Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DEFORMED REINFORCEMENTS
PRESTRESSING TENDONS
CURING
- concrete (other than high-early strength) shall be maintained above 10C and in a moist condition for at least the first 7
days after placement
- high-early strength concrete shall be maintained above 10C and in a moist condition for at least the first 3 days
- they (including their fittings) shall not displace more than 4% of the area of cross section when embedded within a
column
- they shall not be larger in outside dimension than 1/3 the overall thickness of slab, wall or beam in which they are
embedded
- they shall be spaced not closer than 3 diameters or widths on center
- conduits, pipes and sleeves may be considered as replacing structurally in compression the displaced concrete,
provided:
o they are of uncoated or galvanized iron or steel not thinner than standard Schedule 40 steel pipe
o they have a nominal inside diameter not over 50mm and are spaced not less than 3 diameters on centers
- concrete cover shall not be less than 40mm for concrete exposed to earth or weather, or less than 20mm for concrete
not exposed to weather or in contact with ground
- reinforcement with an area not less than 0.002 times the area of concrete section shall be provided normal to the piping
CONSTRUCTION JOINTS
- construction joints in floors shall be located within the middle third of spans of slabs, beams and girders
- joints in girders shall be offset a minimum distance of 2 times the width of intersecting beams
STANDARD HOOKS
- 180-degree bend plus 4db extension, but not less than 60mm at free end of bar
- 90-degree bend plus 12db extension at free end of bar
- for stirrup and tie hooks:
o 16mm diameter bar and smaller 90-degree bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar, or
o 20 and 25mm diameter bar 90-degree bend plus 12db extension at free end of bar, or
o 25mm diameter bar and smaller 135-degree bend plus 6db extension at free end of bar
- bar size of 16mm and smaller (for stirrups and ties) 4db (inside diameter)
- bar size of 10mm through 25mm 6db
- bar size of 28, 32 and 36mm 8db
- the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in a layer shall be db but not less than 25mm
- the minimum clear spacing between parallel bars in 2 or more layers shall not be less than 25mm between layers
- in spirally reinforced or tied reinforced compression members, clear distance between longitudinal bars shall not be less
than 1.5db or less than 40mm
- in walls and slabs other than concrete joist construction, primary flexural reinforcement shall not be spaced farther apart
than 3 times the wall or slab thickness, nor farther than 450mm
BUNDLED BARS
- center-to-center spacing of pretensioning tendons at each end of a member shall not be less than 5db for wire, nor 4db
for strands
OFFSET BARS
- slope of inclined portion of an offset bar with axis of column shall not exceed 1 in 6
- portions of bar above and below an offset shall be parallel to axis of column
- lateral ties or spirals, if used, shall be placed not more than 150mm from points of bend
- offset bars shall be bent before placement in the forms
- where a column face is offset 75mm or greater, longitudinal bars shall not be offset bent. Separate dowels, lap sliced
with the longitudinal bars adjacent to the offset column faces, shall be provided
SPIRALS
- for cast-in-place construction, size of spirals shall not be less than 10mm diameter
- clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75mm or be less than 25mm
- anchorage of spiral reinforcement shall be provided by 1 extra turns of spiral bar or wire at each end of a spiral unit
- spiral reinforcement shall be lap spliced by 48db but not less than 300mm or welded
- in columns with capitals, spirals shall extend to a level at which the diameter or width of capital is 2 times that of the
column
- plain bars shall conform to one of the following specifications:
o ASTM A 615M
o ASTM A 616M
o ASTM A 617M
- plain wire shall conform to:
o ASTM A 82 Steel Wire, Plain
TIES
- 10mm diameter lateral ties for longitudinal bars 32mm diameter or smaller
- 12mm diameter lateral ties for longitudinal bars 36 diameter and bundled bars
- vertical spacing of ties shall not exceed:
o 16db of longitudinal bars
o 48db of tie bars
o least dimension of compression member
- ties shall be arranged that no bar shall be farther than 150mm clear on each side along the tie
- ties shall be located vertically not more than a tie spacing above the top of footing or slab in any story
- where beams or brackets frame from 4 directions into a column, termination of ties not more than 75mm below
reinforcement in shallowest of such beams or brackets shall be permitted
- shrinkage and temperature reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than 5 times the slab thickness, or 450mm
- spacing of prestressed tendons shall not exceed 1.80m
T-BEAM CONSTRUCTION
- the flange and web shall be built integrally or otherwise effectively bonded together
- width of slab effective as a T-beam flange on each side of the web shall not exceed:
o the span length of the beam,
o 8 times the slab thickness, or
o the clear distance to the next web
- for beams with a slab on one side only, the effective overhanging flange width shall not exceed:
o 1/12 the span length of the beam,
o 6 times the slab thickness, or
o the clear distance to the next web
- transverse reinforcement shall be spaced not farther apart than 5 times the slab thickness, nor 450mm
JOIST CONSTRUCTION
- ribs shall not be less than 100mm in width and shall have a depth of not more than 3 times the minimum width of rib
- clear spacing between ribs shall not exceed 750mm
- slab thickness over permanent fillers shall not be less than 1/12 the clear distance between ribs nor less than 40mm
- when removable forms or fillers are used, slab thickness shall not be les than 1/12 the clear distance between ribs, or
less than 50mm
- where conduits or pipes are embedded within the slab, slab thickness shall be at least 25mm greater than the total
overall depth of the conduits or pipes at any point
REQUIRED STRENGTH
MINIMUM THICKNESS OF NONPRESTRESSED BEAMS OR ONE-WAY SLABS UNLESS DEFLECTIONS ARE COMPUTED
(members are not supporting or attached to partitions or other construction likely to be damaged by large deflections)
- for Fy other than 415Mpa, the values shall be multiplied by (0.4 + Fy/700)
- spacing of lateral supports for a beam shall not exceed 50 times the least width b of compression flange or face
- minimum number of longitudinal bars in compression members shall be 3 for bars within triangular ties, 4 for bars within
rectangular or circular ties, and 6 for bars enclosed by spirals
- shall not exceed d/2 in non-prestressed members and 3/4h in prestressed members or 600mm
SPLICES
- lap splices shall not be used for bars larger than 36mm diameter
- lap splices of bars in a bundle shall be based on the lap splice length required for individual bars within the bundle
- individual bar splices within a bundle shall not overlap
- entire bundles shall not be lap spliced
- bars spliced by non-contact lap splices in flexural members shall not be spaced transversely farther apart than 1/5 the
required lap splice length, or 150mm
- splices shall be staggered at least 600mm
WALLS
- minimum ratio of vertical reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:
o 0.0012 deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter with a specified yield strength not less than 420Mpa, or
o 0.0015 for other deformed bars, or
o 0.0012 for welded wire fabric (plain or deformed)
- minimum ratio of horizontal reinforcement area to gross concrete area shall be:
o 0.0020 deformed bars not larger than 16mm diameter with a specified yield strength not less than 420 Mpa, or
o 0.0025 for other deformed bars, or
o 0.0020 for welded wire fabric (palin or deformed)
- in addition to the minimum reinforcement required, not less than 2-16mm diameter bars shall be provided around all
window and door openings. Such bars shall be extended to develop the bar beyond the corners of the openings but not
less than 600mm
NON-BEARING WALLS
- thickness shall not be less than 100mm, or not less than 1/30 the least distance between members that provide lateral
support
- depth of footing above bottom reinforcement shall not be less than 150mm for footings on soil, or not less than 300mm
for footings on piles
- the first hoop shall be located not more than 50mm from the face of a supporting member
STRUCTURAL STEEL
- for members whose design is based on compressive force, the slenderness ratio preferably should not exceed 200
- for members whose designed is based on tensile force, the slenderness ratio preferably should not exceed 300
ALLOWABLE STRESSES
PIN-CONNECTED MEMBERS
- minimum net area beyond the pinhole, parallel to the axis of the member, shall not be less than 2/3 of the net area
across the pinhole
- width of the body of an eyebar shall not exceed 8 times its thickness
- pin diameter shall not be less than 7/8 times the eyebar width
- pinhole diameter shall be no more than 0.8mm greater than the pin diameter
SHEAR CONNECTORS
WELDS
- weld access holes shall have a length from the toe of the weld preparation not less than 1 times the thickness of the
material in which the hole is made
- groove welds:
o effective area = effective length of the weld x effective throat thickness
o effective length = width of the part joined
o effective throat thickness of a complete-penetration groove weld = thickness of the thinner part joined
o minimum effective throat thickness of partial-penetration groove welds =
3mm (thicker part joined to 6mm inclusive)
5mm (thicker part joined over 6 to 12mm)
6mm (thicker part joined over 12 to 20mm)
8mm (thicker part joined over 20 to 38mm)
10mm (thicker part joined over 38 to 57mm)
12mm (thicker part joined over 57 to 150mm)
16mm (thicker part joined over 150mm)
o effective throat thickness of a flare groove weld =
flare bevel groove, 5/16R
flare V-groove, R
- fillet welds:
FASTENERS
- distance between centers of standard, oversized or slotted fastener holes shall not be less than 2 2/3 times the nominal
diameter of the fastener
- maximum distance from the center of any rivet or bolt to the nearest edge of parts in contact shall be 12 times the
thickness of the connected part, but shall not exceed 150mm
CAMBER
- trusses of 24.4m or greater span generally shall be cambered for approximately the dead-load deflection
- crane girders of 22.9m or greater span generally shall be cambered for approximately the dead-load deflection plus
the live-load deflection