2140201lecture03 Node VoltageAnalysis

2010 Chulalongkorn University
International School of Engineering (ISE)

2140201 Electrical Circuits
Lecture 3 Node-Voltage Analysis
Instructor: Dr. Yan Zhao
2
Dr. Yan Zhao
Circuit Analysis
Although the series/parallel equivalents and the
current/voltage division principles are very
important concepts, they are not sufficient to
solve all circuits problems.
Node-voltage analysis
Mesh-current analysis
3
Dr. Yan Zhao
Node-Voltage Analysis
Node-voltage analysis provides a general procedure
for analyzing circuits using node voltages as the circuit
variables.
Easier
More methodical
Still based on Ohms law, KVL, & KCL
Node-voltage analysis is one of two key methods,
mesh analysis is the other.
Based on KCL.
Must understand terminology introduced earlier.
Use to solve for voltages, all voltages have a common
reference point.
4
Dr. Yan Zhao
Steps to Determine Node Voltages
1. Select a node as the reference node. Assign voltages
v
1
, v
2
, . . . , v
n-1
to the remaining n 1 nodes. The
voltages are referenced with respect to the reference
node.
5
Dr. Yan Zhao
2. Apply KCL to each of the n 1 nonreference
nodes. Use Ohms law to express the branch
currents in terms of node voltages.
At node 1, applying KCL gives
I
1
= I
2
+ i
1
+ i
2
At node 2,
I
2
+ i
2
= i
3
Current flows from a higher
potential to a lower potential in a
resistor.
6
Dr. Yan Zhao
3. Solve the resulting simultaneous equations to obtain
the unknown node voltages.
I
1
= I
2
+ v
1
/R
1
+ (v
1
v
2
)/R
2
I
2
+ (v
1
v
2
)/R
2
= v
2
/R
3
7
Dr. Yan Zhao
All three laws are used.
KCL is applied at each labeled node except the
reference node.
Ohms law is used to determine the current in
branches that contain resistors.
KVL is used to determine the voltage drop
across the resistors.
8
Dr. Yan Zhao
9
Dr. Yan Zhao
s
v v =
1
0
3
3 2
4
2
2
1 2
=
+ +
R
v v
R
v
R
v v
0
3
2 3
5
3
1
1 3
=
+ +
R
v v
R
v
R
v v
10
Dr. Yan Zhao
Write node-voltage equations for the circuit.
Example
0
2
2 1
1
1
= +
+
s
i
R
v v
R
v
0
4
3 2
3
2
2
1 2
=
+ +
R
v v
R
v
R
v v
s
i
R
v v
R
v
=
+
4
2 3
5
3
11
Dr. Yan Zhao
Exercise
Write node-voltage equations for the circuit.
12
Dr. Yan Zhao
Example
Find node-voltages v
1
and v
2
.
13
Dr. Yan Zhao
Example (cont)
10 4 0 2 10 0
5 10 10
10
50 8 0 2 50 5 0
10 5 2
10
2 1 2 1 2 2
2 1 2 2
2 1 2 1 1 1
2 1 1 1
= + = + + = +
= = + + =
+ +
V V V V V V
V V V V
V V V V V V
V V V V
77 . 6
10 4
19 . 4
31
130
130 31
80 32 8
50 8
2 1
2
2
2 1
2 1
=
=
=
=
=
= +
=
V V
V
V
V V
V V
14
Dr. Yan Zhao
Exercise
Find node-voltages v
1
, v
2
and v
3
.
15
Dr. Yan Zhao
Exercise (cont)
0 4 4 2 0
5 20 10
0 100 2 2 0 10
5 10
0 2 2 4 0
10 5 20
2 3 1 3 3
2 3 1 3 3
3 2 1 2
3 2 1 2
2 1 1 3 1
2 1 1 3 1
= + + =
+
= + + = +
= + + =
+ +
v v v v v
v v v v v
v v v v
v v v v
v v v v v
v v v v v
0 7 4
100 2 3
0 2 7
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
= +
= +
=
v v v
v v v
v v v
16
Dr. Yan Zhao
Supernodes
We obtain dependent equations if we use all of the nodes in a
network to write KCL equations.
17
Dr. Yan Zhao
( ) ( )
0
15 15
3
2
4
2
1
1
2
1
=

+ +

+
R
v
R
v
R
v
R
v
Circuits with Voltage Sources
18
Dr. Yan Zhao
V 10
1 2
= v v
Use KVL for a Second Independent Equation
19
Dr. Yan Zhao
Example
20
Dr. Yan Zhao
0 10
2 1
= + + v v
1
3
3 2
2
3 1
1
1
=
+
R
v v
R
v v
R
v
0
4
3
3
2 3
2
1 3
= +
R
v
R
v v
R
v v
1
4
3
1
1
= +
R
v
R
v
KVL:
KCL for supernode at 10V source:
KCL for node 3:
KCL for reference node:
Example (cont)
21
Dr. Yan Zhao
First, we write KCL equations at each node,
including the current of the controlled source
just as if it were an ordinary current source.
Node-Voltage Analysis with a Dependent Source
x s
i i
R
v v
2
1
2 1
+ =
0
3
3 2
2
2
1
1 2
=
+ +
R
v v
R
v
R
v v
0 2
4
3
3
2 3
= + +
x
i
R
v
R
v v
22
Dr. Yan Zhao
3
2 3
R
v v
i
x

=
Example (cont)
Next, we find an expression for the controlling
variable i
x
in terms of the node voltages.
23
Dr. Yan Zhao
3
2 3
1
2 1
2
R
v v
i
R
v v
s

+ =
0
3
3 2
2
2
1
1 2
=
+ +
R
v v
R
v
R
v v
0 2
3
2 3
4
3
3
2 3
=
+ +
R
v v
R
v
R
v v
Example (cont)
Substitution yields:
24
Dr. Yan Zhao
Steps of Node-Voltage Analysis
1. Select a reference node and assign variables
for the unknown node voltages. If the
reference node is chosen at one end of an
independent voltage source, one node voltage
is known at the start, and fewer need to be
computed.
25
Dr. Yan Zhao
2. Write network equations. First, use KCL to
write current equations for nodes and
supernodes. Write as many current equations
as you can without using all of the nodes.
Then if you do not have enough equations
because of voltage sources connected between
nodes, use KVL to write additional equations.
26
Dr. Yan Zhao
3. If the circuit contains dependent sources, find
expressions for the controlling variables in
terms of the node voltages. Substitute into the
network equations, and obtain equations
having only the node voltages as unknowns.
27
Dr. Yan Zhao
4. Put the equations into standard form and solve
for the node voltages.
5. Use the values found for the node voltages to
calculate any other currents or voltages of
interest.
28
Dr. Yan Zhao
Example
v
1
v
2
A. 33 . 1
3
4
5
3
20
3
10
10 3
2
2 1
1
= = =
= =
=
v
i
v v
v
a
10 ) 10 ( 2 1
5 10
10 10
1 1
2 1
1 2 1 2
= + + = +
+ = =
v v
v v
v v v v
Find v
1
and v
2
.
29
Dr. Yan Zhao
Exercise
v
1 v
2
. A 259 . 0 , V 97 . 18 , V 79 . 13
2 1
= = =
b
i v v
Find v
1
, v
2
, and i
b
.
Answer:
30
Dr. Yan Zhao
Example
v
1
x x
x x
i v
v
i
i v i
v v
10 20 2
5
10
10 10 2 2
5 5
10
1
1
1
1 1
= +
=
= = +
Find v
1
and i
x
.
A. 5 . 0
10 20
=
=
x
x
i
i
31
Dr. Yan Zhao
Exercise
v
1
v
2
A. 31 . 2 =
y
i
Find i
y
.
Answer:

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2010 Chulalongkorn University

International School of Engineering (ISE)

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