C Programming Revision

Malcolm Wilson

Variables
Types int, char, double, long. NO type
for string see later.
unsigned above.
assignment
X=2 ;
C=v;

Keywords
C has a small number of keywords
http://tigcc.ticalc.org/doc/keywords.h
tml

Standard I/O
printf()
scanf()
Format specifiers %d, %f, %c, %s
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanf

Operations
+, -, *, /, %, ^
Operation dependent on variable
type
Try some

Boolean
Any value other than zero is true.
Watch out for == is equal to.

Control
for(i=0, i<9, i++)
{ code block}
while (x<8)
{code block}
if (y==2)
{code block}
elseif(y==7)
{code block}
else
{code block}

Control
switch( myvar)
case 1 :
{code block
break;}
case 2:
{code block
break;}
default
{code block}
http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/66k51h7a
%28VS.80%29.aspx

Control
Code block is surrounded by {} if more
than one line. Dont need {} if code one
line long.
eg for(i=0; i<5; i++)
printf( number is: %d /n, i);

Functions and Prototypes

C is composed of functions, and must
have at least one function called
main().
Functions accept parameters and
return values
A prototype should be written
which indicates what data types a
function should accept and return.
Eg int mynumberfunction( int num1, int
num2) ;

Scope and storage class

Used for AVR
Static ,will remain even after function
has exited.
Global
Volatile , can be changed by
unpredicable actions.

Preprocessor directives
#include
localfile
<standard_locations> /usr/include

#define
#define WIDTH 80
#define LENGTH ( WIDTH + 10 )
#defineu8unsigned char

Arrays and strings

int myarray[5];
int myarray[5]={1, 2, 3};
int myarray[]={1,2,3,4,5};
char mychararray=malcolm;
A string is a null terminated char
array.

Structures
struct struct_name {
structure_member;
...
} instance_1,instance_2 instance_n;
OR
struct struct_name
instance_1,instance_2 ,instance3
After defining the structure.
http://cprogramminglanguage.net/cstructure.aspx

Structures
Using typedef to avoid struct structurename all the
time.
typedef struct{
unsigned int house_number;
char street_name[50];
int zip_code;
char country[50];
} address;

address billing_addr;
address shipping_addr;

Pointers
Declared as using *
int *p says p in a pointer to an
integer.
p points to the memory location
where a integer is stored.
Confusing , in the code. *p means
the contents of memory location p.
And &p is the memory address of p.

Pointers and arrays

myarray is the same as &myarray[0]
So if an array is initialised as char
name[]=malcolm;
*(name+3) will be c;

Dynamic memory allocation

Allocates memory on the heap

malloc(n)
calloc(s, nbytes) intialises memory
free();

sizeof()
Used for malloc to allocate memory

Pointers and structures

#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
main()
{
printf("hello world \n");
struct mystruct{
int age;
char buffer[20];
}mydata;
mydata.age=45;
printf("age is %d \n", mydata.age);
struct mystruct * d;
d=malloc(sizeof(struct mystruct));
d->age=53;
printf("pointed age is %d \n", d->age);
}

argv and argc

int main (int argc, char *argv[]) { }
argc , argument count
argv , argument vector

Boo Boos in C
Forgetting the semicolon
Using = in a boolean expression
instead of ==.
Completing a loop with no code
being executed.
while(test);
{ code block}

Deep C

Lvalues, Rvalues
Inline functions
Pointers to functions
Pointers to pointers and
multidimensional arrays.