Faculty of Computer Science

Introduction to Programming

Lecturer: Lutfullah “Haqnesar”

Introduction to Programming

Chapter 3

Syntax of C++
 Introduction to Programming

Learning outcomes:

C++ basic Input/Output

Cout, Cin, Endl
C++ Comments
Variables
Data Types
 Introduction to Programming

C++ Basic Input/Output

• C++ I/O operation is using the stream concept. Stream is the sequence of bytes or
flow of data.
• If bytes flow from main memory to device like printer, display screen, or a network
connection, etc, this is called as output operation.
• If bytes flow from device like printer, display screen, or a network connection, etc
to main memory, this is called as input operation.
 Introduction to Programming

I/O Library Header Files

<iostream> It is used to define the cout and cin objects, which

correspond to standard output stream and standard
input stream respectively.
 Introduction to Programming

Standard output stream (cout):

• The cout is a predefined object of ostream class.

• It is connected with the standard output device, which is usually a display screen.
• The cout is used in conjunction with stream insertion operator (<<) to display the
output on a console.
 Introduction to Programming
• Let's see the simple example of standard output stream (cout):

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
cout << “Welcome to C++ Programming";
}
 Introduction to Programming

Standard input stream (cin):

• The cin is a predefined object of istream class.

• It is connected with the standard input device, which is usually a keyboard.
• The cin is used in conjunction with stream extraction operator (>>) to read the
input from a console.
 Introduction to Programming
Let's see the simple example of standard input stream (cin):

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
int age;
cout << "Enter your age: ";
cin >> age;
cout << "Your age is: " << age;
}
 Introduction to Programming
Standard end line (endl):

• The endl is a predefined object of ostream class. It is used to insert a new line characters.
• Let's see the simple example of standard end line (endl):
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main( ) {
cout << "C++ Programming";
cout << " is easy"<<endl;
cout << “and interesting"<<endl;
}
 Introduction to Programming

C++ Comments:
• The C++ comments are statements that are not executed by the compiler.
• The comments in C++ programming can be used to provide explanation of
the code, variable, method or class.
• By the help of comments, you can hide the program code also.
There are two types of comments in C++.
1. Single Line comment
2. Multi Line comment
 Introduction to Programming

1. C++ Single Line Comment

• The single line comment starts with // (double slash) and end with end of line.
• Example of single line comment:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
int x = 11; // x is a variable
cout<<x;
}
 Introduction to Programming

2. C++ Multi Line Comment:

• The C++ multi line comment is used to comment multiple lines of code.
• It is surrounded by slash and asterisk (/∗ ..... ∗/).
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• Example of multi line comment in C++:

#include <ostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
/* declare and
print variable in C++. */
int x = 35;
cout<<x; }
 Introduction to Programming

C++ Variable

• A variable is a name of memory location and it is used to store data. Its value
can be changed and it can be reused many times.
• It is a way to represent memory location through symbol so that it can be easily
identified.
Syntax to declare a variable:
Data_type variable_name;
 Introduction to Programming
The example of declaring variable is given below:
int x;
float y;
char z;
Here, x, y, z are variables and int, float, char are data types.
We can also provide values while declaring the variables which is called as
variable initialization:
int x = 5, b = 10; //declaring 2 variable of integer type
float f = 30.8;
char c = 'A';
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Rules for defining variables

A variable can have alphabets, digits and underscore.

A variable name can start with alphabet and underscore only.
A variable name can't start with digit.
No white space is allowed within variable name.
A variable name must not be any reserved word or keyword e.g. char, float etc.
 Introduction to Programming
Valid and invalid variable names:

• int a; (…)
• int _ab; (…)
• int 4; (…)
• int x y; (…)
• int a30; (…)
• int double; (…)
 Introduction to Programming

C++ Data Types

A data type specifies the type of data that a variable can store such as integer,
floating, character etc.
There are various types of data types in C++ language.

No Types Data Types

1 Basic or Built-in Data Type int, char, float, double, etc
2 Derived Data Type array, pointer, function
3 User Defined Data Type Structure, union, class
 Introduction to Programming

Basic or Build-in Data Types:

This data type specifies the size and type of information the variable
will store.
Data Types Memory Size
char 1 byte
boolean 1 byte
short 2 byte
int 4 byte
long 4 byte
float 4 byte
double 8 byte
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Numeric Types:

• Use int when you need to store a whole number without decimals, like
35 or 1000.
• Use float or double when you need a floating point number (with
decimals), like 9.99 or 3.14515.
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Numeric Types example:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main () {
int myNum1 = 1000;
float myNum2 = 5.75;
cout << myNum1;
cout << myNum2;
}
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Boolean Types:

A boolean data type is declared with the bool keyword and can only
take the values true or false.
When the value is returned, true = 1 and false = 0.
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Boolean Types example:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
bool isCodingFun = true;
bool isDifficult = false;
cout << isCodingFun << "\n";
cout << isDifficult;
}
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Character Types:
The char data type is used to store a single character. The character must be
surrounded by single quotes, like 'A' or 'c':

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main () {
char myGrade = 'B';
cout << myGrade;
}
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String Types:

The string type is used to store a sequence of characters (text). String

values must be surrounded by double quotes:
To use strings, you must include an additional header file in the source
code, the <string> library.
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Example:

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;
int main() {
string greeting = "Hello";
cout << greeting;
}
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C++ Constants
In C++, we can create variables whose value cannot be changed. For that,
we use the const keyword.
Example:
const int SPEED = 299792458;
• Now trying to change the value of variable SPEED result in an error in the
program.
• SPEED = 2500 // Error! SPEED is a constant.