ModTech International Conference - New face of TMCR

Modern Technologies, Quality and Innovation - New face of TMCR

25-27 May 2011, Vadul lui Voda-Chisinau, Reu!lic of Moldo"a 1



MODERN TECHNOLOGIES FOR THE ANALYSIS OF FIRE ACTION IN
CLOSED COMPARTMENTS

Dan Diaconu otropa
1
, Miai !ra"i#
1
$ Mia#%a I"&n#'cu
1


1
Technical #ni"ersity $%heor&he 'sachi( of Iasi-Ro)ania, *eart)ent of Ci"il +n&ineerin& and +,ui)ents
Corresondin& author -who uload the a!stract./ Mihaela I!0nescu, i!)ih1yahoo2co)

Abstract: The aer resents an e3eri)ental test,
erfor)ed at the 4aculty of Ci"il +n&ineerin& and
+,ui)ents fro) #2T2 Iasi, concernin& the assess)ent of
elasticity )odulus "ariation for a )aterial called
5+R67T+N, when it is su!8ected to te)erature chan&es
roduced !y a real fire2
The test results are co)ared to those &i"en !y ro&ra)
4*7 -4ire *yna)ics 7i)ulation., "ersion 52
The tests ha"e !een erfor)ed on two tyes of )odels/
aralleleieds and cylinders2
9ther asects re"ealed !y tests refer to te)erature and
s)o& distri!ution inside and outside the )odel and
defor)a!ility2
Key words: fire action, co)!ustion, fire scenario, !urnin&,
nu)erical si)ulation2
1( INTROD)CTION
The aer is !ased on an e3eri)ental test, de"eloed
in the fra)ewor: of a research ro8ect na)ed/
(7tudies concernin& the resonse of anisotroic shells
-)ade of layered co)osite )aterials, associated
)aterials or syste)s of e,ui"alent ca!les. to static
and dyna)ic actions -wind, earth,ua:e, fire.(
-Vra!ie, 2007.2 The e3eri)ental tests and the
nu)erical si)ulations )ain uroses are/
- ,uantitati"e and ,ualitati"e infor)ation referrin& to
anisotroic cylindrical shell resonse -dislace)ents,
)odulus of elasticity. to the fire action;
a2 !
4i&2 12 +3eri)ental )odel
- co)arisons !etween the test results -fla)e
di)ension, te)erature. and the nu)erical analysis
results erfor)ed !y usin& ro&ra) 4*7 -4ire
*yna)ic 7i)ulator., "ersion 5, created !y <uildin&
and 4ire Research =a!oratory of NI7T -#7'. and
VTT -4inland., ro&ra) of C*4 -Co)utational
4luid *yna)ics. tye, !ased on "olu)e ele)ent
)ethod ->a::arainen, 2002.2
The resent wor: e)hasi?es the second ai) of the
ro8ect, referrin& to the use of )odern technolo&ies
for the analysis of !urnin& in closed co)art)ents,
!y usin& co)uter ro&ra)s of C4* tye -Ca"arool
et al2, 2010.2
This )ethod is already used in countries with hi&h
e3erience in this field, li:e #nited 5in&do) and
#nited 7tates of ')erica, as a to research tool
-*rysdale, 200@.2
*( MODEL DESCRIPTION
The )odel -scale 1/1. su!8ected to e3eri)ental tests
is a cylinder, 2) in inner dia)eter, 1) in hei&ht and
0202) in wall thic:ness -4i&21a,!.2 It is )ade of a
co)osite )aterial, ha"in& as )atri3 a )aterial
called 5erysten reinforced with a nettin& of &lass
fi!res2 5erysten is a hydraulic sulhate !inder, ha"in&
a !
4i&2 22 +3eri)ental )odel e,uied with )easurin& de"ices
as !asic )aterial hydrated sulhate of li)e or dry
&ysu)2
The test scenario re,uires the use of a tray for @0l
*iesel fuel, with !orders 0210) in hei&ht, located
inside the )odel, at its lower art, and a ca with a
cor!el, 0210) in hei&ht, and a central circular hole,
025A5) in radius -area around 1)
2
.2 The tray and the
ca assure the co)!ustion )aintenance and control,
in order to o!tain the te)erature field for )odel
defor)ation2 The )odel is e,uied with different
)easurin& de"ices -4i&22.2
The te)eratures on the inner surface of the )odel
ha"e !een re&istered !y usin& si3 ther)ocoules of 5
tye, ha"in& the )easurin& ran&e u to 1B00
0
C2 They
are located on two &eneratrices of the cylinder, 120
0
aart, the distance !etween the), alon& the )odel
hei&ht, !ein& 0225)2 The outut data ha"e !een
stored !y a syste) with 12 channels, roduced !y
Cole Car)er -#7'.2
a !
4i&2 B2 Virtual )odels with finite "olu)es for !urnin& analysis
The te)eratures on the outer surface of the cylinder
ha"e !een )easured !y usin& a IR ca)era, while the
)easure)ent of the outer dislace)ents of the )odel
ha"e !een erfor)ed !y usin& dislace)ent &a&es of
C+=+7C9 CT5'V tye, disosed on a &eneratri3,
!etween those ro"ided with ther)ocoules2 The
outut data ac,uisition has !een done with a syste)
of +7'M TR'V+==+R C4 tye2
The free radial dislace)ent of the cylinder has !een
carried out !y usin& a suort )ade of two steel
lates with two !olts, which restrained the
dislace)ent alon& the ortho&onal direction2
The e3eri)ental )odel cali!ration resu)ed two
tyes of nu)erical si)ulations/
12 nu)erical si)ulations for the control of hot &ases
distri!ution and te)erature inside the )odel and in
its nei&h!ourhood;
22 nu)erical si)ulations for esta!lishin& the si?e
order of the )easured dislace)ents2
Ta:in& into account the no"elty of the e3eri)ent
fro) two oints of "iew/ the staff lac: of e3erience
and the fire dan&er in"ol"ed !y the test, the
researchers decided to erfor) nu)erical si)ulations
for !urnin& heno)enon with the hel of a
seciali?ed co)uter ro&ra) called 4*7 -4ire
*yna)ics 7i)ulator.2
2
The control of hot &ases distri!ution and te)eratures
!y nu)erical si)ulation has !een done !y usin& two
"irtual )odels with finite "olu)es/
- a aralleleied )odel -4i& Ba., ha"in& the sa)e
"olu)e as the real )odel, with a ca with central
hole, 1)
2
in area, at the to, and a layer of *iesel
fuel, 0205) in thic:ness -corresondin& to 1A0l
*iesel fuel., at the !otto);
- a cylindrical )odel -4i&2B!., e,ual in "olu)e to the
real )odel, with a ca with central hole, 1)
2
in area,
at the to, and a layer of *iesel fuel, 02025) in
thic:ness -corresondin& to @0l *iesel fuel., at the
!otto)2 The second )odel was )ore co)le3 than
the first one, and in a !etter a&ree)ent to the
e3eri)ental test2 The )odel was e,uied with
nu)erical de"ices for re&isterin& the te)erature,
which ha"e !een located on the inner surface of the
co)art)ent, 0225 ), 0250 ), 0275 ) and 1200 )
aart fro) the )odel !otto)2 's a result of usin&
se"eral "irtual )odels -with a central or eriheral
hole located at the uer or lower art of the )odel,
ha"in& di)ensions/ 02D ) 3 02D ), 02A ) 3 02A ), or
02@ ) 3 02@ )., it has !een decided that the
e3eri)ental test will !e erfor)ed on a cylinder
without any hole at the lower art, !ut with a hole, 1
)
2
in area, at the uer art -Tho)as E <ennetts,
1FFF.2 's concerns the fuel ,uantity, it has !een
adoted a final *iesel fuel layer 02025 ) in thic:ness
-e,ui"alent to @0 l of *iesel fuel.2 The initially
adoted ,uantity, of 1A0 l, would lead to a )uch too
&reat !urnin& ti)e, and the ,uantity of outut data
would e3ceed the a"aila!le )e)ory of the re&isterin&
de"ices2
a !
4i&2 D2 Relation te)erature-ti)e -a2 on the inner surface; !2 on the outer surface.
+( E,PERIMENTAL TEST AND
N)MERICAL SIM)LATION
The e3eri)ent too: lace on the outer latfor) of
the 4aculty of Ci"il +n&ineerin& and +,ui)ents
fro) Technical #ni"ersity of IaGi2
In case of usin& @0l *iesel fuel, the !urnin& has !een
re&istered 15 )inutes !efore fire fi&htin&2 It has !een
decided that !urnin& could not last )ore than 1@-20
)inutes, accordin& to the re)ainin& fuel, floatin& on
the water in the tray2
The te)eratures &enerated !y fire on the inner and
outer surfaces of the )odel are resented in -4i&2Da.
and -4i&2D!., resecti"ely2
The nu)erical test -RoGu E *iaconu-Hotroa, 200F.
is !ased on a "irtual )odel with finite "olu)es which
consists in/
- a sace, ha"in& di)ensions D25) alon& I
a3is, D) alon& 6 a3is and D) in J a3is
direction;
- a cylinder, 2) in the inner dia)eter, 1) in
hei&ht, 0202) in wall thic:ness;
- a late at the uer art of the cylinder, with
a central circular hole, 025A) in radius
-aro3i)ately 1)
2
in area.2
The !oundary conditions refer to the initial
te)erature of the fire co)art)ent, which is B
0
C,
and to the *iesel fuel ,uantity of @0l, which ensures a
layer of fuel at the lower art of the cylinder, 02025)
in thic:ness, and a rate of heat de"elo)ent ->RR.
e,ual to F0F :KL)
2
2
The !urnin& analysis has !een erfor)ed !y usin&
4*7 ro&ra) that offers infor)ation a!out to the rate
of heat, fla)e and s)o& de"elo)ent durin& fire, as
well as infor)ation concernin& the te)eratures
inside the analy?ed co)art)ent, at certain ti)e
inter"als2
The results "iew has !een done with 7)o:e"iew, ost
rocessor ro&ra) of 4*72
The )ost i)ortant asects re"ealed !y the test refer
to the )a3i)u) di)ension of the fla)e, si)ulated
!y the rate of the released heat -4i&25a. and the
distri!ution of te)eratures in the analy?ed
co)art)ent, corresondin& to the )a3i)u) fla)e
di)ensions -4i&25!.2
-( CONCL)SIONS
The e3eri)ent re"eals so)e i)ortant conclusions
concernin& the co)!ustion ro!le)s2
B
a !
4i&2 52 <urnin& si)ulation accordin& to ro&ra) 4*7
The te)erature on the inner surface of the cylinder
is near 700
0
C, while the nu)erical si)ulation leads
to a te)erature of @00
0
C -4i&25!.2 The difference
could !e e3lained !y the heat dissiation in the free
sace of the real !urnin&, co)ared to the heat
accu)ulation in the closed "olu)e of the fire
co)art)ent, in case of nu)erical si)ulation2
The )a3i)u) len&th of the fla)e, )easured fro)
the ca le"el, is aro3i)ately twice the cylinder
hei&ht and is in &ood a&ree)ent with the results of
the nu)erical si)ulation -4i&25a.2
The !eha"iour of the whole structure )ade of
5erysten, su!8ected to an i)ortant te)erature
chan&e, is not satisfactory2 The collase is caused !y
the )assi"e crac:in& of the !asic )aterial2 The
cylinder )aintained its initial osition due to the
nettin& of &lass fi!res2 't the first )o)ents of the
e3eri)ent, for a short ti)e, the relation ti)e - radial
dislace)ents is a linear one and then, the
dislace)ents re)ain constant u to the final
)o)ent, of fire fi&htin&2
The nettin& of &lass fi!res, unrotected !y the !asic
)aterial, which has crac:ed durin& the e3eri)ent,
!eco)es !rittle under the hi&h te)erature action2
's a final conclusion, the use of such a )aterial for
structures su!8ected to fire action -li:e ies for
co)!usti!le fluids or tan:s for storin& the). is not a
roer one, fro) fire resistance oint of "iew2
The e3eri)ental tests on the hysical )odel, in
connection with the nu)erical si)ulation, !ased on
4*7 ro&ra))e, reresent a )odern technolo&y of
analy?in& the !urnin& heno)enon2 This technolo&y,
which has !een de"eloed first of all in the aircraft
field, e3tends now to other fields, li:e )achines
)anufacturin& and ci"il en&ineerin&, where cases of
controlled or uncontrolled !urnin& -fire. could occur2
'c:nowled&e)ents/ This wor: was suorted !y
CNC7I7-#+4I7C7#, Cro8ect CN II-I*+I, code
I*MA1F, contract no2A02
.( REFERENCES
12 <urlacu, =2 E *iaconu-Hotroa, *2 -200@.2 Fire
security of buildings and equi!ents, +d2 $Matei Teiu
<ote?(, I7<N/ F7@-F7B-@F55-DA-2, IaGi, Ro)ania2
22 Ca"arool, *2; RoGu, *2 E *iaconu-Hotroa, *2
-2010.2 "ti!i#ing the construction ele!ents of
underground ar$ing through te!erature
distribution analysis in fire situations, Croceedin&s of
*e"elo)ent, +ner&y, +n"iron)ent, +cono)ics
-*+++., 2 212-217, I7<N/ F7@-FA0-D7D-25B-0,
Tenerife, Canary Islands, 7ain2
B2 *rysdale, *2 -200@.2 %n Introduction to Fire
&yna!ics '(econd )dition*, Nohn Kiley E 7ons,
I7<N/ F7@-0D71-F72F0-7-c., +n&land2
D2 >a::arainen, T2 -2002.2 (tudies on Fire (afety
%ssess!ent of Construction +roducts, VTT
Cu!lication, I7<N/ 0-F25-22B-25-5, 4inland2
52 RoGu, *2 E *iaconu-Hotroa, *2 -200F.2
Nu!erical si!ulation of e,haust s!o$e and hot gases
rocesses in fire for areas-buildings with co!le,
geo!etry, Croceedin&s of 7
th
International
7y)osiu) $Co)utational Ci"il +n&ineerin&
200F(, 2 271-2@1, I7<N/ F7@-F7B-@F55-A@-D, IaGi,
Ro)ania2
A2 Tho)as, I2R2 E <ennetts, I2*2 -1FFF.2 Fire in
enclosures with single ventilation oenings .
co!arison of long and wide enclosures, Croceedin&s
of A
th
International 7y)osiu) on 4ire 7afety
7cience, 2 5A7-575, I7<N/ F51-B@-5F71-1, Coitiers,
4rance2
72 Vra!ie, M2 -2007.2 (tudies concerning the
resonse of anisotroic shells '!ade of layered
co!osite !aterials, associated !aterials or syste!s
of equivalent cables* to static and dyna!ic actions
'wind, earthqua$e, fire*2 Cro8ect CN II-I*+I, code
I*MA1F, contract no2A02
72 OOO Fire &yna!ics (i!ulator '/ersion 0* 1ser2s
3uide -2010.2 NI7T, 7#'2
D
5