World appl. programming, Vol(5), No (8), August, 2015. pp.

120-124

TI Journals

World Applied Programming

www.tijournals.com

ISSN:
2222-2510
Copyright 2015. All rights reserved for TI Journals.

Performance Evaluation of AODV and ADV Routing Protocols in

Safety Situations in Highway Environment
Effat Jazayerifar
Elec. Eng. Dept., Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Iran.

Reza Sabbaghi-Nadooshan*
Elec. Eng. Dept., Islamic Azad University Central Tehran Branch, Iran.
* Corresponding author: r_sabbaghi@iauctb.ac.ir

Keywords

Abstract

Vehicular Ad hoc Network

Highway Scenario
AODV
ADV

Vehicular Ad hoc networks are kind of Ad hoc networks which are designed to produce wireless communication
between vehicles. These networks are subset of Mobile Ad hoc Network, but because of unique characteristic
probability of network fragmentation is very high due to rapid topology changing and high mobility of vehicles.
Recently, this issue has been attended due to high potential of vehicular ad hoc networks to communicate
between vehicles and using its advantages in safety and comfort of passengers and drivers. Since, the roads are
always encountered to accidents and risks, using optimized tools could be useful in these situations. In this study,
AODV and ADV routing algorithms as well as defining area of dissemination between vehicles as circular,
performance metrics include delay, network loss, collision and throughput were investigated through NCTUns
6.0 software and has tried to increase faultless transmissions with higher coverage.

1.

Introduction

Todays, wireless communication solves most of available issues. This technology is flexible and is used in most of scenarios. Mobile ad hoc
networks as well as vehicular ad hoc networks are kinds of wireless communications. In vehicular ad hoc networks which hereinafter are called
vehicular networks, each vehicle is moving in idea direction and speed. This kind of movement in the vehicles leads to some challenges in
designing appropriate routing protocols. First, offered routing protocols are simulated using software due to importance of communication
between vehicles and human safety as well as high cost.
By rapid technology development, at the moment vehicles can be equipped by electronic smart tools to provide rapid and effective
communication between vehicles using global positioning system. Many welfare and safety applications are available using vehicular networks.
These welfare and entertainment applications include communication to online game among vehicles, finding parking or reserving restaurant.
Safety application includes warning in case of danger on the road like line changing, direction changing, stopping etc.
1.1 Structure and Features of Vehicular Networks and Intelligent Transportation System
Structural standard of vehicular network is similar to mobile ad hoc networks. None of them need to stable station for information transmitting.
Vehicular networks can use cellular gateway and wireless local area network access points at street intersections to collect traffic data, internet
access and routing. In this situation, network structure could be a cellular or wireless local area network which is called vehicle to Infrastructure
(V2I) Communication. If the structure be in a pure ad hoc, so this is called vehicle to vehicle communication (V2V). Although vehicular
networks are considered kind of mobile ad hoc networks, but have specific features which distinguish it from other network. Topology with high
mobility, frequent network fragmentation, motion modeling, communication environment, delay constraints, interacting with sensor processors
are connected to vehicular networks [1]. Vehicular network communication is demonstrated in Fig. 1.
1.2 Routing Requirements in Vehicular Networks
Routing in vehicular networks has been studied extensively in recent decades. Due to specific features of vehicular networks, provided routing
protocols for ad hoc mobile networks cannot be used directly [2-3], so conducted results recommend that routing structure have good
performance in below cases. vehicular network routing include scalability, supports all types of sub networks and quality of service, ability to
adapt quickly to topology changes and efficiency with minimal overhead and complexity [4], unlike wireless sensor networks there is no concern
about power consumption. Also, network information of routes is available [5].
1.3 Routing Protocols in Vehicular ad hoc Networks
Researchers have provided large area of different routing protocols by understanding different structures, applications and challenges. Most of
these protocols were designed to improve network efficiency like increasing permittivity and reduce wasting, overhead and end to end delay.
Vehicular networks are based on wireless communication and unlike wired networks dont use of any specific routers. Classifying current
routing was done based on different criteria. Routing protocols in vehicular networks are divided in two general type based on vehicle to vehicle
communication and vehicle to infrastructure communication.
1.3.1 Vehicle to Vehicle Communication
Topology-based routing protocols: this kind of protocols use link information in the network to send data packets and are divided to three
sections like reactive routing table-oriented, proactive routing demand-oriented and hybrid routing.
Position-based routing protocols: in this kind of routing, all nodes distinguish geographical position and neighboring nodes by global positioning
system [6].
Cluster-based routing protocols: totally, cluster based routing protocols are stable. Nodes inside cluster are connected together using direct links.
Selecting cluster head node and cluster configuration is important in this regard.
Geocast-based routing protocols: generally, this protocol is considered as position-based multicast routing which distributes given message to all
available vehicles in specific geographical area namely ZOR.

121

Performance Evaluation of AODV and ADV Routing Protocols in Safety Situations in Highway Environment
World Applied Programming Vol(5), No (8), August, 2015.

Figure 1. Sample of Vehicular ad hoc Networks

Multicast-based routing protocols: multicast is defined as kind of sending which transmitting is done from single source to several destinations.
These protocols are in form of tree based multicast routing protocol and mesh based multicast routing protocols.
Broadcast-based routing protocols: these types of protocols are used in vehicular networks to share information about road, weather and
emergency situation as well as commercial advertisements and general notification [7].
1.3.2 Vehicle to Infrastructure Communication
Due to high mobility and topology of vehicular network, network fragmentation is unavoidable. One way to solve this problem is to use access
point beside roads to increase assurance and reduce delay of transmission [1].

2.

Related works

2.1 Reactive Routing Algorithms in Vehicular ad hoc Networks

Given various nature of ad hoc vehicular networks which leads to topology changing, routing issues will be complex too. Some of routing
protocols like AODV, DSR and AOMDV are used in mobile ad hoc networks and they could be used in vehicular networks by changing some of
features. Proactive routing protocols use ad hoc algorithms and when an event is occurred, route discovering process will be started. AOMDV
protocol is an advanced model of AODV. In this model, there are several sources and destination. Route recovery and route detection algorithm
is with higher and rapid efficiency [8]. Using this technique, retransmitting unsuccessful packets by neighboring vehicles, tries to improve
efficiency of AOMDV routing protocol. Using this method is suitable for transmission rate in high speed, but overhead is not reduced [9]. In
order to improve efficiency of AODV routing protocol in ad hoc vehicular networks, in [10-11] respectively optimizing method from
discovering step of routing and selecting route and creating route with high stability in the challenging environment was used. Also S-AODV
routing protocol was used to increase safety [12], and PRAODV routing protocol in which link state life time and information speed of vehicle is
estimated, was used [13].
2.1.1 AODV Routing Protocol
There are lots of routing protocols in ad hoc networks. AODV is one of the important routing protocol among others. This protocol is reactive
topology based protocol and acts based on demand. In this routing protocol, not all routes available always. Main advantages of this routing
protocol are using node sequence number which routing are always updated and loops are not created. AODV routing protocol consist of three
phases like route discovering, data transmission and route maintenance [14].
2.1.2 ADV Routing Protocol
This routing protocol is one of the hybrid topology-based routing protocols which has advantages of reactive and proactive protocols. In this
protocol, routing is started by proactive protocols like DSDV and then demand based method is used to reduce overhead induced by proactive
routing. In this protocol like AODV, control messages are used to maintain table in update situation [15].

3.

The Proposed Method

Sending safety messages in vehicular environments are most important issues in intelligence transportation system. These messages help driver
to drive comfortable and safety and inform about available risks in the roads. Risk situations in the road are in different forms like unfavorable
weather, high traffic or blocking road, accident or narrow road.
In this article, emergency situation was provided using a vehicle stopping in the highway through AODV and ADV routing protocols and
compared to god routing (kind of a routing to compare without any overhead). Purpose of this study is to select optimized routing protocol in
emergency situations in highway scenarios. In order to evaluate efficiency of routing protocols, performance metrics like transmission delay,
throughput, network loss and collision were studied. In this regard, different scenarios of highway through changing density, speed and area of
transmission in vehicles best situation in safety application using AODV and ADV routing protocols have been investigated.

4.

Simulation

Recently, wireless communication technology has been developed. This development has some effects in human life. One of application of
wireless communication is vehicular networks. These communications provide welfare and safety and most of this application could be applied
in vehicles, but due to importance of driver and passenger lives, this should be investigated. Simulation software is used to observe performance
of new methods. Simulation could be converted to reality by regarding vehicle mobility, road, topology of routing, traffic model, conjunction,
traffic light, driver behavior, vehicle various speed, available symbols in the road etc. NCTUns 6.0 software was used to simulate this

Effat Jazayerifar, Reza Sabbaghi-Nadooshan *

122

World Applied Programming Vol(5), No (8), August, 2015.

software has rapid simulation and is able to simulate repeatedly. Performance metrics are: transmission delay: this is needed time to receive sent
message from sender by receiver in term of M / S. collision: this value is equal to number of incident packets in second. Network loss: number of
dropped packets in second that caused by problem in network or collision. Throughput: value of data which is transferred in certain time from
source to destination and is evaluated in term of Kilobyte/second [16]. To consider reality qualifications there are some environment parameters
which are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Table of Physical parameters
Physical Parameters
Frequency (MHz)
Fading Var
Ricean factor k (dbm)
Tx Antenna Height (m)
Transmission power (dbm)
Shadowing deviation
Path loss exponent

Values
2400
10
10
1.5
3
4
2

4.1 Highway Scenario

In this scenario, 16 vehicles are considered in a highway with 1 kilometer length. After 10 seconds of simulation, one of vehicle was stopped and
immediately messages are sent to back vehicles. Vehicles followed Car-Following mobility model, kind of IDM model and are able to change
lane. Area of transmission in this state is 150 meter. This scenario is illustrated in Fig. 2.

Figure 2. Highway scenario using NCTUns 6.0

aodv
adv
god
8

18 20 36
Speed m/s
a

Throughput KB/s

aodv

50

adv
god

0
36

Speed m/s
c

adv
god
18 20 36
Speed m/s

50

100

20

aodv

150

18

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

50

200

Packet loss PKT/s

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

50

Transmission delay ms

Collision PKT/s

4.1.1 Effect of Changing Speed on Performance Metrics

Speed changing is from 8 to 50 M/S and god routing was used to compare in which there is no increasing overhead. The comparison between
ADV, AODV and God routing is shown in Fig. 3.

80
60
aodv

40

adv

20

god
0
8

18 20 36
Speed m/s
d

Figure 3. Effect of changing speed on performance metrics

50

123

Performance Evaluation of AODV and ADV Routing Protocols in Safety Situations in Highway Environment
World Applied Programming Vol(5), No (8), August, 2015.

In Fig 3.a the number of collision packets is shown in second. Number of collision in AODV protocol is lower than ADV. There is direct
correlation between number of collision packets and network loss, and as shown in Fig. 3.b number of drop packets in ADV is more than
AODV.
Throughput was compared and as shown in Fig. 3.c; this value is more in AODV and at speed of 20 M/S has highest throughput value. Also,
transmission delay is lower in ADV; this is due to primary process in AODV which is time consuming.
It could be concluded, in high speed and low density highway AODV has better performance. But in delay issue, ADV has better performance
compared to AODV. So, in highway with high speed and low density, when Throughput is high and dropped packet is low, AODV act well and
when purpose is to reduce time of sending message, ADV acts better.

60

250

50

200

40
aodv

30

adv

20

god

10

Packet loss PKT/s

Collision PKT/s

4.1.2 Effect of Changing Density on Performance Metrics

In highway there is various densities of vehicles. During midnight to morning, number of vehicles is reduced, but in the day there are more
vehicles in the highway. For this reason, vehicles are considered in specific area of highway with 1 kilometer length with stable speed. But in
this case density of vehicles is varied from 8 to 40 vehicles. The comparison is depicted in Fig. 4.

aodv
100

adv

50

god

0
16

24
32
Density
a

40

16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

aodv
adv
god
8

16

24
32
Density

40

Transmission delay KB/s

Throughput KB/s

150

16

24
32
Density
b

40

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

aodv
adv
god
8

16

24 32
Density

40

c
Figure 4. Effect of changing density in performance metrics

As shown in Fig. 4.a number of collisions are increased by increasing density, because increasing aggregation of data packets are interacted.
Number of collision packets in ADV routing protocol is lower than AODV. As can be seen in Fig. 4.b ADV routing protocol has better
performance in dense traffic. This is true due to direct correlation between collision and network loss. In Fig. 4.d transmission delay is lower in
ADV protocol compared to AODV and had highest value in 16 and 26 densities. In low density, chance to finding route is decreased due to
decreasing neighboring nodes. Therefore, discovering process is decreased specially in AODV protocol.
4.1.3 Effect of Changing Area of Transmission on Performance Metrics
Covering issue is always important in packet sending. When there is not an appropriate sending area, messages deliver to destination with delay.
Also, increasing sending area leads to increase sending packets and will lead to collision and loss. Therefore, finding optimized sending area is
essential and plays important role in covering. In order to compare states, sending area is from 100 to 300 meters.
As can be seen in Fig. 5.a, increasing sending area from 100 to 300 meters lead to increasing number of collision, because by increasing sending
area, more packets is sent and this the main reason which leads to increasing collision rate. In AODV routing protocol compared to ADV,
collision is more. As shown in Fig. 5.d transmission delay has greater value in AODV. When collision arises, packet loss is increased too and
when a message is needed to be sent rapidly, this is not suitable.

5.

Conclusion

Vehicular networks have been focused by drivers and passengers due to high potential of supply safety and security. This study aims to
investigate network performance metrics in ADV and AODV routing protocol in highway scenario during risk occur. Given obtained results,
AODV has better performance in low densities and high speed compared to ADV routing protocol, but transmission delay is lower in ADV
compared to AODV. Results show ADV routing protocol has better performance when density of vehicles is increased. This density increasing

Effat Jazayerifar, Reza Sabbaghi-Nadooshan *

124

World Applied Programming Vol(5), No (8), August, 2015.

25

120

20

100

15
aodv
10

adv

god

Packet loss PKT/s

Collision PKT/s

is suitable when dont lead to increasing packet loss and transmission delay. Totally, regarding compromise between different evaluation
metrics, best performance of routing protocol will be obtained. In high way scenario, increasing transmission area and density ADV shows better
results compared to AODV.

60

aodv

40

adv

20

god

0
100

150 200 250 300

Area of tarnsmission
a

100

150 200 250 300

Area of transmission
b

120

10
8
6

aodv

adv

god

Transmission delay ms

12

Throughput KB/s

80

100
80
60

aodv

40

adv

20

god

0
100

150 200 250 300

Area of transmission
c

100

150 200 250 300

Area of transmission
d

Figure 5. Effect of changing transmission area in performance metrics

References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]

B. T. Sharef, R. A. Alsaqour, and M. Ismail, "Vehicular communication ad hoc routing protocols: A survey," Journal of network and computer
applications, vol. 40, pp. 363-396, Apr. 2014.
M. S. Batish and A. Kakria, "Efficient Broadcasting Protocol for Vehicular Ad- Hoc Network," International Journal of Computer Applications(IJCA),
vol. 49, no. 23, pp. 38-41, 2012.
S. Zeadally et al., "Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETS): status, results, and challenges," Telecommunication Systems, vol. 50, no. 4, pp. 217-241, 2012.
Y. Kumar, P. Kumar, and A. Kadian, "A Survey on Routing Mechanism and Techniques in Vehicle to Vehicle Communication (VANET)," International
Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Survey (IJCSES), vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 135-143, Feb. 2011.
H. Ghafoor and K. Aziz, "Efficient Broadcasting Protocol for Vehicular Ad- Hoc Network," in 7th International Conference on Emerging Technologies
(ICET), 2011, pp. 1-5.
M. D. Felice, L. Bedogn , and L. Bononi, "Group communication on highways: An evaluation study of geocast protocols and applications," Ad Hoc
Networks, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 818-83, May 2013.
A. Bachir and A. Benslimane, "A Multicast Protocol in Ad hoc Networks A Multicast Protocol in Ad hoc Networks," in 57th IEEE Semiannual Vehicular
Technology Conference, vol. 4, 2003, pp. 2456-2460.
S. I. Chowdhury et al., "Performance Evaluation of Reactive Routing," in 17th Asia-Pacific Conference on Communications (APCC), Sabah, 2011, pp.
559-564.
R. Anggoro et al., "Performance Evaluation of AODV and AOMDV with Probabilistic Relay in VANET Environments," in Third International
Conference on Networking and Computing, Okinawa, 2012, pp. 259-263.
B. Ding et al., "An Improved AODV Routing Protocol for VANETs," in Internatioal Conference on Wireless Communication and Signal Processing,
Nagapattinam, Tamil Nadu, 2011, pp. 1-5.
O. Abedi, M. Fathy, and J. Taghiloo, "Enhancing AODV Routing Protocol Using Mobility Parameters in VANET," in International Conference on
Computer Ssystems And Applications, Doha, 2008, pp. 229-235.
J. Ledi et al., "AODV enhancements in a realistic VANET context," in Internatoinal Conference On Wireless Communication in Unusual and Confined
Areas, Clermont Ferrand, 2012, pp. 1-5.
M. U. Kim and K. Y. Yoon, "Fast Path Recovery Scheme for V2V Communications using AODV," in International Conference on Information Scince
And Applications(ICISA), Suwon, 2013, pp. 1-2.
C. E. Perkins and E. M. Royer, "Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing," in Second IEEE Workshop on Mobile Computing System And
Applications, New Orleans, LA, 1999, pp. 90-100.
R. V. Boppana and S. P. Konduru, "An Adaptive Distance Vector Routing Algorithm for Mobile ad Hoc Networks," in Twentieth Annual Joint
Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies, vol. 3, Anchorage, AK, 2001, pp. 1753-1762.
S. Y. Wang and C. C. Lin, "NCTUns 5.0: A Network Simulator for IEEE 802.11(p) and 1609 Wireless Vehicular Network Researches," in IEEE 68th
Vehicular Technology Conference, Calgary, BC, 2008, pp. 1-2.