A E4OVEL ZCS-ZVS-PWM DC-DC BUCK CONVERTER FOR HIGH POWER AND HIGH SWITCHING

FREQUENCY : ANALYSIS, SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Douglas Ferrelra da Cruz

Luiz Carlos d e Freltiis

Valdelr Jose Farlas

h l v e r m l d e d e Cedmral de U b e r l e n d l a

Unlvaroltarlm m/n
Cupus SanLa Ilonlsm
DELYE
CETEC
38UBERUNDIA
ffi
BRAZIL
Phone ( 0 3 4 ) - 236-5099
Telex
343264
UFFU
BR
AV.

Fax

the following problems when uslng PWM technlques

and high swltchlng frequency: High level of losses,

low efficiency, hlgh nolse levels and life

reductlon of the solld state sultches.
Considering the convenlence of using hlgh
swltchlng frequency and trylng to reduce Its
negative effects, there has been a great effort to

These switches. associated wlth resonant

lnductor and capacitor, yield zero voltage and zero
provldlng

hlgh

the development of Resonant Conversion techniques

efflclent

where zero values of voltage or current can be

operating condltlon for a ulde range of power at

hlgh swltchlng frequency. The converter control 1s

achleved

cornplete

analysis

lncludlng

of

output

the

operating

Usually, frequency modulated converters (QRC.1

show some control problems because the control

and experlmental results for the Buck converter,

procedures

INTROWCTION

accomplished

by

frequency

1s

dlfflcult

in

thls

klnd

of

converters.
On the other hand, QRCB-PVH do not show such
control problems, slnce they can operate wlth
constant frequency, but they also can not keep Its
loosless commutatlon characterlstlcs operating to
wide range of power. such as In m C m .

Associated wlth the Electrical and Electronlc

Englneerlng
technological
developnt.
many
appllcatlons
of
power
converters
strlngently-speclfled
hlgh
power

are

varlatlons. As a consequence, designlng flltars and

transformers

(non-disslpatlve

111 I31 are important kinds of DC-to-DC Converters.

characterlstlcs.

relevant equations, state space phase, slmulatlon

are presented

switchlng

The Quasl-Resonant Converters which are

frequency and/or pulse aodulated (QRC) (QRC-PWM)

operation.
A

durlng

commutatlon).

done by uslng PWH technic, wlth constant frequency

prlnclples

Although hlghly swltchlng frequencles are

deslred for power conversion, one has to conslder

frequency and hlgh power operatlon. The proposed

cell consists of only one main switch plus an
auxlllary switch. wlth ZVS and ZCS swltchlng
characterlstlcs. respectively.

swltchlng,

translent response.

Thls paper presents a DC-to-LK converter uslng

novel ZCS-ZVS-PW cell for hlgh swltchlng

current

1034 ) 2%-5099

ABSTRACT

demand
denslty

converters. Thls leads to the search of converters

In the LC-PUM-RDC dc-dc converters, proposed

that can provlde hlgh efflclency, small slze and

in [QI IS1 and 161, the problems above descrlbed

are not present, but the swltchlng frequency is
strongly llmlted by resonant capacitor discharge.

welght, low cost and hlgh power operatlon. So, the

advent of hlgher swltchlng frequencles 1s an
inevitable trend In the area of power converters
that also ylelds no acoustlc nolse and lmproved

In order to overcome those problems, thls work

presents the buck LC-PUM-SF-RDC wlthout Resonant

693
0-7803-0982-0/93$3.00 1993 IEEE

Cycle Interruptlon. Thls new Buck Topology 1s an

improvement of the converter presented In [71.
Flgure 1
shows
the
novel
ZCS-ZVS-PUH
commutatlon cell, called LC-PWH-SF-RDC, proposed in
thls paper. It Is composed by only one maln and
only one awlllary swltches. They provlde non
dlsslpatlve swltchlng and hlgh frequency hlgh power
operatlon condltlon, wlthout the theoretlcal power
llmltatlon of the conventlonal Quael Resonant and
Quael-Resonant PWH Converters.

I"-t

Lt

=d
=v2

L Dfw

RI

V2

= Vl/K

l * K <

Figure 2

- DC-to-DC

Buck LC-PWN-SF-RDC

wlthout

Resonant Cycle Interruptlon.

2. PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION

To Illustrate the operatlon prlnclple of the

proposed converter, tho output f11ter and load
IP

Figure 1

- LC-PUM-SF-RDC

cell without Resonant

Cycle Interruptlon.

block Is replaced by a constant current source IO.

Ths functlon of the swltches are :
swltch (ZVS) that provldes the PVM
modulation;
Awlllary mwltch (ZCS), responsible by the Cn
charge.

Si

- Maln

SJ

There are seven stages of operatlon in a

swltchlng cycle wltch are described as follows :
Any converter can be performed by using the
proposed cell, through the approprlate conaxlon of
the "I" (actlve), "C. (passlve) and "p" (passive)
termlnals showed In Flg. 1 [ZI.
Flgure Z shows a neu DC-to-DC Buck converter
topology, uslng the cell presented In thls paper
that lncludes :
1)

Complete ldentlflcatlon and analysls of the

varlous topologlcal converter modes during
one swltchlng cycle,

21

Relevant equatlons. output characterlstlcs

waveforms and state space phase,
Analysis slaulatlon and experimental results.

3)

Flrmt a b g o (Flg. 3.a), (to, ti) : It beglns

when swltch Sa le turned on and ends at the moment
that the current In thtt resonant lnductor (lur),
rlses to IO.
Second mtage (Flg. 3.b). (ti. tn) : In this

otage, the resonant capacltor CR 1s charged through

Sa untll the Vi voltage, bacause the dlode Di
clamps the voltage. Tkils stage ends when Vcn
becones equal to Vi and a control comparator
detects zero voltage condltlon to turn on 9.
Third etage (Flg. 3.c). (ti, t31 : This
stage beglns when Si 1s turned on at ZVS forr and
ends when 1u1 falls to IO;

694

- Fourth

stage [Flg. 3 . d ) , (t3. t4l : In thls

W e relevant theoretical waveforms and the

stage, the current In S2 falls from IO to zero

state space phase of the proposed Converter are

uhlle the current ln Si rlses from zero to IO. Thle

shown in Flguras 4 and 5. respectively

stage ends when 1.2

= 0 and

1.1

= IO;

Fifth stage (Flg. 3.e). (t4, ts) : It beglns

when 1.2 became zero and ends wlth the Si ZVS
turn-off. Durlng thls stage, the !Sz swltch CM be
turned-off ln ZCS form;

Sixth mtage (Flg. 3.f), (ts, t6) : Thls

stage beglns when Si swltch 1s turned off and ends

IO

when VCR becomes zero;

Seventh stage (Flg. 3.g). (t6, t7) : D u r h g
thls stage, the current IO free-wheels. It ends at
the moment that S2 Is turned on to beglMlng a new
swltchlng cycle;

(a)

I
I

Cr

Lr

Lr

SI

2nd Stage

1st
Stage
( t0;tl)

( t i ; ta

1
I

Flgure 4

( 15; t 6

- Relevant Theoretlcal Waveforms

7 t h Stag.
(te:t7

Flgure 3

- Stages of Operatlon In a Swltchlng Cycle

Flgure 5

695

6 t h Stage

5 t h Stage
(14;tJ)

4 t h Stage
( (3: t 4 1

3rd Stage
( 12; t 3 1

- State Space Phase

- ANALYSIS RESULTS

(16)

In order to perform the theorstlcal analysls.

the followlng assunptlons are be rads :
The output filter plus the load, showed in
Flgure 2. are consldered a constant current
source "IO", as showed In Flgure 3;

The lnput voltages Vi and V2 are rlpple-free;

All components and sultches are Ideal.

From the fifth stage (t4, ts):

(211

By the analytical study of

stages illustrated In Flgure 3.
relevant expresslons are obtalned.

(22)

the operatlon
the followlng

From the slxth stage (ts, ts):

VCR

(t)

ILR (t)
At6

vi

-at
IO

woa
k

The expresslons (1) to (25) leads to (26) :

From the flrst stage (to, ti):

1uI
At1

(t)

Where:

At4 Ats
D = T + T

v2

WO

From the second stage (ti.

VWl(t)

IuI (t)

v2

tz):
These expresslone are general and can be used

- v2 cos oot

to obtaln V O N ~for the other converters that also

=E

adopt thlr cell. For Instance, for the Boost

converter. it can be wrltten, as for tha hard pvE(

vz sin oot + 10

converter

It can

be observed from

(26). that

the k

values. theoretlcally. can vary from 1 to 2.

Indeed, the values k
1 and k = 2 are not
sultable, because the avallable turn-on t h e for Si

From the thlrd stage (tn, t ~ l :

lIn(t) = IIn(t2)

- resonant frequency &

Fm - swltchlng frequency
FO

l a

(27)

(k-1) V2 t

(At31 decrease when k increase, and becomes zero

2. )(oreover, the fall time of the current
for k
1t.n (Atr), Increase wlth k decrease. and becomes
1. So, an optlmum k value should
lnflnlte for k

LR

be speclfled.
Flgure 6 shows the output characterlstlcs,

From the fourth stage

(t3,

obtalned by solution of equatlon (26) for four F/Fo

m. The duty cycle l e represented
value. and k

tc):

696

by D ud it was changed frolr 0.0 to 0.95.

4. SIWUUTIW RESULIS

By uslng the uquatlons developed In thls work

, the followlng Buck converter was deslgned

~ 8 i . m

Vi

0.10
0.20

0.00

Ln

= 180 [ V I ;

Pout

V2

[MI;

0.373

= 104 [ V I ; k = 1.73; Ch = 10 [ S I ;
125 [ V I ;

Vo

Io

8 [AI;

1 [Wl; Fa = 200 (13121; FO

2.606 o(H~1.
Flgure 7 shows the converter waveforms

obtalned by nhulatlon.
200

0.00 0.19 0.38 0.57 O.7L 0.95

D

D'1.0

0 .I
0.L
0.4
0.2

0.0

- 100

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.S 0.7

0.1

b
D'1.0

0.4
0.2
0.0

'

0.0 0.2

0.3 0.S

0.6

0.8
D

0'1.0

0.8
0.L
0.4

ti. 2
0.0

0.0 0.1 0.2

0.4 0.5

0.6

^ . - - I _ -

-.--..
--r

Flgure 7

697

- Buck

----I

I 'I

Flgure 6-Buck LC-PUH-SF-RDC Output Characterlstlcs:

b) FIFO 0.1;
a ) FIFO = 0.05;
d ) F/Fo = 0.4.
c ) F/Fo = 0.2:

..

I.

Vcr
-----I

200

LC-PIM-SF-RDC Slmulatlon Waveforms.

- D(PER1IIEKTAL RESULTS

To Demonstrate the operatlon prlnclple of thls

new dc-dc Buck converter, a 120 watts prototype
shown ln Flgure 8 was 1mple.ented In laboratory
wlth the following parameter set.
45 Volts ;
Io = 5 Amp. ;

30 Volts ; Vo
24 Volts;
R 4.8 0 ;
LR=I(LH;
Cf = 4 pF;
CR = 18 qF ;
Lr= 100 pH ;
Mi.2 - MUSFET I W 4 0 ; Di, Drr Dlode MIR 1515.
Vir

VO

- Buck LC-PUM-SF-RDC converter prototype.

L

Flgure 8

The oscllograms obtalned are shown in Flgure9.

It can be seen that the current flows through

the MOS FET swltch St In the ZVS form and Its
waveform 1s very close to square-wave as in the
hard PUM converters.
Moreover, the Hos FT swltch Sa presents a low
current peak and the deslred ZCS characterlstlcs,
wlthout the drawback observed in the conventional
ZCS converters.

Thls paper presented a complete analysls of a

Buck

converter

uslng

novel

Ms-ZVS-F'UH

Flgure 9 -Buck LC-PWH-SF-RDC experimental uaveforms:

coluutatlon cell.

(t:0.625 pddlv; V:lOVolts/dlv)

Thls cell allows to obtaln better operatlng

performances than those already known for the
hard-swltchlng PWW converters. Moreover It permlts

a) 1~~(2.Oamp./dlv)and VCR;
b ) Isi(Z.Oamp./dlv) and Vsi;
c) Isz(l.Zamp./dlv) and Vsa.

Deslgn and Exprlmentatlon", IEEE PESC'89

Record, pp. 873-880.
I41 L. C. Freltas. E. A.A. Coelho, H. L. Hey, V.
J. Farlas and J. E. V. Junlor, " A Lossless
Comautatlon Pulsa Wldth Modulated Converter
by uslng a Resonant Dlsconnectlng Clrcult'.
Applled P w e r Electronlcs Conference and
Exposltlon
AP!X
1991
Dallas
(I=
publlcatlon 91CH2992-6 pp. 573-579).

E 1 Lulz

Resonant

The presented cell is then an alternatlve to

1.

the

well

known

QRCs

and

PUM-QRCs

tatlons.
The

experlmental

and

slmulatlon

de

Freltas.

New

'Two

Dlsconncatlng

Correspondlng

Famllles

Converters". IEEE

-. IAS'91

pp

results

Lossless

- 959-964

Clrcult

and

of

the

dc-to-dc

- Dallas - Record -

(IEEE Publlcatlon 91CH3077-5).

I61 Lulz C. de Freltas, V. J . Farlas. P. S.

Caparelll, N. S. Hlskulln. " The Faally of

support the valldlty of the topology and the cell

presented

C.

Commutatlon Pulse-Wldt Modulated Cells uslng

choose of the resonant capacltor and Inductor.

overcome

Constant Frequency: Analysis,

Operatlng at

io operate for a ulde range of power and hlgh

swltchlng frequencies.
It can also be observed that, these converters
do not have the same llmltatlons as those found in
the QRCs and the PUX-QRCs (such as the power
handllng capablllty), In order to keep the
swltchlng wlthout losses.
The maxlmru current flowlng by maln swltch Is
equal the load current. The sultches are not submlt
to overvoltage, and the peak of the current across
the swltch Sz .can be adJusted by the sultable

DC-to-DC Converter uslng the LC-PWH-RDC Cell

Wlthout Resonant Cycle Interruptlon: Analysls,
Simulatlon and Experlmntal Results.'

6-REFERENcEs

Applled

Power

Electronlcs

Exposltlon-APEC'92

IEEE

Conference

and

-Boston
Record, pp.
717-722 (IEEE Publlcatlon 92CH3089-0)
J. Farlas, P. S.
I71 Lulz C. Freltas, V.
Caparelll, J. B. Vlelra Jr., H. L. Hey, D. F.
da Cruz. "An opthum ZVS-PWH DC-t0-E
Converter Family: Analysis, Slmultlon and
Exprlmental Resu1I.s.'.
IEEE Power Electronlcs
Toledo
Spclallsts Conference- PEsc'92
1992. Record, pp. 229
235 (IEEE Publication
92CH3163-3).

Ill Fred C. Lee, "Hlgh-Frequency Quasl-Resonant

Converter Technologles", Proceedlngs on the
IEEE, vol. 76, n? 4, Aprll 1988.
I21 Steve Freeland and R. D. Hlddlebrook. " A
Unlfled Analysls
of Converters wlth
IEEE Power Electronlcs
ResonantSwltches'.
Speclallsts
Conference, 1987 Record, pp.
publlcatlon 87-ch2459-6).
20-31 ( I =
I31 Ivo Barbl, J. C. Bolacell. D. C. Wrtlns and
F. B. Llbano, 'Buck Quasl-Resonant Converter

699