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A 547137
1837
ARTES SCIENTIA
VERITAS
LIBRARY OF THE GAN
R S ITY MICHI
UNI V E OF
E-PLURIBUS UNUM
TUEBOR
PLANE
TRIGONOMETRY .
London : C. J. CLAY AND SONS ,
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE ,
AVE MARIA LANE .
Glasgow : 263, ARGYLE STREET.
Leipzig : F. A. BROCKHAUS.
New York: MACMILLAN AND CO.
PLANE
TRIGONOMETRY
58660
BY
on
reyxt
aid u
S. L. LONEY,
- M.A.
LATE FELLOW OF· SIDNEY SUSSEX COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE,
PROFESSOR AT THE ROYAL HOLLOWAY COLLEGE.
CAMBRIDGE :
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
1895
PART I.
CHAP. PAGE
I. Measurement of angles. Sexagesimal and Centesimal
Measure 1
Circular, or Radian, Measure . 5
II. Trigonometrical Ratios for angles less than a right
2222
angle 19
Values for angles of 45° , 30°, 60°, 90°, and 0° . 32
III. Simple problems in Heights and Distances 40
IV. Applications of algebraic signs to Trigonometry 47
Tracing the changes in the ratios 52
V. Trigonometrical ratios of angles of any size.
for - 0, 90° - 0, 90° + 0,.... 64
VI. General expressions for all angles having a given
trigonometrical ratio 76
VII. Ratios of the sum and difference of two angles 87
Product Formulæ 93
VIII. Ratios of multiple and submultiple angles 105
Explanation of ambiguities 114
Angles of 18°, 36°, and 9° 126
IX. Identities and trigonometrical equations 131
X. Logarithms • 146
Tables of logarithms 152
viii CONTENTS.
CHAP . PAGE
XI. Principle of Proportional Parts 159
XII. Sides and Angles of a triangle . 174
XIII. Solution of triangles 189
Given two sides and the included angle 195
Ambiguous Case . 201
XIV. Heights and Distances 211
XV. Properties of a triangle . 228
The circles connected with a triangle 230
Orthocentre and Pedal triangle 238
Centroid and Medians 241
XVI. Quadrilaterals 251
Regular Polygons 257
XVII. Trigonometrical ratios of small angles.
sin <<tan 262
Area of a Circle 268
Dip of the horizon . 270
XVIII. Inverse circular functions . 273
XIX. Some simple trigonometrical Series 282
XX. Elimination 290
XXI. Projections · 295
PART II.
ANALYTICAL TRIGONOMETRY.
CHAP . PAGE
I. Exponential and Logarithmic Series 1
Logarithms to base e · 7
Two important limits 11
II. Complex quantities 17
De Moivre's Theorem 20
Binomial Theorem for complex quantities 30
CONTENTS. ix
CHAP. PAGE
24486
22
III. Expansions of sin ne, cos ne, and tan ne • 32
Expansions of sin a and cos a in a series of ascending
powers of a . · 37
Sines and Cosines of small angles 40
Approximation to the root of an equation 41
Evaluation of indeterminate quantities 43
IV. Expansions of cos" and sin" in cosines or sines of
multiples of • • 54
54
Expansions of sin ne and cos ne in series of descend-
ing and ascending powers of sin ✪ and cos 60
V. Exponential Series for Complex Quantities . 74
Circular functions of complex angles 77
Euler's exponential values 78
***
Hyperbolic Functions 80
Inverse Circular and Hyperbolic Functions . 88
VI. Logarithms of complex quantities 93
Value of a when a and x are complex . 100
VII. Gregory's Series 106
Calculation of the value of π 109
VIII. Summation of Series 114
Expansions in Series 126
IX. Factors of x2n - 2xn cos no +1 133
Factors of n - 1 and x" +1 • 139
Resolution of sin and cos into factors . 147
sinh and cosh in products 152
X. Principle of Proportional Parts 162
XI. Errors of observation 171
XII. Miscellaneous Propositions 178
Solution of a Cubic Equation 178
Maximum and Minimum Values 180
Geometrical representation of complex quantities 182
Miscellaneous Examples • 188
PART I.
sin ( 180° -
– 0) = sin ; cos ( 180 ° -
— 0) = — cos 0. (Art. 72. )
sin ( 180° + 0) = - sin = - cos 0. (Art. 73.)
; cos ( 180 ° + 0) =
C+D C- D
sin C + sin D = 2 sin COS
2 2
C+D C- D
sin C - sin D = 2 cos sin
2 2
C+D C-D
cos C + cos D = 2 cos COS
2 2
C+D C-D
cos D.-cos C2 sin sin (Art. 94.)
2 2
tan Atan B
tan (A + B) -
1 - tan A tan B'
tan Atan B
tan (A - B) = (Art. 98. )
1 + tan A tan B*
2 tan A
tan 24 =
1- tan² A (Art. 105. )
cos A A 1 + cos A
sin 4-== ; cos == • (Art. 110. )
2 2
A
2 sin
2 = ± √√1 + sin A ± √1 − sin A.
A
2 cos √1 + sin A = √ 1 − sin A.
2= (Art. 113.)
$1 83 +85
tan (4₁ + A₂ + An) = 1 - (Art. 125. )
82 +84
1 1 1
- b) (s − c) = bc sin A = ca sin B = ab sin C.
- a) (s −
S = √3 (8 − 2 2 2
(Art. 198. )
a b с
IX . R = = - = abc
2 sin A 2 sin B 2 sin C 4.S (Arts. 200, 201. )
S A
↑ === (8 - a)tan = = ... (Arts. 202, 203. )
8 2
S A
r1 = 8 tan (Arts. 205, 206. )
8 -a 2'
sin
= 1 , when is very small. (Art. 228. )
Ө
Area of a circle = πρ (Art. 233. )
xiv THE PRINCIPAL FORMULÆ IN TRIGONOMETRY .
.n 1 ηβ
sin a + B
{ 2 B} sin 2
B (Art. 241. )
sin82
n 1 ηβ
COS a + B sin
{a 2 2
3/2
(Art. 242. )
sin B
PART II.
n
XI. Lt ( 1 + 1) " = e = 2·71828 ...... (Arts. 2, 3. )
n =∞
ex = 1 x+ + ...... ad inf.
|3
ха
a² = 1 + x log, a + (loge a)² + ad inf. (Art. 5. )
1 1
loge (1 + x) = x - 2 х - 204 + ...... ad inf.
3 1114
n (n − 1 ) (n − 2 ) -3
cos"-³ ◊ sin³ 0 + ......
1.2.3
-
n (n − 1 ) cos"-20 sin² 0
cos no = cos² 0.
1.2
-
n (n − 1 ) (n -
− 2) (n − 3) cos -40 sin¹ Ø · (Art. 27. )
+ 1.2.3 . 4
81 83 + 85-87 +
tan no = (Art. 30.)
1 - 82 +84 - 86 +
1 1
XVI. tan -1 X = X 203 + ეს -17x² + ..... ad inf.,
5
π π
- and рп + (Art. 96.) .
where lies between pë 4 4
xvi THE PRINCIPAL FORMULE IN TRIGONOMETRY.
1'= n
2
-1
21π
x - 1 = (x² - 1) II 2x cos +
r=1 n 1) , (n even)
T= n-21
2rπ
and = (x- 1) II x² - 2x cos +
r=1 22 1) , (n odd).
(Art. 119. )
n
r=22-1 2r + 1
x² + 1 = II x² - 2x cos π + 1)
r=0 n , (n even).
T=n-2 3
2r + 1
and - 2x cos π+
II (20²
= (x + 1 ) r=0 n 1) , (n odd).
(Art. 120. )
and 648 =
10 1 ) ˚ = ( 64 – 6 ·4 )° = 57 ·6 ° .
(641x64)
(3) Since 1050° = 11 × 90° + 60°, the revolving line has turned through
60° more than eleven right angles , and is therefore in the fourth
quadrant, i.e. between OB' and OA, and makes 60° with OB'.
EXAMPLES. I.
Express in terms of a right angle the angles
1. 60°. 2. 75° 15'. 3. 63° 17′ 25″.
4. 130° 30'. 5. 210° 30' 30". 6. 370° 20′ 48″.
Express in grades , minutes, and seconds the angles
7. 30°. 8. 81°. 9. 138° 30'. 10. 35° 47′15″.
11. 235° 12' 36". 12. 475° 13' 48".
Express in terms of right angles , and also in degrees, minutes, and
seconds the angles
13. 1208. 14. 458 35' 24" . 15. 398 45' 36" .
16. 2558 8' 9". 17. 7598 0 5“.
Mark the position of the revolving line when it has traced out the
following angles :
4
18. 3 right angle. 19. 3 right angles. 20. 13 right angles.
21. 120°. 22. 315°. 23. 745°. 24. 1185°. 25. 150º.
26. 4208. 27. 8758.
28. How many degrees, minutes and seconds are respectively passed
over in 11 minutes by the hour and minute hands of a watch ?
29. The number of degrees in one acute angle of a right-angled
triangle is equal to the number of grades in the other ; express both the
angles in degrees.
30. Prove that the number of Sexagesimal minutes in any angle is
to the number of Centesimal minutes in the same angle as 27 : 50.
31. Divide 44° 8′ into two parts such that the number of Sexagesimal
seconds in one part may be equal to the number of Centesimal seconds in
the other part.
Circular Measure.
rad
P
radius of the circle. Join OA and
ius
OP.
The angle AOP is the angle radian
A
which is taken as the unit of cir-
cular measurement, i.e. it is the
angle in terms of which in this B'
system we measure all others.
This angle is called A Radian and is often denoted
by 1º.
355
[N.B. The fraction may be remembered thus ; write down the
113
first three odd numbers repeating each twice, thus 113355 ; divide the
number thus obtained into portions and let the first part be divided into
the second, thus 113) 355(.
The quotient is the value of π to 6 places of decimals.]
EXAMPLES. II.
1. If the radius of the earth be 4000 miles, what is the length of its
circumference?
2. The wheel of a railway carriage is 3 feet in diameter and makes
3 revolutions in a second ; how fast is the train going?
3. A mill sail whose length is 18 feet makes 10 revolutions per
minute. What distance does its end travel in an hour?
4. The diameter of a halfpenny is an inch ; what is the length of a
piece of string which would just surround its curved edge?
5. Assuming that the earth describes in one year a circle , of
92500000 miles radius, whose centre is the sun, how many miles does the
earth travel in a year?
2
Hence a Radian = ZAOB
π
2
== of a right angle .
π
10 π
Hence (60 - y) : 180·(60 + y ) :: 40 : π,
40
200 60 - y ==
..
π 60 +у π "
i.e. 5 (60 - y) = 60 + y,
i.e. y = 40.
The angles are therefore 20°, 60°, and 100°.
EXAMPLES. III.
Express in degrees , minutes, and seconds the angles,
4πc
1. T. 2. 3 3. 10 . 4. 1c. 5. 8c.
3
Express in grades, minutes, and seconds the angles,
Απο 7πc
6. 5 • 7. 6 • 8. 10πc.
3
18. One angle of a triangle is x grades and another is 2x x degrees,
πX
whilst the third is radians ; express them all in degrees.
75
19. The circular measure of two angles of a triangle are respectively
1 1
and ; what is the number of degrees in the third angle ?
Ex. 3. Assuming the average distance of the earth from the sun to be
92500000 miles, and the angle subtended by the sun at the eye of a person
on the earth to be 32', find the sun's diameter.
Let D be the diameter of the sun in miles.
The angle subtended by the sun being very small, its diameter is very
approximately equal to a small arc of a circle whose centre is the eye of
the observer. Also the sun subtends an angle of 32′ at the centre of this
circle.
Hence, by Art. 21 , we have
D
=the number of radians in 32'
92500000
8°
=the number of radians in
15
8 π 2π
= X =
15 180 675
185000000
. D= πmiles
675
185000000 22
X approximately
675 7 miles
=about 862000 miles.
Ex. 4. Assuming that a person of normal sight can read print at such
a distance that the letters subtend an angle of 5' at his eye, find what is
the height of the letters that he can read at a distance ( 1 ) of 12 feet, and
(2) of a quarter ofa mile.
Let x be the required height in feet.
In the first case, x is very nearly equal to the arc of a circle, of radius
12 feet, which subtends an angle of 5′ at its centre.
x
Hence = number of radians in 5'
12
1 π
= X
12 180 °
π feet 1 22
.. x= = X
180 180 7 feet nearly
1 22 1
X inches about inch.
15 7 5
MEASUREMENT OF ANY ANGLE IN RADIANS. 17
EXAMPLES. IV.
1. Find the number of degrees subtended at the centre of a circle by
1
an arc whose length is 357 times the radius, taking π ==⚫3183.
2. Express in radians and degrees the angle subtended at the centre
of a circle by an arc whose length is 15 feet, the radius of the circle
being 25 feet.
3. The value of the divisions on the outer rim of a graduated circle
is 5' and the distance between successive graduations is 1 inch. Find
the radius of the circle.
4. The diameter of a graduated circle is 6 feet and the graduations
on its rim are 5' apart ; find the distance from one graduation to
another.
5. Find the radius of a globe which is such that the distance between
two places on the same meridian whose latitude differs by 1° 10' may be
half-an-inch.
6. Taking the radius of the earth as 4000 miles, find the difference
in latitude of two places, one of which is 100 miles north of the other.
7. Assuming the earth to be a sphere and the distance between
two parallels of latitude, which subtends an angle of 1° at the earth's
centre, to be 693 miles, find the radius of the earth.
8. The radius of a certain circle is 3 feet ; find approximately the
length of an arc of this circle, if the length of the chord of the arc be
3 feet also.
9. What is the ratio of the radii of two circles at the centre of which
two arcs of the same length subtend angles of 60° and 75°?
10. If an arc, of length 10 feet, on a circle of 8 feet diameter
subtend at the centre an angle of 143 ° 14′22″ ; find the value of
to 4 places of decimals.
L. T. 2
18 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. IV.]
"9
36
36
OM' Base"
2-2
20 TRIGONOMETRY.
OP'M
' are the same as those derived from the triangle
ОРМ.
In the two triangles, the angle at O is common, and
the angles at M and M
' are both right angles and there-
fore equal .
Hence the two triangles are equiangular and therefore,
MP M'P'
by Euc. VI. 4, we have = > i.e. the sine of the angle
OP OP
AOP is the same whatever point we take on the revolving
line.
Since, by the same proposition, we have
OM OM' MP M'P'
= and =
OP OP' OM OM ''
it follows that the cosine and tangent are the same
whatever point be taken on the revolving line. Similarly
for the other ratios.
sin 0 MP OM MP
we have == = = = tan 0.
cos e OP OP OM
sin
Hence tan 0 = (5).
сово
cos в
Similarly cot 0 = ...... (6).
sin
TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS. 23
1- cos A 1 - cos A
=
sinA
√1 - cos² A
by relation (2) of the last article,
1 cos A =cosec A - cot A.
=
sin A sin A
cos2 A sin² A 1
= ·
sin A cos A sin A cos A
= 1.
24 TRIGONOMETRY .
EXAMPLES . V.
5. 1- sin A
sec A - tan A.
√ 1+sin A
cosec A cosec A
6. =2 sec² A.
cosec A - 1 cosec A + 1
cosec A
7. = cos A.
cot A + tan
8. (sec A + cos A) (sec A - cos A) = tan² A + sin² A.
1
9. = sin A cos A.
cot A +tan A
1
10. sec A +tan A.
sec Atan A
1 - tan A - cot A - 1
11.
1 +tan A cot 4 + 1 °
1 + tan² A = sin² A
12. 1+
cot² A cos2 A
sec Atan A
13.
sec A +tan A = 1-2 sec A tan A + 2 tan² A.
tan A cot A
14. sec A cosec A + 1.
1 - cot A 1 - tan A
cos A sin A
15. = sin A + cos A.
1 - tan A + 1 - cot A
1 1 1- cos² a sin² a
26. + cos² a sin² a =
sec² a - cos² a cosec² a - sin" a)c 2+ cos² a sin² a
[For if one of them, say sin² 0, were greater than unity, the other,
cos20, would have to be negative, which is impossible.]
OM √1-82 1 - sin20
cot =
MP S sin e
OP 1 1
cosec == =-=
MP S sin Ꮎ '
ОР 1 1
and sec = = =
OM √1 -
— s² √1 - sin²0 '
OM XC
Hence cot = = = x,
MP 1
MP 1 1
sin = =
OP √1 + 2 √1 + cot'0 '
OM cot
cos e = -
OP √1 +00² √1 + cot20 '
MP 1 1
tan 0 = = ==
OM cot Ꮎ '
OP √1 +00² √1 + cot20
sec = -
OM cot
OP √1 + x²
and cosec 0 = = = √1 + cot20.
MP
3
Ex. 3. If cos 0 equal 5, find the values of the other ratios.
Along the initial line OA take OM equal to 3, and erect a perpen-
dicular MP.
Let a line OP, of length 5 , revolve round O until its other end meets
this perpendicular in the point P. Then AOP is the angle .
1
Ex. 4. Supposing 0 to be an angle whose sine is 3' to find the numeri-
cal magnitude of the other trigonometrical ratios .
1
Here sin 0 = so that the relation (2) of Art. 27 gives
2
+ cos² 0 = 1 ,
1 8
i.e. cos20 = 1 - =
9
2/2
i.e. cos 0= •
3
sin 0 1
Hence tan 0= = =
cos 2/2
1
cot @ =
tan 8 = 2 /2,
1 =
Cosec =
sin 0 3,
1 3
sec = = = 3/2
cos 2/2 4 '
sin √1
c- 0
tan 1 √sec²0-1 1
sin 0os²
√1
+
t an³0 √1
+
c ot20 sec cosec
6s √1
s-in²
0 1 e
cot 1 c
√osec²
-
0 1
co COS
√1
t
+an20 √1
c
+ot²
0 sec cosec
sin √1
c-os²
0 1
e
tan √sec20 1
√1 tan -
1
sin20 Cos cot √cosec²
8-1
√1
s-
0in² 1
e
cot cos 1
e
cot cosec²
1
-
0
✓
TRIGONOMETRY .
sin √1
c-
0os² 0
tan √
sec²
-
0 1
1 1 √1
c
+ot¹0
sec √1
t
+an²
0 cosec
√1
s
-in³0 e
cot sec
cos cosec²
1
-
0
√
1 1 √1
+
t
0an²
cosec √1
c+
0ot² sec
sin √1
ç-
0os² tan cosec
√
sec²
-
0
1
TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS. 31
EXAMPLES. VI.
1. Express all the other trigonometrical ratios in terms of the cosine.
2. Express all the ratios in terms of the tangent.
3. Express all the ratios in terms of the cosecant.
4. Express all the ratios in terms of the secant.
1
5. The sine of a certain angle is ; find the numerical values of the
other trigonometrical ratios of this angle.
12
6. If sin 0 = 13 find tan and versin 0.
11
7. If sin A = 61 ' find tan A, cos A, and sec A.
4
8. If cos 0 = 5' find sin and cot 0. !
9
9. If cos A =·41 " find tan A and cosec A.
3
10. If tan 0.
4 , find the sine, cosine, versine and cosecant of 0.
cosec20 - sec² 0
11. If tan 0:= find the value of
cosec20+ sec² 0 °
15
12. If cot 0 = 8 find cos e and cosec 0.
3
13. If sec A = 2' find tan A and cosec A.
14. If 2 sin 0 = 2 - cos 8 , find sin 0.
15. If 8 sin 0 =4 + cos 0 , find sin 0.
16. If tan 0 + sec 0 = 105, find sin 0.
17. If cot 0 + cosec 0 = 5, find cos 0.
18. If 3 sec4 0 + 8 = 10 sec20, find the values of tan 0.
19. If tan20 + sec 0 = 5, find cos 0.
20. If tan 0 + cot 0 = 2 , find sin 0.
21. If sec2 0 = 2 + 2 tan 0 , find tan 0.
2x +
22. If tan 0= (x 1) , find sin 0 and cos 0.
2x + 1
32 TRIGONOMETRY.
MP = ¿P'P = OP = a.
MP 1
... sin 30°
= OP 2'
OM
cos 30° := = a√3 == √3
OP 2a
sin 30°
and tan 30° = -
cos 30° √3
out be 60°.
Take a point N on OA, so
that
2a
MN = OM = a (say).
OP = ON = 20M = 2a .
MP √3a = √3
Hence sin 60°:= "
OP 2a 2
OM α 1
cos 60° == = =
OP 2a
sin 60°
and tan 60° = = √3.
cos 60°
Hence cot 0° = ∞ .
ОР
Similarly cosec 0° = = ∞ also.
MP
ОР
And sec 0° = = 1.
OM
PM
cos (90° -
– f) = cos MPO = == sin AOP = sin 0,
PO
MO
tan (90° -
– 0) = tan MPO = = cot AOP = cot 0,
PM
PM
cot (90° – 0) = cot MPO =
= = tan AOP = tan 0,
MO
PO
cosec (90° -
— 0) = cosec MPO = = sec AOP = sec 0,
ΜΟ
PO
and sec (90 ° - 0) = sec MPO = = cosec AOP = cosec 0.
PM
TRIGONOMETRICAL RATIOS. 37
1 1 √3
Sine 1
Z √2 2
191
√3 1
Cosine 1 0
༠༠
72
Tangent √3 ∞
√3
1
8
Cotangent √3 1 0
√3
2
Cosecant 2 √2 1
8
√3
2
Secant 1 √2 2
8
√3
For
( 1) the sines of 60° and 90° are respectively the
cosines of 30° and 0°. (Art. 39.)
(2) the cosines of 60° and 90° are respectively the
sines of 30° and 0°. (Art. 39.)
Hence the second and third lines are known.
EXAMPLES. VII.
43. Two of the instruments used in practical work are the Theodo-
lite and the Sextant.
The Theodolite is used to measure angles in a vertical plane.
The Theodolite, in its simple form, consists of a telescope attached
to a flat piece of wood. This piece of wood is supported by three legs
and can be arranged so as to be accurately horizontal.
HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES. 41
This table being at O and horizontal, and the telescope being initially
pointing in the direction OM, the latter can be made to rotate in a
vertical plane until it points accurately towards P. A graduated scale
shews the angle through which it has been turned from the horizontal,
i.e. gives us the angle of elevation MOP.
Similarly, if the instrument were at P, the angle NPO through which
the telescope would have to be turned, downward from the horizontal,
would give us the angle NPO.
The instrument can also be used to measure angles in a horizontal
plane.
44. The Sextant is used to find the angle subtended by any two
points D and E at a third point F. It is an instrument much used on
board ships.
Its construction and application are too complicated to be here
considered.
Let P be the top of the spire and A and B the two points at which
the angles of elevation are taken. Draw
PM perpendicular to AB produced and
let MP be x.
We are given AB = 100 feet,
LMAP =45°,
18
and L MBP-60°.
We then have
45° 60°
AM M
= cot 45°, A 100 B
x A
BM 1
and cot 60°: ·
X √3
Ꮖ
Hence AM = x, and BM =
√3
x
.. 100 = AM - BM = x ·- = x √√3-1
√3 √3
Ex. 3. From the top of a cliff, 200 feet high, the angles of depression
of the top and bottom of a tower are observed to be 30° and 60° ; find the
height of the tower.
Let A be the point of observation and BA the height of the cliff and
let CD be the tower.
Draw AE horizontally, so that ▲ EAC - 30° and E
LEAD =60°. 30
Let x feet be the height of the tower and produce 60
DC to meet AE in E, so that CE - AB - x = 200 - x. C
Since ADB = ▲ DAE = 60° (Euc. 1. 29), 200
200
.. DB AB cot ADB = 200 cot 60° = X
√3 °
200 - x = CE 1
Also = tan 30°=
ᎠᏴ EA √3
HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES. 43
ᎠᏴ 200
.. 200 - x == "
√3 3
200
so that x=200- 3 = 133} feet.
Ex. 4. A man observes that at a point due south of a certain tower its
angle of elevation is 60° ; he then walks 300 feet due west on a horizontal
plane and finds that the angle of elevation is 30° ; find the height of the
tower and his original distance from it.
B
A/60 M
孝
M
в 300 √3x
a
A
30°
X/3 M A
A M
Let P be the top, and PM the height, of the tower, A the point due
south of the tower and B the point due west of A.
The angles PMA, PMB, and MAB are therefore all right angles.
For simplicity, since the triangles PAM, PBM, and ABM are in
different planes, they are reproduced in the second, third, and fourth
figures and drawn to scale.
We are given AB = 300 feet, LPAM= 60°, and PBM = 30°.
Let the height of the tower be x feet.
From the second figure,
AM 1
cot 60°: 9
X
x
so that AM= ·
√3
From the third figure,
BM
= cot 30° /3,
X
so that BM= √3.x.
44 TRIGONOMETRY.
.. 8x2 = 3 x 3002.
300/3 √6
.. x= /6
= 150 . №6 = 75 × √
2/2
= 75 x 2.44949 ... 183.71 ... feet.
Also his original distance from the tower
x
=x cot 60°-= = = 75 × √2
√3
= 75 × (1 ·4142... ) = 106· 065 ... feet.
EXAMPLES. VIII.
cot PBQ= ;
find the height of the tower.
18. A square tower stands upon a horizontal plane. From a point
in this plane, from which three of its upper corners are visible, their
angular elevations are respectively 45° , 60°, and 45°. Shew that the
height of the tower is to the breadth of one of its sides as 6 (√5 + 1)
to 4.
19. A lighthouse, facing north, sends out a fan-shaped beam of
light extending from north-east to north-west. An observer on a steamer,
sailing due west, first sees the light when it is 5 miles away from the
lighthouse and continues to see it for 30/2 minutes. What is the
speed of the steamer ?
20. A man stands at a point X on the bank XY of a river with
straight and parallel banks and observes that the line joining X to a
point Z on the opposite bank makes an angle of 30° with XY. He then
goes along the bank a distance of 200 yards to Y and finds that the angle
ZYX is 60°. Find the breadth of the river.
21. A man, walking due north, observes that the elevation of a
balloon, which is due east of him and is sailing toward the north-west,
is then 60° ; after he has walked 400 yards the balloon is vertically over
his head ; find its height supposing it to have always remained the same.
CHAPTER IV.
[Four positions of the revolving line are given in the figure, one in
each of the four quadrants, and the suffixes 1 , 2, 3 and 4 are attached to
P for the purpose of distinction. ]
OM
"" "" Cosine "" 22
OP
MP
"" وو Tangent ""
OM
OM
"" "" Cotangent "" دو
MP
OP
دو Secant ""
OM
OP
"" "" Cosecant "; ""
MP
sin20 + cos20 = 1,
sin
= tan 0,
cos
sec²0 = 1 + tan20,
and cosec20 = 1 + cot20.
B
sin + sin + +++++
COS COS
tan tan
cot cot
cosec + Cosec +
sec sec
A' A
sin sin
+
1
+
COS COS
tan + tan
cot cot
cosec cosec
sec sec
B'
from 0 to 1.
A' A
-
finally increases from 1 to 0, and thus the sine goes
through all its changes, returning to its original value.
58 TRIGONOMETRY.
Y
Bi
R₁' R3 R4
R₂ P R₁ R2 R5 X
B1
Sine-Curve.
Let OX and OY be two straight lines at right angles
SINE-CURVE. 59
1
the sine of which is
2' and so we should erect a perpendicular PQ equal
to one-half the unit of length .]
*63. Cosine-Curve.
Y
B Q
Rá R₂' R1 R2 R3
R R4 X
* 64. Tangent-Curve .
Ra R2 R P R1 R2 R3
X
* 66. Cosecant-Curve .
B1
R3
R1 R2 X
B3
ཁང་ མ་རང་
4xy
12. Shew that the equation sec² 0 = is only possible when
(x +y)2
x =y.
CHAPTER V.
A
M A M
A .A
M M
ANGLES OF ANY SIZE AND SIGN. 65
OM OM
cos ( - '=
= 0) = OP = cos 0,
OP
MP' MP
tan ( — 0) = tan 0,
OM OM
OM OM
cot ( 0) = = = -- cot 0,
MPMP
'
OP OP
cosec ( 0) = MP = =- cosec 0,
-MP
OP' ОР
and sec ( 0) = = sec 0.
OM OM
L. T. 5
66 TRIGONOMETRY .
[In this article, and the following articles, the values of the last four
trigonometrical ratios may be found, without reference to the figure,
from the values of the first two ratios.
sin (-0) - sin 0
Thus tan ( -9)=)COS - = - tan 0,
e) cos 8
cos
cot ( 0)==cos (-0) = - sin 0 =- cot 0 ,
sin ( 0)
1 - 1 = cosec 8,
cosec ( 0) - sin @
sin ( -0)
1 1
and sec ( -0)= COS - = COS 8 = sec 0. ]
0)
1
Exs. sin ( -30°) = - sin 30° -= - 2
B
N'
M'
A мо A
M' M
IB B
N'
M M M
A A
MA
Hence
M'P' OM
sin (90° - 0) = sin AOP' = OP' = ОР = cos 0,
'
OM MP
cos (90° -6) = cos AOP' = = = sin 0,
'
OP OP
' OM
M'P
tan (90° - 0) = tan AOP' = OM = MP == cot 0,
OM' MP
cot (90° -0) = cot AOP' =
= = = tan 0,
M'P' OM
OP' ОР
sec (90° -
— 0) = sec AOP' = = cosec 8,
OM' MP
OP' OP
and cosec (90° — 0) = cosec AOP' =
: = = sec 0.
M'P' OM
M' M
NiA
M' M A
M M' A
MM' A
ANGLES OF ANY SIZE AND SIGN. 69
M'P
' OM
tan (90° + 0) = tan AOP' = = cot 0,
OM
' MP
OM
' - - MP
cot (90° + 0) = cot AOP' = = = tan 0,
M'P
' OM
OP' OP
sec (90° + 0) = sec AOP' := = = - cosec 0,
OM
' - MP
OP' OP
and cosec (90° + 0) = cosec AOP' =
: = = sec0.
M'POM
70 TRIGONOMETRY .
M A
M M M'
M M MO
A A A- A
M
P
To t
AP
Hence we have
M'P MP
sin (180° - 0) = sin AOP' = OP' = OP = sin 0,
OM' -- OM
cos (180° - ) = cos AOP' = cos e,
OP' ОР
M'P' MP
tan ( 180° -6) = tan AOP' = = = - tan 0,
OM' - OM
OM' -
- OM
cot (180° - 0) = cot AOP' =
= = -= - cot 0 ,
M'P
' MP
OP' OP
sec (180° - 0) = sec AOP' = = == sec 0,
OM' - OM
OP' ОР
- 0) = cosec AOP' =
and cosec (180° — = = cosec 0.
M'P
' MP
72 TRIGONOMETRY .
1
and tan 150° = tan (180° – 30°) — — tan 30° --
-
√3
112
12
༠༠༥
1 √3 1
Sine 0 1
12
2 √2
༢
112
12
1 1 √3
Cosine 1 -1
༠༠
√2 √/ 2
-3
1 8 1
Tangent 1 √3 -√3 –1 0
√3 √3
1 1
8
Cotangent
∞
√3 1 1 -√√3
√3 √3
333
2 2
Cosecant 2 √√2 √2 2
8
8
√3 √3
2
ཨ
-
8
122
Secant 2 2 -√2 -1
T
√3 √3
EXAMPLES. X.
Prove that
1. sin 420° cos 390° + cos ( - 300°) sin ( -− 330°) = 1.
2. cos 570° sin 510° - sin 330° cos 390°=0.
and 3. tan 225° cot 405° + tan 765° cot 675° = 0.
What are the values of cos Asin A and tan A + cot A when A has
the values
π 2π 5п 7π 11π q
4. 5.
3• 6. 4 7. 4 and 8. 3
[ Exs . X.] EXAMPLES . 75
Cor. Since all angles which have the same sine have
also the same cosecant, the expression (3) includes all
angles which have the same cosecant as a.
.
84. Theorem. To find a general expression for all
angles which have the same tangent.
Let AOP be any angle having the given tangent,
and let it be denoted by a.
Produce PO to P', making OP'
equal to OP, and draw P'M' per-
pendicular to OM
'.
As in Art. 73 , the angles AOP M'
M
and AOP' have the same tangent ;
also the angle AOP' = π + α.
When the revolving line is in
ANGLES HAVING THE SAME TANGENT. 81
L. T. 6
82 TRIGONOMETRY .
Hence, by Art. 82, the general expression for all the angles which
have this sine is
n™ + ( − 1)” 7
5.
1
(2) The smallest positive angle, whose cosine is -
2π
is 120°, i.e. 3 •
Hence, by Art. 83, the general expression for all the angles which
have this cosine is
2π
2nπ ± •
3
Hence, by Art. 84, the general expression for all the angles which
have this tangent is
π
Nπ +
- -
0 = nπ + ( − 1)" ( − T) .
Putting both solutions together, we have
π
0 = nπ ± ( −1)" 6 ,
or, what is the same expression,
π
6
EXAMPLES. 83
Ex. 3. What is the most general value of 0 which satisfies both of the
1
equations sin 0 = - 12and tan e - ?
EXAMPLES. XI.
What are the most general values of 0 which satisfy the equations,
1
1. sin 0 = 2' 2. sin 0:- - √3 3. sin 0:=
1 1
4. cos 0= - 2 5. cos 0 =√3
2
• 6. cos0=
√2
7. tan0= √3. 8. tane = - 1. 9. cot 0 = 1.
2
10. sec 0 =2. 11. cosec @ = 12. sin20 =1.
√3°
1
13. cos²0 = 1 • 14. tan20= 15. 4 sin20 = 3.
18. What is the most general value of that satisfies both of the
equations
1
cos Ꮎ - - and tan0 = 1?
№2
19. What is the most general value of that satisfies both of the
equations
cot 03 and cosec = -2 ?
6-2
84 TRIGONOMETRY . [Exs . XI. ]
EXAMPLES. XII.
B
R N
R N
B
A M
M
A X
MP MR + RP
Hence sin (A + B) = sin AOP = OP
OP
RP NP
= QN + RP = QN ON +
OP OP ON OP NP OP
=
= sin A cos B + cos RPN sin B.
.. sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B.
OM = OQ - MQ
Again cos (A + B) = cos AOP =
OP OP
RN OQ ON RN NP
= OQ - =
OP OP ON OP NP OP
= cos A cos B - sin RPN sin B.
- sin A sin B.
.. cos (A + B) = cos A cos B –
89. The figures in the last article have been drawn only for the case
in which A and B are acute angles.
The same proof will be found to apply to angles of any size, due
attention being paid to the signs of the quantities involved.
The results may however be shewn to be true of all angles, without
drawing any more figures, as follows.
Let A and B be acute angles, so that, by Art. 88, we know that the
theorem is true for A and B.
Let A₁ =90° + A, so that, by Art. 70, we have
sin A₁ = cos A, and cos A₁ = -− sin A.
Then sin (4₁ + B) = sin { 90° + (A + B) } = cos (A + B), by Art. 70 ,
=cos A cos B - sin A sin B = sin A₁ cos B + cos A, sin B.
Also cos (4₂ + B) = cos [90° + (A + B )] = − sin (A + B)
= - sin A cos B - cos A sin B = cos A₁ cos B - sin A, sin B.
Similarly, we may proceed if B be increased by 90°.
Hence the formulae of Art. 88 are true if either A or B be increased
by 90°, i.e. they are true if the component angles lie between 0° and
180°.
Similarly, by putting 42 = 90° + 41 , we can prove the truth of the
theorems when either or both of the component angles have values
between 0 and 270°.
By proceeding in this way, we see that the theorems are true uni-
versally.
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION FORMULE. 89
QN ON PR PN
=
ON OP PN OP
OM_OQ + QM OQ , NR
: OP =
Also cos (AB) = +
OP OPT OP
OQ ON NR NP
= + cos A cos B + sin NPR sin B,
ON OP NP OP
93. Ex. 1. Find the values of sin 75° and cos 75°.
sin 75° = sin (45° + 30°) = sin 45° cos 30° + cos 45° sin 30°
1 √3
= • + 1 1 = √3+1 "
√2 2 √2 2 2/2
and cos 75° =cos (45° + 30°) = cos 45° cos 30° - sin 45° sin 30°
= 1 √3 - 1 1 √3-1
√2 2 √2 2 2./2
ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION FORMULE. 91
Ex. 3. Assuming the formulae for sin (x + y) and cos (x +y) , deduce
the formulae for sin (x − y) and cos (x - − y).
We have
− y) cos y +cos (x -
sin x = sin { (x − y ) + y } = sin (x - − y) sin y . . (1) ,
and cos x =cos {(xy ) + y } = cos (x − y) cos y -
- — sin (x -
− y ) sin y......(2).
Multiplying (1) by cosy and (2) by sin y and subtracting, we have
sin x cosy - cos x sin y = sin (x - y) { cos2y + sin² y} = sin (x − y).
Multiplying (1) by sin y and (2) by cosy and adding, we have
sin x sin y + cos x cos y = cos (x -
− y) { cos² y + sin² y } :=cos (x − y) .
Hence the two formulae required are proved .
These two formulae are true for all values of the angles , since the
formulae from which they are derived are true for all values.
EXAMPLES. XIII.
3 9
1. If sin a = 5 and cos B:=41' find the value of sin (a - ẞ) and cos (a + B) .
45 33
2. If sin a =;53 and sin ß:= 65 9 find the values of sin (a - ẞ) and
sin (a + B).
15 12
3. If sin a = 17 and cosẞ= 13 find the values of sin (a + B), cos (a -– ẞ) ,
and tan (a +B).
Prove that
4. cos (45° -– A) cos (45° – B) – sin (45° – A ) sin (45° – B) = sin (A + B). .
92 TRIGONOMETRY. [ Exs. XIII.]
5. sin (45° + 4) cos (45° – B) + cos (45° + 4) sin (45° – B) = cos (A – B).
sin (A - B) sin (B - C) sin (C - A)
6. cos A cos B + + = 0.
cos B cos C cos C cos A
7. sin 105° + cos 105° -
= cos 45°.
8. sin 75° - sin 15° = cos 105° + cos 15°.
9. cos a cos (y - a) -
– sin a sin (y -
− a) = cos y.
-
10. cos (a + B) cos y − cos (ẞ + y) cos a = sin ẞ sin (y − a).
11. sin (n +1) A sin (n − 1) A + cos (n + 1) A cos (n − 1) A = cos 24.
12. sin (n + 1) A sin (n + 2) A + cos (n + 1) A cos (n + 2) A = cos A.
E
P
8-
16
S R
M N A
2LP LP OP
= =2 = 2 sin LOP cos POR
OR OPOR
C+ D C-D
= 2 sin COS
2 2
MQ NR = MQ - NR = TQ
Again, sin C - sin D =
0Q OR OR OR
SP SP RP
=2 -
=2 = 2 cos SPR sin ROP
OR RP ' OR
C+D C- D
= 2 cos sin
2 2
C+ D
for SPR = 90 ° -
— ≤ SPO = ▲ LOP =
[ 2
OM ON OM + ON
Also, cos C + cos D:= OQ + =
OR OR
OL OL OP
=2 =2
OR OP OR
C +D C- D
= 2 cos LOP cos POR = 2 cos COS
2 2
PRODUCT FORMULÆ. 95
ON OM ON- OM
Finally, cos D - cos C = OR -
0Q OR
MN SR 2SR PR
= 2 =
OR OR PR OR
= 2 sin SPR . sin POR
C+D C- D
= 2 sin sin
2 2
Ex. 1. sin 60+ sin 40 = 2 sin 60 +40 COS 60-40 = 2 sin 50 cos 0.
2 2
30 +70 70-30
Ex. 2. cos 30 - cos 70 = 2 sin sin 2 sin 50 sin 20.
2 2
75°+ 15° 75° -15°
2 cos sin
sin 75° - sin 15° 2
Ex. 3.
cos 75° + cos 15° 75° + 15° 75° -15°
2 cos COS
2 2
2 cos 45° sin 30° 1 √3
- tan 30° = = = '57735......
2 cos 45° cos 30° √3 3
[ This is an example of the simplification given by these formulae ; it
would be a very long and tiresome process to look out from the tables the
values of sin 75°, sin 15°, cos 75°, and cos 15°, and then to perform the
division of one long decimal fraction by another.]
96 TRIGONOMETRY .
EXAMPLES. XIV.
Prove that
sin 70 sin 50 cos 60 cos 40 -
1. cos 70+ cos 50 = tan 0. 2. = -tan 0.
sin 60+ sin 40
sin A +sin 3A
3. cos A +cos 34 = tan 24.
sin 74 - sin A
4. = cos 44 sec 54.
sin 84 - sin 24
cos 2B + cos 24
5. cos 2B - cos 24 = cot (A + B) cot (A – B).
sin 70 - sin 30
cos 30+ cos 70
2 cos 50 sin 20
2 cos 50 cos 20 by the formulae of Art. 94,
= tan 20.
[The student should carefully notice the artifice of first employing
the formulae of this article and then, to obtain a further simplification,
employing the converse formulae of Art. 94. This artifice is often
successful in simplifications. ]
EXAMPLES . XV.
Express as a sum or difference the following :
1. 2 sin 50 sin 70. 2. 2 cos 70 sin 50.
3. 2 cos 110 cos 30. 4. 2 sin 54° sin 66°.
[Exs. XV.] TANGENT OF THE SUM OF TWO ANGLES. 99
Prove that
70 30 110 =
5. sin sin + sin sin = sin 20 sin 50.
2 2 2 2
90 50
6. cos 20 cos - cos 30 cos sin 50 sin
2 2
7. sin ▲ sin (A + 2B) – sin B sin (B +24) = sin (A -− B) sin (A + B).
8. (sin 34 +sin A ) sin A + (cos 34 cos 4) cos A = 0.
2 sin (A - C) cos C - sin (A - 2C) = sin A •
9.
2 sin (BC) cos C - sin (B - 2C) sin B
sin A sin 24+ sin 34 sin 64 + sin 44 sin 134
10. =tan 94.
sin A cos 24+ sin 34 cos 64 + sin 44 cos 134
cos 24 cos 3A - cos 24 cos 74 + cos A cos 104
11. sin 44 sin 34 – sin 24 sin 5A + sin 44 sin 74 = cot 64 cot 5A.
12. cos (36° - A) cos (36° + A) + cos (54° + 4) cos (54° - A) = cos 24.
* 13. cos A sin (BC) + cos B sin ( C - A ) + cos C sin (A – B) = 0.
1
14. sin (45° + A) sin (45° - A) = 2 cos 24.
15. versin (4 + B) versin (A – B) = (cos A· - cos B)2.
16. sin (ß - − 8) + sin (y -
− y) cos (a - − a) cos (ẞ − 8) + sin (a – ẞ) cos (y – 8) = 0 .
π 9п 3п 5п
17. 2 cos COS + cos + cos =0.
13 13 13 13
tan Atan B
98. To prove that tan ( A + B) =
= and
1 -tan A tan B'
tan Atan B
that tan (A - B) =
1 + tan A tan B'
By Art. 88, we have , for all values of A and B,
sin (A + B) sin A cos B + cos A sin B
tan (A + B) =
cos (A + B) cos A cos B - sin A sin B
sin A sin B
+
cos A cos B
= by dividing both
sin A sin B'
1-
cos A cos B
numerator and denominator by cos A cos B.
tan A + tan B
.. tan (A + B) :=
1 - tan A tan B '
7-2
100 TRIGONOMETRY .
tan A - tan B
..tan (A - B) = 1
+ tan Atan B
QN RP RP
+ tan A +
OQ OQ OQ •
RN RN RP
1 1
OQ RP OQ
But, since the angles RPN and QON are equal, the triangles RPN and
QON are similar, so that
RP OQ
=
PN ON '.
RP PN
and therefore = =tan B.
OQ ON
tan A +tan B = tan A +tan B
Hence tan (A + B) =
1- tan RPN tan B 1 - tan A tan B '
(2) Taking the figure of Art. 90, we have
MP QN - PR
tan (A - B)= OM =
OQ + NR
QN - PR PR
tan A
оф OQ OQ
•
NR NR PR
1+ 14
OQ PR OQ
TANGENT OF THE SUM OF TWO ANGLES. 101
RP OQ
But, since the angles RPN and NOQ are equal, we have PN = ON'
PR PN
and therefore = tan B.
OQ ON
tan A - tan B tan Atan B
Hence tan (A -
– B) = =
1 +tan RPN tan B 1 +tan A tan B
tan A - 1
and tan ( A ―- 45°) = •
1 + tan A
EXAMPLES . XVI.
1 1
1. If tan A = 2 and tan B = 3' find the values of tan (24 + B) and
tan (24 - B).
2. If tan A = √3 and tan B = √3 , prove that
4- √3 4 + √3
tan (A - B) = 375.
n 1
3. If tan A = and tan B = find tan (A + B).
n+ 1 2n + 1 '
5 1 π
4. If tan a = 6 and tan ß: prove that a +ß: =
Prove that
3п
5. tan ( + ) x tan ( + ) -- = 1.
π
6. cot + 09 ) cot (1 - 0 ) = 1 .
A
7. 1 +tan A tan 2 =tan A cot - 1 = sec A.
= 2 sin A cos A ;
also
CN 2CN (OC + CN) - (OC - CN)
cos 24 =
CP 0Q OQ
ON - NQ = ON OP - NQ PQ
=
0Q OP OQ PQ OQ
= cos² A - sin² A ;
NP
2
NP
2NP ON
and tan 24 = =
CN¯ON -
– NQ NQ PN
1 .-
PN ON
2 tan A
=
1- tan² A
MULTIPLE ANGLES. 107
and _√3 + 1
cos 15°= OP = √2 (√3 + 1) =
OQ 4 2/2
= cos A (2 cos² A -
− 1 ) — sin A. 2 sin A cos A
= cos A (2 cos² A -
− 1) -
— 2 cos A ( 1 -
− cos² A ).
Hence cos 3A = 4 cos³ A - 3 cos A ......... (2).
108 TRIGONOMETRY .
tan A + tan 2A
Also tan 3A = tan ( A + 2A ) -
:
1 - tan A tan 2A
2 tan A
tan A +
1- tan² A tan A ( 1 tan² A) + 2 tan A
2 tan A - 2 tan² A
(1 - tan² A ) —
1 - tan A.
1- tan² A
3 tan A - tan³ A
Hence tan 3A =
1-3 tan2 A
[The student may find it difficult to remember, and distinguish
between, the formulae (1) and (2) , which bear a general resemblance to
one another, but have their signs in a different order. If in doubt, he
may always verify his formula by testing it for a particular case, e. g. by
putting A = 30° for formula (1 ), and by putting A = 0° for formula (2) . ]
EXAMPLES. XVII.
tan a +ß
sin a +sin ẞ =
14.
sin a- sin ẞ tan α - β
2
sin2 A -- sin2 B =
15. B),
sin A cos A - sin B cos B = tan (A +
1
33. cos a cos (60° – a) cos (60° + a) :=4 cos 3a.
Submultiple angles.
109. Since the relations of Art. 105 are true for all
values of the angle A, they will be true if instead of A
Α
we substitute ' and therefore if instead of 24 we put
2
A
2. i.e. A.
2?
2.2 x
Hence we have the relations 21
2
A
sin A 2 sin (1),
哈ACOB
A
cos A == cos² n2.
si吟
A
2 tan
and tan A = (3).
1 – tan²
A
2 tan
2
A > by dividing numera-
1 + tan²
2
A
tor and denominator by cos²
112 TRIGONOMETRY,
A A
cos2 - sin :
2
So cos A
= A A
cos2 + sin2
2 2
A
1- tan²
2
1 + tan²
2
cos A
and therefore sin (1).
A
Again, cos A = 2 cos²: 1,
A
so that 2 cos2 = 1 + cos A ,
2
A 1 + cos A
and therefore COS (2).
A
sin
A 2 1 cos A
Hence, tan ± (3).
A 1 + cos A
COS
2
RATIOS OF 142 IN TERMS OF COS A. 113
Now sin 221° is necessarily positive, so that the upper sign must be
taken.
1+ cos 45° 2 + /2
So cos 221°= ± = ± √2 + √2 ;
2
also cos 221° is positive ;
√2+√2
.. cos 2210= 2
Ex. 2. Given cos 330° -: √3 , find the values of sin 165° and cos 165°.
2
The equation (1) gives
√3
1 - cos 330° 2 4-2 /3
sin 165°= ± =± =±
2
== √3-1
2./2
Also
==√3 + 1
2/2
L. T. 8
114 TRIGONOMETRY.
Now 165° lies between 90° and 180°, so that, by Art. 52, its sine is
positive and its cosine is negative.
Hence sin 165° - √3-1
2/2
A
** 112. To explain why there is ambiguity when cos 2
A
and sin value of cos A.
2 are found from the
We know that, if n be any integer,
2nπ ±
+ A
should give us also the cosine of
2
2nπ + A A
Now COS = cos nπ +
2 (
A A A
= COS Nπ COS + sin nπ sin = COS NT COS
2 2 2
A
=
= + cos
2
A
Similarly, any formula, giving us sin 44
2
in terms of k,
2nπ + A
should give us also the sine of 2
2nπ + A
Also sin ηπ
2 = sin (nπ ± 12 )
A A
= sin nπ cos + cos nπ sin = + cos nπ sin
2 2
A
= + sin 4 •
2
A A
Also sin² + cos² .......... (2).
= 1 , always .....
2 2
8-
116 TRIGONOMETRY .
A A A A
and sin²4 - 2 sin COS + cos² - 1- sin A ;
2 2
A A\2
i.e. + cos = 1 + sin A ,
(sin 2
A A\2
and sin --- COS = 1 - sin A ;
2
12 42
A A
so that sin + cos = ± √1 + sin A ...... .. (3),
2
A A
and sin COS = √1 sin A ...... (4).
A
and 2 cos = √1 + sin A√1
A + √1 - sin A ...... (6).
A
The other ratios of
2 are then easily obtained .
1
Ex. 1. Given that sin 30° is
2' find the values ofsin 15° and cos 15°.
Putting A = 30°, we have from relations (3) and (4),
RATIOS OF IN TERMS OF SIN A. 117
√3
sin 15° + cos 15° = ± √√√1 + sin 30° = ± /2
1
sin 15° – cos 15° = ± √√1 -
− sin 30° :==
√2*
Now sin 15° and cos 15° are both positive, and cos 15° is greater than
sin 15°. Hence the expressions sin 15° + cos 15° and sin 15° - cos 15° are
respectively positive and negative.
Hence the above two relations should be
1
and sin 15° - cos 15°
√2 .
Ex. 2. Given that sin 570° is equal to 2' find the values of sin 285°
and cos 285°.
Putting A equal to 570°, we have
sin 285° + cos 285° := ± √√√1 + sin 570°:==
√2'
Now sin 285° is negative, cos 285° is positive, and the former is
numerically greater than the latter, as may be seen by a figure.
Hence sin 285° + cos 285° is negative, and sin 285° - cos 285° is also
negative.
1
.. sin 285° + cos 285° :
√2'
and √3-1
cos 285°-
2/2
118 TRIGONOMETRY.
A
** 115. To explain why there is ambiguity when sin 2
A
and cos
2 are found from the value of sin A.
We know that, if n be any integer,
nπ + (- 1 )" A
should give us also the sine of 2
First, let n be even and equal to 2m . Then
nπ + (- 1 )" A = A
sin sin ( mπ +
2 ( 2
A A A
= sin mπ cos + cos mπ sin = cos mπ sin
2 2 2
A
= sin."
2
according as m is even or odd.
Secondly, let n be odd and equal to 2p + 1 .
Then
nπ +(- 1 )" A A Π- A
sin = sin = sin рπ +
2 2 2
π -A π- A A
= sin pπ cos 2 + cos pπ sin = cos рπ соOS 2
2
A
= + cos
2
are four positions of the bounding line, two in the first quadrant inclined
A π A
at angles and - to the initial line, and two in the third quadrant
2 2 2
A π A
inclined at and - to the negative direction of the initial line. It
2 2 2
will be clear from the figure that we should then expect four values for
A A
sin and four for cos 4. Similarly for any other value of .]
4.
A A 1 A 1 A
sin + cos √
/2 sin COS
2 2 2 + √2 2
A π
= =
2 cos
-1/2 [ sin 4 + cos 2 2
sin 4 - √2 sin ( +4)
A П 3π
i.e. if lie between 2nπ and 2nπ +
4 4
120 TRIGONOMETRY.
A
Hence sin + cos lie between
2 is positive if 4
π 3π
2nπ - and 2nπ +
4 4
it is negative otherwise .
Similarly we can prove that
A A A
sin COS = √2 sin
2 2 2
A A
Therefore sin COS is positive if
2 2
A
sin + cos is +
1242
sin + cos
2 42
42
12 42
42 42
sin47 Cos is
+
S
sin COS is
B'
terms of tan A.
From equation (3) of Art. 109, we have
A
2 tan
2
tan A =
Α
1- tan²
2
A 2 A
.. 1 - tan²44= tan
2 tan A 2
A 2 A 1 1
Hence tan2 + tan + = 1+
tan A 2 tan² A tan2 A
1 + tan² A
=
tan² A
122 TRIGONOMETRY .
A 1 √1 + tan² A
.. tan + =±
2 tan A tan A
A ± √1 + tan² A - 1
.. tan = .(1).
2 tan A
A
**119. To explain why there is ambiguity when tan 2
A
Hence any equation which gives us tan 2 in terms of k
nπ + A
may be expected to give us tan also.
2
π +A T +A
= tan ( pπ + = tan (Art. 84)
(PT 2 2
A
- cot
4
2 . (Art. 70. )
12
EXAMPLES. XVIII.
1
1. If sin 0 =; and sin o 3' find the values of sin (0+ ) and
A
6. If cos A = 28, find the value of tan 2 " and explain the resulting
ambiguity.
7. Find the values of (1) sin 710, (2) cos 71°, (3) tan 2210, and
(4) tan 11 °.
0 -ф
8. If sin +sin pa and cos 0 + cos & = b , find the value of tan 2
Prove that
a +ß
9. (cos a + cos ẞ)2 + (sin a -
− sin ẞ)2 = 4 cos2
α-β
10. (cos a + cos B)2 + (sin a + sin 8)2 = 4 cos² . 2
a-B
11. (cosa - cos ẞ)² + (sin a -− sin 8)2 = 4 sin²' 2
A
2 tan 1- tan²
2 2
12. sin A = 13. cos A =
1 + tan² 1 + tan²
π
14. sec ( +6) Dec ( - ) = 2 sec 29.
1+ sin A
X15. tan 45° + -
1- sin A sec
A +tan A.
(
1
16. sin ( + ) - in ( - 2 ) - in 4 .
3
17. cos² a + cos² (a + 120°) + cos² (a — 120°) =
-2 °
π 3п 5п 7π 3
18. cos¹ + cos4 + cos4 + cos¹ =
8 8 8 8 2°
[Exs. XVIII.] EXAMPLES. 125
3π 5п 7π -3
19. sin¹ + sin¹
+ sin¹ + sin¹
8 8 8 8 2'
20. cos 20 cos 24+ sin² (0-4) - − sin² (0 + 4) = cos (20 + 2 ).
21. (tan 44 + tan 24) (1 -– tan² 34 tan² A ) = 2 tan 34 sec² A.
α α
1 +tan +sec = sin a sec²
22. (1 + tan - sec ) ( 1 2
Find the proper signs to be applied to the radicals in the three follow-
ing formulae.
A Α
23. 2 cos = ± √√1 - − sin A ± √√1 + sin A , when =278°.
A 19π
24. 2 sin = ± √√1 − sin ▲ ± √√1 +sin A, when 2 = 11 '
Α A
25. 2 cos 2 = ± √√1 - sin ± √√1 + sin A, when 2 = - 140°.
A
=-
(2) 2 sin 2 = - √1 + sin 4 + √1 − sin √,
A
(3 ) 2 sin —
2 = + √1 + sin A – √1 – sin 4,
122. The value of sin 18° and cos 36° may also be
found geometrically as follows.
Let ABC be a triangle constructed ,
as in Euc. IV. 10, so that each of the
angles B and C is double of the angle
A. Then L
180° = A + B + C = A + 2A + 2A ,
so that A = 36°,
a (a − x) = x²,
i.e. x² + αx = a²,
√5-1
i.e. x= α
2
BD 1 BC
Hence sin 18° = sin BAD = =
BA 2 BA
1 x
= = √5-1
2a
ANGLES OF 9° AND 81°. 129
/5 −√5 -
sin 9° = √3 + √√ −√√
/5
4
EXAMPLES. XIX.
Prove that
√5-1
1. sin² 72° - sin² 60° =' 8
√5 + 1
2. cos² 48° - sin² 12° =' 8
10. Two parallel chords of a circle, which are on the same side of the
centre, subtend angles of 72° and 144° respectively at the centre . Prove
that the perpendicular distance between the chords is half the radius of
the circle.
11. In any circle prove that the chord which subtends 108° at the
centre is equal to the sum of the two chords which subtend angles of 36°
and 60°.
tan (A + B) + tan C
Also tan (A + B + C) =
1 - tan (A + B) tan C
tan A + tan B
+ tan C
1 tan A tan B
=
tan Atan B
1- tan C
1- tan Atan B
tan A + tan B + tan C - tan A tan B tan C
=
1- tan B tan C - tan C tan A - tan A tan B
= S1 - S3 + 85 - S7 + ... .. (1 ),
1 - S₂ + 84-86 + ...
where
Ex. 4. If A +B + C = 180°,
prove that tan A +tan B +tan C = tan A tan B tan C.
By the third formula of Art. 124, we have
tan A +tan B+ tan C - tan A tan B tan C
tan (A + B + C) = 1 − (tan B tan C + tan C tan 4 +tan A tan B) *
But tan (A +B + C) = tan 180° =0.
Hence 0=tan A + tan B +tan C - tan A tan B tan C,
i.e. tan A +tan B +tan C = tan A tan B tan C.
This may also be proved independently. For
tan (A +B) = tan (180° - C) - tan C.
tan A +tan B
.. = -tan C.
1 - tan A tan B
..tan A +tan B = - tan C + tan A tan B tan C,
i.e. tan A +tan B +tan C -tan A tan B tan C.
EXAMPLES. XX.
812
A B
5. sin A +sin B - sin C = 4 sin sin COS
2 2
A B C
6. cos A +cos B + cos C = 1 +4 sin 2 sin 2 sin
A B B C C A
12. tan 2 tan + tan 2 tan + tan tan 2 = 1.
A B C B C
13. cot + cot + ootooteotoot
2 2'
2
14. cot B cot C + cot C cot A + cot A cot B = 1 .
15. sin (B +2C) + sin (C + 24 ) + sin (4 + 2B)
B- C C-A
= 4 sin sin sin 4 -2 B
2 2
π A B π-
16. sin + in 2 + sin 2 - 1-4 sin 4 insin
4 4
A B C T+A π+ B π-C
17. COS 2+ COs822 - COS = 4 cos
+ co COS COS
2
a+y α +δ
(2) sin a- sin ẞ +sin y -- sin d + 4 cos a +ß sin COS =0,
2 2 2
and (3) tan a + tan ẞ +tan y +tan d
= tan atan ẞ tan y tan d (cot a + cot ẞ + cot y + cot d).
26. If (the sum of four angles be 180°, prove that the sum of the
products of their cosines taken two and two together is equal to the
sum of the products of their sines taken similarly.
27. Prove that sin 2a + sin 28 + sin 2y
=2 (sin a + sin ẞ +sin y) (1 + cos a + cos ẞ + cos y),
if a +B +y = 0.
28. Verify that
sin³ a sin (bc) + sin³ b sin (c -− a) + sin³ c sin (a - b)
+ sin (a + b + c) sin (b -− c) sin (c -
− a) sin (a - b) = 0.
If A, B, C, and D be any angles prove that
29. sin A sin B sin (A -
− B) + sin B sin C sin (B − C)
− A) + sin (A -– B) sin (B - C) sin ( C -
+ sin C sin A sin (C - – A) = 0 .
[Exs. XX. ] TRIGONOMETRICAL EQUATIONS. 139
34. 3x - x³ 3y - y³ , 3z - z³ = 3x - x³ 3y - y³ 3z - z3
1-3x2 + 1-3y2 + 1-3z2 1-3x² 1-3y² ' 1-3z2
and 35. (1 - y²) (1 − z²) + y (1 -− z²) (1 − x²) + z ( 1 -
− x²) (1 − y²) = 4xyz.
Ex
. Solve the equation
sin x + sin 5x = sin 3x.
By the formulae of Art. 94, the equation is
2 sin 3x cos 2x = sin 3x.
.. sin 3x = 0, or 2 cos 2x = 1 .
If sin 3x = 0 , then 3x = Nπ.
1 π
If cos 2x = > then 2x = 2nπ ± ·
2 3
Nπ π
Hence X= or nπ + •
3 6
140 TRIGONOMETRY.
i.e. cos (0 - α) ==
√a² + b²
0 = 2nπ + a ± ß,
where n is any integer.
GRAPHIC SOLUTION. 141
EXAMPLES . XXI.
= √ a² +b² [cos Ө -
e cos a + sin 0 sin a] = √a² + b² cos ( 0 − a).
EXAMPLES. XXII.
LOGARITHMS.
= 105-0127149102971 .
Here it will be noticed that the process of multiplica-
tion has been replaced by the simpler process of addition.
Again, supposing that we know that
104-900405579507,
log 2 = 30103.
Then, by Art. 138,
-
log = log 1 - log 2 = 0 – log 2 = — · 30103,
so that log is negative.
Now it is found convenient, as will be seen in Art. 143 ,
that the mantissæ of all logarithms should be kept positive .
We therefore instead of - 30103 write - [169897] , so
that
-
log † = − ( 1 − · 69897 ) = −1 + · 69897 .
-34771213.
EXS. The number 296· 3457 has 3 figures in its integral part, and
therefore the characteristic of its logarithm is 2.
The characteristic of the logarithm of 29634-57 will be 5-1 , i.e. 4.
(ii) Let the number be less than unity.
Since 10° = 1 , therefore log 1 =0;
1
since 10-1 = = 1, therefore log 1 = -1 ;
10
1
since 10-2 = = 01 , therefore log 01 = -2 ;
102
1
since 10-s = = 001 , therefore log 001 = -3 ;
10$
and so on.
CHARACTERISTIC OF ANY LOGARITHM. 151
Then
66818
log 668·18 = log 100 = log 66818-log 100 (Art. 138)
== 4.8248935 -
– 2 = 2·8248935 ;
66818
log ' 66818 = log 100000 = log 66818 - log 100000
(Art. 138)
== 4·8248935 – 5 = 1·8248935.
66818
So log 00066818 = log 108 = log 66818 - log 108
=
= 4 ·8248935 – 8 = 4·8248935.
Now the numbers 66818, 668-18 , 66818 , and ' 00066818
consist of the same significant figures, and only differ in
the position of the decimal point. We observe that their
logarithms have the same decimal portion , i.e. the same
mantissa, and they only differ in the characteristic.
The value of this characteristic is in each case deter-
mined by the rule of the previous article.
It will be noted that the mantissa of a logarithm is
always positive.
53 4074 4157 4239 4322 4405 4487 4570 4653 4735 4818
54 4901 4983 5066 5149 5231 5314 5397 5479 5562 5645
55 5727 5810 5892 5975 6058 6140 6223 6306 6388 6471
6554 6636 6719 6801 6884 6967 7049 7132 7215 7297
57 7380 7462 7545 7628 7710 7793 7875 7958 8041 8123
8206 8288 8371 8454 8536 8619 8701 8784 8867 8949
59 9032 9114 9197 9279 9362 9445 9527 9610 9692 9775
60 9857 9940 0023 0105 0188 0270 0353 0435 0518 0600
5261 721 0683 0766 0848 0931 1013 1096 1178 1261 1343 1426
62 1508 1591 1674 1756 1839 1921 2004 2086 2169 2251
63 2334 2416 2499 2581 2664 2746 2829 2911 2994 3076
3159 3241 3324 3406 3489 3571 3654 3736 3819 3901
3984 4066 4149 4231 4314 4396 4479 4561 4644 4726
66 4809 4891 4973 5056 5138 5221 5303 5386 5468 5551
67 5633 5716 5798 5881 5963 6045 6128 6210 6293 6375
68 6458 6540 6623 6705 6787 6870 6952 7035 7117 7200
69 7282 7364 7447 7529 7612 7694 7777 7859 7941 8024
70 8106 8189 8271 8353 8436 8518 8601 8683 8765 8848
82
5271 8930 9013 9095 9177 9260 9342 9424 9507 9589 9672
1 8
72 9754 9836 9919 0001 0084 0166 0248 0331 0413 0495 2 16
73 722 0578 0660 0742 0825 0907 0990 1072 1154 1237 1319 3 25
74 1401 1484 1566 1648 1731 1813 1895 1978 2060 2142 4 83
75 2225 2307 2389 2472 2554 2636 2719 2801 2883 2966 5 41
76 3048 3130 3212 3295 3377 3459 3542 3624 3706 3789 76 49
57
77 3871 3953 4036 4118 4200 4282 4365 4447 4529 4612 8 66
78 4694 4776 4858 4941 5023 5105 5188 5270 5352 5434 9 74
79 5517 5599 5681 5763 5846 5928 6010 6092 6175 6257
80 6339 6421 6504 6586 6668 6750 6833 6915 6997 7079
5281 7162 7244 7326 7408 7491 7573 7655 7737 7820 7902
82 7984 8066 8148 8231 8313 8395 8477 8559 8642 8724
83 8806 8888 8971 9053 9135 9217 9299 9382 9464 9546
84 9628 9710 9792 9875 9957 0039 0121 0203 0286 0368
85 723 0450 0532 0614 0696 0779 0861 0943 1025 1107 1189
86 1272 1354 1436 1518 1600 1682 1765 1847 1929 2011
87 2093 2175 2257 2340 2422 2504 2586 2668 2750 2832
88 2914 2997 3079 3161 3243 3325 3407 3489 3571 3654
89 3736 3818 3900 3982 4064 4146 4228 4310 4393 4475
90 4557 4639 4721 4803 4885 4967 5049 5131 5213 5296
5291 5378 5460 5542 5624 5706 5788 5870 5952 6034 6116
**** * 5 ** 8
92 6198 6280 6362 6445 6527 6609 6691 6773 6855 6937
93 7019 7101 7183 7265 7347 7429 7511 7593 7675 7757
94 7839 7921 8003 8085 8167 8250 8332 8414 8496 8578
95 8660 8742 8824 8906 8988 9070 9152 9234 9316 9398
96 9480 9562 9644 9726 9808 9890 9972 0054 0136 0218
97 724 0300 0382 0464 0546 0628 0710 0792 0874 0956 1038
98 1120 1202 1283 1365 1447 1529 1611 1693 1775 1857
99 1939 2021 2103 2185 2267 2349 2431 2513 2595 2677
5300 2759 2841 2923 3005 3086 3168 3250 3332 3414 3496
154 TRIGONOMETRY.
= 2 + 8438263 .
.. log x = 2.4286791 + [2 + 8438263] -1.9434792 - 2377129
= 3.2725054 - 4.1811921
=1 + 4.2725054 - 4.1811921
= 1.0913133.
156 TRIGONOMETRY.
Ex. 3. Having given log 2 = 30103, find the number of digits in 267
and the position of the first significant figure in 2−37.
We have log 267 = 67 x log 2 = 67 × ⚫30103
= 20.16901.
Since the characteristic of the logarithm of 267 is 20, it follows, by Art.
142, that in 267 there are 21 digits.
Again, log 2-37-37 log 2 - 37 × 30103
= -11· 13811 = 12.86189.
Hence, by Art. 142, in 2-37 there are 11 cyphers following the decimal
point, i.e. the first significant figure is in the twelfth place of decimals.
EXAMPLES. XXIII.
5. Find the value of (1) 77, ( 2) (84)*, and (3) (·021)³, having given
log 2 = 30103, log 3 = 4771213,
log 7 = 8450980, log 132057 = 5.1207283,
log 588453 = 5.7697117, and log 461791 = 5.6644438.
158 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. XXIII. ]
We shall solve two more examples, taking all the logarithms from
the tables, and only putting down the necessary steps.
Ex. 2. Find the angle such that the tabular logarithm of its tangent
is 9.4417250.
Let x be the required angle.
168 TRIGONOMETRY .
EXAMPLES. XXIV.
EXAMPLES. XXV .
3
2. Find the angle whose sine is 8' given
A A
b b
B ہےC B ہے D B ہےC
a D a a
c sin Bb sin C,
sin B sin C
i.e.
b C
b
sin A == , and sin B =
A A
b b
B :C B ہے یہD B ےaہ
a D a
a² + b² - c²
i.e. COS C:=
2ab
a + b - c = a + b + c2c2s2c2 (sc),
and a - b + c = a + b + c - 2b = 2s - 2b = 2 (s — b).
sin = (s - b) (s - c) .........
bc .(2) .
Similarly,
B (sc) (s - a) -
sin - (s − a) (s — b)
- , and sin
2 ca 2 ab
A b² + c² - a²
Hence 2 cos² 1 + cos A1 +
2 2bc
2bc + b² + c² -·a²
α² _ (b + c)² — a²
=
2bc 2bc
[(b + c) + a] [ (b + c ) − a] =
_ (a + b + c ) ( b + c − a )
... (1 ).
2bc 2bc
Now b + c - a = a + b + c --
− 2a = 2s - 2a = 2 (s -
— a),
SIDES AND ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE. 179
= s (s- a)
.. ..(2).
bc
Similarly,
B 8 (8 - b) C 's (s − c)
COS = and cos
2 √s ca 2 ab
A 2
Since tan
A"
COS
2
Similarly,
B (s — c) (s -− a) C (s -
− a) (s -
— b)
tan = " and tan 2 =
2 s(s-b) s (sc)
A
Since, in a triangle, A is always < 180 °, is always
2
< 90°.
C 21 x 6 3 3
COS = = = 3№13,
13 x 14 √13 1
B 6x8 4
and =
tan 2 - =
21x- 7
Hence
-
sin A = 2 (s − b) (s — c) /s (s − a) .
bc bc
2
... sin A = -
bc √ s (s − a) (s – b) (s — c) .
EXAMPLES. XXVI.
In a triangle
1. Given a=25, b = 52, and c = 63,
find B C
tan " tan and tan
2 2
[Exs. XXVI.] SIDES AND ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE. 181
7. Given √6 + √2
a= √3, b= √2, and c ='
find the angles .
so that CD == b cos C.
182 TRIGONOMETRY.
a = bcos C + c cos B.
b sin B
C sin C'
B+C B- C
2 cos sin
b -c sin B - sin C 2 2
=
b + c sin B + sin C B+C B-C
2 sin COS
2 2
B-C B- C
tan tan
2 2
B+C A
tan tan 90° - 4)
2 (
B- C
tan
2
A (Art. 69).
cot
2
B- C b с A
Hence tan cot
t
b+c
a
SIDES AND ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE. 183
172. Ex. From the formulae of Art. 164 deduce those of Art. 170
and vice versâ.
The first and third formulae of Art. 164 give
a² + b² - c² c² + a² - b²
b cos C +c cos B = +
2a 2a
2a2
= = α,
2a
so that a = b cos C + c cos B.
Similarly, the other formulae of Art. 170 may be obtained.
Again, the three formulae of Art. 170 give
a= b cos C + c cos B,
b = c cos A + a cos C,
and c=a cos B + b cos A.
Multiplying these in succession by a, b, and -c we have, by addition,
a² + b²- c²= a (b cos C + c cos B) + b (c cos A + a cos C) − c (a cos B + b cos A)
= 2ab cos C.
a² +b²- c²
..cos C
2ab
Similarly, the other formulae of Art. 162 may be found.
173. The student will often meet with identities, which he is required
to prove, which involve both the sides and the angles of a triangle.
It is, in general, desirable in the identity to substitute for the sides in
terms of the angles , or to substitute for the ratios of the angles in terms
of the sides.
B-C
Ex. 1. Prove that a cos
2 = (b +c) sin 2
By Art. 163, we have
B+C B- C
2 sin COS
b+ c sin B + sin C 2 2
a sin A A
COS
2 sin cos
A B- C B- C
COS COS COS
2 2 2
•
A A
sin COS sin
2
A B- C
.. (b + c) sina
2 cos 2
184 TRIGONOMETRY.
= 1 -
¯2abck [b¹ — c¹ — a² (b² — c² ) + c¹ — aª − b² (c² — a²) + aª − b¹ − c² (a² — b²)]
=0.
= 28 (sb) (sc) + (s − c) (s - a)
√ s (s - a)
[ by Art. 167,
s (s - b)
8 s-b 8 s - b +s - a
= 28
8 8-a + Ꭶ 2√s (8 - c)
√√ (s -
− a) (s -
— b).
28 (8 - c) .c since
2s = a + b + c,
√(s − a) (8 -− b)
= 2c cot
2
A B A
4 cos COS COS 2 cos COS
2 2
as in Art. 127, =
C
2 sin COS sin
2 2
SIDES AND ANGLES OF A TRIANGLE. 185
C C A B
2 cot 2 cos COS COS
2 2 2 2
Also
32
812
B A
tan + tan sin sin COS + cos sin
12
324
812
312
42
B C B
2 cos COS COS 2 cos COS-
= (Art. 69.)
A+B
။
sin sin sin
2
We have therefore
2 cot
a+b+ c
c
tan +tan 2
Α
so that (a +b + c) ( tan 1 + tan 9) = 2c cot •
2
8 (8 - a) 8 (8- c) =2 8 (8 - b)
+
(8 - b) (8 - c) (8 - a) (8 - b) (8- c) (8 - a)'
-
√(5 − a) (§ − b) (8 − c)
EXAMPLES. XXVII.
sin (B - C) = b2 - c2
7. sin (B + C) a2
a+ b - A+B A- B
8. a tan cot
2 2
9. a sin (3 + B) = (b + c) sin 4
a² sin (B -
— C') b² sin (C – A) c² sin (4 - B)
10. + + = 0.
sin B + sin C sin C+sin A sin A + sin B
B
11. (b+ c - a) (not + cot ) =2a cot 2 .
12. a² + b² + c² = 2 (bc cos A + ca cos B + ab cos C).
13. (a² - b² + c²) tan B = (a² + b² — c²) tan C.
C
14. c² = (a - b) ² cos² 2 + (a + b)2 sin². 2
− A ) + c³ cos (A −- B) = 3 abc.
21. a³ cos (B - C) + b³ cos ( C -
22. In a triangle whose sides are 3, 4, and 38 feet respectively,
prove that the largest angle is greater than 120°.
23. The sides of a right-angled triangle are 21 and 28 feet ; find the
length of the perpendicular drawn to the hypothenuse from the right
angle.
29. If a², b², and c² be in A.P. , prove that cot A, cot B, and cot C are in
A.P. also.
A B
30. If a, b, and c be in A. P., prove that cos A cot cos B cot
2
and cos C cot in A. P.
2 are
188 TRIGONOMETRY . [Exs. XXVII. ]
B
31. If a, b, and c are in H.P., prove that sin². sin2 and sin² are
2
also in H.Р.
32. The sides of a triangle are in A.P. and the greatest and least
angles are and ; prove that
4 (1 - cos 0) (1 - cos ø) = cos @ + cos &.
33. The sides of a triangle are in A.P. and the greatest angle exceeds
the least by 90° ; prove that the sides are proportional to √7 + 1, √7, and
√7-1.
34. If C = 60°, then prove that
1 1 = 3
+
a+ c b+ c a+ b+ c'
35. In any triangle ABC if D be any point of the base BC, such that
BD : DC : m : n, prove that
(m + n) cot ADC = n cot B -m cot C,
and (m+n)² AD² = (m + n) (mb² + nc²) -
− mna².
36. If in a triangle the bisector of the side c be perpendicular to the
side b, prove that
2 tan A +tan C = 0.
37. In any triangle prove that, if be any angle, then
b cos 0 = c cos (A − 0) + a cos (C +0).
38. If p and q be the perpendiculars from the angular points A and B
on any line passing through the vertex C of the triangle ABC, then
prove that
a²p² +b²q² -2abpq cos C = a2b2 sin² C.
39. In the triangle ABC, lines OA , OB, and OC are drawn so that
the angles OAB, OBC, and OCA are each equal to w ; prove that
cot w = cot A + cot B + cot C,
and cosec² w = cosec² A + cosec² B + cosec² C.
CHAPTER XIII.
SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES.
.. L sin B = 10 + log b -
— log c.
Β΄ C
Since b and c are known, we
thus have L sin B and therefore B.
The angle A ( 90° - B) is then known.
The side a is obtained from either of the relations
α b
cos B = tan B = - or a = √(c − b) (c + b) .
a
= cos B.
C
EXAMPLES . XXVIII.
A (s— b) (sc)
(s B (s — c) (s — a)
tan = " tan =
s(s - a) 2 s (s - b)
C (s -
− a) (s - b)
and tan =
2 s (s- c)
b² + c² - a²
cos A = (Art. 164.)
2bc
Ex. The sides of a triangle are 32, 40, and 66 feet ; find the angle
opposite the greatest side, having given that
log 207 =2.3159703, log 1073 = 3.0305997,
Lcot 66° 18′- 9-6424341, tabulated difference for 1' = 3431.
Here a=32, b = 40, and c = 66,
32 +40 +66
so that 8= = 69, s - a = 37, s - b = 29, and s - c = 3.
2
C 8(8- c) = 69 × 3 207
Hence cot = =
2 (8 - a) (8 - b) > 29
37 × 1073 '
= 10 + 1 · 15798515 - 1.51529985
= 9.6426853.
C
L cot is therefore greater than L cot 66° 18',
2
C
so that is less than 66° 18'.
C
Let then = 66° 18′ - x".
X ⚫0002512
Hence
60 ·0003431
2512
so that x= x 60 nearly 44.
3431
.. 66° 18′ - 44″ = 66° 17′ 16″ , and hence C = 132° 34' 32".
EXAMPLES. XXIX.
1. If the sides of a triangle be 56, 65, and 33 feet, find the greatest
angle.
2. The sides of a triangle are 7, 4√3, and √13 yards respectively.
Find the number of degrees in its smallest angle.
3. The sides of a triangle are x² + x + 1, 2x + 1, and x² - 1 ; prove that
the greatest angle is 120°.
4. The sides of a triangle are a, b , and √a² + ab + b² feet ; find the
greatest angle.
5. If a = 2, b = √6, and c = √3-1, solve the triangle.
6. If a = 2, b = √6, and c = √3 + 1, solve the triangle.
7. If a 9, b = 10, and c = 11 , find B, given
log 2 = 30103, L tan 29° 29′ = 9.7523472,
and L tan 29° 30′ = 9-7526420.
8. The sides of a triangle are 130, 123 , and 77 feet. Find the
greatest angle, having given
log 2 = 30103, L tan 38° 39′ = 9.9029376,
and L tan 38° 40' = 9.9031966.
9. Find the greatest angle of a triangle whose sides are 242, 188, and
270 feet, having given
log 2 = 30103, log 3 = 4771213, log 7 = 8450980,
Ltan 38° 20′ = 9.8980104, and Ltan 38° 19' = 9.8977507.
10. The sides of a triangle are 2, 3, and 4 ; find the greatest angle,
having given
log 2 = 30103 , log 3 = 4771213,
L tan 52° 14' = 10.1108395,
and L tan 52° 15' = 10· 1111004.
GIVEN TWO SIDES AND THE INCLUDED ANGLE. 195
B- C B+C
and
2 2
α b
=
sin A sin B'
sin A
which gives a=b >
sin B
and thus determines a.
The side a may also be found from the formula
a² = b² + c² -
— 2bc cos A.
We have
B- C b- c A √3-1
tan = cot = cot 15°.
2 b+ c 2 √√3 +1
By addition , B = 120°.
By subtraction , C = 30°.
Since AC, we have a = c = 1.
Otherwise. We have
a²= b² + c² – 2bc cos 4 = 3 + 1-2√3.√3 = 1,
so that a = 1 = c.
.. C = A = 30°,
Ex. 2. If b = 215, c == 105 , and A = 74° 27', find the remaining angles
and also the third side a, having given
log 2 = 3010300, log 11 = 1.0413927,
log 105 =2.0211893, log 212-476 = 2.3273103 ,
L cot 37° 13'10.1194723 , diff. for 1' = 2622,
L tan 24° 20' 9.6553477, diff. for 1' = 3364,
L sin 74° 27' = 9.9838052,
and Lcosec 28° 25' = 10.3225025 , diff. for 1' = 2334.
SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES. 197
b-c
Here tan B - C -- cot = cot 37° 13′ 30″.
2 b+c 2
a с
Again sin d sin C = c cosec C,
.. a = 105 sin 74° 27' cosec 28° 25′ 48″.
But L cosec 28° 25' 10.3225025 #8×2334
diff. for 48":= - 1867 = × 2334
L cosec 28° 25′ 48″ = 10.3223158 = 1867.
L sin 74° 27'- 9.9838052
log 105 = 2.0211893
22.3273103
20
.. log a = 2.3273103.
.. a = 212 · 476.
198 TRIGONOMETRY .
* 183. There are ways of finding the third side a of the triangle in the
previous case without first finding the angles B and C.
Two methods are as follows :
(1 ) Since a² = b2 + c2-2bc cos A
= b² +c2-2bc
(2 cos² 41-1)
4bc
= (b - c)·³ [1-
[ 1+ (b - c)2 sin ].
4bc A
Let sin2 =tan² 4,
(b - c)2
2 /bc A
so that tan & = sin
b-C
and hence is known.
Then (b - c)2
a² = (b - c)² [1 + tan² ] =- cos2
so that a= (b − c) sec p,
and is therefore easily found .
An angle, such as or above, introduced for the purpose of
facilitating calculation is called a subsidiary angle (Art. 129).
SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES. 199
EXAMPLES. XXX.
7. The two sides of a triangle are 540 and 420 yards long respectively
and include an angle of 52° 6′. Find the remaining angles, given that
log 2 = 30103, L tan 26° 3′ = 9.6891430,
L tan 14° 20' 9.4074189, and L tan 14° 21′ = 9.4079453.
200 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. XXX.]
8. If b = 2 ft. , c = 2 ft., and A = 22° 20′, find the other angles, and
shew that the third side is nearly one foot, given
log 2 = 30103, log 3 = 47712 ,
L cot 11° 10' 10.70465, L sin 22° 20′ = 9.57977,
L tan 29° 22′ 20″ = 9-75038, L tan 29° 22′ 30″ = 9.75043,
and L sin 49° 27' 34" -9.88079.
14. One angle of a triangle is 30° and the lengths of the sides
adjacent to it are 40 and 40/3 yards. Find the length of the third
side and the number of degrees in the other angles.
15. The sides of a triangle are 9 and 3, and the difference of the
angles opposite to them is 90°. Find the base and the angles, having
given
log 2 = 30103 , log 3 = 4771213,
log 75894 4.8802074, log 75895 = 4·8802132,
L tan 26° 33' = 9.6986847,
and L tan 26° 34' = 9.6990006.
a- b
16. If tan = cot
a+ b
sin
prove that c = (a + b) cos
If a = 3, b = 1 , and C = 53° 7′48″, find c without getting A and B,
given
log 2 = 30103, log 25298 = 4-4030862,
log 25299 =4.4031034, L cos 26° 33′ 54″ = 9.9515452,
and L tan 26° 33′ 54″ 9.6989700.
[Exs. XXX.] AMBIGUOUS CASE. 201
17. Two sides of a triangle are 237 and 158 feet and the contained
angle is 66° 40′ ; find the base and the other angles, having given
B - C b+c A
[Use either the formula cos = sin or the formula of the
2 a
preceding question.]
i.e. sin C =
= si B...... (1).
sin
sin A
i.e. α=b . (2).
sin B
A A
B D
B D
Fig. 1 Fig. 2
ల
b
b
B
C₂ C₁
B C₁
Fig. 3
Fig.4
b = AD = c sin B.
To sum up :
Given the elements b, c, and B of a triangle,
i.e. a = c cos B +
±√/b² — c² sin² B .. (1) .
Now (1 ) is an equation to determine the value of a
when b, c, and B are given.
206 TRIGONOMETRY.
c cos B + √√b² --
— c² sin² B is positive,
i.e. only when √b2 -c² sin² B > -c cos B,
We have
25 100 102
sin Cz= sin B = sin B = sin B = sin 33° 15'.
b 16 64 26
Hence L sin C = 2 + L sin 33° 15′ - 6 log 2
= 9-9328329.
Hence -
L sin C 9.9328329 L sin 58° 57' = 9.9328376
L sin 58° 56'= 9.9327616 L sin 58° 56'= 9.9327616
Diff.= 713 Diff. for 1' = 760.
713
6
.. angular diff. = 718 × 60″ 76) 4278 (56
= 56" nearly. 380
478
456
EXAMPLES. XXXI .
3
1. If a = 5, b = 7, and sin A = 4' is there any ambiguity?
11. Given a ==250, b = 240, and A = 72° 4′ 48″, find the angles B and C,
and state whether they can have more than one value, given
log 2.5 = 3979400, log 2.4.3802112 ,
L sin 72° 4' 9.9783702, L sin 72° 5′ =9.9784111 ,
and L sin 65° 59' = 9.9606739.
12. Two straight roads intersect at an angle of 30° ; from the point
of junction two pedestrians A and B start at the same time, A walking
along one road at the rate of 5 miles per hour and B walking uniformly
along the other road. At the end of 3 hours they are 9 miles apart.
Shew that there are two rates at which B may walk to fulfil this
condition and find them .
[Exs. XXXI. ] SOLUTION OF TRIANGLES. 209
14. Two sides of a triangle being 5374-5 and 1586.6 feet, and the
angle opposite the latter being 15° 11', calculate the other angles of the
triangle or triangles.
15. Given A = 10° , a = 2308 · 7, and b = 7903 ·2, find the smaller value
of c.
189. Case IV. Given one side and two angles, viz.
a, B, and C.
a B C
b с
= = "
sin B sin C sin A
sin B sin C
giving b=a and ca
sin A' sin A
α b C
= =
sin A sin B sin C
EXAMPLES. XXXII.
17 1
1. If cos A = and cos C =;14 find the ratio of a b : c.
22
2. The angles of a triangle are as 1 : 2 : 7 ; prove that the ratio of
the greatest side to the least side is √5 + 1 : √5 −1.
3. If A = 45°, B = 75°, and C = 60°, prove that a + c√2 = 2b.
4. Two angles of a triangle are 41° 13′ 22″ and 71° 19′ 5″ and the side
opposite the first angle is 55 ; find the side opposite the latter angle,
given
log 55 1.7403627, log 79063 = 4.8979775,
L sin 41° 13′ 22″ = 9.8188779,
and L sin 71° 19' 5" -9.9764927.
5. From each of two ships, one mile apart, the angle is observed
which is subtended by another ship and a beacon on shore ; these angles
are found to be 52° 25′ 15″ and 75° 9′ 30″ respectively. Given
L sin 75° 9' 30" -9.9852635,
L sin 52° 25′ 15″ = 9.8990055, log 1 ·21970862530,
and log 1.2198 = '0862886,
find the distance of the beacon from each of the ships.
6. The base angles of a triangle are 2210 and 11210 ; prove that the
base is equal to twice the height.
For the following five questions a book of tables is required.
7. The base of a triangle being seven feet and the base angles
129° 23′ and 38° 36', find the length of its shorter side.
8. If the angles of a triangle be as 5 : 10 : 21 , and the side opposite
the smaller angle be 3 feet, find the other sides.
9. The angles of a triangle being 150°, 18° 20′ , and 11° 40′ , and the
longest side being 1000 feet, find the length of the shortest side.
10. To get the distance of a point A from a point B, a line BC and
the angles ABC and BCA are measured, and are found to be 287 yards
and 55° 32′ 10″ and 51° 8′ 20″ respectively. Find the distance AB.
11. To find the distance from A to P a distance, AB, of 1000 yards is
measured in a convenient direction . At A the angle PAB is found to be
41° 18' and at B the angle PBA is found to be 114° 38' . What is the
required distance to the nearest yard ?
CHAPTER XIV.
sin a sin B
i.e. x=α
sin(B - a)
The height x is therefore given in a form suitable for
logarithmic calculation .
directly towards Q. P
Measure therefore AB in any
other suitable direction on the hori- x
zontal ground, and at A measure the
angle of elevation a of P, and also
A Q
the angle PAB (= ß).
At B measure the angle PBA
B
(= x)
In the triangle PAB, we have then
AQ sin &
= .. (2).
α sin (B + 8)
214 TRIGONOMETRY .
NoEabyrth
. st
N.W.
Norbtyh
N.N.W.
Nboyrth
H.E.
.
N.N.E.
.
N
N.W. by West.
N.W.
S.bE.
S.S.E.
,
S.S.W.
SoEautbysth
SoWebyutsth
,
S
EXAMPLES. XXXIII.
5. A vertical pole (more than 100 feet high) consists of two parts,
1
the lower being rd of the whole. From a point in a horizontal plane
through the foot of the pole and 40 feet from it, the upper part subtends
1
an angle whose tangent is 2 ' Find the height of the pole.
b +y . 2 tan 0 = a
Hence = tan 20 =;
a 1 - tan² 0 b2
b +y = 2ab
so that
a a²-b2
2a2b a²+b²
Then y = a² - b2 b= b a² -b²'
B'
α
B
A с
EXAMPLES. XXXIV.
1. A bridge has 5 equal spans, each of 100 feet measured from the
centre of the piers, and a boat is moored in a line with one of the middle
piers. The whole length of the bridge subtends a right angle as seen
from the boat. Prove that the distance of the boat from the bridge is
100/6 feet.
2. A ladder placed at an angle of 75° with the ground just reaches
the sill of a window at a height of 27 feet above the ground on one side
of a street. On turning the ladder over without moving its foot, it is
found that when it rests against a wall on the other side of the street
it is at an angle of 15° with the ground. Prove that the breadth of the
street and the length of the ladder are respectively
27 (3-3) and 27 ( √6 - √2) feet.
3. From a house on one side of a street observations are made of the
angle subtended by the height of the opposite house ; from the level of
the street the angle subtended is the angle whose tangent is 3 ; from two
windows one above the other the angle subtended is found to be the
angle whose tangent is -3 ; the height of the opposite house being
60 feet, find the height above the street of each of the two windows.
4. A rod of given length can turn in a vertical plane passing through
the sun, one end being fixed on the ground ; find the longest shadow it
can cast on the ground.
Calculate the altitude of the sun when the longest shadow it can cast
is 3 times the length of the rod.
5. A person on a ship A observes another ship B leaving a harbour,
whose bearing is then N.W. After 10 minutes A , having sailed one mile
[Exs. XXXIV. ] HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES. 223
N.E., sees B due west and the harbour then bears 60° West of North.
After another 10 minutes B is observed to bear S.W. Find the distances
between A and B at the first observation and also the direction and rate
of B.
6. A person on a ship sailing north sees two lighthouses, which are 6
miles apart, in a line due west ; after an hour's sailing one of them bears
S.W. and the other S.S.W. Find the ship's rate.
7. A person on a ship sees a lighthouse N.W. of himself. After
sailing for 12 miles in a direction 15° south of W. the lighthouse is
seen due N. Find the distance of the lighthouse from the ship in
each position .
8. A man, travelling west along a straight road, observes that when
he is due south of a certain windmill the straight line drawn to a distant
tower makes an angle of 30° with the road. A mile further on the
bearings of the windmill and tower are respectively N.E. and N.W. Find
the distances of the tower from the windmill and from the nearest point
of the road.
9. An observer on a headland sees a ship due north of him ; after a
quarter of an hour he sees it due east and after another half-hour he sees
it due south-east ; find the direction that the ship's course makes with
the meridian and the time after the ship is first seen until it is nearest
the observer, supposing that it sails uniformly in a straight line.
10. A man walking along a straight road, which runs in a direction
30° east of north, notes when he is due south of a certain house ; when he
has walked a mile further, he observes that the house lies due west and
that a windmill on the opposite side of the road is N.E. of him ; three
miles further on he finds that he is due north of the windmill ; prove
that the line joining the house and the windmill makes with the road
the angle whose tangent is
48-25 /3
11
11. A, B, and C are three consecutive milestones on a straight road
from each of which a distant spire is visible. The spire is observed to
bear north-east at A, east at B, and 60° east of south at C. Prove that
7 +5 /3
the shortest distance of the spire from the road is 13
miles.
12. Two stations due south of a tower, which leans towards the
north, are at distances a and b from its foot ; if a and ẞ be the
224 TRIGONOMETRY . [Exs . XXXIV. ]
elevations of the top of the tower from these stations, prove that its
inclination to the horizontal is
cot-1 b cot a - a cotB
b-a
13. From a point A on a level plane the angle of elevation of a
balloon is a, the balloon being south of A ; from a point B, which is at a
distance c south of A, the balloon is seen northwards at an elevation of
ß; find the distance of the balloon from A and its height above the
ground.
14. A statue on the top of a pillar subtends the same angle a at
1
distances of 9 and 11 yards from the pillar ; if tan a = 10 ' find the height
of the pillar and of the statue.
15. A flagstaff on the top of a tower is observed to subtend the same
angle a at two points on a horizontal plane, which lie on a line passing
through the centre of the base of the tower and whose distance from one
another is 2a, and an angle ẞ at a point halfway between them. Prove
that the height of the flagstaff is
a sin a 2 sin B
cos a sin (B - a) '
16. An observer in the first place stations himself at a distance a
feet from a column standing upon a mound. He finds that the column
1
subtends an angle, whose tangent is 2' at his eye which may be supposed
to be on the horizontal plane through the base of the mound. On
2
moving 3 a feet nearer the column, he finds that the angle subtended is
unchanged. Find the height of the mound and of the column.
17. A church tower stands on the bank of a river, which is 150 feet
wide, and on the top of the tower is a spire 30 feet high. To an observer
on the opposite bank of the river, the spire subtends the same angle that
a pole six feet high subtends when placed upright on the ground at the
foot ofthe tower. Prove that the height of the tower is nearly 285 feet.
18. A person, wishing to ascertain the height of a tower, stations
himself on a horizontal plane through its foot at a point at which the
elevation of the top is 30°. On walking a distance a in a certain direction
he finds that the elevation of the top is the same as before, and on then
5
walking a distance 3 a at right angles to his former direction he finds the
[Exs. XXXIV.] HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES. 225
elevation of the top to be 60°. Prove that the height of the tower is
either 5 85
a or a.
√ 48
19. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower, standing on a
horizontal plane, from two points distant a and b from the base and in
the same straight line with it are complementary. Prove that the height
of the tower is ab feet, and, if ◊ be the angle subtended at the top of
a ~b
the tower by the line joining the two points, then sin @ =
a+ b
20. A tower 150 feet high stands on the top of a cliff 80 feet high.
At what point on the plane passing through the foot of the cliff must an
observer place himself so that the tower and the cliff may subtend equal
angles, the height of his eye being 5 feet ?
21. A statue on the top of a pillar, standing on level ground, is
found to subtend the greatest angle a at the eye of an observer when his
distance from the pillar is c feet ; prove that the height of the statue is
2c tan a feet, and find the height of the pillar.
22. Atower stood at the foot of an inclined plane whose inclination
to the horizon was 9°. A line 100 feet in length was measured straight
up the incline from the foot of the tower, and at the end of this line the
tower subtended an angle of 54°. Find the height of the tower, having
given log 2 = 30103, log 114-4123 = 2.0584726,
and L sin 54° - 9.9079576.
23. A vertical tower stands on a declivity which is inclined at 15° to
the horizon. From the foot of the tower a man ascends the declivity for
80 feet, and then finds that the tower subtends an angle of 30°. Prove
that the height of the tower is 40 (√6 - √2) feet.
24. The altitude of a certain rock is 47°, and after walking towards it
1000 feet up a slope inclined at 30° to the horizon an observer finds its
altitude to be 77°. Find the vertical height of the rock above the first
point of observation, given that sin 47° = • 73135.
25. A man observes that when he has walked c feet up an inclined
plane the angular depression of an object in a horizontal plane through
the foot of the slope is a , and that, when he has walked a further distance
of c feet, the depression is ẞ. Prove that the inclination of the slope to
the horizon is the angle whose cotangent is
(2 cot B - cota).
L. T. 15
226 TRIGONOMETRY . [Exs. XXXIV .
26. A regular pyramid on a square base has an edge 150 feet long,
and the length of the side of its base is 200 feet. Find the inclination of
its face to the base.
27. A pyramid has for base a square of side a ; its vertex lies on a
line through the middle point of the base and perpendicular to it, and at
a distance h from it ; prove that the angle a between the two lateral faces
is given by the equation
sin a= 2h2a2 +4h2
a² +4h2
PROPERTIES OF A TRIANGLE.
so that =
Abc sin A = √s (sa) (s — b) (sc)...(2).
EXAMPLES. XXXV.
17. The lengths of two sides of a triangle are one foot and √2 feet
respectively, and the angle opposite the shorter side is 30° ; prove that
there are two triangles satisfying these conditions, find their angles, and
shew that their areas are in the ratio
√3 +1 : √3-1.
18. Find by the aid of the tables the area of the larger of the two
triangles given by the data
A= 31° 15', a = 5ins. , and b = 7ins.
B C
B C
0
B
D
α
.. = R sin A.
2
If A be obtuse, as in Fig. 2, we have
<BOD = BOC = / BLC = 180 ° - A (Euc. III. 22),
so that, as before , sin BOD = sin A ,
a
and R= •
2 sin A
α
since in this case sin A = 1 .
2 sin A
232 TRIGONOMETRY .
a . b
R=
2 sin A 2 sin B 2 sin C (Art. 163 ) .
2 2.S
sin A =
bc √s (s − a) (s − b) (s — c) = bc '
abc
R=
4S
Then ID =IE= IF = r.
B
a
We have
so that r . s = S.
..
.. 2BD + 2b = a + b + c = 2s.
Hence BD -s - b = BF;
SO CE = s - c = CD,
and AF = 8 - α = AE.
ID B
Now = tan IBD = tan
BD 2'
B B
.. r = ID = BD tan - b) tan 2.
2 = (8 −
234 TRIGONOMETRY .
C
So r = IE = CE tan ICE = (sc) tan
2'
A
and also r = IF - FA tan IAF = (s — a) tan
2'
B
Hence r = (s - a) tan A = (s — b) tan 2 = (sc) tan .
B C
COS COS
2
=r
B
sin sin
-890
B C C B B
.. a sin sin = r sin COS + cos sin
2 2 2 2
B
= r sin 90° = γ COS
- sin ( + 2) - r sin [90-42] 2
B C
sin sin
2 2
.. r = a
A
COS
2
A A
Cor. Since a -2R sin A = 4R sin COS
2
A B C
we have r = 4R sin sin sin
2 2 2
ςи ‚ Ï‚Æ‚ ‚ and IF, being equal , the point I, is the centre
of the required circle.
Now the area ABIC is equal to the sum of the
triangles ABC and I, BC ; it is also equal to the sum of
the triangles IBA and ICA .
Hence
S
-
= AB + BD₁ + AC + CD₁ = AB + BC + CA = 2s .
.. AE₁ = s = AF₁
and - AC = s — b.
CD₁ = CE₁ = AE₁1 —
B
So LIBD₁ = 90° - •
2
.. a = BC = BD₁ + D₁C
= Ï¿D₁ cot øÂD₁ + øи cot IСD₁
B
== r₁tan + tan
2
B
sin sin
2 2
ΞΥ
COS COS
33
-( )
RADII OF THE ESCRIBED CIRCLES. 237
B C B C B
... a cos COS = risin COS + cos sin
2 2 2 2
B A A
= r₁ sin + = r1 sin (90° – 2 = r₁ cos
2 2
B C
COS COS
2 2
.. r₁ = a
COS
42
A A
Cor. Since a = 2R sin A = 4R sin COS "
2
A B C
we have r₁ = 4R sin COS COS
2 2 2
EXAMPLES. XXXVI.
1 1 1 1
10. 2 + 1 + 71r2 = s² . 11. + + = 0.
ጥ
= the supplement of 2A .
So < KLM = 180° – 2B,
LM AL ABcos A
= =
sin A sin AML cos PML
c cos A =c cos A
=
COS PAL sin C
C
:. LM= sin A cos A
sin C
-
= b²
+ 2- - ab cos C,
2/
a²
Hence 2AD² — c² = b² -
2
so that AD = - a².
√2b² + 2c² —
So also
sin y ᎠᏟ α
= =
sin C AD 2x*
a sin C a sin C
.. sin y =
2. √2b² + 2c² -
— a²
a sin B
Similarly, sin B =
√2b² + 2c² — a²
sin 0 AC b
= = •
sin C AD Ꮳ
b sin C 2b sin C
.. sin 0:=
XC √2b2 + 2c² a²
IE r B C
Also AI = = = 4R sin sin (Art. 204. Cor.).
A A 2 2
sin sin
2 2
B B C B
- 8 sin COSsinCOS + sin sin
2 2 [ 2 2 2 2
B C B C B C
= 1-8 sin sin COS COS - sin sin
2 2 2 2 2
B C B +C
= 1-8 sin sin COS
2 2 2
B C A
= 1-8 sin sin sin (Art. 69) ......... ( 1 ).
2
B C A
.. 1 - 8 sin sin sin
/1
OI = R√√ 2
X
=У= x +y = (1), D У
с b b +c b+
giving x and y.
Also, if be the length of AD and the angle it
makes with BC, we have
ΔΑΒD + ΔΑCD = ΔΑΒC.
1 A 1 A 1
.. cô sin + b8 sin = bc sin A ,
2 2 2 2 2
[Exs. XXXVII.] PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES. 247
bc sin A 2bc A
i.e. S== = COS (2).
b+ c A b+c 2
sin
2
A
Also 0 = < DAB + B = 貴+B .... (3).
一 2+
EXAMPLES . XXXVII.
A
3. AI₁ = r₁ cosec • 4. II₁ =a sec
5. II =
- a cosec 2 6. II .II . II3 = 16R²r.
B +C
7. II32 = 4R (r2 + T3) . 8. LIII = 2
2
9. II¸² + II² = II‚² + I„I¿² = II¸² +I¿Ï„².
A B abc
10. Area of ϽτϽ = 8R² cos COS COS ·
2 2 2 2r
11. IIsin
. I2I3 = II . 1311 = II3 . II₂ •
A sin B sin C
If I, O , and P be respectively the incentre, circumcentre, and ortho-
centre, and G the centroid of the triangle ABC, prove that
12. IO² = R2 (3-2 cos A - 2 cos B - 2 cos C).
13. IP2 =2r2-4R2 cos A cos B cos C.
B-C C -A A- B
16. Area of ▲ IPG = R2 sin sin 4 sin 42 .
2 2
17. Prove that the distance of the centre of the nine-point circle from
R
the angle A is 2 √1 + 8 cos A sin B sin C.
21. D, E, and F are the middle points of the sides of the triangle
ABC; prove that the centroid of the triangle DEF is the same as that of
ABC, and that its orthocentre is the circumcentre of ABC.
In any triangle ABC, prove that
22. The perpendicular from A divides BC into portions which are
proportional to the cotangents of the adjacent angles, and that it divides
the angle A into portions whose cosines are inversely proportional to the
adjacent sides.
23. The median through A divides it into angles whose cotangents
are 2 cot A + cot C and 2 cot A + cot B, and makes with the base an angle
1
whose cotangent is 2 (cot C ~ cot B).
[Exs. XXXVII.] PROPERTIES OF TRIANGLES. 249
24. The distance between the middle point of BC and the foot of the
b2~c2
perpendicular from A is 2a
(a +b+c) *.
37. In the sides BC, CA, AB are taken three points A', B', C' such that
BA' : A'C = CB' : B'A = AC' : C'B = m : n ;
prove that if AA', BB' , and CC' be joined they will form by their inter-
sections a triangle whose area is to that of the triangle ABC as
(m - n)² : m² + mn +n².
38. The circle inscribed in the triangle ABC touches the sides BC,
CA, and AB in the points A₁ , B₁ , and C₁ respectively ; similarly the
circle inscribed in the triangle AB₁С₁ touches the sides in A2, B2, C₂
respectively, and so on ; if A„BnCn be the nth triangle so formed, prove
that its angles are
π -n A π П
B
π
+(- 2)- (4-5),3 +( - 2)- (8-5 ) .
and
+(- 2)~(C-풍) .
Hence prove that the triangle so formed is ultimately equilateral.
39. ABC, is the triangle formed by joining the feet of the perpen-
diculars drawn from ABC upon the opposite sides ; in like manner
ABC, is the triangle obtained by joining the feet of the perpendiculars
from A₁ , B₁ , and C₁ on the opposite sides , and so on. Find the values of
the angles A , B , and C,n in the nth of these triangles.
CHAPTER XVI.
Hence
a² + b² - 2ab cos B = c + d + 2cd cos B,
a² + b² —c² -
— d²
so that cos B =
2 (ab + cd)
Hence
-
sin² B = 1 − cos² B = 1 − (a² + b² — c² — d³)²
{2 (ab + cd)}²
{2 (ab + cd) }² -
— {a² + b² — c² — d²} ²
4 (ab + cd)²
{2 (ab + cd) + (a² +b² — c² — d²)} { 2 (ab + cd) — (a² +b² —c² — d²)}
4 (ab + cd)²
{(a² +2ab + b²) — (c² − 2cd + d²) } { (c² + 2cd + d²) —(a² + b² −2ab)}
4 (ab + cd)²
- -
{(a + b)² − (c − d)²} { (c + d)² -
− (a - — b)²}
4 (ab + cd)²
a² + b²- c² - d²
220. Since cos B:=
2 (ab + cd)
we have AC² = a² + b² -
– 2ab cos B
a² + b² -
— c² -— d²
= a² + b² - ab
ab + cd
= ab sin B + cd sin D,
B
so that b
222. Ex. Find the area of a quadrilateral which can have a circle
inscribed in it.
If the quadrilateral ABCD can have a circle inscribed in it so as to
touch the sides AB, BC, CD, and DA in the points P, Q, R, and S, we
should have
AP= AS, BP= BQ , CQ = CR, and DR = DS.
:. AP+BP + CR + DR = AS + BQ + CQ + DS,
i.e. AB +CD = BC + DA ,
i.e. a + c = b + d.
a + b+c+d
Hence 8= ~ = a + c = b + d.
2
.. 8 - a = c, 8 - b = d, s - c = a, and s - d = b.
The formula of the last article therefore gives in this case
A2 = abcd - abcd cos² a = abcd sin² a,
i.e. the area required = √abcd sin a.
If in addition the quadrilateral be also inscribable in a circle, we have
2a - 180°, so that sin a = sin 90° = 1.
Hence the area of a quadrilateral which can be both inscribed in
a circle and circumscribed about another circle is abcd.
EXAMPLES. XXXVIII.
1. Find the area of a quadrilateral, which can be inscribed in a circle,
whose sides are
(1) 3, 5, 7, and 9 feet ;
and (2) 7, 10, 5, and 2 feet.
2. The sides of a quadrilateral are respectively 3, 4, 5, and 6 feet, and
the sum of a pair of opposite angles is 120° ; prove that the area of the
quadrilateral is 3/30 square feet.
256 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. XXXVIII. ]
where a, ẞ, and γ denote the angles between the sides a and b, b and c,
and c and a respectively.
1
The angle BOC is n th of the sum of all the angles
EXAMPLES. XXXIX.
1. Find , correct to '01 of an inch, the length of the perimeter of a
regular decagon which surrounds a circle of radius one foot.
2. Find to 3 places of decimals the length of the side of a regular
polygon of 12 sides which is circumscribed to a circle of unit radius.
3. Find the area of (1) a pentagon, (2) a hexagon, (3) an octagon,
(4) a decagon and (5) a dodecagon, each being a regular figure of side
1 foot.
4. Find the difference between the areas of a regular octagon and a
regular hexagon if the perimeter of each be 24 feet.
17-2
260 TRIGONOMETRY . [Exs.
a π
cot
2n
where a is a side of the polygon.
15. The interior angles of a polygon are in A. P.; the least angle
is 120° and the common difference is 5° ; find the number of sides.
XXXIX. REGULAR POLYGONS. 261
16. There are two regular polygons the number of sides in one being
double the number in the other, and an angle of one polygon is to an angle
of the other as 9 to 8 ; find the number of sides of each polygon.
17. Show that there are eleven pairs of regular polygons such that
the number of degrees in the angle of one is to the number in the angle of
the other as 10 : 9 . Find the number of sides in each.
18. The side of a base of a square pyramid is a feet and its vertex is
at a height of h feet above the centre of the base ; if 0 and be respec-
tively the inclinations of any face to the base, and of any two faces to one
another, prove that
2h a2
tan 0 = and tan = 1+
a 2h2 '
20. A regular pyramid has for its base a polygon of n sides, each of
length a, and the length of each slant side is ; prove that the cosine of
the angle between two adjacent lateral faces is
2π
412 cos + a2
n
412 - a2
CHAPTER XVII.
Ө
Hence, when is very small, the quantity sin lies
232. Ex. 1. Find the values of sin 10′ and cos 10'.
1º
Since 10' = =
6 180 x 6 '
266 TRIGONOMETRY.
П
we have sin 10' = sin = П
( 180 x 63)° 180 x 6
3.14159265...
180 × 6 = 0029089 nearly.
= [ 1 − · 000008468 ...]*
= 1- [ 000008468 ... ] ,
C
π
Since sin is very nearly equal to
2' ✪ must be nearly equal to ·
π
Let then = +x, where x is small.
6
π π
...52 = sin =sin cos x + cos sin x
(1 + x)=
cos x +
=100 + sin x.
2 2
Ꮖ is very small, we have
Since x
cos x =1 and sin x = x nearly.
1
...52 = + √3 x.
2
2
.. x ='02 × radians = √3¢ = 1.32° nearly.
75
Hence 0 =31° 19′ nearly.
EXAMPLES. XL.
.ad inf.
(1 -tan³ ) (1 - tan² 22) (1 - tan? .......
= 0.cot 0.
268 TRIGONOMETRY.
α
.. area of sector AOB = × area of whole circle
2π
α
= × πR² = 1 R² . a.
EXAMPLES. XLI.
9. If each ofthree circles , of radius a, touch the other two, prove that
4
the area included between them is nearly equal to 25 a2.
270 TRIGONOMETRY . [Exs. XLI.]
10. Six equal circles, each of radius a, are placed so that each
touches two others, their centres being all on the circumference of
another circle ; prove that the area which they enclose is
2a2 (3 /3 - π).
11. From the vertex A of a triangle a straight line AD is drawn
making an angle with the base and meeting it at D. Prove that the
area common to the circumscribing circles of the triangles ABD and
ACD is
— (b²y + c²ß – bc sin 4) cosec² 0 ,
where ẞ and y are the number of radians in the angles B and C respec-
tively.
O
2h 180 180 × 60 × 60 2h
= =
r π π r
236. Ex. Taking the radius of the earth as 4000 miles, find the dip
at the top of a lighthouse which is 264 feet above the sea, and the distance
ofthe offing.
Here r=4000 miles , and h = 264 feet = 1 mile.
20
Hence h is very small compared with r, so that
EXAMPLES. XLII.
[Unless otherwise stated, the earth's radius may be taken to be 4000
miles.]
1. Find in degrees, minutes , and seconds, the dip of the horizon from
the top of a mountain 4400 feet high, the earth's radius being 21 × 106
feet.
2. The lamp of a lighthouse is 196 feet high ; how far off can it be
seen ?
272 TRIGONOMETRY . [Exs. XLII.]
4. From the top of the mast'of a ship, which is 66 feet above the
sea, the light of a lighthouse which is known to be 132 feet high can
just be seen ; prove that its distance is 24 miles nearly.
5. From the top of a mast, 66 feet above the sea, the top of the
mast of another ship can just be seen at a distance of 20 miles ; prove
that the heights of the masts are the same.
6. From the top of the mast of a ship which is 44 feet above the
sea-level , the light of a lighthouse can just be seen ; after sailing for
15 minutes the light can just be seen from the deck which is 11 feet
above the sea-level ; prove that the rate of sailing of the ship is nearly
16.33 miles per hour.
= -60°.
Ex. sin-11-30° ; sin- 1-3-
3 12 16
240. Ex. 1. Prove that sin-1 - Cos -1 = sin -1
5 13 65
3 3
Let sin-1 5=α, so that sin a =
5» 5
3
9 =4 a:
and therefore COS α = 1
√ 25
INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS. 275
12 12
Let COS -1 3 = ß, so that cos ẞ = •
1 13
144 5 13
and therefore sin ẞ= 1 = 5
169 13 ' B
12
16 16
Let sin-1 = y, so that sin y' = .
65 65
We have then to prove that
a - B = Y,
i.e. to shew that sin (a – B) = sin y.
Now sin (a - ẞ) = sin a cos ẞ - cos a sin ß
3 12 - 4 5 36-20 16 sin
= = = y.
5 13 5'13 65 65
Hence the relation is proved.
1 π
Ex. 2. Prove that 2 tan- 11 + tan - 1 ===
1
Let tan -1 = a, so that tan a =
3 3'
2 tan a
Now tan 2a =-
1- tan² a
213
314
= =
100
tan 2a +tan ẞ
Also, tan (2a +8) =.
1 - tan 2a tan ß
34
1
47+
π
= 21 +4 = 25 = 1 = tan
3 1 28-3 25
။
1
4'7
π
:. 2a + B= 4
18-2
276 TRIGONOMETRY.
215
2 tan a 5
Then tan 2a = =
1 - tan2 a 1 12
1-
25
10
12 120
and tan 4a = =
25 11 9'
1-
144
π
so that tan 4a is nearly unity, and 4a therefore nearly
π
Let 4a=4+ tan-¹x.
120 1 +x
.. 119 = tan + tan-1 X =
( + 1 -X (Art. 100).
1
.. x=
239
1 π
Hence 4tan-1 tan-1
239
a+ b
.. x +y = tan-1
1- ab '
a+b
i.e. tan-1a +tan-1b -tan-1
1 - ab'
a+ b
In the above we have tacitly assumed that ab < 1, so that 1 - ab is posi-
a+ b
tive, and therefore tan-1 lies between 0° and 90°.
1- ab
a+ b
If, however, ab be > 1, then 1 - ab and therefore according to our defini-
a+ b
tion tan-1
1 - ab is a negative angle. Here y is therefore a negative angle
and, since tan ( +7) = tany, the formula should be
a+ b
tan-1 a +tan-1b + tan-1
1- ab '
=tan {tan-¹(-7)}
= − 7,
x +1 x - 1
+
x -1 Ꮖ
i.e.
x +1x - 1 = 7,
1
x -1 X
2x2 - x + 1
i.e.
1 - x ==- 7,
so that x=2.
This value makes the left-hand side of the given equation positive, so
that there is no value of x strictly satisfying the given equation.
The value x = 2 is a solution of the equation
X- 1
tan -1 x+ 1 + tan-1
x-1 X =T +tan-1 ( -7).
INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS. 279
EXAMPLES. XLIII .
Prove that
3 77
1. sin-1 +sin-1 17 =sin-1 85
5 7 253
2. sin-1. + sin-1 = cos- 1
13 25 325
4 3 27 12 33
3. cos-1 5 +tan-15-tan -1. 4. cos-1 + cos-1 =cos -1
11 13 65 *
-X
5. cos-1x = 2 sin-1 2 cos-1 √1+2
3 16 1 7
6. 2 cos-1 + cot-1 + COS-1 = T.
√13 63 2 25
7. tan-1 +tan- 1 =
- sin √5 + oot¹8-45°.
1 1 2 1 12
8. tan-1 7+ tan -1. =tan -1 9. tan-1 = 2 tan-1
13 9 3 5
12
219
1
10. tan-1 +tan-¹ = Cos -1
4
110
74
1 1
11. 2 tan-1 +tan -1 +2 tan
5
T4
3 3 8
0120
1 1 π- 1
14. 3tan-14+tan-1 20 tan -1.
4 1985 '
1 1 1 П
15. 4 tan-1 -- tan-1 70 +tan-1 =
99 4
120 5 m m-n π
16. tan-1 = 2 sin-1 . 17. tan-1 tan-1 •
119 13 n m+n
2t 3t - t3
18. tan-¹t +tan-1 ==tan-1.
1- t2 1-3t2'
3t - t3
if < or 3, and =T + tan-¹ if t> and < /3.
<༔ 1- 3t2 √3
280 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. XLIII.]
a (a + b + c) +tan-1
19. tan-1 Val b (a + b + c)
a+bc √b ca
+tan-1 c (a + b + c) = T.
ab
ab +1 bc + 1 +1
20. cot-1 + cot-1 + cot-1 ca = 0.
a -b b--c c- a
21. tan-¹n +cot-¹ (n + 1 ) = tan¹ (n² + n + 1) .
8
32. tan-¹ (x + 1) + tan− ¹ (x -
− 1 ) = tan-¹ 31 '
2
34. tan-1 x + 2 cot- ¹x = π. 35. tan cos -¹ x = sin cot-11.
3
36. cot-1x - cot-¹ (x + 2) = 15°.
x² - 1 2x 2π
37. cos-1 +tan-1 = ·
x²+1 x² - 1 3
38. cot-1x + cot-¹ (n² −x + 1) = cot- ¹ (n -− 1).
૧૪
π 5
kla
π
39. sin-1 +sin− ¹ 2x = 40. sin-1 +sin-1
11
3
عي
8/8
a b с d π
41. tan-1 + tan-1 + tan -1 + tan-1 =
12
x x x
x x
42. sec-1 Sec-1 -sec-1b - sec-1 a.
a b
43. cosec¹x = cosec¹a + cosec- ¹b.
1 - a2 - 1-62
44. 2 tan-1 x= cos -1 COS -1
1 + a2 1+ b² *
CHAPTER XIX.
B
2 sin {a + (n - 2)B} sin 2 = cos {a + (n ) } — cos {a + (n — § ) ẞ} ,
and
B
2 sin { a + (n − 1 ) B} sin = cos { a + ( n − ) } - cos {a + (n − 1) B} .
ηβ
2 sing . S - 2 sin (a + (" ) } sin 2
sin
{a + (22¹) B}
B sin
i.e. S=
sin
B
2 cos (a + 8) sin 2 = sina + 38
(a + 3,0
2 ) - sin (a + 29) .
В
2 cos (a +28) sin 2 = sina + 58
2 ).
sin +
2 ),
( ( 38
B
2cos {a + (n −2) ,
3 } sin 2 = sin {a + (n − }) B
,} —sin { a + (n − § )B} ,
284 TRIGONOMETRY.
and
B
2 cos {a + (n − 1 ) ß} sin2 =sin { a +(n − } ) }} — sin { a + (n− } ) }}.
ng
cos {
(a+
+ " = ¹ 8}
} sin 78
i.e. S=
sin
243.
Both the expressions for S in Arts. 241 and 242
ηβ
vanish when sin is zero, i.e. when ηβ is equal to any
2 2
multiple of π,
i.e. when ηβ
2 = рπ,
where p is any integer,
2π
i.e. when B = p. n
Απ
and sin a + sin a + + sin + to n terms = 0.
( n ( a + 1) +
244. Ex. 1. Find the sum of
sin a − sin (a + B) + sin (a + 2ß) -... to n terms.
We have, by Art. 73,
sin (a + ẞ + ) = − sin (a +ẞ),
sin (a + 2ẞ + 2π) = sin (a + 2ẞ),
sin (a + 38 + 3π) = -- sin (a +38),
Hence the series
= sin a +sin (a +ß + π ) + sin { a + 2 (ß + π) }
+ sin { a + 3 (ẞ + π) } +
n- 1
sin a + (8+ ) sin n (B +π)
2 + T)} 2
= 9 by Art. 241 ,
sin β + π
n-1
sin a + sin n (B + π)
2 (8 + π) } 2
COS
In a similar manner we can obtain the sum of the cubes of the sines
of a series of angles in A. P.
Cor. Since
2 sin2a =1 - cos 2a, and 2 cos² a = 1 + cos 2a,
we can obtain the sum of the squares.
Since again 8 sin a =2 [1 - cos 2a]2
=2-4 cos 2a + 2 cos² 2a = 3-4 cos 2a + cos 4a,
we can obtain the sum of the 4th powers of the sines. Similarly for the
cosines.
n- 1 2a - B
sin (2a - B) sin n 2
{(a- B)+ 2
" by Art. 241 ,
sin 2a - B
2
n+ 1
sin B sin n (2a + B)
fna- 2 2
sin 2a +B
2
n+ 1
sin Ina sin n (2a- B)
2 BB} 2
1
sin 2a - B
2
SIMPLE TRIGONOMETRICAL SERIES. 287
+
Ex. 4. A142...An is a regular polygon of n sides inscribed in a circle ,
whose centre is O, and P is any point on the arc A„A₁ such that the angle
POA, is 0 ; find the sum of the lengths of the lines joining P to the angular
points of the polygon.
2π
Each of the angles A₁042 , 40A3 ,...A„ OA₁ is so that the angles
n "
POA₁ , POA2,... are respectively
2π 4π
0, 0+ n 0 + ...
n
Hence, if r be the radius of the circle, we have
POA1 0
PA₁ =2r sin 2 = 2r sin 2'
POA π
PA₂=2r sin =2r sin +
2 (8 n
POA3
PA, =2r sin 2 = 2r sin
(음+2 „)
EXAMPLES. XLIV.
Sum the series :
1. cos 0+ cos 30+ cos 50 + ... to n terms.
A 7A
2. cos + cos 24 + cos + to n terms.
2 2 ...
Prove that
sin a +sin 2a + sin 3a + + sin na n+1
3. = tan α.
cos a + cos 2a + ... + cos na
288 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. XLIV.]
L. T. 19
CHAPTER XX.
ELIMINATION.
с - + e = 0,
o (-2)²
(一 )++ d (− 1) + c = 0,
i.e. if b2c abd + a²e = 0.
sin² + cos² = 1,
(by) + (ax)ŝ
=
= √ (by) ³ + (ax)} { (ax )³ + (by)} }
= { (ax)} + (by)} } },
i.e. - b2)¾.
(ax)‡ + (by)‡ = (a² –
The student who shall afterwards become acquainted with Analytical
Geometry will find that the above is the solution of an important problem
concerning normals to an ellipse.
EXAMPLES. XLV.
19-3
294 TRIGONOMETRY . [Exs. XLV.]
roos e ys
ysin e
6. + =1,
a b
and x sin 0 -
− y cos 0 = √a² sin² 0 + b² cos² 0.
7. sin cos 0 =p, and cosec - sin 0 =q.
8. x=a cos 0 + b cos 20, and y = a sin 0 + b sin 20.
9. If m =cosec - sin 0, and n = sec - cos 0,
prove that m³ + n³ = (mn) − }.
10. Prove that the result of eliminating from the equations
x cos (0+ a) + y sin (0 +a) = a sin 20,
and y cos (0+ a) -
— x sin (0+ a) = 2a cos 20,
is (x cos a + y sin a)ŝ + (x sin a − y cos a) ³ = (2a)³.
Eliminate and from the equations
11. sin +sin = a, cos 0 + cos & = b , and 0-4 = a.
12. tan 0 +tan = x, cot 0 + cot & = y, and 0 + 0 = a.
13. a cos² + b sin20 = c, b cos² + a sin² p = d,
and a tan 0= b tan p.
14. cos + cosa, cot 0 + cot pb, and cosec + cosec = c.
15. a sin 0 = b sin p, a cos 0 + b cos p = c, and x = ytan (0+ ).
X x
16. cos 0+У sin 0 = 1, cos + У sin = 1,
a a
PROJECTIONS .
0
R
P
R
M N N M
A A
UM N A
Ꮎ M R
N
6
R
P STE
SR:
M A
B
R N R
B
A A M
X A
M Q
=cos AOBX OP cos BOC - sin AOB × OPsin BOC. (Art. 250.)
i.e. cos (A + B) = cos A cos B - sin A sin B.
A AN
N
B
N R
Q M A
OP cos (A - B)
= projection of OP on OA
B B
I. (Page 5. )
2 301 45569
201
19
1. 2. 3.
3' 360 ' 64800 '
5. 2 3661 6. 43 388
4 120. 10800 3375
7. 338 33 33.3". 8. 90º. 9. 1538 88'88.8".
10. 39 76' 38.8 ". 11. 2618 34'44 ·4 “.
12. 528 333 ·3“. 13. 1 rt. 4 ; 108°.
14. 453524 rt. 4 ; 40° 49′ 1.776″.
15. 394536 rt. 4 ; 35° 30′ 29.664″.
16. 2.550809 rt. ; 229 ° 34′ 22 · 116 ″.
17. 7.590005 rt. 4 ; 683 ° 6 ' 1 · 62″.
28. 5° 33′ 20″ ; 66° 40'. 19 ; 4218 .
29. 477
31. 33° 20′ ; 10° 48'.
π 221
7. 2338 33 33.3". 8. 2000º. 9. 10. π.
3' 360
703 3557 79
11. π. 12. π. 13. π.
720 13500 36
3п 1103
14. 15. π. 16. 1.726268π.
10° 2000
17. 81° ; 9°. 18. 24°, 60°, and 96°.
19. 132° 15' 12.6". 20. 30°, 60°, and 90°.
1 π 2π 1
21. and - radians.
2' 3' 3 2
3п 5п
22. (1) 108°. (2) 7 ; 1284°.
5
3п 5п 15π
(3) 4
; 135°. (4) 6 ; 150 °. (5)
17
; 15814°.
23. 8 and 4. 24. 10 and 8. 25. 6 and 8.
π 5пс
26. 27. (1) = 75° = 8318 ;
3' 12
7πc 5по
(2) = 70° = 7778 ; (3) = 1123° = 125º.
18 8
28. (1 ) At 7 and 36 minutes past 4 ; (2 ) at 281 and
48 minutes past 7.
IV. (Pages 17, 18.)
Take π = 3.14159... and = 31831.
[ π
3
20-454° nearly. 2.
1. 5 radian ; 34° 22′ 38.9".
3. 68-75 inches nearly. 4. 05236 inch nearly.
5. 24.555 inches nearly. 6. 1° 25' 57" nearly.
7. 3959-8 miles nearly. 8. π ft. = 3.14159 ft.
9. 5 : 4. 10. 3.1416.
4π 9″ 14π 19″ 24π
11. 2 and 35 radians.
35 ' 35 ' 35 ' 35
12. 65° 24' 30.4". 13. 2062.65 ft. nearly.
14. 1.5359 ft. nearly. 15. 262.6 ft. nearly.
16. 32142.9 ft. nearly. 17. 38197.2 ft. nearly.
ANSWERS. iii
2250 2500 81
1. π, Tand π radians .
6289 6289 331
20-2
iv TRIGONOMETRY .
2xy 2xy
2. 68° 45' 17.8". 4.
x² + y²x² - y²
1
8. - tan¹ A.
- 9. 0 = 60°.
tan¹ A
10. In 1 minutes.
nπ + ( − 1)" 5 .
3
ANSWERS.
π π π
14. Nπ အ
၊ဒ 15. Nπ 16. Nπ
6 3' 4
76
π π π
17. Nπ ± 18. (2n + 1 ) π + 19. 2nT
6
m π π
20. 105° and 45° ; ( n + 1 ) + + + ( - ) " 1/32 › and
− 1 )m
(n + 12 ).
π π
+ ( − 1 )m. "
( - ) 6 +( - 1 ) 12
where m and ` n are any integers.
21. 1871° and 1421° ;
m π π π
n+ + n-
( + 2 ) + 8 12 and ( - 2) - 8 12
1-
22. (1 ) 60° and 120° ; ( 2) 120° and 240° ; (3) 30°
and 210°.
23. (1 ) 2 ; (2) 1 ; (3) 1 ; (4) 1 ; (5) 1 .
π ---
3. n + (-
− 1)" . 4. cos 0 = √5-1
2
пп π пп 2n + 1 )π
16. · -- 17. or (
5 + ( − 1)" 20 · 4 10
21T 21π
18. 2nπ or (2n + 1) π 19. or
5 m-n m +n
π π 2пп
· 21. 2nπ or
20. ( 2n + 1 )
25 or 2ur- . 9
π
22. (2r + 1) m + n or (2r - 1) .
Π π
23. n+
24 (m +1 2) +1
пп n² 2
25. 4 √1 + 16 26. ( + 23 ) -
π α П
27. n+ n+
3 28. ( +1) 24
пп a π π
29. + · 30. Nπ ± · 31.
3 3 6 m -n
2n + 1 + √4n² + 4n − - 15
32. tan 0 =
4
π n π π
33. 0: m + - = +76 - ( − 1) " 12'·
=(mn + 32) x ± 65 + (− 1 )" —5 ; • = (m–
π
34. 干 } [ (6-4 )
[ ( 64 ) 2 3]; 3] .
1 5
35. 45° and 60°. 36. or
3 3'
1
+
37. √5 ; - 3/5
1 √5. .
2
16 49 7 1
-H
3. 4. 5.
305 ; 305 ' 5/2
3
6.
N -
√4 −√2 − √6 . √4 + √2 + √6
7. ; √2-1 ;
2√2 2/2
- (√2 + 1) + √4 + 2√2.
4- a² - b²
8. 23. + and - 24. - and
a² + b²
25. - and -
π 3п 3п 5п
29. ( 1 ) 2nπ + 4 and 2nπ + 4 ; (2) 2nπ + 4 and 2nπ + 4 ;
π Π π 3п
(3) 2nT -- and 2nπ + 4 ; (4) 2nπ + 4 and 2nπ +
4
viii TRIGONOMETRY .
П π
30. (1) 2n- 4 and 2+ 4 ;
3п 5п
(2) 2nπ + and 2nπ +
4 4 ;
5п 7π
( 3) 2n + 4 and 2nπ +
π π π
18. nπ + ( - 4——
− 1 )" 7 3.
19. 2NT +
4
π π π
20. nπ + + ( - —·
− 1 )" 7. 21. 2NT +
4
A.
6
22. -21°48′ + n . 180° + ( -1 )" [ 68 ° 12'].
23. 2n . 180 ° 78 ° 58 ′ ; 2n . 180° + 27 ° 18'.
2п
24. n. 180° + 45° ; n . 180° + 26 ° 34'. 25. 2n or 2nπ +
3
π π π
26. 2nπ or 2nπ + • 27. 2n + or 2nπ-
2 3
π π
28. 2nπ + or 2nπ - 29. пп.
6 2'
/17-1
30. sin 0 31. cos = √17-3
8 4
π
1 100
π π π
32. nπ ± or nπ + • 33. 2nπ ± ; 2nπ ±
3 4.
π π π
+ ) 35. Nπ ± • 36. Nπ +
34. (n +14/2 4
пп π a 1
37. 0= or nπ also = n where cos a =
-=
2 3 2 3
1 π π
38. n+ 39. Nπ ± •
33 3
2b (2a - b) 2ab
(4) 5ab + 3ac - 262-- 2bc and
5ab + 3ac2b² - 2bc '
where a = log 2, b = log 3, and c = log 7 .
X TRIGONOMETRY.
1. 4.5527375 ; 1.5527394.
2. 4.7689529 ; 3.7689502.
3. 478-475 ; 004784777 . 4. 2.583674 ; 0258362 .
5. ( 1 ) 4-7204815 ; (2 ) 2.7220462 ; (3 ) 4 ·7240079 ;
(4) 5273-63 ; (5) ⚫05296726 ; (6) 5.26064.
6. 6870417 . 7. 43° 23'45".
8. 8455104 ; 8454509. 9. 32° 16′35″ ; 32 ° 16′21 ″.
10. 4.1203060 ; 4.1218748.
11. 4.3993263 ; 4 ·3976823. 12. 13 ° 8′47″.
13. 9.9147334. 14. 34° 44'27".
15. 9.5254497 ; 71 ° 27′43″. 16. 10.0229414.
17. 18° 27'17" . 18. 36°52′12″.
35. √5 36.- -
3 - √3 or (2 + √3). 37. √3.
1 3
38. - n + 1.
n, or n² − 39. 40. 13.
2 7
41. x is given by the equation
x¹ -
− x² (ab + ac + ad + bc + bx + cd) + abcd = 0.
42. There is no admissible value for x.
a-b
43. ab ÷ [√a² - 1 + √b² – 1 ]. 44.
1+ ab'
XLIV. (Pages 287-289.)
1
1. +
2 sin 2no cosec 0.
3n - 1 3n 3 1
2. COS A sin A cosec A. 6.
4 4 4 2'
по
sin 8. - sin
[ a + ( n − 1 ) B ] sin nẞ sec 5 . n-
9. sin 2nx (cos 2nx + sin 2nx) ( cos x + sin x) cosec 2x.
12
11.
2 sin ( 2n + 2) a . sin 2na cosec a.
n 1
12 . cos 2a - cos (n + 3 ) a sin na cosec a.
2 2
13. cos (2na − a) cos (n + 1 ) B − cos ( 2na + a) cos nẞ + cos a (1 − cos ẞ)
--- cos 2a)
2 (cos ẞ-
14. --
[(2n + 1 ) sin a sin (2n + 1 ) a] cosec a.
n 1
15. - -
2 2 cos [ 20+ (n- 1) a] sin na cosec a.
na α 1 3na За
16. sin n+ 1 a sin cosec - sin 37+1 α .sin cosec •
4 2 2 2 2 2 2
ANALYTICAL TRIGONOMETRY .
CHAPTER I.
when
2. To find the value of the quantity (1 + 1)" ,
n becomes infinitely great and is real.
1
Since < 1, we have, by the Binomial Theorem ,
n
1 n (n - − 1) 1 n (n - 1 ) (n - 2 ) 1
=1 + n• + + +
(1 + 1)" n 1.2 n² 1.2 . 3 n³
1
n n ( 1-2)
(1-4) ( 1-2 ) (1-2) (1–2)
= 1 +1+ + +
1.2 18
+ ... ....... (1).
This series is true for all values of n, however great.
Make then n infinite and the right- hand side
1
= 1+1+ + ad inf. ...... (2).
+++ 글4
L. T. II . 1
2 TRIGONOMETRY.
n
Hence the limiting value, when n is infinite, of (1 + 1)"
is the sum of the series
1
1+1+ + + ... ad inf.
13 +14
The sum of this series is always denoted by the
quantity e.
Hence we have
Lt1 +
1 ) ==
B=3 (1 + n
= e,
1 1 1
< 2.2.2 < 23
we have
1 1 1
e < 1 + 1 + 2 + 22 + 23 ad inf.
1
< 1+
1-
Hence the right-hand side of (2) lies between and and is there-
9 +1
fore a fraction and so cannot be equal to the left-hand side.
Hence our supposition that e was commensurable is incorrect and it
therefore must be incommensurable.
and that
OC2
a² = 1 + x log, a + (log, a)² + ... ad inf.
2
1 +x+ + ...
3
Hence we have
i.e. 1 1 1
2 (e- 1) = 1 + + +... ad in .
13 ' 15
Ex. 2. Find the sum of the series
+2 1 +2 +3
1+ 1 +
1+2 +3+4
+ ... ad inf.
2 14
1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n n (n + 1)
The nth term
n n
1 n + 1 1 (n - 1) +27 2
= = =
In-- 1 C n- 1 22- 2 n- 1
provided that n > 2.
Similarly
2
the (n - 1)th term = 2
n - 3 + n- 2
. (2).
The series on the right-hand side of (1 ) and ( 2) are
equal to one another and both convergent, when У is
numerically < 1. Also it could be shewn that the series
on the right hand side of (2 ) is convergent when it is
arranged in powers of x. Hence we may equate like
powers of x.
Thus we have
ya + (− 1) (− 2 )
3² (−1) (− 2) (− 3 )
loge (1+ y) = y 1.2 1.2.3 ys + 1.2.3.4 y+
+ ... ad inf.,
1
-
i.e. log。 ( 1 + y) = y − ¦¦ y² + ¦¦ y³ — — y* …
+ ..ad inf... (3 ).
LOGARITHMIC SERIES. 7
ས
1 1 1 1 1 1
= - + -
loge 4 - log, 3 = log. (1
(1 +
+31/1) 3 2'32 3' 33 4·34+...
..(3).
From these equations we could, by taking a sufficient
number of terms, calculate log, 2, log, 3, and loge 4.
It would be found that a large number of terms would
have to be taken to give the values of these logarithms to
the required degree of accuracy. We shall therefore
obtain more convenient series.
8 TRIGONOMETRY.
1 + y_m
=
1-y n
EXAMPLES. I.
Prove that
1. {
} (e + c¯¹) = 1 ++ 2 + + + + ...
1 1 1
2. ... - +
3 2 ·.) = 1 .
2 1 2
3.
( +++++ ( ++ .....
2 4 4
4. 11+
4 + + + + - 5. + + ... = e-1 .
3 57
12
14
116
+
+
+
e-
6.
11010001001
1+
32
+
+
23 33 43
7. 1+ = 5e.
+ 2+ 3+ 4+
10 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. I.]
COS
1 1 008 ( - ) T
25 , 0 <
17. tan 0 + tan30 + tan50 + ... log if
3 COS 0+
T
18. If be > and < , prove that
1 1
(1) sin 0+ sin³ 0 + sin5 0+ .... ad inf.
5
cot ++ cots
= 2000 cot³ + ... ad inf .] .
001 + 00
[cot 23
π
and, if be >0 and < 2, prove that
1
(2) 2 sin² + 4 sin* 0 + sinº 0 +...ad inf.
1 1
= 2 [ tax² + 3 tan + an +... ad inf. ]
[Exs. I.] LOGARITHMS TO BASE 10 11
n α
12
sin³
sina
..·. (cosa)" = 13 n
cos a)" — ( 1 — sin³ 2) — [ (1— sin³ 2)
sin3 )
12 TRIGONOMETRY.
Now, by putting
α
- sin². = m,
n
we have
1 1
a m
2 =
Lt sin - Lt (1 + m) =
- e. (Art. 2, Cor.)
n= co { 1 - m =0
when n is infinite.
Hence, when n is infinite,
n
COS- = eº
n
[co ] - - 1.
= log. (1 - sin³ )
n α 1 α 1
-- ( sin + in + 3 in +...) .
(Art. 8.)
TWO IMPORTANT LIMITING VALUES. 13
α
The series inside the bracket lies between sin and
n
the series.
α
sin + sin + sin ... ad inf.,
+ ...
+
n
α α
i.e. lies between sin2 and tan2
n n
n n α
sin² a and tan² ..(1).
n 2 n
But
2
sin
α n a²
Lt sin2.- =
= Lt = 1x0 = 0,
n =∞ 2 n n=∞ 2n
n
and
2
sin
n α n 1 a²
Lt tan² == Lt X = 1x1x0 = 0.
n =∞ n N=∞ 2n
Cos²
u = 1.
14 TRIGONOMETRY.
sin
15. To prove that the limiting value of "
(笑)
when n is infinite, is unity.
We have shewn, in Art. 227 ( Part I.) , that sin 0, 0 and
tan @ are in ascending order of magnitude.
α α α
Hence sin and tan
n"n" n
is unity.
TWO IMPORTANT LIMITING VALUES. 15
1.
2
...... Ρ-
n n n
.(1).
P
When a, b, c ...... are all positive quantities and less than unity, we
have
(1 - a) (1-6) = 1 - a - b + ab > 1 - a - b,
and (1 - a) (1 - b) (1c) > (1 - a - b) (1 − c) > 1 - a - b - c,
and so on, so that
(1 - a) (1 - b) (1c) ...... > 1- (a + b + c + ......).
1
Now the series 1+ + + ...ad inf. is, as in Art. 6 , convergent, so
12 13
1 1 1
1+ + + ...
that the quantity 2n (1-
12 13 . ) is, when n is made indefinitely
great, ultimately equal to zero.
Therefore, finally, the series (1) of Art. 2 is equal, in the limit, to
1 1 1
1 +1+ 2 + + +... ad inf.
13 |4
A similar argument will apply to the series in Art. 5.
1
CHAPTER II.
x + y√ -
− 1 = r (cos - 1 sin 0)
+√−
π - I sin
Hence 1+ √ =1 = √2 [ cos +
= cos (a + B) + √ -
— 1 sin (a + B).
DE MOIVRE'S THEOREM . 21
So
[ cos a + √ -
− 1 sin a] [ cos ẞ + √ -− 1 sinẞ] [ cos y + √ -
− 1 sin y ]
=
= [ cos (a + (
3) + √ -
1 sin ( a + B) ] [ cos y + √1 sin y]
=
= [cos ( a + B) cos y − sin (a + B) sin y]
+√1 [sin (a + B) cos y + cos (a + B) sin y]
- 1 sin (a + B + y).
= cos (a + B + y) + √ −
This process may evidently be continued indefinitely,
so that
-
[cos a + √1 sin a] [ cos ẞ + √1 sin ẞ] [ cos y + √1 sin y]
...... to n factors
= cos ( - sin (
m) 0 + √1 m)
= cos no + √ - 1 sin no.
22 TRIGONOMETRY.
Ꮎ Չ
COS - =I
[cos Չ + ~ -1 sin = cos (2. ) + sin (2.9
)
- sin 0.
= cos 0 + √1
0 0
Therefore cos - + - 1 sin - is such that when multi-
q q
plied by itself q times it gives cos 0 + √ − 1 sin 0.
Ꮎ Ꮎ
Hence cos + 1 sin is one of the qth roots of
q q
cos + √1 sin 0,
Ꮎ Ꮎ
i.e. COS - + √ - 1 sin -
q q
is one of the values of
1
(cos +1 sin 0)ª .
Raise each of these quantities to the pth power.
We then have that one of the values of
p
[cos 0]ª is ( cos - +
+ √1 sin 0 -1 sin >
9
po
i.e. is COS + √ − 1 sinpe
q
Ex. 1. Simplify
(cos 30+i sin 30)5 (cos 0 -— i sin 0)3
(cos 50+ i sin 50)7 (cos 20 – i sin 20)5
We have cos 30+i sin 30 = (cos +i sin 0)³,
cos - i sin @ = cos ( − 0) + i sin ( − 0 ) = (cos 0 + i sin 0)−¹,
cos 50+i sin 50 = (cos + i sin 0)³,
and cos 20 - i sin 20 = cos ( −20) + i sin ( − 20) = (cos + i sin 0)−2.
The given expression therefore
= (cos +i sin 0) 15 (cos + i sin 0)-3
(cos + i sin 0)35 (cos 0 + i sin 0) −10
= (cos + i sin 0)-13 = cos 130 - i sin 139.
1 1
Ex. 2. If 2 cos 0 =x + x and 2 cos p = y + 9
1
prove that one of the values of xmyn +
xmyn
is 2 cos (mo + no).
We have x²- 2x cos 0 = -1.
.. (x- cos 0)² = −1 + cos² 0 = − sin² 0.
.. x=cos 0 +i sin 0,
so that xm =cos mo + i sin me,
1
and = cos mo- i sin me.
xm
Similarly y=cos + i sin &,
so that y" =cos no +i sin no,
and = cos no - i sin no.
y"
1
:: xmyn + xmy
n
== (cos m✪ + i sin me) (cos nø + i sin nø)
+ (cos me - i sin me) (cos np -– i sin no)
=cos (m0 + np) + i sin (m0 + np)
+cos (mo +np) - − i sin (m0 +np)
=2 cos (m0 + np).
Similarly it could be shewn that one of the values of
xm yn
+ is 2 cos (me -
– np).
уп xm
24 TRIGONOMETRY.
EXAMPLES. II.
+ isin a + B +y+5].
1
15. = -10cosec α -β cosec γ - δ COS a +B + y + d
(x −- y) (z -
— u) 2
- i sin
₁a +B+y+ô] .
a +B-Y- COS a + B + y + 8 +i sin a + B +7
16. xy + zu 2 cos 2 + 8+2 y+5] .
17. From the identity
(a² - b²) (c² - d²)= (c² - b²) ( a² - d²) + (a² — c²) (b² — d²)
prove, by putting a = cos a + i sin a and similar expressions for the other
letters, the identity
sin (a - — 8) = sin (a – d) sin (y − ß) + sin (a -
– ß) sin (y - − y) sin (ß − 8).
18. From the identity
(x - b) (x - c) + (x − c) (x - a) +, (x− a) (x --
− b) =1
¸
(a - b) (a − c) (b − c) (b - a) (c - a) (c - b)
deduce, by assuming x = cos 20 + i sin 20 and corresponding quantities for
a, b, and c, that
− a) + two similar expressions =0.
sin (0 – 8) sin (0 −7) sin 2 (0 -
sin (a - B) sin (a -
− y)
Similarly, deduce identities from the identity
1 1 1
=
(x -− a) (x - b) (a - b) (x − a) (a -
− b) (x − b) *
26 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. II.]
2π + 0 2π +0
COS + - 1 sin
q q
4π +0 4π + 0
COS + √ − 1 sin
q q
6П + 0 6π +0
COS + √- 1 sin .. (1) ,
q q
2nπ +0 2nπ +0
(x + yi) ² ! = p [ COS
cos +√- 1 sin
q q
-
By giving n in succession the values 0 , 1 , 2 , ... q − 1,
we obtain the q required roots.
The student will note that the value n = 4 will not give us an additional
value. For it gives
COS
Cos (2x + )+ √sin ( 2+ ).
DE MOIVRE'S THEOREM. 29
π π
which is the same as COS + √-1 sin 12 "
12
and this is the first of the quantities already found . Similarly the values
n= 5, n = 6, and n = 7 would only give respectively the remaining three
quantities, and so on.
Ex. 2. Find all the values of( − 1) ³.
Since cos T1, and sin = 0,
we have / -1sin )
( −1 ) ³ = ( cosπ + √√
= [cos (2nπ + π) + √1 sin (2n + ) ]
2NT + π 2nπ + π
= COS +1sin
3 3
Giving n the values 0, 1, and 2, the required values are
π 5п 5п
COS +/- 1sin , cos + √ - 1 sin , and cos 3 +√√√-1sin 3
EXAMPLES. III.
Find all the values of
1. 1 . 2. ( −1)³. 3. (-i)t.
4. (-1) . 5. (1 + √
/ −1)³. 6. (1 + √3)
7. (1-3) . 8. (√3 +/- 1) . 9. (√3-1) .
10. 164. 11. 32 . 12. (13)10+ (1-3)10.
2π
13. Simplify COS 3
(cos + sin 23)+
and express the results in a form free from trigonometrical expressions.
14. Find the continued product of the four values of
π π
COS + i sin •
3
15. Prove that the roots of the equation x10 + 11x5 −1 = 0 are
2rT
√5-1[con COS 2TT i sin 2 ] .
2 5 5
16. Solve the equation x¹² - 1 = 0 and find which of its roots satisfy
the equation x² +x² + 1 = 0.
Solve the equations
17. x7 + 1 = 0. 18. x7 + x +x³ + 1 = 0 .
19. Prove that Na+ bi + a - bi
has n real values and find those of
/1+ √√3 + /1 - √ − 3.
3
20. Prove that the n nth roots of unity form a series in G. P.
21. Find the seven 7th roots of unity and prove that the sum of their
nth powers always vanishes unless n be a multiple of 7, n being+ an integer,
and that then the sum is 7.
− 3 ) (n -
n (n - 1 ) (n - 2) (n - − 4)
+ cos"-50 sin50.- ......
...(2).
1.2.3.4.5
29. The values for cos no and sin ne in Art. 27 may also be obtained.
by Induction, without the use of imaginary quantities.
For assume (1) and (2) to be true for any value of n. Then, since
cos (n + 1) = cos ne cos 0 - sin no sin 0,
L. T. II. 3
34 TRIGONOMETRY .
EXAMPLES. IV.
Prove that
1. cos 40 cos4 0-6 cos2 0 sin2 0+ sin4 0.
2. sin 60-6 cos5 sin 0 - 20 cos³ 0 sin³ 0 + 6 cos 0 sin³ 0.
3. sin 70-7 cos6 0 sin 0-35 cos 0 sin³ 0 +21 cos² 0 sin5 0 – sin7 0.
4. cos 90 cos9 0-36 cos7 0 sin² + 126 cos5 0 sin¹ 0
- 84 cos³ sin6 0 + 9 cos e sin³ 0.
5. cos 80 = cos80-28 cos6 0 sin2 0 + 70 cos40 sin¹ 0
- 28 cos2 0 sinº 0 + sin³ 0.
Write down, in terms of tan 6, the values of
6. tan 50. 7. tan 70. • 8. tan 90.
9. Prove that the last terms in the expressions for cos 110 and
sin 110 are
- 11 cos e sin100 and sin¹¹ 0.
10. Prove that the last terms in the expressions for sin 80 and sin 90
are - 8 cos @ sin? 0 and sinº 0 respectively.
11. When n is odd, prove that the last terms in the expansions of
sin no and cos no are respectively
n-1 n- 1
2 sin" and
(-1) n ( -1) cos e sinn-1 0.
12. When n is even, prove that the last terms in the expansion of
sin no and cos no are respectively
n-2 n
2
n (-1) cos @ sin^-10 and ( −- 1 ) ² sin” 0.
13. If a, ẞ, and y be the roots of the equation
x³ +px² + qx +p = 0,
prove that tan-¹a +tan-¹ẞ + tan- ¹y 1 = nπ radians
except in one particular case.
SIN α AND COS a EXPANDED IN A SERIES. 37
a (a - 0) sin 02
= cos" -- Cosn-20
1.2
- 30)
a (a − 0) (a -
— 20) (a — -
+ Cosn-40 (sin ®
) *— ... .. (1).
1.2.3.4
38 TRIGONOMETRY.
33. To expand
, sin a in terms of
As in Art. 27 , we have
n (n - 1 ) (n - 2 )
sin non cos^-1 sin cos"-30 sin³0 +....
1.2.3
α α
- 3 -
~ (% − 1 ) (3 − 2 ) ( − 8) (Ꮎ − 4)
+ cos" -50 sin³ 0 + ...
1.2.3.4.5
3
a (a- 0)(α - 20)
= a cos²-10 . Cos n-30 + ...
(sin 0) - 1.2.3 (sin 9
).
:
For tan e =
cos e t2 04
1-
12 4
03 05 ᎾᏎ
- + - ... - 0² - +
= (0 6 120 24
03 65 02 04
- + ... 1+ + ... )
= (0 6 120 2 24
04
2 - 12
+ (1 24-- ) ---
]
by the Binomial Theorem ,
63 05 02 04
+ ... 1+ ... +
= (0 6 120 2 24 4
sin 0
sidered. For, unless this be the case, the limit of
8
not unity when is made indefinitely small.
When the angle is expressed in degrees we proceed as
follows.
Let a = x radians, so that
α Ꮳ
=
180
π
and hence X = α.
180
Then Cos a = cos xc
хв
=1 + +
6
1 π²α² πα
= 1- + - 1 + ... ad inf.
2 1802 4 1804 6 1806
So also
sin a = sin x =
3 15
πα 1 πα 8 1 πα
= - ... ad inf.
180 3180 + 15 (150)°
we have
π 1 π 8 1 π 5
sin 10" + -
64800 13 64800 1564800
1 П 2 1 π
and cos 10" = 1 + - ....
12 64800, 464800,
π
Now = 000048481368...,
64800
π 8
and = '000000000000113928 ....
64800
0000000023504
and cos 10":= 1
2
= - ·000000001175
= 1—
= 999999998825.
sin 0 1349
Ex. 1. If = 1350 , prove that the angle 0 is very nearly equal to
15th radian.
sin
We know that, the smaller is, the more nearly is equal to
unity. Conversely in our case we see that is small.
42 TRIGONOMETRY .
In the series for sin @ (Art. 33) let us omit the powers of above the
third, and we have
03
3 1349 1
= =1.
1350 1350
6 1
02= =
1350 225
Hence = 1 " so that the angle is 1 of a radian nearly.
15 15
If we desire a nearer approximation , we take the series for sin and
omit powers above the 5th. We then have
05
- 03
15 1
•
1350
This gives 04-2002 = 120 20
1350 225
Hence, by solving,
22480 150 149.933312 ... ⚫066688
02 =10 ±
15 15 15
= 1.00032
152
1.00016
.. 0= radian.
15
1
This differs from the first approximation by about th part.
6000
Ex. 2. Solve approximately the equation
COS = 49.
( +0)=
1100
so that
2 1
0= = 2/3 = 3.4641 ... 011547 ... radian.
№3 100 300 300
For a still nearer approximation , omit cubes and higher powers of 0.
The equation (1) then becomes
1 1 1
= -
2 (1-0 )- 100'
4
i.e. 02 +2 /30 == 100
304
0= -√3 + 10 = 0115086 ... radian.
- 02 + 04 - 1 n2
02 n404
•[(1. 12 4
n³ -n no - n
05 +higher powers of
13 15
1 N4
02 04+higher powers of
4
n³.-n n³ — n
02 +higher powers
5
n2 no - 1
02 +higher powers
12 4
x2
and ex= 1 + x + + + . (Arts. 5 and 8),
2 3
this expression 12
118
x2
+ - x- x² + x3... Xx - )-1
...
+
1 +x + - (1 + x)
2 3
x
+higher powers of x + powers of x
2
2
=
+higher powers of x + powers of x
12
When x is zero , this latter expression
=1= 0.
EXAMPLES. V.
sin 1013
1. If 1014 '
prove that is the number of radians in 4° 24′ nearly.
sin 863
2. If 864'
Ꮎ
prove that is equal to 4° 47' nearly.
sin 5045
3. If
6 5046
prove that the angle is 1° 58′ nearly.
sin 0 2165
4. If =
Ө 2166 '
prove that is equal to 3° 1' nearly.
sin 19493
5. If =
19494 '
prove that is equal to 1° nearly.
6. If tan 0 =
15
find an approximate value for 0.
Find the value, when x is zero, of the expressions
x - sin x x2 sin a.r
7. x3 8. 1- cos mx 9. sin br
tan x - sin x tan 2x - 2 sin x versin ax
10. sin³ x • 11.
x3 12 . versin bz
m sin x- sin mx a2 sin ax - b2 sin bx
13. 14.
m (cos x cos mx)
- b'tan axa'tan bx
b2 sin2 ax- a2 sin2 bx log. (1 + x)
15. b2tan2 ax - a2 tan2 bx 16. x 1 - COS X
ex - 1 + loge (1 - x) x +2 sin x - sin 3x
17. sin3 x 18. x + tan x tan 2x
sin x+ sin 6x - 7x sin2 nx - sin2mx
19. x5 20. 1- cos px
[Exs. V.] INDETERMINATE EXPRESSIONS. 47
3 sin x - sin 3x
23.
x - sin x
2
sin x 2 sin + (1 - cos x)3
2
24.
812
sin x sin 2x - 8 cos x sin² - sin4 x
at- bx
25. ·
Ꮖ 26. (tan x)
x 3x
COS + sin
27. ( m m
π
Find the value, when x equals 2, of
(cos x + sin 2x + cos 3x)2
28.
(sinx + 2cos 2x -− sin 3x)³ °
tan x
29. (sin x) • 30 . secx -tan x.
Find the value, when n is infinite, of
X n
COS -
31. ( 32. (004 ) . 33. (cos ) º.
π
34. If n be > 1 and 0 = nearly, prove that (sin )" is very nearly
equal to
(n - 1) + (n + 1) sin
(n + 1) + (n − 1) sin 0'
35. In the limit, when ẞ= a, prove that
a sin B- ẞ sin a
tan (a - tan-¹a).
a cos B- 8 cos a
36. Prove that
π 1
4tan-1 = tan-1
239
and deduce that in a triangle ABC, in which C is a right angle and CA is
five times CB, the angle A exceeds the eighth part of a right angle by
3' 36", correct to the nearest second.
48 TRIGONOMETRY . [Exs. V.]
π 3п 3п 5п 5п π
COS COS + cos COS + cos COS = - . (3)
7 7 7 ī
π Зп 5п 1
and coco co- . (4) .
7 7
First Method. Let y = cos 0+i sin 0, where & has either of the values
π Зп 5п 9п 11π 13π
and
7' 7' 7' π, 7 7 7
Then y7 = cos 70+ i sin 70 = − 1 ,
i.e. (y + 1) (yº -
— y5 + yª − y³ + y² − y +1) = 0.
Now the root y = -1 corresponds to the value =π.
EXAMPLES. 49
+ (x + 3 ) + (y + ) - 1 = 0,
i.e. 8x³- 4x² - 4x + 1 = 0......... (6).
The roots of this equation are
3п 13π
COS晓 COS COS 5п COS 9п " COS 117 and cos •
7" 7' 7 7
13п π 11T 3п
Since COS =COS 7. COS = COS
7 7 י 7 7'
9п 5п
and DOS 7 -CONT 7 י
the roots of (6) are therefore
π
COS 77 COS 3п and cos 5п
7 7
We then have
π 3п 5п 4 1
COS + cos + cos = =
7 8 2
3π 3п 5п 5п π 1
COS
oooos COS + cos COS COS =
7 7 cos 7 +coscos 7 7 ,
π 3п 5π 1
and COS COS COS = - •
7 7
Second Method. The equation
............ ......
(cos + i sin 0) = − 1 .......... (7),
i.e. cos 70+i sin 70 = -1
L. T. II. 4
50 TRIGONOMETRY .
Writing c for cos and s for sin e, the equation (7), on being ex-
panded by the Binomial Theorem, becomes
c7 + 7ics - 21c5s2 – 35ic¹s³ + 35c³s4 + 21ic²s5 – 7cs6 — is7 =
— — 1.
Equating the real parts on each side, we have
c7-21c582 + 35c³s4 — 7cs6 =
=−- 1.
Putting s² = 1 - c², we see that the cosine of each of the angles (8)
satisfies the equation
64c7-112c5 + 56c³ - 7c + 1 = 0 ......…………. (9),
i.e. (c + 1) { 8c³ - 4c² - 4c + 1 } 2 = 0 ......... (10).
But
13π π 11T 3п 5п
COS π--1, cos = cos , COS = COS and cos 9п = COS
7 7 7 7 7
π Зп an cos 5п
so that the roots of ( 10) are -1 and cos 9 COS d the
יך יך
latter three being twice repeated.
π 3п and cos 5п
Hence cos • COS are the roots of the equation
7 7
8c3-4c2-4c + 1 = 0.
But this is equation (6).
The equation (9) may also be obtained by putting n = 7 in equation (2)
of Art. 49 , which is in the next chapter.
Third Method. When only a small number of angles are introduced
the equation (6) may be easily obtained without using imaginary quan-
tities.
Let denote any of the angles (8) .
Then 70 -an odd multiple of π.
.. cos 40 = - cos 30,
i.e. if cosc, we have
2 { 2c2-12-1- {4c³ - 3c } ,
i.e. 8c48c2 + 1 = 3c - 4c³,
i.e. 8c4 +4c38c2-3c + 1 = 0,
i.e. (c + 1) (8c³ - 4c² - 4c + 1 ) = 0.
EXAMPLES. 51
EXAMPLES. VI.
1. Prove that
6T 8π
x- cos x- cos x- cos
( -20 5) ( -200 5 ) ( -2008 5 ) ( -2 cos )
= x + 2x³ − x² - 2x + 1.
2. Prove that the roots of the equation
2π 4π 6п
8x + 4x² - 4x - 1 = 0 are cos COS and cos
79 7 7'
2π 4π 6п
3. Prove that sin sin and sin are the roots of the equation
7
x3 √7 =0.
ཨཱལཾ– ཀིཾ' ' ཀྑསཾ +ཀིཾ ? – ॰,
Prove that
1 1. 1
4. 2π 6π
4- sec² 4- sec² 4- sec²
7 7 7
π 27 3п 4π 19
5. cos + cos4 + cost =
+ cos4.
9 9 9 16
П 2π 3п 4π =
6. sec4 + sec¹ + sec¹ + sec4 = 1120.
9 9
3п 5п 7π 9п - 1
+ cos + cos + cos
7. cos 11+ 11 11 11 + cos 11
8. Form the equation whose roots are
π 2π 3п 4π 5п
tan2 tan2 tan2 tan2 and tan2. ·
11' 11 11 " 11 11
[Commence with equation (3) of Art. 30. ]
[Exs. VI. ] EXAMPLES . 53
Prove that
π 2π 3п 4π 5п
9. cot 11 + cot² 11 + cot2 11 + cot2 11 + cot2 11 = 15.
π 2π 3π 4π 5π
10. sec² + sec² + sec² + sec² sec² =60.
11 11 11 11 + 11
2π 6п 18π 13-1
11. cos + cos =
13 13 + cos 13
10π 14π 22π 13-1
12. COS + cos + cos =
13 13 13
π 7π 11T 13π 1
13. COS 15+ cos + cos 15 + cos 15 ·
15
n (n --1)
+
1.2 1 ) ( 2 + 2 ) +
...
But by the last article we have
1 1
xn + =
xn 2 cos no, x²-2 + xn-s = 2 cos (n - 2) 0,....
Hence
2n cosn = 2 cos no + n . 2 cos (n --2) 0
n (n - 1 )
+ 2 cos (n -4) 0 + ...... ,
1.2
i.e. 2n-¹ cos" = cos no + n cos (n -
− 2) 0
-
n (n 1) -
+
1.2 cos (n − 4) 0 + ... ... (2).
so that 2″ in sin” 0 = ( X-
- 1)" (1).
EXPANSION OF SIN" . 57
n (n − 1 ) x² . 1 nx .
1 1
+ + (2)
1.2 xn-1 xn
1 n (n - 1 ) 1
xn + -nxn + + xn−4 +
= (am xn 1.2 xn-4
as in Art. 44.
n
.. 2n-1 (-1 ) ² sin" 0 = cos ne -
— n cos (n − 2) 0
n (n - 1 ) -
+
1.2 cos (n − 4) 0- ... ...(3).
+ n (n - 1) , 2i sin (n - 4) 0 — ...,
1.2
n-1
so that 2n-1 (-1) 2 sin” 0
n (n - 1 )
= sin nə -
— n sin (n -
− 2) 0 + sin (n -
− 4 ) 0.- ......
1.2
..(5).
Since n is in this case odd, there are an even number
of terms in (4), so that (4) can be divided into pairs of
terms, and there is no middle term. The last term in ( 5)
therefore contains sin 0.
n
This last term could easily be shewn to be ( -1) sin 0.
n--1 /n + 1
2 2
+5
+ 5 ( - ) - 20 ( - ).
Hence, as before, we have
- 211 cos³ / sin? 0 =sin 120-2 sin 100 - 4 sin 80 + 10 sin 60+ 5 sin 40
- 20 sin 20.
EXAMPLES. VIL
Prove that
1
1. sin50 =; [sin 50-5 sin 30 + 10 sin 0].
16
1
2. co89 0 =
256 [cos 90 +9 cos 70 +36 cos 50 + 84 cos 30 + 126 cos 0].
60 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. VII.]
3. cos¹00=
1
512 [cos 100 + 10 cos 80 +45 cos 60 +120 cos 40 +210 cos 20 +126].
1
4. sin 0= 128 [cos 80-8 cos 60+ 28 cos 40 - 56 cos 20 + 35].
1
5. sin® 0 = 256 [sin 90-9 sin 70 +36 sin 50 - 84 sin 30 + 126 sin 0].
sin no
**48. To express in a series of descending
sin
powers ofcos 0.
Ꮳ be < 1 , we have
If x
sin
= sin 0+ Ꮳ sin 20 + x² sin 30 + ...
1-2x cos 0 + x²
+ x -1 sin no + ... ad inf. . (1) .
This may be shewn by multiplying each side by
1-2x cos 0 + x²,
when it will be found that the right-hand member will
reduce to sin 0.
Now coefficient of
x²-1 in x -¹ (2 cos 0 -
− x)n-¹ = ( 2 cos 0)”—¹,
coefficient of xn-1 in x- (2 cos 0 - x)n-2
= coefficient of x in (2 cos 0 - x)n—
= - (n - 2) (2 cos 0)"-3,
coefficient of "-1 in xn-³ (2 cos 0 - x)n−3
2 cos no = coefficient of x in ( 1 -
− x²) [ 1 − 2x cos 0 + x²]−¹
1 coefficient of an - coefficient of x -2 in
- -
[1 − x (2 cos 0 − x)]¯¹
= coefficient of x" - coefficient of x²-² in
so that, finally,
- n (n - 3)
2 cos no = (2 cos 0)" — n ( 2 cos 0)2-3+ 1.2 (2 cos 0)n→
- -
n (n − 4) (n − 5)
1.2.3 ......... (2).
(2 cos 0)n- + ..
n+ 1 n - 1
n- 1 n+1
sin no 2 2
= (− 1) =" + (− 1 ) = " (-2 cos 0)²
sin 1.2
n +3 n + 1 n - 1 n - 3
n +3 •
2 2 2 2
+ (− 1 ) 2 • 1.2.3 . 4 (-2 cos 0) + ...
+ (2 cos 0)n-¹.
Hence, finally, when n is odd, we have
n- 1
(− 1) ² sin ne = 1 - n² - 12 cos² + (n² - 12) (n²- 32) Cost
sin e 1.2 4
n
n
+ (− 1), +1. (
6+ 1) (
) cos
1.2.3( − 1) (-2
(→ 2 000 0
n /n
n +1 - -
2 2 ¹) ;22( − 1) ( − 2)
+2
.
+ (− 1); -² € + 2) (
¦ + (-2 cos 0)
1.2.3.4.5
+ ........... + (2 cos 0)n-¹.
n+ 1 n- 1 n - 3
n+1
n+ 1 2 2 2
+ (- 1 ) 2 -(- 2 cos 0)- (-2 cos 0)³
2 1.2.3
n+ 3 n+ 1 n- 1
n+3 ·
2 2 2
+ (- 1) 2 (-2 cos 0)³
1.2.3
n + 3n + 1n - 1n - 3n - 5
2 2 2 2 2
1.2.3.4 . 5 (-2 cos 0)5
nn - 2
n- 2 n
2 2' 2
= ( −1 ) ² [ −1 ] + ( -
− 1)² | 1 - cos 0)²
1.2 (-2
n+2 n
n+2
2 2
+(- 1) 2
1.2 (-2 cos 0)²
n + 2 n n-- 2 n --4
·
2 2 2 2
(-2 cos 0)
1.2.3.4
5-2
68 TRIGONOMETRY.
n+4 n+ 2 n n 2
n +4 •
2 2 2 2
+ ( - 1) 2 ( -2 cos 0)¹
1.2.3.4
n + 4 n + 2 n n ·2 n -4 n - 6
2 2 2 2 2 2
(-2 cos 0)6
6
+ .. + (2 cos 0)".
n
.. ( -1 ) . 2 cos no
cos²
= [1 + 1 ] — · [n (n − 2) + (n + 2) .n]
12
Cos¹
+ - -
· [ ( n + 2) .n . (n − 2) (n − 4 ) + ( n + 4 ) (n + 2) .n . (n − 2) ]
4
n- 1
n (n² - 12)
and (-1) 2 cos n✪ = n cos 0 — Cos³
13
n- 1
n (n² — 1²) (n² — 3²) cos + ...... + (- 1 ) 2 2n-1 cos" (
+
15
.
......(2).
and
n n² n² (n² — 2²)
cos 0
( − 1) " cos n = 1 − 2= cos³ @ + 14
n
)) ...... (2).
+ ( − 1) 2″-1 (cos" 0
-
— i.e.
(17
sin ( 2 – n0 ), xe. (−1)}+ sin nô
and cos ne will become
n
COS -
(™
2T — ne) , i.e. ( − 1 )³ cos ne.
EXAMPLES. VIII.
to n terms,
sec 8+ sec (8 + 2 ) + sec (8 + 1n ) +...
when n is even ,
where in each series c stands for cos e.
72 TRIGONO
METRY .
If cos no be now given, the equations (1) and (2) give cos 0.
But since cos ne = cos (no + 2π) = cos (n✪ +4π)
COS
COB (0+ 2 ) , 006 (9 + )...
Hence, in each case, the roots are
2π
cos e, cos COS to n terms.
( 0+ n , cos (0 + 1 )
In (1) and (2) put c = and multiply by y”.
y
We have then the equations
n-1
2
(-1) cos no x yn - .
— n •yn−1 + n (n² - 12)·yn-8 — ... = 0 ........ (3) ,
3
when n is odd ,
and n2
[(-1) ccos no -F ·1] +12
when n is even.
The roots of these equations are respectively
EXAMPLES. IX.
9+ - to n terms.
4. tan² 8+tan* (8+ 2 ) + tan³ (8 + n ......
[For the following 5 questions commence with equation (5) of Art.
30. ]
2π
( +
5. tan 0 +tan (0 + tan to n terms.
1) +
+n (0+2 뜸)
0 + 2= ) ...... to n terms.
( 0+ n + cot:(( 0+
6. cot 0 + cot (0+
ex = 1 + x + + + ad inf....... .. (1).
12
х3
Then ex = 1 + x + +...... ad inf.
23
r2 (cos 20+ i sin 20)
= 1 +r (cos + i sin 0) +
2
The quantity
r2
Ꮎ+
1 + r cos 0 cos 20 + cos 30+ ....... ad inf.
12
p2
is <1 +r+ + + ...... ad inf.
2 3
and is therefore convergent since this series is convergent
for all real values of r. (Art. 6.)
Similarly the quantity
2.2
r sin 0 + sin 20+ ......
12
is convergent.
Hence the series for et is always convergent.
03 05
+ i0 - +
i [6 13
20-3 205
sin x = x - + - + ...... ......... (1),
မ
хв
and cos x = 1 - + (2) .
246
EXAMPLES. X.
exi+e-zi
Assuming that cos x = - 2 and sinx= exi - e-xi prove that, for
2i
all values of x and y, real or complex,
1. cos2x + sin²x= 1. 2. cos ( -x) = cos x.
3. sin ( -x) = - sin x. 4. cos 2x cos² x - sin²x = 1-2 sin²x.
10. {sin (a − 0) + e±ªi sin 0}” = sin”¬¹ a { sin (a− n0) + e±ai sin no}. T
[It will be observed that the values of sinh y and cosh y are obtained
from the exponential expressions for siny and cosy by simply omitting
the i's. ]
Thus _ ey
tanh y = sinh y = e — ev
Cosh y ey + e-y '
1 2
cosech y = = >
sinh y еу -
1 2
sech y = =
cosh y еу тету
1 ey + e-y
and coth y = -
tanh y еу -e-y '
cosh * y -
– sinh y = 1.
[This may be deduced independently from the definition of the hyper-
bolic functions. For
2
cosh2y - sinh2y == (ev+ e−4 ) ² - (ev- e-v) ²
sin [(x + y) i] = sin (xi) cos (yi) + cos (xi) sin (yi).
3itanh + i tanh3x
1+ 3 tanh2 x
3 tanh + tanh x
so that tanh (32 ) =
1 + 3tanh x
XC2 х
=1+ +
2
1
sinha = [ex e-x]
[6-6- ]
XC3 X5
=x+ +
3 + 5+ 7
Ꮳ and sinh x.
These are the expansional values of cosh x
73. Ex. 1. Separate into its real and imaginary parts the expression
sin (a +ẞi).
HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS. 85
Ex. 2. Separate into its real and imaginary parts the expression
tan (a + Bi).
sin (a + ẞi)
We have tan (a +Bi)=
cos (a + Bi)
2 sin (a +Bi) cos (a -
– Bi)
2 cos (a + Bi) cos (a - Bi)
sin 2a +sin 2ẞi
cos 2a +cos 2ßi
sin 2a + i sinh 2
(Art. 68.)
cos 2a + cosh 26 *
Aliter. Let tan (a + ßi) = x + yi , so that tan (a -– Bi) = x − yi.
.. x== [tan (a + ẞi) + tan (a –-Bi)]
sin (a +ẞi) cos (a -
– Bi) + cos (a + ẞi) sin (a – Bi)
2 cos (a + Bi) . cos (a - Bi)
sin 2a sin 2a
= =
cos 2a + cos 2ßi cos 2a + cosh 23 '
1
Also y = 2i [tan (a + ßi) -
– tan (a -– Bi)]
- - -
= 1 sin (a +Bi) cos (a − ẞi) – cos (a-+ßi) sin (a – ßi)
2i cos (a +Bi) cos (a – Bi)
1 sin 28i sinh 2
=
cos 2a +cos 2ẞi cos 2a +cosh 28 °
sin 2a + isinh23
.. tan (a +Bi) =
cos 2a + cosh 28
Ex. 3. Separate into its real and imaginary parts the expression
cosh (a + Bi).
86 TRIGONOMETRY.
eatBit-a-Bi
-a
e
We have cosh (a+Bi) =- (Art. 67)
2
EXAMPLES . XI.
Prove that
1. cosh 2x = 1 + 2 ( sinh x)² = 2 ( cosh x)² - 1.
2. cosh (a + 8) = cosh a cosh ẞ + sinh a sinh 3.
3. cosh (a + B ) – cosh ( a – B)= 2 sinh a sinh B.
tanha + tanh 8
4. tanh (a + B )= 1 + tanh a tanh B`
5. cosh 3x = 4 cosh³ x - 3 cosh x.
6. sinh 3 = 3sinh + 4sinh3x.
7. sinh (x + y) cosh (x -− y) = ½ (sinh 2x + sinh 2y).
8. cosh 2x + cosh 5x + cosh 8x + cosh 11x
13.x 3x
= 4 cosh cosh 3x cosh
2 2'
9. cosh x +cosh (x + y ) + cosh (x + 2y) + ...... to n terms
1 ng
cosh (x + 2y ) sinh 2
sinh У
2
10. sinh + sinh (2 + y ) + sinh (x + 2y ) + to n terms
n- 1 ny
sinh x + У sinh
2 2
sinh ở
EXAMPLES. 87
-
11. sinh + nsinh2 + n (n − 1) sinh 3 + to (n + 1) terms
1.2
=2″ cosh” sinh
2
- sinh ( n + 1 ) ..
12. sinh ẞ sin a +i coshß cos a = i cos (a + ẞi).
13. sin 2a +i sinh 2ẞ = 2 sin (a + iẞ) cos (a - iẞ).
14. cos (a + iß) + i sin ( a + iß) = e¯ß (cos a + i sin a).
15. If tan y = tan a tanh B, and tan z = cot a tanh ß, then prove that
tan (y +2) = sinh 28 cosec 2a.
π น
16. If u log tan , prove that tanh = tan .
(=
3 +1/3) 2 2.
Separate into their real and imaginary parts the quantities
17. cos (a + Bi). 18. cot (a + ẞi).
19. cosec (a +ẞi). 20. sec(a +ßi).
21. sinh (a + Bi) . 22. tanh (a + Bi ).
23. sech (a +ẞi).
u + iv sin u + i sinh v
24. Prove that tan 1
2 cos u + cosh v
25. If sin (4 +iB) = x + iy , prove that
x² y2 = 1, and x2 y2 = 1.
cosh'B + sinh2 B sin2 A cos2 A
26. If tan (4 +iB) = x + iy, prove that
x² +y² + 2x cot 2A = 1 , and x² + y² – 2y coth 2B + 1 = 0.
27. If sin (0 +pi) = cos a + i sin a, prove that cos20 = sin a.
28. If sin (0 +pi) = p (cos a + i sin a), prove that
p²= [cosh 24 - cos 20] and tan a =tanh & cot 0.
29. If cos (0 +pi) = R (cos a + i sin a), prove that
sin (0- a)
= log ·
sin (0 +a)
30. If tan (0 + pi) = tan a +i sec a, prove that e26 = ± cot'2' and that
π
20=nπ ++ + a.
2
31. If tan (0 + pi) = cos a + i sin a, prove that
Nπ П π
= + 4 and log tan +
88 TRIGONOMETRY . [Exs . XI.]
24
36. (cosh x + cos x) = 1 + 4 + ..... ad inf.
8
** 75. Similarly if
Similarly
If x be real, we have
ey + e-y
x=
2
so that ezy - 2xey + 1 = 0,
.. y = ± log (x + √x² -
− 1 ).
** 79. Ex. 1. Separate into real and imaginary parts the quantity
sin-1 (cos +i sin 0) , where 0 is real.
Let sin-1 (cos +i sin 0) = x +yi,
so that cos +i sin 0 =sin (x + yi) = sin x cos yi +cos x sin yi
= sin x cosh y + i cos x sinhy.
· Hence sin x cosh y = cos 0... ..(1),
and cos æ sinh y = sin 0 . (2).
INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS. 91
Ex. 2. Separate into its real and imaginary parts the quantity
tan-1 (a + ẞi).
Let tan-¹ (a +ẞi) = (x +yi) , so that tan (x +yi) = a + ßi,
and tan(x - yi) = a - Bi.
.. tan 2x =tan {(x + yi) + (x − yi)}
2a
= (a +Bi) + (a - ẞi)
1- (a + ẞi) (a - Bi) 1 - a2 - B³
2a
x= tan-1
1 – a² -
— ß² •
Again tan (2yi) =tan [ (x + yi) — (x − yi)]
• y = + log { (1 + 8)²+a² ·
(1-8)2 +a² )
92 TRIGONOMETRY .
1 28
so that y=2 tanh - 1 1 +a²+82
We should have Tan-¹ (a +ẞi) = nw +tan¬¹ (a +ẞi)
2a 28
= n + tan- 1. tanh - 1
1 - a² - 8² 2 1+ a² + B² °
EXAMPLES. XII.
Nπ π
8. Tan-¹ (eºi ) = + 4 - log tan ( -9).
0 = tan-1 ·
Hence a logarithm of a + Bi is
i.e. B
loge Va² + B² + i ( 2nπ + tan-¹
a
X
[which is an angle such that its cosine is i.e. -1 ,
+x
and its sine zero (Art. 20)] is equal to π.
.. Log (-x) = 2nπi + log, x + πİ,
and log (− x) = log, x + πi.
LOGARITHMS OF COMPLEX QUANTITIES. 97
π
Log (Bi) = 2nwi + log. B + i 2
= log. B + i (2n + 1) T
1
Log (√− 1) = i ( 2n + 2 П,
π
so that the principal value of Log (√ —1) is i.
.. Log ei = Oi + 2nπi.
88. Ex
. 1. Resolve into its real and imaginary parts the expression
Log sin (x + yi).
Let Log sin (x+ yi) = u +vi, so that
eu+vi = sin (x+ yi) = sin x cos yi + cos x sin yi
ey + e-v ev -e-y
= sin x + i cos x ...(1).
2 2
As in Art. 18 let the right-hand side of this expression equal
r [cos (2nπ + 0) + i sin (2nπ + 0)],
so that
ey + e-y \ 2
r= + sin² x + cos² x
( + )
EXAMPLES. XIII.
Prove that
1. log (cos +i sin 0) = i0, if —π < 0 > T. 2. log ( -1) = Ti.
П
3. log (-i) =- -
4. log (1+ cos 20 +i sin 20) = log. (2 cos 0) + i0, if −π < 0Þπ.
5. log tan
( + )| = itan - 1sinh .
1 'cosh 2y + cos 2x
6. log cos (x + yi ) = log. - i tan-¹ (tan xtanhy).
12 ) -
sin (x + yi)
7. log sin
(x - yi) = 2itan−1 (cot a tanhy) .
cos (x -yi) -
8. log : 2i tan-1 (tan tanhy).
cos (x + yi)
x-i
9. i log =T - 2 tan- 1 x.
x+ i
10. log (1 +i tan a) = log, sec a + ai , where a is a positive acute angle.
ax = exLoga
for all values of x and a, whether real or complex.
Now, by Art. 83, Log a is many-valued and complex
when a is complex. Hence a is many-valued and com-
plex, so that
ax = exLoga = ex (2nπi+loga).
Then, by definition,
(a + Bi)x+yi = e(x +yi) Log (a +ßi)
=
= e{x+ yi} { logr + (0+2mm) i}
= Loge (2nr+1)
(2x ++ ) i = ( 2x + ) i.
:: [√= 1 ]√/ =
−11 =e
− e ((2n
2nx + 3 ) i² = e ( 2nx + 5) ,
= e−
EXAMPLES. XIV.
Prove that
1. a = e- 2m {cos (log a) + i sin (log a)} .
2. ia = cos πα + i sin
{ (2m + 1) xa} { ( 2m + 1) ra} •
3. cos 0 +isin 0, where
0 π.e
=(2n + 1) = - ( 2+ ).
4. If ¿¿...ad in!. = A + Bi , principal values only being considered , prove
that
ΠΑ B
tan4 2 = 3, A and 4² + B² =e¯«B¸
5. If ¿a + ßi = a + ßi, prove that
a²+ ß² = e−(4n +1) π߸
(1 +i) p+gi
6. If p- = a + ßi, prove that one value of tan-1 is
- i)p―gi
(1 −
1
pπ+ q loge 2.
2 tan-1
a
loge (a² +b²) •
104 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. XIV. ]
(a + x + iy \ λ +µi
12. If
a - x - iy
prove that one of the values of
Y 2ay (a + x)²+ y²
tan-1 log
A tan-¹ (a²- x2 y2 + (a - x)² + y² '
4n +1
13. Prove that Log√ (√-1)= 4m +1'
where m and n are any integers.
14. Prove that the general value of Log, ( -2) is
(log 2)² +m . (2n + 1) π² + i (2n + 1− m) π log 2 •
2 (log 2)² + 2m²² 2 (log 2)2 + 2m²²
Explain the fallacies in the following arguments :
15. For all integral values of n we have
ρηπί =cos 2nπ + i sin 2n = 1,
so that e2niemi -e6=e6πi = .
[Exs. XIV.] COMPLEX INDICES. 105
.. 2π = 4π = 6π = ..
.......
Ꮎ = tan-
0 tan³0 + tan³ 0 - tan' 0 + ... ad inf. ...
. (1).
Since this series is true for acute angles such that the
tangent is not numerically greater than unity it is true
π
- and
for all angles lying between the values 4 and +7 4
π π
also for the extreme values -
— — and +
4'
It then becomes
-1
tan-¹x= x - 3x² + x° – x² + ...... ad inf. ,
π
=
For let pπ + , where & is not greater than 4 and
П
not less than -
4.
13T 11π π
Similarly, if lie between - and -
4 i.e. between - 3π
-7 and
4
4
π
- 3π + 4' we have p = -3, and the equation becomes
1 tan³0 1
0+3π=tan {{tan30 + tan³ 0· ………. ad inf.
3
π 3п
98. If lie between and , or between
4 4
5п 7π
and
4 4
or, generally , between
π 3πT
пп + and nπ +
4 4'
=1.
= ......
(3 - )- ( -(
1-5)- - 13)
( - )...
1 1 1
= 1-2 + + +
3.5 7.9 11.13
113 112
12
π
= tan-1 + tan-¹
12
1 1 1 1 1 1
= +
+
2 1 23 1 25 1 27
.. T = 16 + - + ....
10 3 103 5 105 7 107
1 1 1 1 1
- 4 - +
239 3 2393 5 2395
2
Now 16 x - 3.2
10
1 25
16 x = ·001024
5'105
1 29
16 x = ⚫0000009102
9 ° 10⁹
1 1
4x •0000000977
3'2393
3-2010250079
1 23
Also 16 x = 0426666666 ...
3'103
1 27
16 x = 0000292571 ...
7 ° 107
1 211
16 x = 0000000298 ...
11'10¹¹
1
4x = 0167364017 ...
239
0594323552
Hence 3-2010250079
- 0594323552
T = 3.14159265/27
This is the value of π correct to 8 places of decimals.
By taking the first series to 21 terms and the second
series to three terms we should get π correct to sixteen
places.
112 TRIGONOMETRY.
EXAMPLES. XV.
Assuming that
1 1
0 - nT =tan - tan³ 0 +5 tan50
write down the value of n when lies between
11T 13π 7π 9п
1. 4 and 4 . 2. 4 and ST.
4
6. Prove that
1 1
T=2 /3 ( 1 - 32
== 2√3 1 + 5.32 7.33 + ... } .
6 =3 - 7.1
7. Prove that
L. T. II. 8
CHAPTER VIII.
(1 -
— cn enai) ( 1 — ce-ai)
---
(1 — ceai) ( 1 — ce-ai)
1 - Ce-ai ---• cn enai + cn+1 e(n−1) ai
=
1 ― c (eai + e-ai) + c²
(cos (n - 1 ) a
1 - c(cosa + isina) —c" (cosna + isinna) +c²+¹ .
+ isin (n - 1 ) a)
1- 2c cos 2a + c²
1 - C COS a
Hence C =
1- 2c cos a + c²'
c sin a
and S∞ =
1- 2c cos a + c² °
From the results for C and S it is now clear that the above series
might have been summed, without the use of imaginary quantities, by
multiplying both sides of (1) and (2) by the quantity 1-2c cos a + c².
The coefficients of c², c³......c"-1 would then be found to vanish and the
values of C and S be easily obtained.
= (1 -
= − eai)— , if a 2nπ,
by the Binomial Theorem. (Art. 26.)
-
..C + Si = {1 - cos a — i sin a}-
a α-
2 COS
ic
{2 sin 2 (sin 2
={2
α
COS i
= {2 sin 3} {cos ( - 2) + sin ( - )
- П
= COS in 4 9 .
- {2 sin 3} {cos ( +3)
4 + i sin
SUMMATION OF SERIES. 117
EXAMPLES. XVI.
Sum the series
1 1
sin 3a + ...... ad inf.
1. sin a + 2 sin 2a +22
2. cos a . cos a + cos² a cos 2a + cos³ a cos 3a + ...... ad inf.
π
3. sina.sina + sin² a sin 2a + sin³ a sin3a + ...... ad inf., where a +2
4. sin a . cos a + sin² a . cos 2a + sin³ a . cos 3a + ...... ad inf.,
π
where a ±2
5. sin a +c sin (a + ß) +c² sin (a +28) + ...... to n terms and ad inf.
6. 1 + ccosha + c² cosh 2a + ...... + cn -1 cosh (n -
− 1) a.
7. csinha + c sinh 2a + ...... ad inf.
+ ...
8. 1-2 cos a + 3 cos 2a - 4 cos 3a + . to n terms.
9. 3 sin a +5 sin 2a +7 sin 3a + ...... to n terms.
π
10. When a =;2 find what are the values of the series in Exs. 3
and 4.
14. n sin a+ n (n
1.2
+ 1) sin 2a +n (n + 1 ) (n + 2) sin 3a + ad inf.
1.2.3
118 TRIGONOMETRY . [Exs. XVI.]
1 1 1.
15. 1+ cos 20- 2.4 cos 40 + 2.4.6 cos 60- ...... ad inf.
за yo
= 1 + уг + + + .......
2 4 6
where y== celi = c (cos + i sin 0).
ey + e-y
:: C + Si =
2
1 1 -c cose-icsin
= eccos 0+ic sin + .........
...(3)
2 2
12
and -
S = 1 sin (c sin 0) [ eccos • — e¯ccos •]
C² c²
=: ceai + ezai + esai + .(1)
2 3
==-log [ 1 - cea ] (by Art. 90) ......... (2)
- c cos a - ic sin a]
==- log [ 1 − (Art. 62).
Let 1 - c cos a = r cos 0, and -- c sin a = r sin 0,
so that
1 c cos a
r = √1-2c cos a + c², Cos =
120 TRIGONOMETRY.
and
c sin a - c sin a
sin 0:= " i.e. 0 = tan-¹
r 1 - c cos a
with the convention of Art. 20.
-
.. C + Si = log [√1 − 2c cos a + c² (cos 0 + i sin 0) ]
==
- log [ √1 - 2c cos a + c² . eºi]
- -
.. C = -log √( 1 − 2c cos a + c²) - log (1 − 2c cos a + cº)
..(3),
c sin a
and S = -0 - --tan-1 . (4).
- C COS
inaa)
The results (3) and (4) give then the sum of the two
series except when (1 ) c = 1 and a = 2nπ, ( 2) c = −1 and
a = (2n + 1 ) π, and (3) when c > 1 .
In examples depending on the logarithm series it will
be often found that for some particular values of the angle
there is no sum.
EXAMPLES . XVII.
Sum the series
1. sin a +c sin (a +ẞ) + 2 sin (a + 28) + ...... ad inf.
cos² a cos³ a
3. 1 - cos a cos ß + cos 28- cos 38+ ...... ad inf.
12 3
sin (a + 28) sin (a +48)
4. sin a + ad inf.
2 14
122 TRIGONOMETRY . [Exs. XVII. ]
1 1
12. c sin a + c3 sin 3a + c5 sin 5a + ...... ad inf.
1 1
13. c cos a + c³ cos 3a + = c³ cos 5a + ...... ad inf.
3
118 1413
1
14. c cos a - c3 cos 3a + 5 c5 cos 5a · ...... ad inf.
1
16. cos a -18cos 3a + 5 cos 5a ...... ad inf.
1
17. C cos α- – ...... ad inf.
- c5 cos (a + 4ẞ) ❤
c³ cos (a +28) + 5
1 1
18. sin a sin ẞ + 2 sin 2a sin 28+ 3 sin 3a sin 38+ ...... ad inf.
1 1
19. c sin² a- 2 c2 sin² 2a + c3 sin² 3a ad inf.
1 1
20. sinh a – 2 sinh 2a + sinh 3a ...... ad inf.
[Exs. XVII. ] SUMMATION OF SERIES. 123
ва
21. e cos B - 1 е cos 38 + 1 eða cos 58- ...... ad inf.
1 2π 1 3п 1 4π
22. + cos + 5 Cos 3 + 7 COS 3 + ...... ad inf.
cos
W 1 w 1
23. If 0 - a = tan² sin 20 2 tan4 2 sin 40 + 3 tan6 sin 60-- .. ad inf.
prove that tan a tan.cos w.
24. If and be positive acute angles prove that the sum of the
series
1 1
sin cos + sin 30 cos 30+ sin 50 cos 5+ ad inf.
π
is or 0, according as 0 > or < ø.
4
Prove that
1 1
25. tanh + -tanh3
3 + -tanh5x
5 +
1 π
1
= tan x- tan³ x + tan³ x - ....... where x lies between and + π
3
1
sine 0 + ......
2 sin¹0 + • 8
26. 2 sin² 0 +1.4
0 0 8
3n sin - 3n-1 sin
3"-1 sin³3n = [3 3n 3"- ].
Hence, by addition, the required sum
- [3ain -sino].
呵
Also the sum to infinity
- [0 - sin 0]. (Art. 228, Part I. )
EXAMPLES. XVIII.
Sum the series
1. cosec @ + cosec 20+ cosec 40+ ...... to n terms.
2. coseccosec 20+ cosec 20 cosec 30+cosec 30 cosec 40+ ......
to n terms.
3. sec 0 sec 20+ sec 20 sec 30+ sec 30 sec 40 + .... to n terms.
4. sec 0 sec (0 + ø) + sec (0 + ø) sec (0 +26) + sec (0 + 2p) sec ( 0 + 30)
+ ...... to n terms.
1 1 1
5. cos a + cos 3a + cos a + cos 5a cos a + cos 7a + to n terms.
0 1 Ꮎ 1 0
6. tan 0 +12tan 2 + 22 tan 22 + 23 tan 23 + ad inf.
1 tan0h 1 0 1 0
7. tanh 0 + +22 tanh 22 + 23 tanh + ...... to n terms.
2 23
8. tan 0 sec 20 + tan 20 sec 40 + tan 40 sec 80+ to n terms.
0 0 0
9. tan 2 sec + tan 22 sec 2 + tan 23 sec 22 + ...... to n terms and to
infinity.
1 1 1
10. 2 cos 0 22 cos 0 cos 20 + 23 cos cos 20 cos 22 0 + ...... to n terms.
126 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. XVIII. ]
11. sin 20 cos² 0 - sin 40 cos2 20+ sin 80 cos² 40 ...... to n terms.
2 4
1 1
12. sin 20 sin20 +2 sin 40 sin² 20 +4 sin 80 sin² 40 + to n terms.
sin 0 sin 20 sin 30
13. ...... to n terms.
cos + cos 20 cos + cos 40 cos 0+cos 60
1 1
14. tan² atan 2a + 2 tan2 2a tan 4a + 22 tan2 4a tan 8a + ...... ad inf.
1 1 1
15. cos³ -3 cos³ 30+ 32 cos³ 320 - 33 cos³ 330 + ...... to n terms.
Ꮎ 0
16. sin³ + 3 sin³. +32 sin³ + ...... to n terms.
3 32 33
1 3 32
17.
cot 0-3 tan + cot 30-3 tan 30 cot 320-3 tan 320
to n terms.
cos - cos 30 cos 30 - cos 320 cos 320 - cos 330
18. +3 +32. + ......
sin 30 sin 320 sin 330
to n terms.
6 8
19. tan-1 + tan-1 + tan-1 to n terms.
1 +3.4 1+8 . 9 1+ 15.16 +
1 1 1 1
20. tan-1 + tan-1 + tan-1 + tan-1 + ..... to n terms.
3 13 21
2n-1
21. tan -1 1 + tan -1 2 + n
+ ta -1 ad inf.
3 g 1 +22n-1 +.......
1 - /2
22. sin-1 + sin -1 √2-1 + sin -1 + ......
№6 12
+sin -1√n -√√n -1 + ...... ad inf.
√n (n + 1)
Expansions.
a . 2 cos 0 — α
a².. 2 cos 20 - 13 α . 2 cos 30 .....
1
= − 2 [ a cos & + 2 a³ cos 20 + 3
1}{ a² cos 3 ..+
........
We have
1 - a2 2 - 2a cos 0
1+
1- 2a cos 0 + a² 1-2a cos 0 + α²
2− a (ei + e―oi)
== 1+
1 - a (eoi + e-oi) + a²
2− a (ei + e―oi)
== 1+
(1 − aeºi) (1 -— ae―0i)
1 1
= 1+
1 - aeoi + 1 - ae-oi
- αeºi )−¹ + ( 1 -
= −1+ ( 1 − − ae−ºi)—1
= −1 + 1 + aeºi + a²e²ºi + a³é³oi + ......
-30i + ......
+ 1 + ae¬ới + a²e−20i + a³e-soi
.... ad inf.
== 2a sin 0 + 2a² sin 20 + 2a³ sin 30 + ......
read 2kπi + 2xi ; the left hand of equation (1) would then
be ж + kπ, and we must choose k so that x + kπ shall lie
π
between -and +2.
(a + bi)²x² (a + bi)³x³
= 1+ (a + bi) x + + +
2 12 13
1 (a - bi)²x²
x +· + ......
1+
+ 2 [1 + (abi)
(a
The coefficient of an
+ (a -
= (a + bi)n 2/1 − bi)n
n
by De Moivre's Theorem.
Hence we have
2 cos 2a r³cos 3a
eax cos bx = 1 + r cosa.x + .00²+ 20+..
2 3
where
b
r = + √a² + b² and tan a =
EXAMPLES. XIX.
-
x = [cos no ± √− 1 sin n0]".
134 TRIGONOMETRY .
x²- 2x cos ( + +1 ,
(0 + ATT)
and хо
- 2x cos {0 + 2-2
n } +1.
Hence
-
- 2x cos (0+
– 2x
= (x² – 2x cos 0 + 1 } {x² – ( 0 +27)
n + 1}
{x² - 2x co ■ (0 + 1n ) + 1 }
2n - 2
2x cos (0+ }. .… ... (1 ) .
·T ) + 1 …
....- (0
By dividing by an we have
a² + xn cos ((
1/2 − 2 cosne = {a + 1 − 2 cos 0} { + 1-2008 +
+2 )}
2n - 2
... {~ + Ꮳ
1 - 2 con (0 + 2 n=2 )}
- 2π
=
= {x² - · 2ax cos 0+ aº} {aºª— 2αx cos ((0 +
ก
2n - 2
- 2αxcos
* {a² – 2αacos (0 + 1n )+ a¹³... (
a² – 2αæ cos (0 + 2n −2 +) +a³}
..(3).
1
We shall first shew that x² + → 2 cos na is divisible by
xn
x+ 2 cos a.
x
1 1
Let xn +
xn -2 cos na be denoted by (n), and x + X−−-2 cos a by A, so
that we have to shew that (n ) is divisible by λ, for all positive integral
values of n.
− 1) and ø ( n -
Assume that this is true for ø (n - − 2).
We have then, by ordinary multiplication,
- -1 1 -
2 cos (n
(n − 1) a}
(x + 1) × ¢ (n − 1) = {x + 1} {2n−1 + xn-1
= xn cos (n a1
(2 + 2) + (x²+ n-2) -- 2 COR ( -1 ) x ( +1)
= -2 cos na
+ -2008
+ 2))a} -2 co (n -
xn-2 -2 cos (n - 2) − 1 ) a {x + x1 - 2 cos a } ,
s
since 2 cos na + 2 cos (n − 2) a = 4 cos a cos (n -
− 1) a.
Hence x+ - - -
x × p (n − 1 ) = p (n) + ø (n − 2) − 2λ cos (n − 1) a.
- - -
+ (1(n − 1) − 4 (n − 2) + 21 cos (n − 1) …
:. 4(n)= (·x + 11)) 4 a ……...(.).
1
Now (1):= x + x 2 cos a = λ,
1
and (2) = x² + 2 cos 2a =
( x + x1 - 2 cosa ) ( x + x12 + 2 cosa )
:(
= \ (x + x
12 + 2 cos a) ,
so that (1 ) and (2) are divisible by X.
Hence, putting n = 3 in (1 ) , we see that ø (3) is divisible by λ.
Similarly putting, in ( 1 ) , n = 4, 5, 6 ...... in succession we see that,
by induction, (n) is divisible by λ for all values of n.
1 1
..xn + 2 cos a.
xn 2 cos na is divisible by x + x
PROPERTIES OF THE CIRCLE. 137
1
Again xn+ 2 cos na = x² + xn 2 cos n
(2+ 2) ,
and is similarly divisible by
cos
# + 1-2008 (2
(a +2
+ 2 ).
).
Proceeding in this way we can shew that it is divisible by
1 Απ 1 n--1
x + x 2 cos , ......x + 2 cos at
(a + 1 ) , Ꮖ n -2T) ,
and hence obtain equation (2) of Art. 115.
x² 2αx cos 0+ x² -
0+ a³} {x² 2ax
= {x_ - 2αx cos (0 + 2 ) + a³
α²}
}
- to n factors
{~² – 2ax cos (8 + 1 ) +a²
+ aº)} ...
༧ས -
= x² - 2αn xn cos no + a²n.
a
= (xn -
— an)². N
:. PA.PB.PC ... to n factors M
=xn --an or else an -
— xn.
The first of these values must be taken when P is
outside the circle, on OA produced, so that x > a.
The second must be taken when P is within the
circle.
We therefore have
PA . PB.PC. PD ... to n factors = ~ an... (1).
The equation (3) may also be deduced directly from equation (3) of
π
Art. 115 by putting 0 =; We then have
n
π 3п 5π
2ax cos x² -2axcos x² - 2ax cos +a²
(29-2 8 n + a²) (x² - 2 n +a²) (2². n
to n factors = x²n -
– 2aªÃª cos π + a²n
= x² +2a²x² +a²n = (x² + an)²,
i.e. Pa2 . PB2 . PY2......to n factors ==(x² + an)².
This is relation (3) .
Hence we have
12
T=
2rT
x - 1 = (x² - 1 ) II x² - 2. cos +
r= 1 n 1),
when n is even, and
r= n-1
2 21π
x² -
− 1 = (x -
− 1 ) II x² - 2x cos
n +1) ,
r= 1
when n is odd.
These formulæ can also be deduced from the funda-
mental one of Art. 115 by putting no = 2 .
- П
2x cos (n − 1) π +1
... [² - 2 n 1] .
(n -
− 2) π (n -
− 2) π пп пп
COS + isin COS- + i sin •
n n n n
We have then
2°= n -2 2
2r + 1
- 2x cos
x² + 1 = I² ( n T +1) ,
r=0
when n is even, and
n- 3
2 2r + 1 +F
x² + 1 = ( x + 1 ) йII ( æº -― 2x cos
r=0 n +1) ,
when n is odd.
These formulæ can be deduced from the fundamental
=
one of Art. 115 by putting neπ.
EXAMPLES. XX.
5. x1 +x + 1. 6. x5 -1. 7. x6 + 1 .
8. x7-1 . 9. x9 +1. 10. 10-1.
π 2π Эп (n - 1) π
tan - tan -tan tan
n n n n
18. Shew that cos no
= 3п
cos cos cos cos .... 08-0082-1 π
-2--1 (008-005 2n)(0088-008 2n) ( 2n ).
Prove that
n-1
19. sin no 2n-1 sin & sin sin Φ + π
(» + ) n
r=n- 1
r=0 sin ( + ).
= 2-1 II
[Put x = 1, and 0 = 24, in the equation of Art. 115. ]
3п -
20. cos no = 2″-1 sin sin sin + π
( + ) ($+ 2n 2n 1 =].
[+ + 2n=
π
[Change into +2 in the formula of the preceding question .]
n-
21. 2-1 cos & cos COS ...... COS π
( + ) cos ( +2 ) ( x + 2 n= 1 x )
n
n-1 = ( - 1)2 sin no, when n is even,
and - (-1) 2 cos no, when n is odd.
π
[Change & into 4+ 2 in the result of Ex. 19.
19.]
L. T. II. 10
146 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. XX.]
π 3п 5п 2n - 1 11π
22. 2n-1 cos 2n COS 2n COS 2n COS π= COS
15
2n
π 3п 5п 2n - 1
23. 2-1 sin 2n sin 2n sin 2n sin
2n r= 1.
π 2π
24. cos COS COS (2n - 1) π = ( − 1 )" - 1 •
n n n 22n- 1
25. Prove that
2rT
x - a cos 0+
xn - an cos no 1 r=n-1 n
Σ
nxn-i r=0
x2n - 2ax cos no + a²n 2ax cos 0 + 2rT
x²- + a²
n
[In the expression (3) of Art. 115 change x into x + h, expand and
equate coefficients of h. ]
26. The circumference of a circle of radius r is divided into 2n equal
parts at points P1 , P2 , ......P2n ; if chords be drawn from P₁ to the other
points, prove that
PIP2.P1P3......... P₁Pn = rn-¹√n.
Also, if O be the middle point of the arc P₁P2n , prove that
OP₁ . OP ......OP = √2rm.
27. If A42......A2n+1 be a regular polygon of 2n +1 sides, inscribed
in a circle of radius a, and OAn+1 be a diameter, prove that
OA₁ . OA2......ОAn = an.
28. ¸Å…………..4 is a regular polygon of n sides. From O the centre
of the polygon a line is drawn meeting the incircle in P,1 and the circum-
circle in P2.
Prove that the product of the perpendiculars on the sides drawn from
P₁ is to the product of the perpendiculars from P₂2 as
π пв
Cosn cot2 to 1,
n 2
✔ being the angle between OPP, and OA .
29. ABCD...... is a regular polygon, of n sides, which is inscribed in
a circle of radius a and centre 0 ; prove that
PA2.PB2.PC2...... = r2n - 2anrn cos no + a2n,
where OP is r and the angle AOP is 0.
Prove also that the sum of the angles that AP, BP, CP, ...... make
rn sin no
with OP is tan- 1
rncos no - an '
SIN IN FACTORS. 147
74
712
π
Similarly in (1 ) changing into 2 and 2 succes-
+
sively, we have
0 0 Ꮎ 0 2π
sin2 =2 sin 22 sin ( + 22 = 2 sin 22 sin 22 + 22 >
π
and + 2 .sin +
sin( + ) = 2 sin 2 (+ 22
=
- 2 sin ( 22
+ 22) sin (3+ 22).
where p
is a power of 2.
10-2
148 TRIGONOMETRY.
2
sin 3*+8
Ρ
P- π
0
sin2 sin² COS (6).
Ρ Ρ Ρ
0
Divide both sides of (6) by sin and make @ zero.
p
0
sin sin
Since = Ρ Ρ
0 = p,
0
sin sin
P_0=0 Pe=0
SIN IN FACTORS. 149
we have
π
2π ЗП ( -1).
p = 2º¹ . sin² . . sin² sin2 sin2 ...(7).
Ρ Ρ Ρ Ρ
Dividing (6) by (7), we have
Ө 0 Ө
sin2 sin2 sin²
0 P Ρ ...
sin 0 =p sin 1 - -
p π 2π 3п
sin2 sin2 sin2
p p p
sin²
p COS . (8).
sin2 - 1 p
sin2 sin2
p 1. 202 02 02
= (Art. 228, Part I.),
П 02 π π²
sin2 sin2
Pp = pa Ρ
124. The equation (4) of Art. 122 may, by means of Art. 115, be
shewn to be true for all integral values of p. For we have
x² - 2x cos po + 1
= { x² – 2x cos 4 + 1} {x² --2x cos (( +
+ 2=) + 1 }
2x cos ( + .to p factors .
ཀྲསཾ – (* + 1 ) + 1} .
Put x = 1 , and we have
- - - 2 cos 2π
2 (1 − cos pp) = { 2 − 2 cosø } {2 . + to p factors.
³(
i.e. 4 sin2 ΡΦ = 4 sin²º . 4 sin² (2 + 2) . 4 sin² ( +1) ...to p factors.
2 ( + )
ΡΦ
Put 2 =0, and extract the square root of both sides. We have then
0 T+ 0 sin 2π +0
+sin @ =2P-1 sin • sin ..sin (p - 1) +0 ...(1).
Р p P Р
If lie between 0 and all the factors on the right-hand side of (1)
are positive and so also is sin 0. Hence the ambiguity should be
replaced by the positive sign.
If lie between π and 2π, all the factors on the right-hand side are
positive except the last, which is negative.
Hence the product is negative and so also is sin e, so that in this case
also the positive sign is to be taken.
Similarly in any other case it may be shewn that the positive sign
must be taken, and we have, for all integral values of p,
0 T+ 0 sin 2π+0
sin 0=2P-1 sin sin .sin (p - 1) π +0
Ρ P Р P
152 TRIGONOMETRY .
40212
and cosh = -
(140 ) (1-10 ) (1-404 )
...ad inf.
402 402 402
= (1 + 0 ) (1 + 3 ) ( 1 + r) ...ad inf. (2).
The products (1) and (2) are convergent. For we know (C. Smith's
Algebra, Art. 337) that the infinite product II (1 + u ) is convergent if the
series Zu, be convergent.
In the case of (1), Zun
02 1 1 1
+ 22 32 + 42 +
( ..),
and the latter series is known to be convergent.
......
log (1 ) + log ( 1-2 ) + log (1-3 )+
02 04
= log 1 - 6 + 120 ......(1).
]
02 104 106
=- + + + ...
log (1-0 ) π 2 π-4 3
02 1 04 1 ᎾᏮ
== + + +
log ( 1-2 ) 22π2 2 2¹π¹¹ 3 2ºπ6
so that (1 ) gives
02 1 1 1 104 1 1 1
+ 22 + 32 + ... ...
π2 12 27 14 + 24 + 34 +
]
106 1 1
...
376 16 + 26 + 36 + ·.......
04
120 +
= log [ 1- (86 - 1986 ...
)])
02 04 1/02 04 2
=- + ... + ..)² -
(6 120 .) 26 120 ·) ˚ —
– ...
Ө2 10+ 1 1 1
- -
6 120 2 36
02 04
6 180 . ( 2).
Hence we have
1 1 1 1
+ 22 + 3 + ... ad inf. ) =
-2
π :) = - ㅎ ,
1 1 1
2 па (
-1 24
+++ ...ad inf ) = - 130 '
1 1 1 πT2
Hence
12 + + + .... ad inf. == . ..... (3),
32 6
1 1 1
and + + + ... ad inf. = ...... (4),
24 34 90
= log [1 - ( 2 - 24
4+ )]
02 ᎾᏎ 1/02 ᎾᏎ 2
+ ... - + ...
2 24 22 24 .. ) " + ...
:)
04 1/04 04
- - -2 + 24
-- + ... - 2 ( --
4 - ... ) - - - -
2 - 12
----....
SUM OF NEGATIVE POWERS OF INTEGERS. 155
4 1 1 1 1
+ + + =-
32
1 1 1 1
- + + + ... ==
3' 5+ )= 12 '
% 100
1 1 1
and hence + + = . (1),
32 52
$ 18
1 1
and + =
14 + 3+ + 54 96
.. (2)
=
----
22 . ad inf.
5.7
= T1.3 3.5 • (2n - 3) (2n - 1) (2n - 1) (2n + 1 ) "
2 22 42 62 ...... (2n - 2) (2n)2
where n is infinite,
i.e. 12.32.52.72......(2n -
− 1 )² . (2n + 1)
π 22.42.62........(2n)² •
2.4.6......2n
i.e. =
1.3.5...... (2n − 1) √ (2n + 1), where n is infinite .
It follows that when n is very great (but not necessarily infinite) then
2.4.6...... 2n
= (2n + 1) very nearly
1.3.5. . (2n - 1)
=√n , ultimately.
This is called Wallis' Formula, and gives in a simple form a very near
approach to the product of the first n even numbers divided by the first n
odd numbers when n is very great.
156 TRIGONOMETRY.
- 402 402
log cos 0 = log (1-10
( 1-102)) + log (1 323) + log (1 ....... (1).
52π
In this equation substituting 0 + h for ✪ we have
4 - 4 + .....
[ 1-
log cos (0+ h) = log [1 ( 0 + h) ²] + log [11 32T2 (0 + h) .(2).
Now log cos (0+ h) = log [cos 0 (cos h- tan e sin h)]
h2 h3
=log cos 0 + log [ 1-2-2-+ ...... - tan eh.
( -1+ 3
......
·) ] (Art. 33)
-
= log cos + log [ 1 − h tan 0 + higher powers of h]
= log cos -- h tan + powers of h. (Art. 8.)
4 T2-402 80h
Also log [ 1- (0+ h) ] = log - 16 + 108 [ 1 -. -. - . +.
.....
- ]
- 80h
[1-40 ] . π2-402 + powers of h,
log [
= log
and
Jog [1 - 322 ( +AF]
- 402 80h
322-402 + powers of h.
= log [1 32T2
Substituting these values in (2) and equating on each side the coeffi-
cients of h we have
80 80 80
tan 0 = + + ............. (3)
T2-402 322-402 522-402
r=∞ 80
= >
r=0 (2r + 1)²² - 402 °
The series (3) may also be written
2 2 2 2
tan 0= + + ......
π--20 π+20 3π - 20 3π +20
[The student who is acquainted with the Differential Calculus will
observe that equation (3) is obtained by differentiating (1) with respect
to 0.]
EXAMPLES. 157
= 2 (0 + ai) [ 1_ (0 +ai)=7
π2 1][1- + ai)2]
(022T2
EXAMPLES. XXI.
Prove that
1 1 1 1
1. 12 ad inf.:=
22 + 32 42 + 12
1 1 (2π)6
2. 16 + 26 + 36 + ...... ad inf. = 6
1 1 1 1 π2
3. 1.2 + 2.4 + 3. 6 + 4. 8 + ad inf. =
12
1 3 6 10
4. 34 + 54 + 7+ + 9+ + ...... ad inf. = 64 -
5. Prove that the sum of the products, taken two and two together,
πT₁
of the reciprocals of the squares of all odd numbers is 384
6. Prove that the sum of the products, taken two and two together,
of the reciprocals of the squares of all numbers is 120
Prove that
1- 20 20
7. cot 0 = 02 14
222-02
1 1 1 1 1
=- +
0 - π + 8+π + 0-2π 0 + 2π ...... ad inf.
1 1 - 1 1 1 - 1 1
8. cosec = - +...
- T 0+ π + 0-2π + 0 + 2π 6-3п 0 + 3п
1 22=0
(-1)n
==
7 ++20
20 n=1
Σ 02-12T2 '
and hence that
1 +0 cosec 0 - 1 - 1 1
ad inf.
202 02 02 π2 + 02-22π2
0
Use the relation cosec = + cot
[Use (tan 2 ) ]
g. 1 1 3 5
sec = ...... ad inf.
4π π2-402 322-402 + 522-402
π π
Use the relation 2 sec = tan + + cot +
[ Use ( *)
[Exs. XXI.] INFINITE PRODUCTS . EXAMPLES . 159
1 1 1 1
10. sec²0 = + + + + ... ad inf.
(π- 20)2 (π +20)² (3π - 20)² (3π +20)
[Apply the process of Art. 129 to the result obtained in that article.]
1 1 1 1 1
11. cosec² = + - +...ad inf.
02 (0 − π)² + (0 + π) ² + (0 - 2π)² + (0 +2π)²
Prove that
(a =
12 a - (1-2) (1+
in(2-0) ) (1-4
a) )
+a)
0 0
( 1 + 2π - a) (1- 2π + a.......
= (1- T ) , where r is any positive or negative integer or zero.
sin (a +0) 0
13. =II " where r is any positive or negative
sin a (1+:α + π
integer, including zero.
20 20 20 20
14. cos (a + 0) = 1+
cos a ( π+ 2a 1 + 3π + 2αa) ( 1-312-26
a) ( 1. π-- 2a ) ( 1
20
= II
[ + 2a + , where r is any odd integer positive or negative.
20
15. coscos(a - 0) = II 1
a 1[1. 2a + rπ. " where r is any odd integer, positive
or negative.
cos +cos a 02 02 02
16. = -
1+ cos a (π + a)² ][ (3π + a)2.
02
[1- (3π-
(3 a)2.
02
=-II
" [ 1- (r= + a)².] .
[1-6 a) ²] ,
where r is any odd integer positive or negative.
[Multiply together the results of Exs . 14 and 15 and then change 20
and 2a into 0 and a. ]
cos - cos a 02
17. 1-
-cos a = { 1-9 } {1-27 (2π )
02 02
{1- (2π=- aj³} {1.
02
= II 1
(a + rπ)
where r is any even positive or negative integer, including zero.
Hence deduce the factors of cosh x--- cos a.
160 TRIGONOMETRY. [Exs. XXI.]
sin a - sin
18. sin a = (1-2) ( 1 --0 ) (1 + --
+ a)
(1+ .....
) (1-4 )
19. 2 cosh 0 + 2 cos a
02 02
= 4 cos² 1+ 1+
G[10. (a + π)²
02
=4 cos2•² II 1+ (a+r )²_
0011 π[ [ 1+
1+(a+ rm)²]
) ] ,.
where r is any odd integer positive or negative.
20. Prove that
r=n - 1 sinh2
2
sinh nu = n sinh u II 1+
r=1 Υπ •
sin2
2n
and deduce the expression for sinh u in the form of an infinite product of
quadratic factors in u.
[Start with the result, when 0 is zero, of Ex. 1, Art. 121. In this
result put equal to zero and divide.]
21 . Prove that the value of the infinite product
...ad inf.
(1 + 1 ) (1 + 1) (1 + 3—1)
… .….
is sinh π.
П
22. A semicircle is divided into m equal parts and a concentric and
similarly situated semicircle is divided into n equal parts. Every point
of section of one semicircle is joined to every point of section of the
other. Find the arithmetic mean of the squares of the joining lines and
prove that when m and n are indefinitely increased the result is
8ab
a² +b² - where a and b are the radii of the semicircles .
T2
a a
23. The radii of an infinite series of concentric circles are a, 2'3
From a point at a distance c ( > a) from their common centre a tangent
is drawn to each circle. Prove that
с па
sin 0, sin 02 sin 0g... = ✓па sin Ta с "
where 01 , 02, 0....... are the angles that the tangents subtend at the
common centre.
[Exs. XXI.] INFINITE PRODUCTS. EXAMPLES. 161
L. T. II. 11
CHAPTER X.
- μη - μη μi h³
log₁0 (n + h) — log₁0 n = n ... (1).
2 n²
+
3 n³
PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONAL PARTS. 163
μ.1
So log10 (n + 1) -log₁on = n
Hence, by division,
logo (n + h) -login
== h.
logo (n + 1) -login
The principle assumed is therefore always true for the
logarithms of ordinary numbers as given in our tables.
1
The ratio of the third term to the first = k2 and this
1
is always less than 6 ( 0003 ) , i.e. always less than '00000002 .
π
This ratio is small, except when O is nearly equal to 2
and hence in this case the relation (3) does not hold and
the difference in the sine is not proportional to the
difference in the angle. In this case then the differences
are irregular. At the same time the differences are
π
insensible ; for, when is nearly , cos is very small.
sin 1
= k sec² 0 + k². + k³ sec² 0 tan²20 + ...... (1).
+ tan
Cos³ 3 tan'0 ] .
• [}
1
- 1
= sec 0 1
1 - k tan e - k2 ...
2
+ tan² +
= sec | k tan 0 + k² (
sin ( 0+ k)
L10 sin (0+ k) - L10 sin 0 = log10
sin
12
| 11 + k cot 0.- 2
= log₁0 [ cos k + cot @ sin k] = log₁0 [
=
(Arts. 32 and 33)
k2 1
k² cot² +
= μ [ k cot 0 . 2 2 • ] (Arts. 8 and 12)
1 1 k
= k =
2 sin cos 0 sin 20'
π μέρε
If be nearly 2 the terms uk cot ✪ and 2 cosec² are
rithmic cotangent .
143. Tabular Logarithmic Secant and Cose-
cant. We have
Lsec (0+ k) - L sec = L cos 0 -
– L cos (0+ k)
ERRORS OF OBSERVATION.
When is small, both the calculated height and the absolute error,
viz. atane and a sec20 . d, are small, but the latter is great compared
with the former.
When is nearly 90°, both these quantities are great.
a sin a sin ẞ
[1-0 {cot (B - a) + cot a} ]
sin (B- a)
a sin a sin B
0 a sin² ß
sin (8 - a) sin² (ß − a) *
a sin² 8 and is
The error in the calculated height is therefore 0 .
sin2 (8 - a)'
one of excess.
Also the ratio of the error to the calculated height
e sin B
sin a sin (ẞ -
— a) *
Corresponding to the value 4-8, let the values of the angles be A - 01,
B - 02, and C - 03.
Then - 21-88 (1-2) ,
3² + (4 - 8)² - 23 =
cos (401) = 24
2 (4-8) .3
1 1
i.e. 01
cos 4 + sin 4. 0₁ = 24 [ 21 - 88] [ 1 + 1] = 24 [ 21-8] .
[Arts. 32 and 33]
72/15 7 11
i.e. + 16 = 8,
8 96
Also -
cos (B − 0₂) — (4 2— (4-8)
5)² + 2².2
– 3² 11.88(1-9
16 ) ,
11
i.e. = = 11
18+ sin B.4, - 16 (11-88] [ 1 +
16 - [ - ]
21
i.e. 3/150₂= -648,
16 02:
7/15
so that 02= - 60 δ ..(2) .
i.e. √ 5 ·0g = -· 1 + 28
- 1 + ²/1
16 3
so that = 8/15 δ.
45
EXAMPLES. XXII.
angles ADB and CDB are equal and of an observed magnitude ; prove
that the error in the calculated length of DB consequent on a small
error & in the observed magnitude of 0, is
2ab (a + b)² sin
(a² + b² – 2abcos 20)
approximately, where AB - a and BC= b.
7. In measuring the three sides of a triangle small errors x and y
are made in two of them, a and b ; prove that the error in the angle C
X
will be - y cot 4
a cot B, and find the errors in the other angles.
8. In a triangle ABC we have given that approximately a = 36 feet,
3
b = 50 feet, and C - tan- 1
find what error in the given value of a will
where a is the side of the triangle. If there be a small error n" in the
elevation at C, shew that the true height is
1 sin n"
a tan a 1+
√3 a [ 1 3 sin a cos aa].
L. T. II. 12
CHAPTER XII.
MISCELLANEOUS PROPOSITIONS.
Hence n=
4p/
1
and therefore cos 30 == 4q (4).
4p
p be positive, and 4q
+7 ( 41) < 1,
x³ - 3px + q = 0
1 1 1
are
n cos , n cos ( +23 ) , and n cos ( + 3 ).
2
Put y =
n and the equation is
z3-3n2z + n³ = 0.. .(1).
3 1
Now Cos³ 0 - cos - cos 30 = 0 ............. . (2) .
4
Equations (1) and (2) are the same if
1
z =cose, n²= 1 , and - cos 30 = n³,
1
i.e. if n= 2'
1
and cos 30= - =cos 120° . (3).
The roots of (3) are clearly
40°, 40° + 120°, and 40° + 240°,
so that z= cos 40°, or cos 160°, or cos 280°.
.. y = 2 cos 40°, or 2 cos 160°, or 2 cos 280°.
.. x= y - 2 = -2 + 2 cos 40°, or - 2-2 cos 20°, or -2 + 2 cos 80°.
On referring to the tables we then have the values of x.
EXAMPLES. XXIII.
EXAMPLES. XXIV.
π
10. If x + y = a, where a is 9 find when tanx tan y is a maximum,
2 cos a
We have 1 - tan x tan y =
cos a + cos (a - 2x)
x + √ = 1y.
The first of these equations states that turning a line three times in
succession through a zero angle gives the original line.
The second states that turning it three times in succession through
2π
an angle 3 9 (i.e. altogether through 27) gives the original line.
The third states that turning it three times in succession through an
4π
angle 3 ', (i.e. altogether through 47) gives the original line.
These statements are all clearly true.
$ i.e. tan
[i. U
5. If cos (0 + id) = sec (a + iß), where a, ß, 0 , and ø are all real, prove
that
tanh² & cosh² 8 = sin² a and tanh² ß cosh² = sin² 0.
6. If x=2 cos a coshß and y = 2 sin a sinh ß,
prove that
4.x
sec (a +iß) + sec (a -
− iß ) = x² + y² '
4iy
and sec (a + ip) - sec (a -
– iß) = x²+y²°
7. Prove that
sin" cos no +n sin”-¹ ø cos (n - − 1) 0 sin (0-4)
-
+ n (n − 1) sinn -
−3 p cos (n − 2) ℗ sin² (0 -
− ø) + · + sin" (0 -
− p)
1.2
=sin" 0 cos np.
8. Prove that the roots of the equation
n (n - 1)
g " sin nô – n " −1 sin (n0+ b ) + 1.2 ·x²−2 sin (n0 +24)
to (n +1) terms = 0,
16. Prove that there is one, and only one, solution of the equation
П
0=cose and that it is less than
4'
17. Prove that the general value of 0 which satisfies the equation
(cos +i sin 0) (cos 20+i sin 20) ...... to n factors = 1
4mT
is where m is any integer.
n (n + 1) '
I. (Pages 9-11 . )
8. log, 2. 9. log, 3 - loge 2.
2. /
√ 2 [ cos ( -3 ) + i sin ( -3 )] .
5п 5п
3. COS 4. 5
2 [con 6 +isin 6 ].
√2 +1 + i 1
5. √4 + 2√2√4 + 2√2 √4 +2
5п 5π
6. (√6 - √2) cos 12 + i sin 12
2 ) [ cos
7. cos (100+ 12a) - i sin (100+ 12a).
8. cos (a + B - y - 8) + i sin (a + ẞ -
− y −8).
9. cos 1070 - i sin 1070. 10. - 1 .
11. sin (4a + 5ẞ) - i cos (4a + 5ẞ).
12. 2 +1 sin" 0 - ф cos n 7 + 0 + ф
2 2
π 3п 3п
23. COS + isin ; cos + i sin
5 5 5
Υπ Υπ
+ i sin where r = 1, 9, or 17.
5. +1/2 (cos 24 24
Υπ Υπ
6. 3/2048 [ COS 9 + i sin 9 where r = 5, 11 , or 17.
Υπ Υπ
7. - i sin where r = 1 or 7 .
12[cos 12
+ √2 12
Υπ Υπ
8. 3/2 COS + i sin where r = 1 , 13, or 25.
18 18
Υπ Υπ
9. COS + i sin where r = -
– 1 , 5 , 11 , 17, or 23.
اشد/4
ب 15 15 ,
10.2 and + 2i.
Υπ Υπ
COS si where r = 2 or 4.
11. 2 , and 2 [co 5 sin 5 "
i + √3 and + i√3-1 14. 1.
12. 1024. 13. + 2 2
16. ± 1, ± i, ± ( cosi
6 sin ) , and + (cos + isin ).
The last four values.
Υπ Υπ
17. - 1 and cos + i sin , where r = 1, 3, or 5.
7 7
18. + COS
-1 , cosisin , (cos 4+ isin ) ,
3п
and +
+ COS + i sin
4 in 3T).
Υπ wher
19. 23/2 cos e r = 1 , 7 , or 13.
9
V. (Pages 46-48.)
1 2 a 1
6. 3° 48′51 ″. 7. 8. 9. 10.
6 m² Ъ 2'
a² a² + ab + b²
11. 3. 12. 13. 0. 14.
b²' ab
1 1 25
15. 16. 2. 17. 18.
2* 6 14'
ǹ² - m² 1
19. -∞ . 20. 2 21.
p2 60
22. 2 (m − n)² 23. 24. 24. 0.
3 mn
α -9.
25. logō • 26. e. 27. e³. 28.
1 n²
10. 0 or n according as n is odd or even.
2
(−1 )² cos no – 1
α 1
20. 21. -ttan- ¹ (cos ẞ cosech a).
2* 2
1
22. [ 2/3 log. (2 + √3) — π].
ANSWERS. vii
1 П
22. Sn = sin -¹1 - sin¹ ; S = •
√n + 1
1 1
14. 2 [si
sin 0 sin 50- ad inf.
3 sin 30+ 5
5. II -2 cos ( 6r + 2) +1] ,
where r = 0, 1 , 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
2rπ
6. (x - 1 ) II x² - 2x cos + 1 where r = 1 or 2.
5 ¹],
π
7. x² - 2x cos (2r + 1) 6 +
II [2 where r = 0, 1 , or 2.
11 1] ,
27π
where r = 1 , 2, or 3.
8. (x − 1 ) 11 [ x² – 2x COS 7 + 1] 1
,
9.
9.(x + 1 ) II [ x²
∞² .– 2x cos
a² cos ( 2r + 1 )) 9 + 1 ] ,
where r = 0, 1 , 2, or 3.
Υπ
-
10. (x² – 1 ) II [ x² – 2x COS +1 where r - 1, 2 , 3, or 4.
5 1],
π
11. (x + 1 ) II x² - 2x cos ( 2r + 1 ) 13 + 1
1] ,
where r = 0, 1, ... 5.
Υπ
12. ( x² - 1 ) II ² – 2x cos 7 + 11 ] , where r = = 1 , 2, ... 6.
[
π
13. II x²- 2x cos (2r + 1) + 1 where r = 0, 1 , 2 , ... 9.
20 1] ,
29. Take the logarithm of both sides of the expression of
Art. 115 reading r instead of x ; differentiate with respect to r
and then integrate with respect to 0.
X TRIGONOMETRY . (PART II. )
1. −1 , and ¹ ± √³¸.
08 1902