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مقاومة مواد
مقاومة مواد
k
i
j
F
k
F
k
F
k
F
k
i
j
Truss Analysis: Force Method, Part I by S. T. Mau
57
(2j)th equation (y-direction): (Sin )F
k
to the LHS
Contribution from externally applied forces. An externally applied force, applying at
node i with a magnitude of P
n
making an angle from the x-axis as shown, contributes
to:
Externally applied force acting at a node.
(2i-1)th equation (x-direction): (Cos )P
n
to the RHS
(2i)th equation (y-direction): (Sin)P
n
to the RHS
Contribution from reaction forces. A reaction force at node i with a magnitude of R
n
making an angle from the x-axis as shown, contributes to:
Reaction force acting at a node.
(2i-1)th equation (x-direction): (-Cos )R
n
to the LHS
(2i)th equation (y-direction): (-Sin)R
n
to the LHS
Input and solution procedures. From the above definition of forces, we can develop
the following solution procedures.
(1) Designate member number, global node number, global nodal coordinates, and
member starting and end node numbers. From these input, we can compute member
length, l, and other data for each member with starting node i and end node j:
x = x
j
x
i
; y = y
j
y
i
; L=
2 2
) ( ) ( y x + ; Cos =
L
x
; Sin =
L
y
.
(2) Define reaction forces, including where the reaction is at and the orientation of the
reaction, one at a time. The cosine and sine of the orientation of the reaction force
should be input directly.
(3) Define externally applied forces, including where the force is applied and the
magnitude and orientation, defined by the cosine and sine of the orientation angle.
i
i
R
n
P
n
Truss Analysis: Force Method, Part I by S. T. Mau
58
(4) Compute the contribution of member forces, reaction forces, and externally applied
forces to the equilibrium equation and place them to the matrix equation. The force
unknowns are sequenced with the member forces first, F
1
, F
2
,F
M
, followed by
reaction force unknowns, F
M+1
, F
M+2
,,F
M+R
.
(5) Use a linear simultaneous algebraic equation solver to solve for the unknown forces.
Example 11. Find all support reactions and member forces of the loaded truss shown.
A truss problem to be solved by the matrix method of joint.
Solution. We shall provide a step-by-step solution.
(1) Designate member number, global node number, global nodal coordinates, and
member starting and end node numbers and compute member length, L, and other
data for each member.
Nodal Input Data
Node x-coordinate y-coordinate
1 0.0 0.0
2 3.0 4.0
3 6.0 0.0
Member Input and Computed Data
Member
Start
Node
End
Node
x y L Cos Sin
1 1 2 3.0 4.0 5.0 0.6 0.8
2 2 3 3.0 -4.0 5.0 0.6 -0.8
3 1 3 6.0 0.0 6.0 1.0 0.0
(2) Define reaction forces.
x
y
1
2
4m
3m
3
3m
1 2
3
1.0 kN
0.5 kN
Truss Analysis: Force Method, Part I by S. T. Mau
59
Reaction Force Data
Reaction At Node Cos Sin
1 1 1.0 0.0
2 1 0.0 1.0
3 3 0.0 1.0
(3) Define externally applied forces.
Externally Applied Force Data
Force At Node Magnitude Cos Sin
1 2 0.5 1.0 0.0
2 2 1.0 0.0 -1.0
(4) Compute the contribution of member forces, reaction forces, and externally applied
forces to the equilibrium equations and set up the matrix equation.
Contribution of Member Forces
Equation Number and Value of Entry
Member
Number
Force
Number
2i-1 Coeff. 2i Coeff. 2j-1 Coeff. 2j Coeff.
1 1 1 0.6 2 0.8 3 0.6 4 0.8
2 2 3 0.6 4 0.8 5 0.6 6 0.8
3 3 1 1.0 2 0.0 5 1.0 6 0.0
Contribution of Reaction Forces
Equation Number and Value of Entry Reaction
Number
Force
Number
2i-1 Coeff. 2i Coeff.
1 4 1 -1.0 2 0.0
2 5 1 0.0 2 -1.0
3 6 5 0.0 6 -1.0
Contribution of Externally Applied Forces
Equation Number and Value of Entry Applied
Force
2i-1 Coeff. 2i Coeff.
1 1 1.0 2 0.0
2 1 0.0 2 1.0
3 5 0.0 6 1.0
Using the above data, we obtain the equilibrium equation in matrix form:
Truss Analysis: Force Method, Part I by S. T. Mau
60
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0 . 1 0 0 0 . 0 8 . 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 0 . 1 6 . 0 0
0 0 0 0 8 . 0 8 . 0
0 0 0 0 6 . 0 6 . 0
0 0 . 1 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 8 . 0
0 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 6 . 0
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6
5
4
3
2
1
F
F
F
F
F
F
=
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0
0
0 . 1
5 . 0
0
0
(5) Solve for the unknown forces. An equation solver produces the following solutions,
where the units are added by the user:
F
1
= 0.21 kN; F
2
= 1.04 kN; F
3
= 0.62 kN;
F
4
= 0.50 kN; F
5
= 0.17 kN; F
6
= 0.83 kN;
Truss Analysis: Force Method, Part I by S. T. Mau
61
Problem 3.
(1) The loaded truss shown is different from that in Example 11 only in the externally
applied loads. Modify the results of Example 11 to establish the matrix equilibrium
equation for this problem.
Problem 3-1.
(2) Establish the matrix equilibrium equation for the loaded truss shown.
Problem 3-2.
x
y
1
2
4m
3m
3
3m
1 2
3
1.0 kN
0.5 kN
x
y
1
2
4m
3m
3
3m
1 2
1.0 kN
0.5 kN
Truss Analysis: Force Method, Part I by S. T. Mau
62
Force transfer matrix. Consider the same three-bar truss as in the previous example
problems. If we apply a unit force one at a time at one of the six possible positions, i.e. x-
and y-directions at each of the three nodes, we have six separate problems as shown
below.
Truss with unit loads.
The matrix equilibrium equation for the first problem appears in the following form:
x
y
1
2
4m
3m
3
3m
1 2
3
x
y
1
2
4m
3m
3
3m
1 2
3
x
y
1
2
4m
3m
3
3m
1 2
3
x
y
1
2
4m
3m
3
3m
1 2
3
x
y
1
2
4m
3m
3
3m
1
2
3
x
y
1
2
4m
3m
3
3m
1
2
3
1 kN
1 kN
1 kN
1 kN
1 kN
1 kN
Truss Analysis: Force Method, Part I by S. T. Mau
63
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0 . 1 0 0 0 . 0 8 . 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 0 . 1 6 . 0 0
0 0 0 0 8 . 0 8 . 0
0 0 0 0 6 . 0 6 . 0
0 0 . 1 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 8 . 0
0 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 6 . 0
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6
5
4
3
2
1
F
F
F
F
F
F
=
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0
0
0
0
0
1
(2)
The RHS of the equation is a unit vector. For the other five problems the same matrix
equation will be obtained only with the RHS changed to unit vectors with the unit load at
different locations. If we compile the six RHS vectors into a matrix, it becomes an
identity matrix:
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1 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0 0 1
= I (3)
The six matrix equations for the six problems can be put into a single matrix equation, if
we define the six-by-six matrix at the LHS of Eq. 2 as matrix A,
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0 . 1 0 0 0 . 0 8 . 0 0
0 . 0 0 0 0 . 1 6 . 0 0
0 0 0 0 8 . 0 8 . 0
0 0 0 0 6 . 0 6 . 0
0 0 . 1 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 8 . 0
0 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 6 . 0
= A (4)
and the six force unknown vectors as a single six-by-six matrix F:
A
6x6
F
6x6
= I
6x6
(5)
Truss Analysis: Force Method, Part I by S. T. Mau
64
The solution to the six problems, obtained by solving the six problems one at a time, can
be compiled into the single matrix F:
F
6x6
=
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0 . 1 0 . 0 5 . 0 67 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0
0 . 0 0 . 0 5 . 0 67 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 0
0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 0 0 . 1
0 . 0 0 . 1 38 . 0 5 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0
0 . 0 0 . 0 63 . 0 83 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0
0 . 0 0 . 0 63 . 0 83 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0
(6)
where each column of the matrix F is a solution to a unit load problem. Matrix F is
called the force transfer matrix. It transfers a unit load into the member force and
reaction force unknowns. It is also the inverse of the matrix A, as apparent from Eq. 5.
We can conclude: The nodal equilibrium conditions are completely characterized by the
matrix A, the inverse of it, matrix F , is the force transfer matrix, which transfers any unit
load into member and reaction forces.
If the force transfer matrix is known, either by solving the unit load problems one at a
time or by solving the matrix equation, Eq. 5, with an equation solver, then the solution to
any other loads can be obtained by a linear combination of the force transfer matrix.
Thus the force transfer matrix also characterizes completely the nodal equilibrium
conditions of the truss. The force transfer matrix is particularly useful if there are many
different loading conditions that one wants to solve for. Instead of solving for each loads
separately, one can solve for the force transfer matrix, then solve for any other load by a
linear combination as shown in the following example.
Example 12. Find all support reactions and member forces of the loaded truss shown,
knowing that the force transfer matrix is given by Eq. 6.
A truss problem to be solved with the force transfer matrix.
x
y
1
2
4m
3m
3
3m
1 2
3
1.0 kN
0.5 kN
Truss Analysis: Force Method, Part I by S. T. Mau
65
Solution. The given loads can be cast into a load vector, which can be easily computed as
the combination of the third and fourth unit load vectors as shown below.
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0
0
0 . 1
5 . 0
0
0
= (0.5)
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0
0
0
0 . 1
0
0
+ (1.0)
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0
0
0 . 1
0
0
0
(7)
The solution is then the same linear combination of the third and fourth vectors of the
force transfer matrix:
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6
5
4
3
2
1
F
F
F
F
F
F
= (0.5)
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67 . 0
67 . 0
0 . 1
5 . 0
83 . 0
83 . 0
+ (1.0)
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5 . 0
5 . 0
0 . 0
38 . 0
63 . 0
63 . 0
=
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83 . 0
17 . 0
50 . 0
62 . 0
04 . 1
21 . 0
kN
Truss Analysis: Force Method, Part I by S. T. Mau
66
Problem 4.
(1) The loaded truss shown is different from that in Example 11 only in the externally
applied loads. Use the force transfer matrix of Eq. 6 to find the solution.
Problem 4-1.
(2) The loaded truss shown is different from that in Example 11 only in the externally
applied loads. Use the force transfer matrix of Eq. 6 to find the solution.
Problem 4-2.
x
y
1
2
4m
3m
3
3m
1 2
3
1.0 kN
0.5 kN
x
y
1
2
4m
3m
3
3m
1 2
3
1.0 kN
0.5 kN
1.0 kN