RAPID WALLS FOR RAPID CONSTRUCTION

(Glass Fibre Reinforced Gyps! Load "earin# (GFRG$ Panels$

S% Ra&is'an(ar
)1]
* "% D'i&ya b'ara+'i
)1]
,

[1]
- Final year civil, Tagore Engineering College, Rathinamangalam.
A"STRACT
There is a huge growing requirement of uil!ing materials in "n!ia !ue to the
e#isting housing shortage of $%.& million units '$((&) mainly for the low income grou*s in
uran "n!ia. Estimate! uran housing shortage in $(1$ is $+.,- million, while the housing
shortage of rural "n!ia in $(1$ is %$ million units. Thus total estimate! housing shortage for
.ran / rural "n!ia in $(1$ is +0.,- million units. To meet this challenge, "n!ia requires
innovative, energy efficient uil!ing materials for strong an! !urale housing in fast trac1
metho! of construction at affor!ale cost. "t is also im*ortant that housing an! uil!ings are
!isaster resistant to *rotect the lives an! *ro*erties of *eo*le. 2ll these concerns are involve! in
sustainale an! inclusive !evelo*ment. Ra*i! wall 3anel *rovi!es ra*i! or faster construction
an! contriutes to environmental *rotection, *rovi!ing a solution to many of the aove issues
an! concerns. The *a*er !escries the metho! of construction using Ra*i! wall *anels ase! on
construction manual *re*are! y ""T 4a!ras to suit "n!ian situation. F2CT / RCF, two fertili5er
giants un!er *ulic sector are together setting u* Ra*i! wall an! *laster *ro!ucts manufacturing
*lant at 2malamugal using Ra*i! wall technologies of 2ustralia calle! FACT RCF "ildin#
prodc+s L+d% (FR"L$. F2CT has aout & million tons of in!ustrial y *ro!uct gy*sum. 6y
setting u* Ra*i! wall / 3laster *ro!ucts *lant, they inten! to *ro!uce 1.% million sqm or 1,
million sq ft *anel *er year an! aout ,(((( tons of su*erior quality wall *laster an! wall *utty.
INTRODUCTION
The threat of climate change cause! y the increasing concentration of greenhouse
gases in the atmos*here is *ushing the whole worl! into a catastro*hic crisis situation with
universal concern. The nee! of the $1st century is for energy efficient an! eco-frien!ly *ro!ucts.
The uil!ing in!ustry accounts for %(7 of C8$ emissions. 6uil!ing construction causes C8$
emissions as a result of emo!ie! energy consume! in the *ro!uction of energy intensive
uil!ing materials an! also the recurring energy consum*tion for cooling an! heating of in!oor
environment. Ra*i! wall, also calle! gy*crete *anel is an energy efficient green uil!ing material
with huge *otential for use as loa! earing an! non loa! earing wall *anels. Ra*i! wall is a
large loa! earing *anel with mo!ular cavities suitale for oth e#ternal an! internal walls. "t can
also e use! as interme!iary floor sla9roof sla in comination with RCC as a com*osite
material. :ince the a!vent of innovative Ra*i! wall *anel in 1;;( in 2ustralia, it has een use!
for uil!ings ranging from single storey to me!ium - high rise uil!ings. <ight weighte! Ra*i!
wall has high com*ressive strength, shearing strength, fle#ural strength an! !uctility. "t has very
high level of resistance to fire, heat, water, termites, rot an! corrosion. Concrete infill with
vertical reinforcement ro!s enhances its vertical an! lateral loa! ca*ailities. Ra*i! wall
uil!ings are resistant to earthqua1es, cyclones an! fire.
P,-SICAL AND .AT/RIAL PROP/RTI/S
Ra*i! wall *anel is worl!=s largest loa! earing lightweight *anels. The *anels are
manufacture! with si5e 1$ m lengths, -m height an! 1$% mm thic1ness. Each *anel has %0
mo!ular cavities of $-( mm # ;% mm # -m !imension. The weight of one *anel is 1%%( 1g or %(
1g9sqm. The !ensity is 1.1%g9cm-, eing only 1(-1$7 of the weight of com*arale concrete
9ric1 masonry. The *hysical an! material *ro*erties of *anels are as follows.
o >eight- light weight %( ?g9 sqm
o 2#ial loa! ca*acity 1+( 1@9m' 1+ tons9 m)
o Com*ressive strength &-.$ ?g9cm$
o .nit :hear strength ,(.;( 1@9m
o Fle#ural strength $1.$, 1g9cm$
o Tensile :trength -, ?@9 m
o Auctility %
o Fire resistance % hr rating withstoo! &((-1(((( C
o Thermal Resistance R (.-+ ?9>
o Thermal con!uctivity (.+1&
o Elastic 4o!ulus -(((-+(((4*a
o :oun! transmission':TC) %(
o >ater asor*tion B ,7
The vertical an! lateral loa! ca*aility of Ra*i! wall 3anel can e increase! many fol! y infill
of concrete after *lacing reinforcement ro!s vertically. 2s *er structural requirement, cavities of
wall *anel can e fille! in various cominations C:ee Fig.1.D
0OINTS1
>all to wall E<=, ET=, EF= angle Goints an! hori5ontal wall Goints are ma!e y cutting of inner or outer
flanges or we a**ro*riately an! infill of concrete with vertical reinforcement with stirru*s for
anchorage. Harious construction Goints are illustrate! in Fig.$.
Fig.1I RCC infill to increase loa! ca*aility
Fig.$ various construction Goints
Ra*i! wall 3anel can also e use! for interme!iary floor sla 9 roof sla in comination with
eme!!e! RCC micro-eams an! RCC scree! concrete CFig.-D.
Fig.- JFRJ eme!!e! with RCC micro eams an! RCC scree! concrete
FOUNDATION
For Ra*i! wall uil!ings9 Kousing a conventional foun!ation li1e s*rea! footing, RCC
column footing, raft or *ile foun!ation is use! as *er the soil con!ition an! loa! factors. 2ll
aroun! the uil!ing RCC *linth eam is *rovi!e! at asement *linth level. For erection of *anel
as wall, 1$ mm !ia vertical reinforcement of (.&,m long of which (.%,m *rotru!es u* an!
remaining *ortion with (.1,m angle is *lace! into the RCC *linth eams efore casting. :tarts
u* ro!s are at 1m centre to centre.
RAPIDWALL FOR RAPID CONSTRUCTION
Ra*i! wall enales fast trac1 metho! of construction. Conventional uil!ing construction
involves various cumersome an! time consuming *rocesses, li1e iD masonry wall construction
iiD cement *lastering requiring curing, iiiD casting of RCC slas requiring centering an!
scaffol!ing an! curing ivD removal of centering an! scaffol!ing an! vD *lastering of ceilings an!
so on. "t also contriutes to *ollution an! environmental !egra!ation !ue to !eris left on the site.
"n contrast, Ra*i! wall construction is much faster an! easier. There will e no !eris left at site.
Construction time is minimi5e! to 1,-$(7. "nstea! of ric1 y ric1 construction, Ra*i! wall
enales wall y wall construction. Ra*i! wall also !oes not require cement *lastering as oth
surfaces are smooth an! even an! rea!y for a**lication of s*ecial *rimer an! finishing coat of
*aint.
RAPID CONSTRUCTION ./T,OD
2s *er the uil!ing *lan, each wall *anel will e cut at the factory with millimeter *recision
using an automate! cutting saw. Aoor9win!ow9ventilator, o*enings for 2C unit etc will also e
cut an! *anels for every floor is mar1e! relating to uil!ing !rawing. 3anels are vertically loa!e!
at the factory on stillages for trans*ort to the construction sites on truc1s. Each stillage hol!s , or
0 *re-cut *anels. The stillages are *lace! at the construction site close to the foun!ation for
erection using vehicle mounte! crane or other ty*e of crane with require! oom length for
construction of low, me!ium an! high rise uil!ings. :*ecial lifting Gaws suitale to lift the *ane
are use! y inserting into the cavities an! *ierce! into wes, so that lifting9han!ling of *anels
will e safe. 3anels are erecte! over the RCC *linth eam an! concrete is infille! from to*.
3rotru!e! starts u* ro!s go insi!e cavities as can e seen from. 2ll the *anels are erecte! as *er
the uil!ing *lan y following the notation. Each *anel is erecte! level an! *lum an! will e
su**orte! y lateral *ro*s to 1ee* the *anel in level, *lum an! secure in *osition. 8nce wall
*anels erecte!, !oor an! win!ow frames are fi#e! in *osition using conventional clam*s with
concrete infill of cavities on either si!e. Eme!!e! RCC lintels are to e *rovi!e! wherever
require! y cutting o*en e#ternal flange. Reinforcement for lintels an! RCC sunsha!es can e
*rovi!e! with require! shuttering an! su**ort.
Concre+e infill
2fter inserting vertical reinforcement ro!s as *er the structural !esign an! clam*s for wall
corners are in *lace to 1ee* the wall *anels in *erfect *osition, concrete of 1$ mm si5e aggregate
will e *oure! from to* into the cavities using a small hose to go !own at least 1., to $ m into
the cavities for !irectly *um*ing the concrete from rea!y mi# concrete truc1. For small uil!ing
construction, concrete can e *oure! manually using a funnel. Filling the *anels with concrete is
to e !one in three layers of 1m height with an interval of 1 hr etween each layer. There is no
nee! to use virator ecause gravitational *ressure acts to self com*act the concrete insi!e the
water tight cavities.
/!bedded RCC +ie bea! all arond a+ eac' le&el floor2roof slab1
2n eme!!e! RCC tie eam to floor sla is to e *rovi!e! at each floor sla level, as an
essential requirement of national uil!ing co!e against earth qua1es. For this, we *ortion to
require! eam !e*th at to* is to e cut an! remove! for *lacing hori5ontal reinforcement with
stirru*s an! concrete!.
Rapid 3all for floor2 roof slab in co!bina+ion 3i+' RCC
Ra*i! wall for floor9roof sla will also e cut to require! si5e an! mar1e! with notation. First
the wall Goints an! other cavities an! hori5ontal RCC tie eams are in- fille! with concrete L then
woo!en *lan1 of (.- to (.%, m wi!e is *rovi!e! to room s*an etween the walls with su**ort
wherever eme!!e! micro eams are thereL finally roof *anels will e lifte! y crane using
strong sling tie! at mi!-!iagonal *oint, so that *anel will float *erfectly hori5ontal C:ee Fig.%D

Fig I Floor9roof *anel Fig I Cutting of to* flange
Each roof *anel is *lace! over the wall in such a way that there will e at least a ga* of %( mm.
This is to enale vertical ro!s to e *lace! continuously from floor to floor an! *rovi!e
monolithic RCC frame within Ra*i! wall. >herever eme!!e! micro-eams are there, to*
flanges of roof *anel are cut leaving at least $,mm *roGection.
Reinforcement for micro-eams is *lace! an! wel! mesh as reinforcement is *lace!. Concrete is
*oure! for micro-eams an! RCC sla. These results in the eme!!e! RCC micro eams an! ,(
mm thic1ness scree! concrete ecome a series of MTN eams.
/rec+ion of 3all panel and floor slab for pper floor
The following !ay, erection of wall *anels for the u**er floor can e arrange!. Hertical
reinforcement of floor elow is *rovi!e! with e#tra length so as to *rotru!e to (.%, m to serve as
start u* ro!s an! la* length for u**er floor. 8nce the wall *anels are erecte! on the u**er floor,
vertical reinforcement ro!s are *rovi!e!, !oor9win!ow frames fi#e! an! RCC lintel cast. Then
concrete is fille! where require! an! Goints are fille!. Then RCC tie eam all aroun! is concrete!.
Roof *anel for u**er floor is re*eate! same as groun! floor. For every u**er floor the same
metho! is re*eate!.
FigI Erection of u**er floor *anel
Finis'in# 3or(
8nce concreting of groun! floor roof sla is com*lete!, on the %th !ay, woo!en *lan1s with
su**ort *ro*s in groun! floor can e remove!. Finishing of internal wall corners an! ceiling
corners etc can e !one using wall *utty or s*ecial *laster y e#*erience! 383 *lasterers.
:imultaneously, electrical wor1, water su**ly an! sanitary wor1, floor tiling, mosaic or marle
wor1s, staircase wor1 etc can also e carrie! out. Every u**er floor can e finishe! in the same
way.
.ONOLIT,IC RCC FRA./D STRUCTUR/ INSID/ GLASS FI"/R R/INFORC/D
G-PSU. PAN/L%
"n Ra*i! wall uil!ing an eme!!e! monolithic, thin RCC frame! structure is forme! y iD
ottom RCC *linth eams, iiD vertical columns of infille! cavities, iiiD vertical wall corner Goints
ivD inter-connecte! hori5ontal RCC tie eams, integrate! with vD eme!!e! RCC micro-eams
an! RCC scree! in all floors. "n effect this RCC frame is moul!e! insi!e the JFRJ 3anel.
FigI 4onolithic RCC frame! structure
Testing of Ra*i! wall in 2ustralia an! y TianGin .niversity, in :han!ong 3rovince, China
foun! that the lateral resistance of the concrete filled GFRG walls come from two different
actions viz i) the shear resistance of the Rapid wall and ii) the lateral resistance of internal
reinforced concrete cores as per the paper published by Yu-Fei Wu and ian! in R"#$%
&''()*)+ ,he stren!th of buildin! to ta-e care of a.ial load and lateral/ fle.ural/ shear loads
from wind or cyclone or earth0ua-es is due to the combination of inside R11 frame and Rapid
wall 2anel+ 3ince the reinforced steel also encased within the GFRG panel4 it is protected from
corrosion+
RAPID WALL "UILDING2 ,OUSING IS COOL/R
Conventional uil!ing materials li1e concrete have high thermal con!uctivity an! low thermal
resistance. Conventional concrete roof an! walls ra!iate heat insi!e the uil!ing. Keavy
electrical energy is to e use! to maintain in!oor comfort level. There will e high electric
energy for heating the in!oor !uring winter. "n contrast Ra*i! wall *anel have low thermal
con!uctivity an! high thermal resistance. 2 com*arative research stu!y y 4oh! 3eter Aavis et
al in $((( in .niversity 3utra 4alaysia, :elangor, foun! that in summer in!oor tem*erature of
Jlass Fier Reinforce! Jy*sum 3anel uil!ing is cooler y , to + !egrees Celsius as com*are!
to concrete uil!ing. The high thermal resistance of Ra*i! wall will 1ee* interiors cooler in
summer an! warmer in winter, saving sustantial recurring energy use.
RAPID WALL IS /N/RG- /FFICI/NT
<ow energy consum*tion for mass *ro!uction of uil!ing material an! re!uce! use of
recurring energy for o*erational use is very critical to achieve caron emission re!uction to save
the environment an! fight gloal warming. This is the nee! of the century. The main raw material
is calcine! su*erior quality gy*sum *laster with *urity more than ;(7. Jy*sum *laster, also
calle! 3laster of 3aris, is *ro!uce! y calcining natural mineral gy*sum roc1 CCa:8%$K$8D or
y calcining in!ustrial waste y-*ro!uct gy*sum availale aun!antly in "n!ia at various
locations across the country. The use of a!vance! low energy ase! green / cleaner technology
in re*rocessing 9 recycling the raw material into JFRJ *anels consumes very low energy an!
hel*s to *rotect the environment. Environmental *rotection is economically *rice! now through
caron emission re!uction CCERD tra!ing un!er ?yoto 3rotocol lin1e! through s*ecial mar1et
mechanism CCA4 - Clean Aevelo*ment 4echanismD. This ma1es Ra*i! wall 3anel mass
*ro!uction very suitale to meet the challenge of affor!ale housing for the !e*rive!. 2ccor!ing
to the 4inistry of Kousing, Jovt of "n!ia in Aec $((& uran housing shortage has een
estimate! at aout $%.& million units at the en! of the 1(th Five Oear 3lan C$((+-(&D an! ;;7 of
the shortage *ertains to the economically wea1er sections an! low income grou*s.
RAPID WALL IS FOR AFFORDA"L/ 4UALIT- ,OUSING1
2ccess to a!equate shelter at affor!ale cost y low income section an! common *eo*le is
very im*ortant for "n!ia for inclusive !evelo*ment. The ooming of real estate an! construction
in!ustry has in!ee! shot u* the cost of construction !ue to the ever increasing cost of cement,
steel, ric1s, river san!, concrete materials an! laour cost. "n this situation, safe an! goo!
quality housing will ecome unaffor!ale to all the sections. Commonly use! walling in "n!ia is
ric1 masonry. Cost of ric1 wall with two si!es cement *lastering has increase! y almost %
times !uring the last , years. 6ric1 wall construction cost was Rs %+(9sqm in $((-. This
increase! to Rs 1&(( 9sqm in $((&. "n view of li1ely increase in cost of energy, ric1s, cement,
river san!, water, laour an! hire charges for scaffol!ing etc, the cost of masonry ma!e of ric1s
or concrete loc1s will continue to rise in future. This will ma1e Ra*i! wall *anel much chea*er
an! affor!ale to the uil!ing in!ustry while it will also hel* to *rotect the environment, as one
sqm *anel will save caron emission re!uction of aout 0(?g. Ra*i! wall *anel has e#cellent
acoustic *ro*erties. Testing of *anel y ""T 4a!ras foun! that the *anel elongs to a class of
:TC %( with res*ect to air-orne soun! insulation. "nfill of cavities with locally availale
chea*er materials li1e quarry !ust mi#e! with cement C1I$(D an! water or san! an! cement
C1I$(D u* to lintel9 win!ow height can ma1e the wall soli! an! a!!ress security-relate! concerns.
8ther than 2ustralia an! China, "n!ia is set to enefit from the technology as
Ra*i! wall *anels are to e manufacture! an! mar1ete! in 4umai within few months y
RCF, one of the largest fertili5er com*any of Jovt of "n!ia. F2CT, another large *ulic
un!erta1ing fertili5er com*any in Goint venture with RCF is also setting u* another Ra*i!wall
*lant in Cochin. 2 Ra*i!wall *lant near Chennai is also commissioning an! mar1eting the
*ro!uct shortly. "n Ra*i!wall construction, es*ecially in re*etitive ty*e mass housing, time for
construction will e re!uce! y &,-0(7 therey re!ucing overall overhea! estalishment costs
with re!uce! loc1 u* investment *erio! an! less laour com*onent. Com*arative stu!y of
Ra*i!wall uil!ing an! conventional uil!ing C$ storey 1,(( sqftD shows significant savings in
Ra*i! wall uil!ings. Emo!ie! energy of Ra*i!wall uil!ing is only 0$;$1 1>h, while
conventional same si5e uil!ing woul! have $1,%(( 1>h, therey saving +1.,7 emo!ie!
energy. C:ee Tale 1D
Tale 1I Com*arison of Ra*i! wall vs. conventional uil!ing
US/S OF RAPID WALL
The most valuale use of Ra*i! wall is its use as loa! earing wall in multi storey construction
in comination with RCC. Ra*i! wall can also e use! as non load bearin# and par+i+ion 3all
in RCC fra!ed s+rc+res% ""T 4a!ras has recently !evelo*e! metho! of fi#ing *anel in
etween RCC columns, eams an! floor sla with clam*ing system. 6y this *anel can e fi#e! to
floor sla an! *anel at ottom using screws, which will e eme!!e! within flooring an!
s1irting. 2t to* clam*s will e fi#e! to *anel an! ceiling sla or eam. 8n si!es also clam*e! at
ottom to RCC column, floor sla an! *anel. 3lastering of walls can also e save! therey
saving time an! cost. "f this is ta1en into account at !esign stage itself, !ea! loa! re!uction of
more than ,(7 can e ma!e. This will save in foun!ation, RCC columns an! eams, in turn steel
an! concrete. This will ma1e sustantial savings in cost of construction.
RCC COLU.NS* "/A.S WIT, RAPID WALL FLOOR AND WALLS IN ,IG, RIS/
"UILDING1
8ne of the lea!ing architects ase! in 4umai *ro*ose! an innovative metho! of
construction of high rise uil!ing with RCC columns an! eams to ta1e loa!, while *anel is to e
use! for walls an! floor sla with micro eams. For this s*ecially !esigne! shuttering for RCC
columns an! eams will e in *osition in such a way that wall *anel an! floor sla *anel of
groun! floor will e in *osition. Concreting of columns, eams, infill of require! cavities, micro
eams, an! scree! will e !one simultaneously. This *rocess will e re*eate! on each u**er
floor. >alls of each floor construction will e !one along with rising u* structure. "t is estimate!
that this metho! will re!uce ,(7 !ea! loa! which will re!uce sustantial steel an! cement, 07
increase! car*et area an! saving of +(-&( 7 time.
SCATT/R/D S.ALL AND ROW ,OUS/S1
Puality small houses an! row houses for low income an! common *eo*le which can
resist natural !isasters at affor!ale cost is essential for inclusive !evelo*ment. Kousing of the
masses as well as other segments along with infrastructure alone will !etermine growth an!
!evelo*ment of the society or the nation. 8ne 6K? housing from -((-,(( sft at affor!ale cost
Q Rs +((-&((9 sft can e a reality with Ra*i! wall. 2t a time when the real estate mar1et is on
the !ownsli!e !ue to the economy in recession, many uil!ers who have emar1e! on mega
resi!ential schemes may fin! affor!ale housing as a catalyst to ti!e over the recession *erio!. "t
nee! not mean that they nee! to uil! houses for low income or mi!!le class alone, ut with
structures uilt at affor!ale cost using Ra*i! wall an! carry out su*erior finish to meet the
requirement of u* mar1et an! lu#ury segment may e a goo! solution an! res*onse. >hile
*rovi!e more comfortale living, this will also save energy, contriute to environmental
*rotection an! fight gloal warming. Construction of com*oun! wallI Ra*i! wall can e use! for
construction of com*oun! wall an! security wall.
FACT 5 RCF +ie p1
F2CT / RCF, two fertili5er giants un!er *ulic sector are together setting u* Ra*i! wall an!
*laster *ro!ucts manufacturing *lant at 2malamugal using Ra*i!wall technologies of 2ustralia
calle! FACT RCF "ildin# prodc+s L+d% (FR"L$. F2CT has aout & million tons of
in!ustrial y *ro!uct gy*sum. 6y setting u* Ra*i! wall / 3laster *ro!ucts *lant, they inten! to
*ro!uce 1.% million sqm or 1, million sq ft *anel *er year an! aout ,(((( tons of su*erior
quality wall *laster an! wall *utty. RCF is alrea!y setting same ca*acity *lant in their Chemur
*lant to meet the huge !eman! of 4umai mar1et. Jy*sum ase! wall *laster an! wall *utty
will e alternative to cement *laster for interior walls an! ceiling. This will save river san!,
cement an! water. "t will also *rovi!e fine finish. Jy*sum ase! wall *utty will e su*erior
*ro!uct than currently mar1ete! ran!s of wall *utty. These *ro!ucts will also e very useful to
the real estate an! housing in!ustry.
CONCLUSION1
Ra*i! wall 3anel *rovi!es a new metho! of uil!ing construction in fast trac1, fully utilising
the enefits of *refaricate!, light weight large *anels with mo!ular cavities an! time teste!,
conventional cast-in-situ constructional use of concrete an! steel reinforcement. 6y this *rocess,
man *ower, cost an! time of construction is re!uce!. The use of scarce natural resources li1e
river san!, water an! agricultural lan! is significantly re!uce!. Ra*i! wall *anels have re!uce!
emo!ie! energy an! require less energy for thermo-regulation of interiors. Ra*i! wall uil!ings
therey re!uce ur!ening of the environment an! hel* to re!uce gloal warming. Ra*i! wall use
also *rotects the lives an! *ro*erties of *eo*le as these uil!ings will e resistant to natural
!isasters li1e earthqua1es, cyclone, fire etc. This will also contriute to achieve the goal of much
nee!e! social inclusive !evelo*ment !ue to its various enefits an! a!vantages with affor!aility
for low income segments also. Fast !elivery of mass !welling9 housing is very critical for
re!ucing huge uran housing shortage in "n!ia. Ra*i! wall *anels will hel* to achieve the aove
multi*le goals.
References:
*. 5a-am4 64 5+ R+ )&''') Retrofit of 5ollow 1oncrete %asonry "n filled 3teel Frames 7sin!
Glass Fiber Reinforced 2lastic #aminates 2h+8+ thesis4 1ivil 9 :rchitectural $n!ineerin!
8epartment4 8re.el 7niversity4 2hiladelphia4 ;une4 pp+ <*(
&+ =1%: ,$> ?-*& #oad bearin! 1oncrete @loc- in 5i!h Rise @uildin!s =ational 1oncrete
%asonry :ssociation4 *AAB+
?+ 13"RC :ustralia4 8ivision of @uildin!4 1onstruction and $n!ineerin!4 Rapid @uildin!
3ystems )ed+) )*AAA)D Fire Resistance of Rapid wall4 :delaide *AAA+