manufacturing Co. Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur Blok 12, Ulu Keratong, Cenderawasih, 26700 Muadzam Shah 163 Tee Teh Oil Palm Mill Pahang Darul Blok No. 10, Mukim Keratong, Rompin Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 62 - Makmur 164 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Selancar 2A Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 165 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Selancar 2B Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 166 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Risda Ulu Keratong Kumpulan Kilang Kelapa Sawit Risda Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur Km. 32, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, Kuala Rompin 167 Jemina & Sg. Sendayan Estate Sdn Bhd Chin Teck Plantations Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur Batu 10, Jalan Seremban-Siliau, Port Dickson, 71100 168 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Pasoh Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 72300 Simpang Pertang 169 Kilang Kelapa Sawit LKPP Charuk Putting Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur KKS Charuk Putting, 28000 Temerloh Pahang 170 Kerdau Palm Oil Austral Enterprises Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur Lot 575, HS (D) 5401, Ladang Kerdau, Kerdau, Temerloh 171 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Jengka 18 Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 172 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Seroja Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 173 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Bukit Kepayang Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 174 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Bukit Mendi Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 175 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Kemasul Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 176 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Tementi Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 177 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Triang Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pahang Darul Makmur 178 Tian Siang Oil Mill (Air Kuning0 Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan Lot 2161 & 2162 179 Changkat Cermin Oil Palm Mill Perak Darul Ridzuan 180 Kalumpang Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Kumpulan Guthrie Berhad Perak Darul Ridzuan 181 Tali Ayer Oil Palm Mill Sime Darby Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan 182 Yee Lee Palm Oil Industries Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan 183 Kilang Sawit Felda Nasaruddin Felcra Berhad Perak Darul Km. 37, Jalan Tronoh, 32600 Bota Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 63 - Ridzuan 184 Dinding Oil Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan Batu 26, Jalan Taiping / Bruas 185 Pantai Remis Palm Oil mill Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan Lot 790 186 KKS Lekir Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan Lot PT No. 20 187 Sungai Samak Oil Palm Mill Golden Hope Plantations Berhad Perak Darul Ridzuan Ladang Sungai Samak, 36500 Ulu Bernam, Hilir Perak 188 Southern Perak Plantations Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan KKS Southern Perak 189 Kilang Sawit Felcra Seberang Perak Felcra Berhad Perak Darul Ridzuan Bandar Baru Seberang Perak, 36800 Kg. Gajah 190 Minsawi Industries (Kuala Kangsar) Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan Batu 29, Kampong Chuar, Kati 191 Gula Estate Oil Palm Mill Perak Darul Ridzuan 192 Malmaju Bina Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan 193 Gabungan Perusahaan Minyak langkap Ngan & Ngan Holding Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan 194 United International Enterprise (M) Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan Lot 2986, Mk. Pengkalan Bahru 195 Sungai Kerang Palm Oil Mill Ngan & Ngan Holding Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan Lot 13477, Mkm. Belanja 196 Foong Lee Sawminyak Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan Batu 9, Jalan Lintang 197 Lima Blas Palm Oil Mill Perak Darul Ridzuan Lot 1899, Mukim Ulul Bernam, Ulu Selangor 198 Kilang Sawit Besout Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan 199 Kilang Sawit Trolak Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan 200 Bukit Bersatu Oil Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan Batu 5, Jalan Kamunting 201 SYNN Palm Oil Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan Batu 1, Jalan Kg. Dew, Simpang 202 Taiping oil Industries Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan 78 Km, Jalan Ipoh-Butterworth 203 Kilang Sawit Tanjong Malim Kuala Lumpur- Kepong Berhad Perak Darul Ulu Selangor Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 64 - Ridzuan 204 Syarikat Cahaya Muda Perak (Oil Mill) Sdn Bhd Ngan & Ngan Holding Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan 3rd Mile, Jalan Bidor, 35007 Tapah 205 Anson Oil Industries Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan Batu 2 1/2 206 Benta Plantations (Perak) Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan 207 Dominion Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan Lot PT 76 208 Ganda Edible Oils Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan Bt. 10, Off Batu 7 209 Perak Motor Co. Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan Batu 12, Jalan Bidor 210 Syarikat Peladang Dan Perusahaan Minyak Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan Batu 4 1/2 211 Syarikat Pertanian Kilang Kelapa Sawit Sdn Bhd Felcra Berhad Perak Darul Ridzuan Batu 12, Jalan Bidor, 36008 Teluk Intan. 212 Intan Palm Products Factory / Selaba Oil Mill Golden Hope Plantations Berhad Perak Darul Ridzuan Lot No. 7376, Km. 7, Jalan Changkat Jong, 36000 Teluk Intan. 213 Nova Scotia Oil Palm Mill Sime Darby Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan 214 Jendarata Oil Palm Mill United Plantations Berhad Perak Darul Ridzuan Batu 16 1/2 215 Sri Pelangi Oil Palm Mill United Plantations Berhad Perak Darul Ridzuan 216 KKS Tg, Tulang Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan Lot PT 1278 217 Temerloh Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan 218 Tian Siang Oil Mill (Perak) Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan Lot 2161 & 2162 219 Topaz Sdn Bhd Perak Darul Ridzuan Lot 1597, Km. 40 220 KKS TRP (Trong Palm Oil Mill) Boustead Estate Agency Perak Darul Ridzuan Lot No. 568, Mukim Trong 221 Malpom Industries Bhd Pulau Pinang No. 3609, Jalan Changkat, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Seberang Prai Selatan 222 M.P. Mathew Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Pulau Pinang Lot 1254 & 1268, Mukim 7, Seberang Perai Selatan 223 United Oil Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Pulau Pinang 878, Jalan Bandar Baru, Sg. Kecil, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Seberang Perai Selatan Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 65 - 224 Lumadan Oil Palm Mill Sabah BSSB Km. 29.5, Beafort-Sipitang Highway 225 Bornion Palm Oil Mill Kuala Lumpur-Kepong Berhad Sabah Km. 72, Lebuhraya Sandakan-Lahad Datu, Sandakan 226 Langkon Oil Palm Mill Borneo Samudera Sdn Bhd Sabah Kota Marudu 227 Giram Palm Oil Mill Golden Hope Plantations Berhad Sabah CL 105361322 , Giram Estate, Kunak 228 Kilang Sawit Binuang Golden Hope Plantations Berhad Sabah Kunak 229 KKS Jeleta Bumi Kumpulan Guthrie Berhad Sabah Ladang Jelata Bumi, 15 Km., Jalan Tingkayu, Kunak 230 Asia Oil Palm Sdn Bhd Sabah Km. 45, Off Road Lahad Datu, Sandakan Highway 231 KKS TSH Resources (Lahad Datu) Sabah KKS TSH, Km. 48, Jalan Lahad Datu, Sandakan Highway, Tawau 232 Kilang Sawit Tian Siang Sdn Bhd Sabah Batu 5, Off Batu 40, Lebuhraya Lahad Datu, Sandakan 233 Kwantas Oil Sdn Bhd (Haranky P.O.M) Sabah Mile 24, Jalan Sandakan, Lahad Datu 234 Ladang Permai Sdn Bhd Sabah Jalan Silabukan, Km. 20, Lahad Datu 235 Mewah Ol Mill Sabah Jalan Sandakan, Kinabatangan 236 Pasific Cocoa P.O.M. Sabah Lot L.A. Sg. Pin, Kinabatangan 237 Pontian Fico Plantation Sdn Bhd Sabah Off 20Km., Jalan Sandakan/Lahad Datu 238 Sandau Mill Sdn Bhd Sabah Km. 33, Sandakan-Lahad Datu, highway Lahad Datu 239 Sebrang Palm Oil Mill Sabah Jalan Tungku, Lahad Datu 240 Sungai Tenegang Oil Palm Mill Sabah Km. 48, Jalan Lahad Datu-Sandakan 241 Tamaco Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Sabah Km. 24, Jalan Jeroco, Lahad Datu 242 Timora Palm Oil Mill Sabah Estate Timora, Km. 25 Off Jalan Jeroco, Off Jalan Lahad Datu, Sanadakan 243 Unico Desa Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Sabah Jalan Jeroco, Km. 13 244 Silabukan Oil Palm Mill Borneo Samudera Sdn Bhd Sabah Jalan Tengku, Batu 18, Lahad Datu 245 Segamaha Palm Oil Mill Boustead Estate Agency Sabah Lot No. CL 115343336, Lahad Datu 246 Kilang Sawit Baiduri Ayu Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Sabah 247 Kilang Sawit Embara Budi (Sahabat B) Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Sabah 248 Kilang Sawit Fajar Harapan Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Sabah 249 Kilang Sawit Harapan Badai Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Sabah 250 Kilang Sawit Indera Bakti Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Sabah 251 Kilang Sawit Jeragan Bistari Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Sabah Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 66 - 252 Kilang Sawit Kembara Sakti Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Sabah 253 Kilang Sawit Mercu Puspita Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Sabah 254 Kilang Sawit Nilam Permata Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Sabah 255 Jeroco Plantations Sdn Bhd Hap Seng Consolidated Bhd Sabah Km. 50 Off Jalan Jeroco 256 Baturong Palm Oil Mill IOI Corporation Bhd Sabah Ladang Baturong, Sg. Tinkayu, Kunak 257 Leepang Palm Oil Mill IOI Corporation Bhd Sabah Batu 13, Jalan Jeroco, Sandakan 258 Morisem Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd IOI Corporation Bhd Sabah Batu 13, Jalan Jeroco 259 Syarimo Palm Oil Mill IOI Corporation Bhd Sabah Lahad Datu 260 KKS Lungmanis Kuala Lumpur-Kepong Berhad Sabah CL 115363472, Ldg. Lungmanis Silabukan, Lahad Datu 261 Rimmer Oil Palm Mill Kuala Lumpur-Kepong Berhad Sabah Km. 29, Jalan Tungku, 91118 Lahad Datu 262 Sandakan Bay Oil Palm Mill Sime Darby Berhad Sabah Suan Lamba, Sandakan 263 Abadi Mewah Sdn Bhd Sabah Sg. Lokan, Kota Kinabatangan 264 Abedon Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Sabah 265 Atlantica Sdn Bhd Sabah Km. 72, Sandakan-Telupid Highway 266 Batu Putih Palm Oil Mill Sabah Lahad Datu 267 Berkat Setia Oil Palm Mill Sabah Km. 70, Jalan Labuk Sandakan, 90090 Sandakan 268 Everyield Sdn Bhd Sabah B1 1/2, Jalan Utara, 90307 Sandakan 269 KKS Tanah Emas Oil Palm Processing Sabah CL 085324803, Batu 80, Jalan Labuk, Labuk/Sugut, Beluran 270 Ladang Mills Sdn Bhd Sabah 10 Km. Off 65 Km., Sandakan-Telupid Highway, District Of Kinabatangan 271 Malsa Corporation Sdn Bhd Sabah Km. 7, Jalan beluran, Off Km. 58, Jalan Labuk-Sugut, Sandakan 272 Mayvin Palm Oil Mill Sabah 18 Km., Jalan Sandakan, Telupid Road (Batu 75) 273 Melewar Palm Oil Mill Sabah 3Km. Off 44, 7Km., Lahad Datu, Sandakan 274 Minat Teguh Oil Palm Mill Sabah Batu 23, Jalan Labuk, Sandakan 275 Monsok Palm Oil Mill Sabah Km. 85, Jalan Labuk-Sugut District, 90009 Sandakan 276 Profilic Yield Sdn Bhd Sabah Sg. Segaliud, Sandakan 277 Sungai Manjang Oil Palm Mill Sabah Batu 34, Jalan Labuk, 90007 Sandakan 278 Sungai Ruku Oil Palm Plantation Sdn Bhd Sabah WDT No. 514, 90000 Sandakan 279 Syarikat Kretam Mill Sdn Bhd Sabah Batu 45, Jalan Sandakan- Lahad Datu, Sandakan 280 Syarikat Trushidup Sdn Bhd Sabah 5Km. Jalan Sukau, Sandakan 281 Tung Hup Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Sabah 17Km. Off Sandakan-Lahad Datu Highway, Sungai Pin Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 67 - District of Kinabatangan 282 Unico Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Sabah Batu 13, Jalan Lahad Datu-Sandakan, Lahad Datu 283 Wee Tee Tong Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Sabah Off Km. 69, Sandakan-Lahad Datu Highway, Segaliud Lokan, Kinabatangan 284 Sabapalm Oil Mill Asiatic Development Berhad Sabah Beluran, Labuk Valley, Labuk, Sugut 285 Sri Tanjung Oil Mill Asiatic Development Berhad Sabah Kinabatangan 286 Suan Lamba Oil Palm Mill Borneo Samudera Sdn Bhd Sabah Jalan Sukau, Kinabatangan, Sandakan 287 Sungai Manila Palm Oil Mill Borneo Samudera Sdn Bhd Sabah Kilang Rancangan Sg. Manila, Jalan Labuk, Batu 12, Sandakan 288 Nak Oil Palm Mill Boustead Estate Agency Sabah Batu 19, Off Jalan Batu 3, Jalan Labuk, 90009 Sandakan 289 Kilang Sawit lancang Kemudi Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Sabah 290 Bukit MasPalm Oil Mill Hap Seng Consolidated Bhd Sabah Lot No. CL 095317614, Km. 40, Jalan Jerako Off Batu 13, Lahad datu/Sandakan Highway, Sandakan 291 Tomanggong Palm Oil Mill Hap Seng Consolidated Bhd Sabah Lower Sungai Segama, 90008 Sandakan 292 Desa Talisai Sdn Bhd IJM Plantations Sdn Bhd Sabah Km. 54, Jalan Labuk 90009 Sandakan 293 Ladang Sabah Palm Oil Mill IOI Corporation Bhd Sabah Ladang P.O.M., Batu 45, Telupid, Jalan Sandakan 294 Sakilan Palm Oil Mill IOI Corporation Bhd Sabah Labuk/Sugut, Beluran 295 Pamol Estate (Sabah) Sdn Bhd Pamol Plantations Sdn Bhd Sabah Labuk Valley, Beluran, 90408 Sandakan 296 KKS Sabahmas Perlis Plantation Berhad Sabah CL 115378955, Jalan Dam, Lahad Datu 297 Reka Halus Sdn Bhd Perlis Plantation Berhad Sabah Km. 8, Jalan Batu Sapi, Karamunting, Sandakan 298 Sapi Oil Palm Mill Perlis Plantation Berhad Sabah Km. 8, Jalan Batu Sapi, Karamunting, Sandakan 299 Terusan Palm Oil Mill Perlis Plantation Berhad Sabah Km. 8, Jalan Batu Sapi, Karamunting, Sandakan 300 Segaliud Palm Oil Mill Sime Darby Berhad Sabah Batu 36, Jalan Sandakan, Lahad Datu 301 Segaria Palm Oil Mill Boustead Estate Agency Sabah Km. 16 Off tawau-Semporna Highway, Semporna 302 Balung Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Sabah Km. 47, Jalan Tawau-Semporna, Tawau 303 KKS Brantian Sabah Km. 85, Jalan Tawau-Kalabakan, Tawau 304 KKS Pinangah Sabah Km. 8.8, Jalan Sing-Sing, Off Km. 19, Semporna 305 Kunak Palm Oil Mill Sabah Km. 50, Lebuhraya Tawau, Lahad Datu 306 Tong Len Palm Oil Mill Sabah Batu 42, Highway Tawau-Semporna, Sandakan 307 TSH Plantation Sdn Bhd (Tawau) Sabah Mukim Kalumpang, Km. 41, Kunak, tawau Highway 308 Apas Balung Palm Oil Mill Borneo Samudera Sdn Bhd Sabah Km. 37, Jalan Apas, Tawau 309 Kilang Sawit Kalabakan Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Sabah 310 Kilang Sawit Umas Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Sabah Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 68 - 311 Merotai Oil Mill Golden Hope Plantations Berhad Sabah Bombalai, Jalan Merotai, Tawaua 312 Mostyn Oil Palm Mill Golden Hope Plantations Berhad Sabah Km. 78, Jalan Tawau-Kunak, 91207 Kunak 313 KL-Kepong (Sabah) Sdn Bhd Kuala Lumpur-Kepong Berhad Sabah Batu 40, Jln. Tawau-Semporna, 91109 Tawau 314 KKS Pinang Kuala Lumpur-Kepong Berhad Sabah Ladang Pinang, 52 Km., Jalan Semporna, Tawau 315 WTK Oil Mill Sdn Bhd (KKS Imbok) Sarawak Lot 318, Jalan Tanjung Batu, 316 KKS Derawan Austral Enterprise Bhd Sarawak Km. 60, Jalan Bintulu-Miri 317 Pekaka Palm Oil Mill Austral Enterprise Bhd Sarawak PO Box No. 164 318 Rajawali Palm Oil Mill Austral Enterprise Bhd Sarawak Km. 52, Jalan Bintulu-Miri 319 Saremas Sdn Bhd Perlis Plantation Bhd Sarawak Lot 43, Btg. Suai Off Km. 12, Jalan Miri-Bintulu 320 Saremas II Palm Oil Mill Perlis Plantation Bhd Sarawak Lot 35, Batang Suai 321 Trusan Palm Oil Mill (Kumpulan Kris Jati Sdn Bhd) Sarawak Km. 15, Jalan Trusan, 322 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Sampadi Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Sarawak 323 Batu Niah Oil Palm Mill Sarawak Mile 42, Bintulu Road 324 Bintulu Lumber Development Sdn Bhd Sarawak Mile 40, Sawai Land District Suai 325 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Binu Plantation Sarawak Lot 199, Bakong land District 326 R.H. Palm Oil Mill Sarawak Lot 53, Box District 327 Sarawak Oil Palm Sdn Bhd Sarawak Km. 41, Jalan Miri-Bintulu 328 Niah Oil Palm Mill Sarawak Plantation Agriculture Dev. Sdn Bhd Sarawak 76 Km. Miri/Bintulu Road 329 Saratok Palm Oil Sdn Bhd Lembaga Penyatuan dan Pemulihan Tanah Sarawak (SALCRA) Sarawak Ng Melupa, Sri Aman 330 Serian palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Sarawak Km. 4, Kedup / Mongkos Link Road 331 Mukah Oil Palm Mill Sarawak Plantation Agriculture Dev. Sdn Bhd Sarawak Lot 3, Block 8, Gigis Land District 332 Lubuk Antu Oil Palm Mill Lembaga Penyatuan dan Pemulihan Tanah Sarawak (SALCRA) Sarawak Bt. 13, Jalan Ridan/Lubok Antu 333 Teluk Merbau Plantation Dupont & Leosk Enterprise Sdn Bhd Selangor Darul Ehsan Lot 223, Mukim Sepang, Batu 47 1/2, Jalan Klang/Sepang, Sepang 334 Eng Hong Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Selangor Darul Ehsan Ladang Eng Hong, Jalan Sg. Buaya, Mukim Bandar, 42700 Banting, Kuala Langat 335 Jugra Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Selangor Darul Lot 340, Jalan Tok Mujir, Sg. Buaya, 42700 Banting, Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 69 - Ehsan Kuala Langat 336 Dusun Durian Palm Oil Mill Golden Hope Plantation Bhd Selangor Darul Ehsan Batu 26 1/2, Jalan Banting-Morib, 42700 Banting, Kuala Langat 337 Kampung Kuatan Palm Oil Mill Berhad Selangor Darul Ehsan Batu 4, Jalan Kampung Kuatan, 45600 Batang Berjuntai 338 Minyak Oil palm mOil Mill Selangor Darul Ehsan Ladang Minyak, Batang Berjuntai, Hulu Selangor 339 Bukit Rotan Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Southern Realty (M) Sdn Bhd Selangor Darul Ehsan 45700 Bukit Rotan 340 Seri Ulu Langat Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Selangor Darul Ehsan Lot 3115, Batu 34, Jalan Banting, 43000 Dengkil 341 Bukit Kerayong Oil Palm Mill Kumpulan Guthrie Berhad Selangor Darul Ehsan 342 Lee Chin Cheng Dengkil Oil Palm Plantations Sdn Bhd Selangor Darul Ehsan Lot 6180, Batu 31, 43800 Dengkil, Kajang 343 Golconda Palm Oil Mill Southern Realty (M) Sdn Bhd Selangor Darul Ehsan Persiaran Hamzah Alang, Off Jalan Kapar, Jalan Kapar, 42200 Klang 344 Kilang Sawit Felda Sungai Tengi Felda Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Selangor Darul Ehsan Kilang Kelapa Sawit Sungai Tengi, 44010 Kuala Kubu Bahru 345 Bell Two Palm Oil Mill Selangor Darul Ehsan Batu 32, Jalan Kelang-Sepang,42800 Tanjung Sepat, Kuala Langat 346 Bukit Talang Oil Palm Mill Kumpulan Guthrie Berhad Selangor Darul Ehsan Batu 8, Jalan Raja Musa, 45000 Kuala Selangor 347 Tennamaram Plam Oil Mill Sime Darby Berhad Selangor Darul Ehsan 348 East Oil Mill Golden Hope Plantation Bhd Selangor Darul Ehsan The Pataling Rubber Estate Ltd., East Oil Mill, East Estate, 42960 Pulau Carey, Port Klang 349 West Estate Oil Mill Golden Hope Plantation Bhd Selangor Darul Ehsan Pulau Carey, 42960 Port Klang 350 Havy's Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Selangor Darul Ehsan Sydney Estate, Semenyih, 43500 351 Sri Langat Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Selangor Darul Ehsan Batu 15, Jalan Banting, 42600 Jenjarom, Kuala Langat 352 Sepang Oil Palm Mill Golden Hope Plantation Bhd Selangor Darul Ehsan Kilang Kelapa Sawit Sepang, 43900 Sepang 353 Fermanagh Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Southern Realty (M) Sdn Bhd Selangor Darul Ehsan Fermanagh Palm Oil Mill, 43950 Sg. Pelek 354 Meru Palm Oil Mill Selangor Darul Ehsan Lot 20820, Batu 5, Kampung Jaya, Jalan Bukit Kemuning, 40460 Shah Alam 355 Tuan Mee Oil Palm Mill Kuala Lumpur- Kepong Berhad Selangor Darul Batu 24 1/2, 47000 Sungai Buloh Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 70 - Ehsan 356 Elmina Oil Palm Mill Kumpulan Guthrie Berhad Selangor Darul Ehsan Km. 36, Jalan Kuala Selangor, Kuala Selangor, 47000 Sungai Buloh 357 Ulu Basir Palm Oil Mill United Plantations Berhad Selangor Darul Ehsan Lot 584, Mukim Ulu Bernam 358 Ulu Bernam oil Palm Mill United Plantations Berhad Selangor Darul Ehsan
Note: This directory is not updated to the date of this report. Based on the record of MPOB, a total of 388 palm oil mills were recorded as of March 2005. Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 71 - Annex B: Distribution of Palm Oil Mills in Malaysia FFB/hr STATES < 20 20 - 29 30 - 39 40 - 49 50 - 59 > 60 TOTAL JOHORE 0 8 10 18 15 16 67 KEDAH 0 1 1 1 1 0 4 KELANTAN 0 3 1 3 1 1 9 MALACCA 0 0 1 2 0 0 3 N.SEMBILAN 0 4 2 1 4 3 14 PAHANG 1 8 19 8 26 4 66 PENANG 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 PERAK 1 14 8 8 5 9 45 SELANGOR 1 14 4 3 2 2 26 TERENGGANU 0 2 3 0 4 3 12 P.MALAYSIA 3 54 52 44 58 38 249 SABAH 0 13 14 26 13 35 101 SARAWAK 1 2 11 4 9 3 30 SABAH/SARAWAK 1 15 25 30 22 38 131 MALAYSIA 4 69 77 74 80 76 380 % total 1 18 20 19 21 20 100 (Source: Malaysia Palm Oil Board, 2004) Note: Similar to Annex A, the above summary is valid until Dec 2004. Between Dec 04 and March 05, there are 8 new mills being recorded.
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 72 - Annex C: Independent palm oil millers & private mills with small plantations No Mill State Location 1 Setiakawan Kilang Kelapa Sawit Sdn Bhd Kedah 98A Jalan Batu Putih, MK Padang Cina, 09700 Kulim 2 Taclico Company Sdn Bhd Kedah Lot No. 20, 21 & 29, MK Padang Meha, 09400 Padang Serai 3 Malpom Industries Berhad Seberang Prai, Penang 3609 Jalan Changkat, 14300 Nibong Tebal 4 M P Mathew Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Seberang Prai, Penang Lot 1254 & 1268, MK 7, 14200 Sungai Bakap 5 United Oil Palm Industries Sdn Bhd Seberang Prai, Penang 878 Jalan Bandar Baru, Sg Kecil, 14300 Nibong Tebal 6 Bukit Bersatu Oil Palm Ind. Sdn. Bhd Perak Batu 5, Jln Kamunting, 34600 Kamunting 7 Foong Lee Sawiminyak Sdn Bhd Perak 9 th Mile, Lintang Road, 31100 Sg Siput 8 Gabungan Perusahaan Minyak Langkap Sdn Bhd Perak Batu 1, Jalan Teluk Intan, 36700 Langkap 9 Malmaju Bina Sdn Bhd Perak Jalam Selama, KTJBU Gajah, 34130 Selama 10 Minsawi Industries (Kuala Kangsar) Sdn Bhd Perak Batu 29, Kampong Chuar, Kati, 33020 Kuala Kangsar 11 Pantai Remis Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Perak Lot 790, jalan Ayer Tawar, 32500 Changkat Kroing. 12 Perak Motor Co. Sdn Bhd Perak Batu 12, Jalan Teluk Intan-Bidor, 36008 Teluk Intan 13 Sykt. Peladang & Perusahan Minyak Sdn Bhd Perak Batu 4 1/2 , Jalan Maharaja Lela, 36000 Teluk Intan 14 Sykt. Peladang Kilang Kelapa Sawit Sdn Bhd Perak Batu 12, Jalan Teluk Intan-Bidor, 36008 Teluk Intan 15 Synn Palm il Sdn Bhd Perak Batu 1, Jalan Kg. Dew, 34700 Simpang Taiping 16 Taiping Oil Industries Bhd Perak 78 Km Jalan Raya Ipoh-Butterworth, 34700 Simpang Taiping 17 Temerloh Mill Sdn Bhd Perak 34800 Trong 18 Topaz Emas Sdn Bhd Perak Lot 1597, 40 km Jln Taiping/Bruas, Sungai Rotan, 34800 Trong 19 Yee Lee Palm Oil Industries Sdn Bhd Perak Lot 9399, Bidor Industrial Estate, 35500 Bidor 20 Suburban Properties Sdn Bhd Johor 7/4, 7/5 Jalan Yong Peng, 85300 Labis 21 Sawira Sdn Bhd Pahang MM21, Medan Mewah, 26700 Muadzam Shah 22 Keck Seng (M) Berhad Johor P.O. Box 1, Jalan Kong Kong, 81757 Masai 23 Bandung Palm Oil Industries Sdn Bhd Johor No. 79 Jalan Muar, Parit Sulong, 83500 Batu Pahat 24 Sykt Perusahaan Kelapa Sawit Sdn Bhd Melaka P.O.Box 26, 78207 Kuala Sg Baru 25 Perusahaan Minyak Sawit Bintang Sdn. Bhd. Selangor Lot 6071, Jalan Haji Abd Manan, Off Persiaran Hamzah Alang, Mukim Kapar, 42200 Klang Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 73 - 26 Ulu Sebol Palm Oil Mill Johor No. 101, Bandar Tenggara, 81000 Kulai 27 Raub Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Pahang Bt. Koman, Lot 6073, Mukim Gali, Raub 28 Juntai Palm Oil Mill Juntai 29 Kilang Sawit Batu Pahat Sdn Bhd Johor P. O. Box 64, 83007 Batu Pahat 30 Kuantan Trading Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Pahang Blok 15, Keratong, Rompin, 85007 Segamat 31 Kluang Oil Palm Processing Sdn Bhd Johor Batu 4 , Jalan Mersing, 86000 Kluang 32 Kilang Sawit Muar Berhad Johor Lot 2743, Mukim Parit Jawa, Jalan Bukit Mor (Off 9 1/2 Mile, Jalan Yong Peng), 84009 Muar 33 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Bukit Pasir Sdn Bhd Johor Batu 11, Off Jalan Bukit Pasir, 84300 Muar 34 Kilang Sawit United Bell Sdn Bhd Johor Batu 7 1/2, Jalan Sawah, Pekan Nenas, Pontian 35 Syarikat Perusahaan Kelapa Sawit Sdn Bhd Johor Batu 9 3/4, Jalan Labis, 83700 Yong Peng 36 Kilang Sawit Linggi Negeri Sembilan Ladang Sua Manggis, 71150 Linggi 37 Kilang Kelapa Sawit Jerantut Sdn Bhd Pahang No 12-15, Jerantut Feri, 27150 Jerantut 38 Lenga Palmoil Industries Sdn Bhd Johor Kunci Beg 502, 84900 Tangkak 39 Havys Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Selangor 55, Jalan Goh Hock Huat, 41400 Klang 40 Seri Ulu Langat Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Selangor Lot 3115, Batu 34, Jalan Banting, 43000 Dengkil 41 Seri Langat Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Selangor 15th Mile, Jalan Banting, 46200 Jenjarom 42 Eng Hong Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Selangor Ladang Eng Hong, Jalan Sg. Buaya, Mukim Bandar, 42700 Banting, Kuala Langat 43 Kampong Kuatan Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Selangor Batu 4, Jalan Kg Kuatan, 45600 Batang Berjuntai 44 Meru Palm Oil Mill Selangor Lot 20820, Batu 5, Jalan Bukit Kemuning, 40460 Shah Alam 45 Jugra Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Selangor 132 Jalan Morib, 42700 Banting 46 Banting Palm Oil Mill Sdn Bhd Selangor Jalan Morib, 42700 Banting Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 74 -
Lot 6074, Jalan Hj Abdul Manan Kapar, Klang, Selangor Tel: (603) 39273857 Fax: (603) 3927398 Supplies boilers and turbine. Supplier for Kilang Sawit United Bell Sdn. Bhd * a water tube boiler generating; * 35 tonnes of steam/hr at 23 bar. Vyncke (East Asia) Sdn Bhd No. 10, Section 14/44, 46100 Petaling Jaya, MALAYSIA Tel: (603)79541408 Fax: (603)79541409 Supplied Vyncke boilers to Sungei Dingin Palm Oil Mill (Guthrie), a full scale demonstration project of Cogen 3. ENCO Engineering Sdn. Bhd. Lot 43, Rawang Integrated Industrial Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Tel: (603)6913223 Fax: (603)6913222 Supplier for boilers and shredder. ABB Power Generation Limited 124, Pacific Highway, St. Leonards NSW 2065, Australia Supplies biomass boilers Mechmar Energy Sdn. Bhd. No. 1, Jalan Perunding Ui/17, Seksyen UI, Hicom-Glenmarie Industrial Park, Shah Alam, Selangor. Tel: (603)5193688 Supplies boilers Boiler Schneider Kessel Office South-East Asia GTB Building, 79/7 Moo2 Srinakarin Road, Nongborn Pravej, 6 MW Boiler supplier for Bumi Biopower (Pantai Remis) Sdn. Bhd. Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 75 - Facilities/equipment Supplier Address/Contact Notes Bangkok 10260, Thailand Tel: +66 (0)23660537 Fax : +66 (0)23660547 Metro Spectrum Sdn. Bhd. P.O.Box 20451, 88761 Luyang, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. Tel: (6088) 238 800 Fax: (6088) 238 900 Supplies boilers. Sun Boiler System Sdn. Bhd. Lot 58, Jalan Utas 15/7, Kawasan Perusahaan Seksyen 15, 40000 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia. Tel: (603) 5511 2000 Fax: (603) 5511 2266 Supplies boilers and pressure vessel. Boiler Care Sdn. Bhd. No. 28, Jalan 5/38B, Taman Segambut (SPPK), 51200 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Tel: (603) 6252 2213 Fax: (603) 6252 1210 Supplies boilers. Okuma Sdn. Bhd. No. 6, Jalan Permai 3/4, Taman Subang Permai, 47500 Petaling Jaya, Selangor. Tel: (603) 8023 5877 Fax: (603) 8023 1194 Supplies boilers. FELDA Engineering Services Sdn. Bhd. No. 1, Jalan U1/15, Seksyen U1, HICOM Glenmarie Industrial Park, 40150 Shah Alam, Selangor. Tel: (609) 5569 1505 Fax: (609) 5569 2505 Supplies boilers. Hargrave Corp. Sdn. Bhd. No. 19, Jalan TP 7/7, Section 26 UEP Supplies boilers Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 76 - Facilities/equipment Supplier Address/Contact Notes Industrial Park, 40400 Shah Alam. Tel: (603) 5192 2008 Fax: (603) 5191 1007 James Howden (M) Sdn. Bhd. No. 2, Jalan SS13/4, 47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor. Tel: (603) 5632 9888 Fax: (603) 5632 3192 Supplies boilers. Jebsen & Jessen Technology (M) Sdn Bhd 16, Jalan 51A/225, 46100, Petaling Jaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, MALAYSIA Tel: (603)78769333 Fax: (603)78771033 Supplies steam turbine. Supplied KKK turbines to Sungei Dingin Palm Oil Mill (Guthrie), a full scale demonstration project of Cogen 3. J. Nadrowski Asia Pacific (M) Sdn. Bhd. No. 25, 1 st floor, Jalan USJ 10/1D Subang Jaya, Selangor Tel: (603) 7366879 Fax: (603) 7367610 Supplies Turbine. Supplier to Kilang Sawit United Bell Sdn. Bhd: * 1200 kW back pressure turbo- generator. Tuthill Energy Systems (Asia Pacific) Sdn. Bhd. No. 26, Jalan PBP 5, Tmn Industri Pusat Bandar Puchong, Selangor. Tel: (603)4329466 Fax: (603)4327466 Supplies steam turbines range from 1 HP to 15,000 HP. Vickers Hoskins (M) Sdn. Bhd.
Lot 6074, Jalan Hj Abdul Manan Kapar, Klang, Selangor Tel: (603) 39273857 Fax: (603) 3927398 Supplies boilers and turbine. Turbine ATTS Engineering Sdn. Bhd. 12, Jalan 2/2A, Taman Industri Selesa Jaya, off Supplies turbines and also boiler spares. Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 77 - Facilities/equipment Supplier Address/Contact Notes Jalan Balakong, 43300 Balakong, Selangor. Tel: (603) 8961 7217 Fax: (603) 8961 6010 PMT Industries Sdn. Bhd. 33, Lengkungan Raja Lumu, Kawasan Perusahaan Pandamaran, 42000 Pelabuhan Klang. Tel: (603) 3167 13571/ 3165 2919 Fax: (603) 3167 1578 Supplies steam turbines. Turbo Turbine Service Sdn. Bhd. 10, Jalan TS6, Taman Industri Subang, 47510 Subang Jaya. Tel: (603) 5631 7115 Fax: (603) 5631 9695 Supplies turbines. ENCO Engineering Sdn. Bhd. Lot 43, Rawang Integrated Industrial Park, Selangor, Malaysia. Tel: (603)6913223 Fax: (603)6913222 Supplier for boilers and shredder. Ecofibre Technologhy Sdn. Bhd. P.O Box 3017, TTDI, Kuala Lumpur Supplies fibre extractor for EFB, trunks and fronds Szetech Engineering Sdn. Bhd. Lot 719-5, Jalan Sg. Rasah, Kg. Padang Jawa, 41300 Klang, Selangor.
Fuel Handling (Shredder, Fibre extractor, Press) Natpro Resources Sdn Bhd Showroom: Timber Technology Centre, FRIM, Kepong, 52109 KL Tel: 603-62772633 Fax: 603-62778366 Biomass related machineries e.g. shredder Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 78 - Facilities/equipment Supplier Address/Contact Notes Khun Heng Engineering Works Sdn Bhd 58-1 Batu 3.5, Jln Bakri, 84000 Muar, Johor, Malaysia EFB Shredder, Crusher and Press Palm Kernel Oil Expeller Avecpalm Engineering (M) Sdn. Bhd. Lot 4, Jalan Waja 15, Kawasan Perindustrian, Telok Panglima Garang, 42500 Telok Panglima Garang, Selangor, Malaysia. Tel: 603-31228899 Fax: 603-31229152 Supplies twin screw presses, bunch crushers and conveyors. Kejuruteraan EMI Sdn Bhd 55-2-1, 2nd Floor Lorong Batu Nilam 1A Bandar Bukit Tinggi 41200 Klang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Tel: 03-3324 1876 Fax:03-3324 0878 Supplies presses and shredders for EFB
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 79 -
Annex E: Directory of Known Existing / Planned EFB Energy Plant in Malaysia (Iskandar) Location Proponent Project type Grid connection Size MW Kunak, Sabah TSH CHP biomass Yes 14 Lahad Datu-Sandakan, Sabah TSH Biomass 11/10 MW Lahad Datu, Sabah Felda CHP biomass No 7 Manjung, Perak Bumibiopower CHP biomass Yes 6 MW Batang Berjuntai, Selangor Tennamaram CHP biomass Yes 9 Sitiawan, Perak ENCO CHP biomass Yes 0.8 Kota Tinggi, Johor Baru Kim Loong Power CHP biomass Yes 14 Masai, Johor Keck Seng CHP biomass No 0.85 Sabah Palm Energy Sdn Bhd biomass 9.8/8 MW Sg. Burong Plam oil mill, Sabah Potensi Gaya Sdn Bhd EFB 7/7 MW Apas Balung mill, sabah Alaf Ekspresi Sdn. Bhd Biomass 8.4/7 MW Negeri Sembilan Felda Palm industries S.B. Biomass 10/10M W Johor Johore Tenggara Oil Palm Biomass/wood chip 2.2 MW Sabah Kalansa Energy Corp. Sdn. Bhd. EFB 5/5 MW Merotai Oil Mill, Sabah Golden Hope Plantations Biomass 10/10 MW Johor Kim Loong Biomass 12/9 MW Kilang Sawit felda Penggeli, Johor Felda Biomass 8/7 MW
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 80 - Annex F: Assessment of Barriers, Recommendations and Priorities Category Barrier Possible solutions Priority General acceptance The concept of POM residues for energy are not well known in general public Involve public persons, politicians in media promotion of energy from biomass Set up an institution to collect and disseminate experiences, and to actively support market development through assistance to entrepreneurs, development of standards etc. (details in biomass report) General campaigning for biomass as a fuel (roadshow, media etc.) 2 Biomass is generally perceived as a messy fuel Promote positive GHG effects of biomass fuels Reduce "mess" through closed handling systems Focus on flue gas cleaning: good combustion quality, flue gas cleaning equipment and control procedures 2 POMs acceptance Many POMs (Palm Oil Mills) see energy as less attractive than other - potential products, the economic of energy market is not promising Improve economic conditions Study and disseminate energy services superior economic performance as compared to mulching and industrial products Focus on economic benefits (increased oil from EFB, fuels sales value, energy services 1 Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 81 - Category Barrier Possible solutions Priority value) rather than problems Demonstrate economic and practical viability in 2 successful demonstration plants - and create media interest for results - promote the POM owner who makes money from biomass POM's are generally reluctant to involve themselves in a new uncertain market Involve government controlled POM's (the FELDA mills) in a forced market development - create an obligation to make fuel supply contracts Involve a privately owned POM group (UP, Golden Hope or similar) in a front-runner market development through personal involvement of key executives in the company Mandatory shredding of all EFB 1 Industry acceptance No first mover and lack of success stories due to uncertainty and messy fuel Subsidy scheme Information Demonstration units in 2-5 industries Encourage BOOT contracts 3 Power sector acceptance Uncertainty towards co-firing technology Transfer know-how from co-firing biomass in other countries Start a RD&D programme to solve problems 2 Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 82 - Category Barrier Possible solutions Priority associated with co-firing (standards, pretreatment, milling, biomass fraction, fly ash utilization, lower processing costs) Perform a systems study to identify best supply chain, fuel quality and fuel source Access to fuel No secure supply of EFB biomass- Hard to get long term contract - POM's may refuse to sign a supply contract Set up two demonstration facilities including contracting companies, to demonstrate fuel supply systems, reliability and fuel quality Provide investment funds for such demonstration facilities 1 Non-energy competitive usages of EFB including common practice of mulching and others which is in developing phases e.g. composting Make a market versus volume assessment of potential markets for industrial use of EFB (listing in biomass report) Demonstrate economic balance between other usages and energy (power, steam and fuel) 2 Seasonal fluctuation of EFB production
Establishing EFB supply contract 2 General: introduce subsidies from an energy fund 2 Economy Economic of scale and unattractive tariffs cause the payback or ROI not attractive enough to drive the market CHP: increase tariff from app. RM 0.17/kWh to RM 0.22/kWh (financed by all power 1 Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 83 - Category Barrier Possible solutions Priority consumers) Fuel supply: expand existing support schemes for agricultural development to POM's or others investing in fuel supply systems 2 Industry: introduce an investment subsidy scheme - require information as payback
2 Fossil fuel based boilers more attractive due to low (subsidized) fuel price Reduce or remove fossil fuel subsidies Subsidize biomass fuels to same extend as fossil fuels Subsidize Investments in biomass supply systems or boilers 2 Uncompetitive of biomass as industrial boilers fuel at certain areas with low-tariff natural gas Introduce more market-oriented natural gas tariffs (international market value rather than national subsidized price) (details in Policy report from January 2005) 2 Technicalities 3 barriers for POM CHP: 1: Missing power grid connection to POM's; 2: Administrative work to make REPPA contract for power sales is overwhelming high; 3: Standby charges are prohibitive Institute an obligation for TNB to connect for free any mill that wants to be connected Remove standby charges, or ease conditions (details in policy report). Institute very simple power sales contracts (details in policy report) 1 Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 84 - Category Barrier Possible solutions Priority Missing market for excess heat (steam) at the POM Encourage co-location of steam consuming industries at POM sites. 2 Suitability of EFB as a fuel Demonstrate boilers for EFB Choose boilers for demonstration very carefully (collect existing experiences with different boiler-fuel combinations, different manufacturers) - failure in demonstration units is a disaster! Develop (optimize) and demonstrate fuel supply systems Open a RD&D programme, and a "Centre for Biomass Technology" 2 Reliability of EFB Energy Production Technologies Communicate, that reliability is always less than oil/gas Set up a network of operating personal from such installations Require access to operational experience from boilers under subsidy scheme Collect and disseminate operational experience, benchmarking data and best practice solutions Educate operating personal 2 Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 85 - Category Barrier Possible solutions Priority Lack of understanding of EFB fuel yet no standard for the fuel lead to difficulty in pricing and trading of EFB fuel Prepare and introduce standards for fuel trade - specifications for moisture, heating value, fiber length, impurities and control procedures 3
1: Extremely important 2: Very important 3: Important
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 86 - Annex G: Sensitivity Analysis for 10 MWe EFB Power Plant IRR
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 87 -
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 88 - Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 89 - Annex H: Discussion Notes from Stakeholder Workshop in Johor BIOMASS SUPPLY CHAIN WORKSHOP, JOHOR BAHRU Date : 9 Dec 2005 Time : 2.30 -5.00 pm Venue : Clubhouse, Sofitel Palm Resort, Senai Present : Soeren Varming, Key Advisor, DANIDA RE/EE Component Tham Ah Fun, Deputy CTA, DANIDA RE/EE Component Soon Hun Yang, Eco-Ideal Consulting Sdn Bhd Liew Shuk Huey, Eco-Ideal Consulting Sdn Bhd Mohd Iskandar Majidi, Mensilin Holdings Sdn Bhd Chang Chow Swan, Kim Loong Palm Oil Mill Rakesh, Malim Sawit Ganesh, Malim Sawit K. Sankaran, Malim Sawit Mohd Ramli Adnan, Felda Palm Industries Sdn. Bhd (FPISB) Ahmad Nor Azman Bin Jamin, FELDA Holdings Bhd Shuhaimi Ismail, Kilang Sawit Kahang, FPISB Mohd Tahrir Bin Roham, Kilang Sawit Belitong, FPISB Mohamed Fazil Mohamed Said, Kilang Sawit Penggeli, FPISB Latif Yusof Ghani, Sindora Mill Ahmad Rusuki Hamid, Penggeli Mill, FPISB Hambali Ahmad, Kilang Sawit Kulai, FPISB Abd Samad Shafik, Kilang Sawit Bukit Lawing, THP Bhd
Attachment: 1. Annex 1: Power point presentation slides on Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of EFB (Empty Fruit Bunch) as Renewable Fuel Case of Penggeli 1.0 Introduction The workshop started with an opening remark by Mr. Soeren Varming. He delivered a presentation entitled Introduction to the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Component and gave a brief introduction on the background of the Integrated Resource Planning 2, DANIDA RE/EE Component, and the main objectives of the workshop which were to discuss barriers of developing energy supply from the palm oil sector and to prepare recommendations to be brought back to EPU.
2.0 Biomass Supply Chain Study Mr. Soon presented the background, scope and approach of the BARRIER ANALYSIS FOR THE SUPPLY CHAIN OF EFB (EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH) AS RENEWABLE FUEL Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 90 - with the proposed Penggeli Plant as a demonstration. The power point presentation is attached as Annex 1.
3.0 Discussions & Decisions Some comments on the study by the participants: The assessment should be carried out from two view points, the palm oil mills and the power plant operators Besides calculating the current EFB values associated with its usage, the affordable EFB price for the power plant should be quantified backwards from the SREP electric tariff To compare the energy value of EFB with other fuel such as coal and its equivalent monetary value.
The millers are using their own biomass (PKS and fiber) as boiler fuels. The usage of diesel is minimal. In addition, in order to fully utilize their biomass, Malim Sawit shreds the EFB into fiber and burns them together with shells in boilers. Most of the participants agreed that the best option of EFB utilisation is to burn for energy generation. There is secure demand for the energy, unlike composting where the off take is slow if there is no demand for the final product. Incineration is not a wise option since DOE may withdraw the incinerators licenses in due time. En. Azman (FELDA Holdings Bhd) informed that instead of 7.5 MW presented by Mr. Soon (Eco-Ideal), the SREP license approved capacity has been increased to 9 MW after appeal. However, the size of the plant is still considered small and not so feasible in economic terms when associated with the low electricity sale tariff as the main problem faced by biomass power plant operators. The EFB fuel supply issue was raised. However for the proposed plant, this problem is not as significant due to sufficient in-house supply.
Some ideas/suggestions to overcome the barriers were proposed: Third party financing the power plant Green tax as incentive To increase the electric sale tariff
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 91 - Annex 1: Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of EFB (Empty Fruit Bunch) as Renewable Fuel Case of Penggeli Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 92 - Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 93 - Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 94 - Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 95 - Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 96 -
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 97 - Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 98 -
Barrier Analysis for the Supply Chain of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch as Renewable Fuel January 2005 Sub-component 1 Integrated Resource Planning 2 Activity 1.6 - 99 -