TOPIC 2 (PART 1):

BASIC ELEMENTS OF C++

OBJECTIVES

 In this chapter you will learn:

➢ Become familiar with the basic components of a C++program,
including functions, special symbols, and identifiers
➢ Explore simple data types and examine the string data type
➢ Learn what an assignment statement is and what it does
➢ Discover how to input data into memory using input statements
➢ Examine ways to output results using output statements
➢ Discover how to use arithmetic operators
➢ Learn how to write a C++program
C++ PROGRAM

 A C++program is a collection of one or more subprograms, called functions

 A subprogram or a function is a collection of statements that, when activated
(executed), accomplishes something
 Every C++ program has a function called main

 The smallest individual unit of a program written in any language is called a token
 A token in C++ may be the following:
➢ Keyword
➢ Identifier
➢ Constant
➢ Operator
CREATING A C++ PROGRAM

 C++ program has two parts

➢ Preprocessor directive
➢ The program
 Source code must be saved in a file with the file extension .cpp

 Compiler generates the object code and saved in a file with file extension
.obj
 Executable code is produced and saved in a file with the file extension
.exe
PREPROCESSOR DIRECTIVE SYNTAX

 Tell the compiler to preprocess the source code before actual compiling
process
 All preprocessor commands begin with #
 Many functions and symbols needed to run a C++ program are provided
as collection of libraries.
 Every library has a name and is referred to by a header file

 Syntax: #include <headerfile>

 Examples of some preprocessor directives are:
➢ #include <iostream>
➢ #include <cmath>
➢ #include <cstring>
SYMBOL

 Special symbol:  Word symbols

+ ? ➢ Reserved words, or keywords

- , ➢ Include:
• int
* <=
• float
/ !=
• double
. == • char
; >= • return
SEMICOLONS, BRACKETS, COMMAS &
COMMENTS
 Commas separate items in a list
 All C++ statements end with a semicolon ( ; )

➢ Semicolon is also called a statement terminator

 { and } are not C++ statements

 Comments can be used to document code

➢ Single line comments begin with ( // ) anywhere in the line

➢ Multiple line comments or pair comments are enclosed between

/* and */
USE OF BLANKS

 Use of Blanks
➢ One or more blanks separate input numbers
➢ Blanks are also used to separate reserved words and identifiers from
each other and other symbols
 Blanks between identifiers in the second statement are meaningless:
➢ int a,b,c;
➢ int a , b , c;
 In the statement: inta,b,c;
➢ No blank between the t and a changes the reserved word int and the
identifier a into a new identifier, inta.
IDENTIFIER

 Identifier is the name of something that appears in a program

➢ Identifiers consist of letters, digits, and the underscore character ( _ )
➢ Must begin with a letter or underscore
➢ Name identifier with meaningful name

 C++ is case sensitive

➢ NUMBER is not the same as number

 Some predefined identifiers are cout and cin

 IDENTIFIER (CONT.)
 Example of valid or legal identifier
➢ first
➢ number1
➢ averageScore
➢ latest_CGPA

 Example of invalid or illegal identifier

DATA TYPE

 Data type is a set of values together with a set of

operations
 C++ data can be classified into three categories:
➢ Simple data type (focus on this type)
➢ Structured data type
➢ Pointers
SIMPLE DATA TYPE

 Categories of simple data type:

➢ Integral: integers (numbers without a decimal)
• Can be further categorized: A Boolean type (bool), Character
type (char), Integer type (int)
➢ Floating-point: decimal numbers
SIMPLE DATA TYPE -INTEGRAL
 int Data Type
➢ Positive integers do not have to have a + sign in front of them
➢ No commas are used within an integer
➢ Commas are used for separating items in a list

Output:
 SIMPLE DATA TYPE –INTEGRAL (CONT.)
 bool Data Type:
➢ Has two values, true and false
➢ Manipulate logical (Boolean) expressions
➢ true and false are called logical values
➢ bool, true, and false are reserved words

Output:
 SIMPLE DATA TYPE –INTEGRAL (CONT.)
 char Data Type:
➢ The smallest integral data type
➢ The character variable can store only one character
➢ Used for characters: letters, digits, and special symbols
➢ Some of the values belonging to char data type are: 'A', 'a', '0', '*', '+', '$’, '&'
➢ A blank space is a character and is written ' ', with a space left between the single
quotes

Output:
 SIMPLE DATA TYPE – INTEGRAL (CONT.)

 string Data Type:

➢ Sequence of zero or more characters
➢ Enclosed in double quotation marks
➢ Null: a string with no characters
➢ The last character in a string is the null
character (‘\0’)
➢ Length of a string: number of characters in string
• Example: length of “William Jacob” is 13 Output:
➢ Position of first character is 0, the position of the second is 1,
and so on
SIMPLE DATA TYPE – FLOATING POINT

 C++ uses scientific notation to represent real numbers (floating-point notation)

 SIMPLE DATA TYPE – FLOATING POINT (CONT.)

 float Data Type:

➢ represents any real number

➢ Range: -3.4E+38 to 3.4E+38
➢ Memory allocated for the float type is 4 bytes
➢ Maximum number of significant digits (decimal places) for float values
is 6 or 7
SIMPLE DATA TYPE – FLOATING POINT (CONT.)

 double Data Type:

➢ represents any real number

➢ Range: -1.7E+308 to 1.7E+308
➢ Memory allocated for double type is 8 bytes
➢ On most newer compilers, data types double and long double are
same
➢ Maximum number of significant digits for double is 15
➢ Double values are called double precision
VARIABLE

 Variable is a program element containing a value that can be changed

 Variables declared inside a function or a block is called local variables
 Variables declared outside of all functions is called global variable
 Syntax: <data type> <identifier> <identifier> . . . ;
VARIABLE (CONT.)

Global variable

Local variables
ASSIGNMENT STATEMENT
 The assignment statement takes the form:
variable = expression;
 Expression is evaluated and its value is assigned to the variable on the
left side
 In C++, (=) is called the assignment operator
CONSTANT

 Constants refer to fixed values that the program may not alter during
execution
 Constants can be any of the basic data types
 Defining Constants:
➢ There are two simple ways in C++ to define constants:
➢ Using #define preprocessor
➢ Using const keyword
 In C++, const is a reserved word

 Constants are treated just like regular variables except that their values
cannot be modified
CONSTANT (CONT.)

 Constant Example:
 INPUT AND OUTPUT

 Output Statement
➢ To display output on screen or to write output into file
➢ Using cout keyword and output stream called insertion operator (<<)

➢ Syntax :
cout << <string | constant | variable | expression > ;
➢ Expression evaluated and its value is printed at current position on the screen
➢ Manipulator: alters output
➢ endl: the simplest manipulator

• Causes cursor to move to beginning of the next line

INPUT AND OUTPUT (CONT.)

 Output example:
➢ Output of the C++ statement
cout << a;
is meaningful if a has a value
➢ For example, the sequence of C++ statements,
a = 45;
cout << a;
produces an output of 45
INPUT AND OUTPUT (CONT.)

 Input (Read) Statement

➢ To received input from keyboard or read input from a file
➢ Using cin keyword and input stream called extraction operator
(>>)
➢ Syntax: cin >> <variable> >> <variable> . . . ;
➢ For example, if miles is a double variable
cin >> miles;
• Causes computer to get a value of type double
• Places it in the memory cell miles
INPUT AND OUTPUT (CONT.)

 Example of input statement:

Prompt to the user to

cout << “Enter a score : “;
enter a value
cin >> score;
Read a value from the
user
ESCAPE SEQUENCE IN C++

 These are used to add special effects (generally for output)

 Every escape sequence begin with slash symbol (\)
ESCAPE SEQUENCE IN C++ (CONT.)

 Example:

Output:
ARITHMETIC OPERATION

 Five basic operations:

Addition (+) Sum of two numbers

Subtraction (-) Different of two numbers
Multiplication (*) Product of two numbers
Division (/) Quotient of two numbers
Modulo (%) Remainder of division operation
ARITHMETIC OPERATION (CONT.)

 Example:

Output:
SEMANTICS

 Possible to remove all syntax errors in a program and still not have it run
 Even if it runs, it may still not do what you meant it to do
 For example,
➢ 2 + 3 * 5 and (2 + 3) * 5

are both syntactically correct expressions, but have different meanings

PROGRAMMING EXAMPLE

 Write a program that takes as input given lengths expressed in

feet and inch.
 The program should then convert and display the length in
centimeters.
 Assume that the given lengths in feet and inch are integers. (One
feet is 12 inches; One inch is equal to 2.54 centimeters)
 PROGRAMMING EXAMPLE (CONT.)

 Algorithm

Start
1. Read length in feet
2. Read length in inch
3. Calculate the length in centimeter using formula:
totalInches = 12 * feet + inch;
totalCentimeter = 2.54 * totalInches;
4. Display totalCentimeter
End
PROGRAMMING EXAMPLE (CONT.)

Output:
SUMMARY

 C++ program : collection of functions where each program has a function

called main
 Identifier consists of letters, digits, and underscores, and begins with letter
or underscore
 The arithmetic operators in C++ are:
➢ addition (+),
➢ subtraction (-),
➢ multiplication (*),
➢ division (/), and
➢ modulus(%)