HIU LC QU PHP L CA IU

KHON
HAI TU M VA NHAU CNG C LI
TRONG VN N NG BIN
V HP NG THU TU CHUYN
Ngun: Journal of Maritime Law and
Commerce; Vol.41, No. 2, April, 2010
Nhm dch

Nhm hiu nh

1. Nguyn Th Hi H-Trung 1K50-KTN

2. Th Liu-Trung 1-K50-KTN
3. Lu Th Thu Tho-Nht 1-K50KTN

1. Bi Ngc Sn-Anh 12-K50KTN

2. Nguyn ng Bo-Anh 12K50-KTN
3.

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MC LC
PHN I....................................................................................................................... 3
M U.................................................................................................................... 3
PHN II...................................................................................................................... 4
KHI NIM HAI TU M VA NHAU CNG C LI..........................................4
PHN III.................................................................................................................... 7
IU KHON HAI TU M VA NHAU CNG C LI...........................................7
PHN IV.................................................................................................................. 15
KT LUN................................................................................................................ 15
TI LIU THAM KHO............................................................................................ 16
PHN I....................................................................................................................... 3
M U.................................................................................................................... 3
PHN II...................................................................................................................... 4
KHI NIM HAI TU M VA NHAU CNG C LI..........................................4
PHN III.................................................................................................................... 7
IU KHON HAI TU M VA NHAU CNG C LI...........................................7
PHN IV.................................................................................................................. 14
KT LUN................................................................................................................ 14
TI LIU THAM KHO............................................................................................ 15

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PHN I
M U
m va l mt1 trong nhng r ro thng thy ca hot ng hng hi, mc
d n vn thng c coi l mt iu khon ring bit trong hp ng1.
Khi am va xy ra, cc mt lot cc cu hi khc nhau c anu ra nh
Li thuc v ai?Ai s phi bi thng Trch nhim s thuc v tu no?
Ch 1 mt tu phi chu trch nhim hay haic 2 tu phi chu trch
nhim?.. Vic tr li nhng cu hi trn s ph thuc vo nhng iu sau
y: li hon ton thuc v 1 tu hay khng, c hai tu c li hay khng, c
xc nh c t l li ca mi tu hay khng, hoc c hai tu cng khng c
lichu trch nhim do bi v v va chmm va xy ra do nguyn nhn v
mt l do bt kh khngg hay khng.
Trch nhim ca mt v va chmm va c xc dnh da theo s sut, v
do , mi ch tu s c gng chng minh s s sut l doca bn kia, v
mi bn s c gng chng minh rng bn kia qun p dng cc v quy
nh bt buc chop dng vic cng tcphng chng m va phng chng
va chm hoc nhng quy trnh k thut hng hi ph hp2.
Bi vit ny s xem xt bn cht trch nhim php l chodo s sut ca c
hai tu khi m vava chm, ci gi lc bit n vi tn gi Hai tu m
va nhau cng c li", theo iu khon v iu kin hai tu am m va
nhau cng c li trong vn n ng bin v hp ng thu tu chuyn, v
h qu php l ca n. Bi vit tp trung ch yu vo hu ht da trn H
thng lut php Lin Bang M, ni ph nhnni iu khon iu kin hai

1 John Wilson, CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY SEA 253 (2d ed. 1993). Gii thch chi tit v
lch s ca m va tu, xem Jacobsen, LAW OF THE SEA 328 (1818)
2 Gii thch chi tit v quy trnh k thut, quy tc phng nga va chm trn bin,
xem Simon Gault, Reginald Godfrey Marsden, Steven J. Hazekwiid & A.M. Tetterborn,
MARDEN COLLISIONS AT SEA(13th ed. 2003).
3

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tu m va nhau cng c li khng c gi tr, do cng ph nhn hunhn

hu ht phn quyt ti phn trong hng hi.

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PHN II
KHI NIM HAI TU M VA NHAU CNG C LI
Mt v va chm hHai tu am va cng c li l mt v va chm xy ra bi v
li hoc s sut ca c hai thuyn trng trn hai tu b m vach tu,
chng hn nh vi phm cc quy tc lin quan n chuyn hng tutrong
iu khin tu lin quan quan n vic phng trnh am va3. Tu lin
quantham gia trong v n m va u

va chm phi chu trch nhim

tng ng ph hp. iu 239/1 ca Lut Thng mi Hng hi Jordan quy

nh rng: Nu li c cam kt cng nhauc hai bn cng c li, trch
nhim c phn chia cho mi tu theonh gi lin quan n mi tu theo
t l li ca tu n, v nu kh chng minh c t l kh c xc
nhnh v y l hoc li bng nhau th trch nhim s c chia phn chia
u cho cc bntheo phn bng nhau4. iu ny c ngha rng d hoc
chng ta s p dng cc quy tc phn chia thit hi theo t lthit hi tng
xng hoc quy tc chia i thit hi, (c minh ha tng ng di y)
chng ta s phi minh ha nhng quy tc ph hp5.

3 Abdulqader Oteir, ALWASEET IN EXPLAINING MARITIME COMMERCIAL LAW

COMPARATIVE STUDY 502 (1999). Gii thch v cc quy nh ngn nga ri ro,
xem John KempWhen do Collision Regulations Begin to Apply, 61 J. Nav. 515
(2008).
4 Quy tc ny c ly t Cng c Brussels Collision nm 1910 (iu 4/1 v 2).
Php tham gia cng c vo nm 1915, v Vng quc Anh gia nhp n vo nm
1911. Tuy nhin, M khng tham gia Cng c v tip tc p dng cc quy
tc chia thit hi (50/50) cho n nm 1975. United Statesv. Reliable Co. 1975
A.M.C 541 (1975), Ta n Ti cao thng qua quy tc li theo t l, mi tu phi
chu trch nhim theo t l thit hi n gy ra hoc th quy tc chia thit hi nu c
hai tu u bnh ng trong c cam kt bi thng thit hi hoc nu n l khng
th xc nh thit hi theo t l nh vy. Xem thm Frank L. Maraist, Admiralty in a
Nutshell 163-64 (1983).
5 Gii thch chi tit v bi thng thit hi v cc quy tc chia t l li, xem
Graydon S. Staring, Contribution an Divison of Damages in Admiralty and Maritime
Cases, 45 CAL. L. REV. 305 (1957)
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Quy tc chia i thit hi c th hin r nhtc khp ni tt nht trong

Halcyon Lines v. Haenn Ship Ceiling and Refitting Corp., 6 (mt trng hp
Hoa K, trong mt cng nhn bn cng b thng trn tu v khi kin
cc ch tu). Mc d khng lin quan n mt v m va, Ta n Ti cao
s dng ngoon ngh rng ng thng dng gii thch quy tc chia thit hi
nh sau: Trong trng hp hai tu m va do li ca c hai, l quy tc
quy nh: hai bn cng gy tn tht cho nhau s chia u thit hi gy ra
duy tr bi mi bn, cng nh thng tch c nhn v thit hi ti sn gy ra
cho bn th ba v ti. Quy tc hng hi ny c ngun gc c xa v c
p dng trong nhiu trng hp ...7 Quy tc chia i thit hi c c ngun
gc p dngng dng ph qut ca nph bin trong trng hp khi c hai
tu c cng c th li nh nhau hoc khi c li khng th pht hinli
khng th xc nh. Cc quy tc ny c Ta n ti cao Hoa K sa i
ca trong trng hp ca United States v. Reliable Transfer Co., Trong , Ta
n p dng cc quy tc t l li tng ng, tip tc nguyn tc chia i
thit hi, hoc quy tc 50%/50%, ch trong nhng trng hp mc li thc
t c chia u mc thc t, hoc trong ta n khng th xc
nh t nhng bng chng v mc li phn b cho tng tu .
Cc tu dn c li khc nhau trong v m va va chm mc khng
ging nhau, mt khc, phi chu trch nhim theo quy tc li t l li tng
ngthun vi bncc bn th ba (khng tham gia trch nhim) nh cc thit
hi cho tu, hng ha, thy th hoc hnh l ca hnh khch v tt c ti
sn ca h , v cho bt k bn th ba no khc hai tu 8. V vy,Do , cc
bn phi chu thit hi vt cht c phn chia n kin cavic i
bi thng ca mnh cho gia cc ngi lm sai theo t l li ca h. V d,

6 342 U.S.282.1952 A.M.C.1; Quy tc bi thng chia thit hi trong trng hp

m va c bi b trong ng h cc li tng ng trong trng hp ca United
States v. Reliable Transfer Co. 421 U.S. 397 (1975) (xem bn chnh)
7 Id .342 U.S at 284-85, 1952 A.M.C at 2-4
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Tti Hoa K, v d, Sarinam Transport Co. V.M v. Erich Schroder., 9 ta n p

dng cc quy tc phn chia theo li t l li thun vi hai tu m va va
chm, Germab v Brazil, k t khi c hai nc tu l thnh vin ca Cng
c Brussels nm 1910. Nh vyDo , s gip ca ta n quyt nh:
m ch s hu ca hng ho vn chuyn s c bi thng theo t l li
ca c hai tu, v kt qu l h c n b 20% t tu khng ch hng
do t l li ca n c coi l 20%.
Cc vn trn v v d tri vi nguyn tc chungquy tc tn tht chung ca
php lut, trong mt ta n s xem xt i chu trch nhim nhng ngi
phm sai lm c nhntrch nhim lin i v tch bit ca ngi gy ra
nhng sai lm , bi v t ngun gc ca cc nguyn tc chung ca php
luttheo nguyn tc tn tht chung, l nu c mt vibt k ngi no m
phm mt gy ra sai lm c nhn, mi bn trong s h phibn phi chu
trch nhim theo quy nh/t l li ca mnh 10. H qu l iu khon 239/3
lut Thng mi Hng hi Jordan11 bo v quyt nh rng tt c nhng
ngi c trch nhim vi bn th ba bi v s m va ca tu l do trch
8 Tuy nhin, ch s hu ca tu va chm lin i chu trch nhim i vi bn th
ba b thng hoc cht, ni c nhm b thng hoc ngi k nhim ca mnh c
quyn yu cu bi thng t bt k cc tu va chm. Kt qu l, tu s tr nhiu
hn t l li ca n c quyn xem li con tu va chm khc nh tr tin chnh lch
v ph hp vi cc quy tc m mi ngi trong s h phi tr theo t l li ca n.
Quy nh ny cng c ly t Cng c Brussels Collision nm 1910 (iu 4/1 v
2). Xem Adel Maqdadi, Lut Hng hi 201 (1999). Xem thm cc trng hp ca M
nh Ocean Foods Boat Co., 692 F.Supp. 1253 (D. Or.1988), ni m mt thy th
cht v mt v hai tu m va cng c li, v ta n phn quyt c hai tu lin i
chu trch nhim i vi nhng ngi tha k.
9 A.M.C. 414 (1970)
10 Frank L.Maraist & Thomas C.Galligan Jr., ADMIRALTY IN A NUTSHELL 187 (2005).
Cng c th tham kho iu 265 lut ca Jordan, trong c ni rng : Nu nhiu
cng c trch nhim v hnh ng th mi ngi s chu phn trch nhim t l vi
li ca mnh v ta c quyn phn chia cng bng trch nhim ca h.
11 iu khon ny tng t nh iu 4 ca cng c Brussels nm 1910, iu 239
ca lut hng hi Libya, iu 236 lut hng hi Syria, iu 236 lut hng hi ca
Lebanon, iu 239 lut hng hi ca Tunis v iu 226 lut hng hi ca Kuwait.
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nhim ca c hai bn v tu m phi tr nhiu hn t l gy ra li ca n s

c quyn i hi s chnh lch y do li ca tu khc cho s m va12.
V d sau s lm sng t nhn nh trn: Nu t l mc li ca tu A l 20%
v ca tu B l 80% th tu A s tr 20% tn tht ca tu B v tu B s tr
80% tn tht ca tu A. Do , ch hng ca hng ha trn tu A s c tr
80% tn tht mt mt ca anh ta v tu A khng phi tr g c (tha nhn
trch nhim tiu chun ngoi l p dng trong vn n) v theo ch hng
c hng ha trn tu B s c tr 20% tn tht hng ha bi tu A v tu B
khng phi tr g c (vi gi nh tng t)13.
Lut phn chia theo t l li theo t l c p dng rng ri v c chp
nhn bi nhiu quc gia c bit l sau khi c cng c Brussel 1910.

12 Cng c th tham kho trng hp ca Transorient Navigators co., S.A. v. M/S

Southwind (5th Cir. 1986) M.
13 WILLIAM TETLEY, tuyn b v hng ha trn bin 504 (2d ed. 1978).
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PHN III
IU KHON HAI TU M VA NHAU CNG C LI
Nu ch hng c th chng minh c tn tht ca hng ha xy ra trong
qu trnh chuyn ch th trch nhim chng minh t ng chuyn sang cho
ch tu. V h qu l n trnh trch nhim, ch tu phi chng minh
nguyn nhn gy ra tn tht hay h hng nm trong min trch ca anh ta 14.
Do , trong mt trng hp Anh, Hamilton v.Pandorf 15, chut gm thng 1
ng ng khin cho nc bin r r vo lm h hi go chuyn ch trn tu.
Cu hi t ra trong tnh hung ny l nc bin hay chut l nguyn nhn
gy ra tn tht. Lord Fitzgerald cho rng ch tu c hng min trch ghi
trn vn n, iu ny c ghi nhng mi nguy him v tai nn trn bin,
do ng y tuyn b rng Theo mt ngha no , nguyn nhn gin tip
gy ra tn tht l do chut cn ng ng dn, nhng nguyn nhn trc
tip l do thnh thong nc bin r r vo thng qua ng ng b thng bi
s trng trnh ca tu khi tham gia chuyn i di. 16 Min trch s khng
c p dng nu nguyn nhn trc tip ca tn tht l do hnh ng ca
chut, m hnh ng nh th th khng c coi nh mt tai nn bt thng
trn bin. Do vy, nu ch tu khng th chng minh c nguyn nhn
chnh xc gy ra tn tht, anh ta s khng th c hng min trch 17. iu
14 Nguyn tc ny c th p dng khi tuyn b nm trong hp ng thu tu
chuyn hoc vn n. Cng c th tham kho trng hp ca Lloyd J The Hellenic
dolphin 1972 Anh.
15 12. App. Cas. 518 (1887)
16 Id. iu 528.
17 Tham kho trng hp ca Lord Brandon The popi M 1952 Lloyds Rep.1
trang 6. Cng c th tham kho trng hp Usinas Siderugicas de Minas Geras,
S.A.-Usiminas v. Scindia steam nav.Co.,ltd (5th Cir. 1997), khi m ta t ra nghi vn
hoc l do quy trnh khng ph hp gy nn s cu th trong vic vn hnh v iu
khin con tu hoc lm cho con tu khng quy cch i bin bi v khi nim
quy cch i bin c th hiu rng hn l c vn hnh v iu khin hp l.
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ny cng c hiu l ch tu khng c hng min trch nu anh ta

khng c s mn cn hp l hoc do s bt cn hoc khng cung cp mt
con tu i bin ph hp, hoc cho tu i chch c tha thun18.
T nhng quan im trn, ch tu s khng c quyn c hng min trch
nu nh ch hng c th chng mnh c rng li m va l ca tu chuyn
ch khi s bt cn khng nm trong nhng min trch c cp trn.
Tuy nhin, da vo trch nhim dn s, ch hng c th c bi thng
ton b tn tht nu ch tu m va kia mt mnh trch nhim v vic m
va19.
ng ch l ch hng s khng c i bi thng tn tht t tu chuyn
ch nu nh nguyn nhn ca s m va l do s chuyn hng bt cn
hoc bt kh khng v ch tu mn cn hp l trong vic cung cp mt
con tu kh nng i bin theo iu 4/2/A quy tc Hague 1924, iu 4/2/A
quy tc Hague Visby 1968 v iu 5/1 quy tc Hamburg 1978 20. Do , nu
cc Quy tc trn c p dng d bt buc hay c in sn trong vn n
th ngi ch hng s khng c i bi thng tn tht t ch tu d l
li mt phn hay ton b i vi vic m va. Tuy nhin ch hng c th
c bi thng phn tn tht do pha tu m va kia.
Nh vy, ch hng c th i bi thng t tu m m va vi tu m h k
hp ng chuyn ch, khi m tu kia khng th tuyn b p dng iu 4/2/A
quy tc Hague Visby 1968 hoc iu 5/1 quy tc Hamburg 1978. Do , ch
hng c th c bi thng ton b theo trch nhim php l ca tu m
18 Ch tu chu trch nhim chm sc hng ha trn tu mc hp l m mt
ngi mn cn s lm trong trng hp nh vy. S bt cn no cng u c th
gy nn mt vi dng h hng hay thit hi cho hng ha. Tham kho trng hp
ca Giant M.Davis, William P.Jackson & Richard Nordomstrom, ch cui cng ca
vn n thng mi gia cc nc. 12.AM,BUS.JL.53,59 (1974). nhng tranh ci chi
tit ca nhng trng hp khi m ch tu khng th trnh c trch nhim c
nhn th tham kho cun ADMIRALTY AND MARINE LAW trang 262-302 v 636-641
(ti bn ln th 4 nm 2004)
19 Xem v d phn 1(1) ca cng c v hng hi ca anh 1911
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va kia (khng phi trch nhim theo hp ng), tu kia cng c quyn i
bi thng ngc li t tu ny s tin bi thng m anh ta phi tr cho
ch hng. iu c bit n nh l c trch nhim vi nhau.21
V d sau s lm sng t bn trn: Nu t l mc li ca tu khng ch hng
l 80%, v t l mc li ca tu ch hng l 20%, th ch hng s c quyn
i bi thng ton b (100%) t tu khng ch hng v sau tu ny c
quyn i tu ch hng 20% cho t l mc li.
Chnh v vy, ch tu lun lun thm vo vn n iu khon min cho anh
ta phi tr khon bi thng , do anh ta c th trnh c trch nhim,
c bit trong trng m va khng phi hon ton do li ca tu nh v d
trn. V iu khon ny c gi l iu khon hai tu m va nhau cng
c li22 . S tn ti hu hiu ca iu khon hai tu m va nhau cng c li
c t nm 1937 khi c tha nhn ti hi ngh vn chuyn quc t ti pha

20 Nhng quy tc ny c bit n nh l Cng c quc t cho s thng nht

nhng quy lut lin quan n vn n ng bin. K Brussels ngy 25 thng 8
nm 1924. ngh nh th sa i cng c quc t cho s thng nht cc quy tc
v vn n ng bin, k ti k ti Brussels thng 8 nm 1924 v k ti Brussels
ngy 23 thng 2 nm 1968 v cng c lin hp quc v vn chuyn ch hng
ha bng ng bin, 1978( quy tc Hamburg). Tham kho John F.Wilson &Charle
Debattista, Lut hng hi quc t (thng 10 1980). Nhng lut ny c ban hnh
iu chnh li s mt cn i gia quyn li v trch nhim gia ch hng v ch
tu lin quan n tn tht hoc mt mt ca hng ha. Tham kho
SarahC.derington, A Piece- Neither A Packet Nor A Unit :El Greco( c) Pty Ltd v
Mediterranean shipping Co SA, 68(1) MOD. L. REV. 111,113 (2005). Cn ch l
hin nay vo ngy 23 thng 9 nm 2009, M tha nhn cng c lin hp quc v
hp ng cho vn chuyn quc t mt phn hoc ton b bng ng bin l
cng c mi c xem nh l Cng c Rotterdam. gii thch cho lut sau
ny, tham kho Felix W.H.Chan, khm ph nhng quy lut mi lut thng mi hng
hi t ng, 40 J.Mar. L. 185 (2009)
21 Tetley, ch thch 13, trang 309.
22 Maraist, supra note 4, at 151-53
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Bc i Ty Dng23. Quy nh chun ca iu khon 2 tu m va nhau

cng c li nh sau:
Nu tu m va vi 1 tu khc do s sut ca tu khc v bt k hnh
ng s sut hay li lm ca Thuyn trng, thy th, hoa tiu hay cc
nhn vin ca ngi chuyn ch trong thut i bin hay iu khin tu,
ch hng s tr li cho ngi chuyn ch tt c mt mt hay trch nhim
vi tu khc hay tu khng chuyn ch hay ch tu , vi iu kin
nhng mt mt v trch nhim l nhng mt mt, tn tht hay khiu
ni ca ch hng , sau i li, khiu ni tu chuyn ch khc hoc
ch tu nh l mt phn khiu mi i vi tu chuyn ch hay Ngi
chuyn ch. Cc iu khon k trn cng s p dng ni m ch tu,
ngi li tu hay nhng ngi chu trch nhim v tu hay vt th khc,
hoc c 2 tu hay vt th m va ang trong li c lin quan ti vic
m va hoc va chm.24
Mc ch khi chn thm iu khon trn trong Vn n l phn chia tn tht
hng ha do s c m va gia ch tu v ch hng. Do , mc ch ca
iu khon tun theo Cng c Brussel v m va nm 191025.
Tuy nhin, ta n Hoa K cho rng iu khon nh th ny l v hiu 26. Chiu
theo lut Hoa K, nu hng ha b mt mt hay h hng do m va bi c 2
tu, cc ch hng c th i ton b tin bi thng t ch tu khng ch.
Ni cch khc, ch tu khng chuyn ch ny c th khng ngh v t l tn
tht gy ra bi ch tu chuyn ch theo quy nh phn chia tn tht
23 Amold W. Knaugh, THE AMERICAN LAW OF OCEAN BILLS OF LADING 95, 136 &
175 (3rd ed.1947)
24 Ngun Maritime Know How, iu khon hai tu m va nhau cng c li trong
vn n ng bin, Maritime Know How A World of Knowledge, 17/09/2009,
http://www.maritimekhowhow.com/English/KhowHow/Bill_of_Lading_clauses/both_to_blame_collision_clause_hfm.
25 Schoenbaum, ch 18 trn, 262-302 v 554-55
26 Xem, v d, United States v. Farr Sugar Corp., 191 F.2d 370 (2d Cir. 1951)
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cp trn27. Quy nh ny ch p dng khi c 2 tu cng c li trong m va.

V vy, nu ch tu chuyn ch n phng phi chu trch nhim trong m
va, ch hng khng th phc hi bt k bi thng no t ch tu chuyn
ch. Vn ny 1 cch hp l c th coi l nguy him v n l thiu logic khi
min cho thuyn trng khi ton b trch nhim nu ngi ny n phng
chu trch nhim do m va v cng thi gian gi vai tr thuyn trng
cho mt na tn tht nu ngi ny chu mt phn trch nhim trong m
va. Tm li, c kh nng tu chuyn ch c th thu li t vic tha nn hon
ton li lm, mc d cho rng ton b tn tht l do bn tu khng chuyn
ch chu trch nhim28.
trnh ri ro trn, iu khon hai tu m va nhau cng c li ,quy nh
rng cc ch hng s bi thng cho ch tu theo mc m ngi b yu
cu gin tip tr bi thng cho tn tht hng ha, c ghi trong vn n
ng bin hay Hp ng thu tu chuyn tr thnh tp qun vi cc
ngi chuyn ch29.
Ta n Hoa K, nh ni trn, cho rng iu khon ny v hiu v n
phn nh 1 quy nh lut chung m ngi chuyn ch thng thng khng
th t iu kin v min trch cho s sut ca chnh h hay ca bn i l
ca h. tr li cho vn nu trn, Ta n ti cao Hoa K cho rng l
nguy him cng bng khi ch hng, ngi m c quyn min hi chiu theo
lut c th c bi thng ton b tn tht t tu khng chuyn ch, c th
b buc t b mt phn trong phc hi qu trnh chuyn ch bi s quy nh
c i hi trong Vn n ng bin.
27 Ch 6 trn
28 Cc v d gn y, Admiralty Damages- iu khon m va cng c li trong
vn n ng bin b v hiu, 65 HARV.L.REV. 340, 340(1951)
29 Gii thch chi tit cho s chng cho gia cc iu khon ca Vn n ng
bin v hp ng thu tu chuyn, xem Michael Wagener, Legal Certainty and the
Incorporation of Charterparty Arbitratiion Clausesin Bills of Lading, 40 J. Mar. L &
Com. 115(2009); Nicholas Gaskell, Shipowner Liability for Cargo Damage Caused by
Stevedores The Coral, LLOYDs MAR, & Com. L.Q. 170(1993)
13

HIU LC PHP L CA IU KHON HAI TU

M VA NHAU CNG C LI TRONG VN N
NG BIN V HP NG THU TU CHUYN

Nu ch hng c th chng minh c tn tht ca hng ha xy ra trong

qu trnh chuyn ch th gnh nng t ng chuyn sang cho c tu. V
h qu l trnh trch nhim ch tu s chng minhnguyn nhn gy ra
tn tht hay h hng nm trong min trch ca anh ta 30. Trong mt trng
hp Anh, Hamilton v.Pandorf 31, hng ha ch trn tu l go b tn tht bi
nc bin r r lm cho chut gm mt l nh trn mt ng. Cu hi t ra
trong tnh hung ny l vy hng ha b h hng l do nc bin r r hay do
chut. Lord Fitzgeraldbaor v l ch hng c hng min trch c trn
vn n, ng thi anh ta tuyn b l nguyn nhn gin tip theo mt ngha
no l do chut cn ng ng dn, nhng nguyn nhn trc tip c
gy nn bi cn ca con tu trong hnh trnh ch hng. 32 Min trch s
khng c p dng nu nguyn nhn trc tip ca tn tht l do hnh ng
ca chut, m hnh ng nh th th khng c coi nh mt tai nn bt
thng trn bin. H qu l nu ch tu khng th chng minh c nguyn
nhn su xa gy ra tn tht, anh ta s khng th c hng min trch 33.
iu ny c ngha l ch tu khng c hng min trch khi anh ta
khng c s mn cn hp l do s cu th ca anh ta hoc khng cung cp
mt con tu i bin ph hp, hoc i khc lch trnh c tha thun34.

30 Nguyn tc ny c th p dng khi tuyn b nm trong hp ng thu tu

chuyn hoc vn n. Cng c th tham kho trng hp ca Lloyd J The Hellenic
dolphin 1972 Anh.
31 12. App. Cas. 518 (1887)
32 Id. iu 528.
33 Tham kho trng hp ca Lord Brandon The popi M 1952 Lloyds Rep.1
trang 6. Cng c th tham kho trng hp Usinas Siderugicas de Minas Geras,
S.A.-Usiminas v. Scindia steam nav.Co.,ltd (5th Cir. 1997), khi m ta t ra nghi vn
hoc l do quy trnh khng ph hp gy nn s cu th trong vic vn hnh v iu
khin con tu hoc lm cho con tu khng quy cch i bin bi v khi nim
quy cch i bin c th hiu rng hn l c vn hnh v iu khin hp l.
14

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NG BIN V HP NG THU TU CHUYN

T gc nhn ca quan im trn, ch tu s khng c quyn c hng

min trch nu nh ch hng c th chng mnh c l nguyn nhn ca s
m va l ca tu chuyn ch khi s cu th khng nm trong min trch
nh cp trn. Mc d tn tht l do li c nhn, tuy nhin ch hng
cng c th khc phc c ton b tn tht nu ch tu ca con tu m
va kia ch c trch nhim vi vic m va35.
Cng c im cn ch l ch hng s khng th khi phc c tn tht
nu nh nguyn nhn ca s m va l do s chuyn hng mt cch cu
th hoc hoc bt kh khng v ch tu thc hin tt c cc bin php
bng s mn cn hp l cung cp mt con tu kh nng i bin theo
iu 4/2/A quy tc Hague 1924, iu 4/2/A quy tc Hague Visby 1968 v iu
5/1 quy tc Hamburg 197836. Do nu cc lut trn c p dng th d
34 Ch tu chu trch nhim chm sc hng ha trn tu mc hp l m mt
ngi mn cn s lm trong trng hp nh vy. S bt cn no cng u c th
gy nn mt vi dng h hng hay thit hi cho hng ha. Tham kho trng hp
ca Giant M.Davis, William P.Jackson & Richard Nordomstrom, ch cui cng ca
vn n thng mi gia cc nc. 12.AM,BUS.JL.53,59 (1974). nhng tranh ci chi
tit ca nhng trng hp khi m ch tu khng th trnh c trch nhim c
nhn th tham kho cun ADMIRALTY AND MARINE LAW trang 262-302 v 636-641
(ti bn ln th 4 nm 2004)
35 Xem v d phn 1(1) ca cng c v hng hi ca anh 1911
36 Nhng quy tc ny c bit n nh l Cng c quc t cho s thng nht
nhng quy lut lin quan n vn n ng bin. K Brussels ngy 25 thng 8
nm 1924. ngh nh th sa i cng c quc t cho s thng nht cc quy tc
v vn n ng bin, k ti k ti Brussels thng 8 nm 1924 v k ti Brussels
ngy 23 thng 2 nm 1968 v cng c lin hp quc v vn chuyn ch hng
ha bng ng bin, 1978( quy tc Hamburg). Tham kho John F.Wilson &Charle
Debattista, Lut hng hi quc t (thng 10 1980). Nhng lut ny c ban hnh
iu chnh li s mt cn i gia quyn li v trch nhim gia ch hng v ch
tu lin quan n tn tht hoc mt mt ca hng ha. Tham kho
SarahC.derington, A Piece- Neither A Packet Nor A Unit :El Greco( c) Pty Ltd v
Mediterranean shipping Co SA, 68(1) MOD. L. REV. 111,113 (2005). Cn ch l
hin nay vo ngy 23 thng 9 nm 2009, M tha nhn cng c lin hp quc v
hp ng cho vn chuyn quc t mt phn hoc ton b bng ng bin l
cng c mi c xem nh l Cng c Rotterdam. gii thch cho lut sau
ny, tham kho Felix W.H.Chan, khm ph nhng quy lut mi lut thng mi hng
hi t ng, 40 J.Mar. L. 185 (2009)
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NG BIN V HP NG THU TU CHUYN

b bt buc hay c in sn trong vn n th ngi ch hng s khng

th khi phc li tn tht t ch tu d n c li mt phn hay ton b i
vi vic m va. Tuy nhin ch hng c th khi phc tn tht t bn tu
m va kia.
Nh vy, ch hng c th i bi thng t tu m va vi tu m h k hp
ng vn chuyn, khi m tu kia khng th tuyn b p dng iu 4/2/A quy
tc Hague Visby 1968 hoc iu 5/1 quy tc Hamburg 1978. Do , ch hng
c th khi phc tn tht theo trch nhim php l ca tu m va kia
(khng phi trch nhim theo hp ng), anh ta c quyn i bi thng tr
li t tu kia s tin m anh ta phi tr cho ch tu. Lut ny c bit n
nh l c trch nhim vi nhau.37
V d sau s lm sng t gii thch bn trn: Nu t l mc li ca tu khng
chuyn ch hng ha ca anh ta l 80%, v t l mc li ca tu chuyn ch
hng ha ca anh ta l 20%, th ch hng s c quyn i bi thng 100%
t tu khng ch hng ca anh ta v sau tu ny c quyn i tu chuyn
ch hng ha 20% cho t l mc li.
Kt qu l ch tu lun lun thm trn vn n iu khon m anh ta min
phi tr khon bi thng , khi m anh ta c th trnh trch nhim t li
s sut ca mnh trong mt s trng hp c bit m anh ta khng mc
ton b li nh v d trn. V iu khon ny c gi l iu khon hai tu
m va nhau cng c li 38 s tn ti ca iu khon hai tu m va nhau
cng c li c t nm 1937 khi c tha nhn ti hi ngh vn chuyn quc
t ti pha Bc i Ty Dng39. Quy nh chun ca iu khon 2 tu m
va nhau cng c li nh sau:

37 Tetley, supra note 13, at 309.

38 Maraist, supra note 4, at 151-53
39 Amold W. Knaugh, THE AMERICAN LAW OF OCEAN BILLS OF LADING 95, 136 &
175 (3rd ed.1947)
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M VA NHAU CNG C LI TRONG VN N
NG BIN V HP NG THU TU CHUYN

Nu tu m va vi 1 tu khc do s sut ca tu khc v bt k hnh

ng s sut hay li lm ca Thuyn trng, thy th, hoa tiu hay cc
nhn vin ca ngi chuyn ch trong thut i bin hay iu khin tu,
ch hng ha chuyn ch trn tu s bi thng cho ngi chuyn ch
tt c mt mt hay trch nhim vi tu khc hay tu khng chuyn
ch hay ch tu , vi iu kin nhng mt mt v trch nhim l
nhng mt mt, tn tht hay khiu ni ca ch hng , sau i li,
khiu ni tu chuyn ch khc hoc ch tu nh l mt phn khiu
mi i vi tu chuyn ch hay Ngi chuyn ch. Cc iu khon k
trn cng s p dng ni m ch tu, ngi li tu hay nhng ngi chu
trch nhim v tu hay vt th khc, hoc bn cnh 2 tu hay vt th
m va l li i vi m va hay tip xc.40
Mc ch khi chn thm iu khon trn trong Vn n l phn chia tn tht
hng ha do s c m va gia ch tu v ch hng. Do , mc ch ca
iu khon tun theo Cng c Brussel v m va nm 199041.
Ta n Hoa K,tuy nhin, cho rng iu khon nh th ny l v hiu 42. Chiu
theo lut Hoa K, nu hng ha b mt mt hay h hng do m va bi c 2
tu, cc ch hng c th phc hi ton b tin bi thng t ch tu khng
chuyn ch. Ni cch khc, ch tu khng chuyn ch ny c th khng ngh
v t l tn tht gy ra bi ch tu chuyn ch theo quy nh phn chia tn
tht cp trn43. Quy nh ny ch p dng khi c 2 tu cng c li trong
m va. V vy, nu ch tu chuyn ch n phng phi chu trch nhim
40 Ngun Maritime Know How, iu khon hai tu m va nhau cng c li tng
vn n ng bin, Maritime Know How A World of Knowledge, 17/09/2009,
http://www.maritimekhowhow.com/English/KhowHow/Bill_of_Lading_clauses/both_to_blame_collision_clause_hfm.
41 Schoenbaum, ch 18 trn, 262-302 v 554-55
42 Xem, v d, United States v. Farr Sugar Corp., 191 F.2d 370 (2d Cir. 1951)
43 Ch 6 trn
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M VA NHAU CNG C LI TRONG VN N
NG BIN V HP NG THU TU CHUYN

trong m va, ch hng khng th phc hi bt k bi thng no t ch tu

chuyn ch. Vn ny 1 cch hp l c th coi l nguy him v n l thiu
logic khi min cho thuyn trng khi ton b trch nhim nu ngi ny
n phng chu trch nhim do m va v cng thi gian gi vai tr
thuyn trng cho mt na tn tht nu ngi ny chu mt phn trch
nhim trong m va. Tm li, c kh nng tu chuyn ch c th thu li t
vic tha nn hon ton li lm, mc d cho rng ton b tn tht l do bn
tu khng chuyn ch chu trch nhim44.
trnh ri ro trn, iu khon hai tu m va nhau cng c li ,quy nh
rng cc ch hng s bi thng cho ch tu theo mc m ngi b yu
cu gin tip tr bi thng cho tn tht hng ha, c ghi trong vn n
ng bin hay Hp ng thu tu chuyn tr thnh tp qun vi cc
ngi chuyn ch45.
Hn th na khng c g chng minh rng c Lut Harter hay s chuyn ch
hng ha trong Lut Bin c to ra thay i quy nh c thnh lp t
lu rng ton b chi ph ca tn tht gy ra bi c hai tu trong v hai tu
am va cng c li phi c phn chia. Tuy nhin mc ch ln nht ca
vic bt buc c quy nh ny trong vn n nhm cho php mt tu khng
phi chu phn chia tn tht bng cch chuyn mt phn tn tht ny cho
ch hng Nu quy nh ny c thay i, Quc hi, ch khng phi cc
ch hng, c th thay i n 46. Trong mt trng hp gn y hn, vi cng
cch tip cn47, Ta n t chi vic p dng lut an Mch v mt iu
khon phm vi quyn hn c thm vo mt vn n ng bin v iu
44 Cc v d gn y, Admiralty Damages- iu khon m va cng c li trong
vn n ng bin b v hiu, 65 HARV.L.REV. 340, 340(1951)
45 Gii thch chi tit cho s chng cho gia cc iu khon ca Vn n ng
bin v hp ng thu tu chuyn, xem Michael Wagener, Legal Certainty and the
Incorporation of Charterparty Arbitratiion Clausesin Bills of Lading, 40 J. Mar. L &
Com. 115(2009); Nicholas Gaskell, Shipowner Liability for Cargo Damage Caused by
Stevedores The Coral, LLOYDs MAR, & Com. L.Q. 170(1993)
46 Id, 663-664.
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M VA NHAU CNG C LI TRONG VN N
NG BIN V HP NG THU TU CHUYN

a c a ra ch n thun nhm trnh lut ca Hoa k v kin tng

an Mch v tnh hp php ca iu khon hai tu m va nhau cng c
li48.
Ni cch khc, trong American Union Transport Inc. v. USA 49, mt trng hp
Hoa K, Ta n cho iu khon hai tu m va nhau cng c li l c
hiu lc trong mt hp ng thu tu chuyn, ni m ch tu phi ng gp
i vi khiu ni v mt hng theo quy tc phn chia tn tht. Ta n phn
bit hp ng thu tu v vn n, v cho rng trong hp ng thu tu th
cc bn c t do lp hp ng chuyn ch, bao gm min trch do s sut
tr phi cc quy nh ca lut Harter c thng nht mt cch tuyt i
trong tha thun thu tu hay trong vn n c a ra khng nhm thng
bo rng con tu l mt phng tin chuyn ch c nhn 50. Do cc nghi
ng pht sinh t tnh hiu lc ca iu khon Hai tu m va nhau cng c
li trong vn n c a ra di mt hp ng thu tu khi n c
thng lng gia cc bn lin quan hn l ch tu. V th, vic min trch
trong cc hp ng thu tu chuyn c th c bin h da trn vic cc
bn thng nht cc iu kin v ngang bng quyn hn v khng yu cu s
bo v, bi v chuyn ch theo vn n l ging vi mt hp ng giao kt,
tc l ni n s bo v ca ngi gi hng t v tr u th ca ngi chuyn
ch.
H tr cho nhng l l trn y, cch thng thy nhm tit kim thi gian
v chi ph, ch hng (ngi gi hng) thng nhn cc vn n ng bin
theo mu t ngi chuyn ch, ci m s c gi cho ngi nhn hng.
Ngi chuyn ch thng cung cp cc iu khon, iu kin trn vn n
47 The Frances Hammer [1975] 1 Lloyds Rep. 305.
48 Id, 307.
49 [1976] A.M.C. 1480. Cng xem The G.R. Gowe (1923) 296 Fed, Rep. 506.
50 Id, 1482.
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M VA NHAU CNG C LI TRONG VN N
NG BIN V HP NG THU TU CHUYN

nh iu khon hai tu m va nhau cng c li, hay iu khon phm vi

quyn hn cho rng lut ca mt quc gia no hay mt cng c no
quy nh hp ng, hay cho rng mi hnh ng s c a ra ch trc Ta
n ca quc gia . Kt qu l, ngi chuyn ch thng thm cc iu
khon m khng trao i hay m phn vi ch hng. Do , nhiu ta n
nhiu quc gia cng nhn vn n l hp ng nh sn 51. V d, Ta n
Qun Hoa K ti Qun ty Washington, trong Matsushita Electric Corporation
of America v SS Aegis Spirit, 52 c ni: "Mc d vn n kh l phng tin
thch hp cho s th hin nhng mc ch chung nh vy, bi v iu khon
hp ng ca h thng l sn phm ca nhng phc tho n phng ca
ngi vn chuyn kt hp cc quy nh ch yu l phc v li ch c nhn.
Trong mt trng hp gn y hn All Pacific Trading, Inc. v M / V Hanjin
Yosu53 ta n phn quyt: "Vn n l hp ng nh sn, thng c
ngi chuyn ch son tho, v do ngi chuyn ch s hiu r nht. Bt
k s khng r rng no trong vn n phi c gii thch theo yu cu ca
ngi gi hng v ngc li vi ngi chuyn ch. Thm ch mt s ta n
Canada cng coi vn n l hp ng nh sn. Trong Thyssen Canada
Limited v. Mariana Maritime54 ta n tuyn b : Phi tha nhn rng, mt

51 Cn lu rng mt s hc gi coi vn n nh mt hp ng mu. Xem William

Tetley, MARINE CARGO CLAIMS CH.9,5 ( ti bn ln th 4 nm 2008). Ngoi ra c
mt s hc gi li cho rng vn n l mt hp ng nh sn. Xem Noli C. Diaz,
TRANSPORTATION LAWS: NOTES AND CASES 412 (ti bn ln th 2 nm)
52 [1977] 1 Lloyd Rep.93 ti 100. Xem thm Mitsui & Co. Ltd. v. American Export
Lines, 636 F.2d 807 (sa i ln 2 1981) ti 822-823, trong cc ta n tuyn b
rng "S khng r rng trong vn vn n . (. SD Fla 1996) l hp ng nh sn
th s c ngi chuyn ch gii quyt... "Ngoi ra, trong Crowley American
Transport, Inc. v Richard Sewing Machine Corp 1997 AMC 1798 ti nm 1802, ta n
tuyn b: "cc iu khon v iu kin ca mt vn n c quy nh sn, v
l mt phn khng th thiu trong hp ng gia cc bn v khng th sa i.
53 7 F.3d 1427 ti 1431, 1994 ACM 365 ti 370 (9 Cir.1993), cert, b t chi, 510
U.S. 1194 (1994)
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NG BIN V HP NG THU TU CHUYN

vn n c th c xem nh mt hp ng nh sn (cn gi l "hp ng

mu") d n khng ph hp vi mt tho thun mua bn tiu chun.55
iu ny dn chng ta n lun im nu ta n khng coi vn n l hp
ng nh sn, m trong nhiu trng hp ch hng (ngi gi hng) v
ngi nhn hng s khng quen vi la chn ca php lut hoc ta n c
la chn bi ngi chuyn ch trong vn ti n. V d trong Wm. H. Muller &
Co. v. Swedish American Line 56, mt ngi nhn hng New York khi
kin ti Southern District ca New York cho bi thng thit hi i vi hng
ho chuyn ch trn mt con tu ca Thy in. Ngi chuyn ch Thy
in thm vo vn n mt iu khon nh sau mi khiu ni i vi
ngi vn chuyn pht sinh theo vn n ny s c quyt nh ... bi ta
n Thy in.57 Trong trng hp ny nu to n M p dng lut ca
Thu in , th mong mun p dng lut Hoa K ca ngi nhn hng s b
t chi, v ngi nhn hng cng khng hiu lut Thy in. iu ny dn
n nhng tranh lun rng trong nhiu trng hp p dng lut php chnh
xc trong hp ng s ch mang li li ch cho ngi vn chuyn 58. Nh vy,
trong nhiu trng hp, ch ngi chuyn ch, ch khng phi ngi gi
hng hay ngi nhn hng, mi c kh nng on trc c kt qu ca
54 SA [2000] 3 FC398 ti 412. 2001 ACM 769 ti 776 (Fed. CA, mi Robeston, JA),
n bc b khng co m khng c l do, ngy 09 thng 11 nm 2000, [2000] SCCA
s 257
55 Tuy nhin, Ta n Ti cao ca Canada ra quyt nh ca mnh trong ZI Pompey
Industries v. ECU-Line N.V. [2003] S.C.J. S 23 khng ch trng n vic xem xt
vn n l hp ng dnh sn, trong ni: "Chng ta cn ch hn trong vic la
chn cc iu khon bi vn n l mt quy tc chung, l mt hp ng nh sn, l
chng t khng co. iu ny khng c xy ra bt chp vic vn n thng
c ban hnh trn mu in sn.
56 224 F.2d 806 (2d Cir. 1995)
57 Id, ti 807
58 The Law of Liability for Maritime Accident in Indian, ca R. Bhanu Krishma Kiran.
38 J. MAR. L. & COM. 39, 61-65 (2007)
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NG BIN V HP NG THU TU CHUYN

nhng v kin tng. Kt qu, ngi chuyn ch s lun thm mt iu khon

v lut no hn l iu khon trong lut M trong vn n m bo
vic p dng iu khon hai tu m va cng c li, vi nhng li th cho h.
Tnh hung trn cng dn chng ta n lp lun rng trong vn n v hp
ng thu tu, to n lun lun xem xt tm quan trng ca mc ch ca
cc bn, khi mc ch c ghi trong hp ng thu tu, trong khi n
khng p dng v ghi trong vn n nh ni trn. Lin quan n vn
ny, n nhn c s khng nh trong tuyn b di y ca Gross J,
trong mt trng hp ti Anh, trong Siboti K / S v.BP France SA59
Mc d tm quan trng ca nhng suy xt trn nh l s chc chn m dn
n kt lun t c trong cc trng hp chung, cc nguyn tc trong
lnh vc ny l thc do hoc b sung to nn, chng khng c coi nh
cc o lut. Trong mi trng hp, Ta n ang tm kim xc nh nh
ca cc bn v, khi gii thch ngn ng th cn thit quan tm n bi
cnh c nhn v nn thng mi.

59 [2003] 2 Lloyds Rep. 364 ti 372.

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M VA NHAU CNG C LI TRONG VN N
NG BIN V HP NG THU TU CHUYN

Ta n Hoa K, nh ni trn, cho rng iu khon ny v hiu v n

phn nh 1 quy nh lut chung m ngi chuyn ch thng xuyn khng
th quy nh v min trch cho s sut ca chnh h hay ca bn i l ca
h60, gii quyt ri ro trn, Ta n ti cao Hoa K cho rng l nguy him
cng bng khi ch hng, ngi m c quyn min hi chiu theo lut nhm
phc hi ton b tn tht t tu khng chuyn ch, c th b buc t b mt
phn trong phc hi qu trnh chuyn ch bi s quy nh c i hi trong
Vn n ng bin. Thm na khng c g chng minh rng hoc hnh
ng cng rn hoc s chuyn ch hng ha bi hnh ng bin c thit
k thay i quy nh vn c thit k t lu i, ci m ton b gnh
nng tn tht gy ra bi c hai tu trong m va cng c li ny nhm
chia s. Th nhng mc ch duy nht ca vic yu cu abwst buc quy nh
trong vn n ng bin ny nhm cho php mt tu khng phi chu phn
chiu tn tht bng cch i mt phn trch nhim ny cho ch hng chuyn
ch trn tu Nu quy nh ny c thay i, Quc hi, ch khng phi
cc ch hng, nn thay i n61. Trong mt trng hp gn y hn, vi cng
cch tip cn62, Ta n t chi p dng th mt lut v iu khon ca an
Mch thm vo vn n ng bin v n ch a ra nhm t chi lut ca
Hoa k v cn tranh chp an Mch v hiu lc ca iu khon hai tu
m va nhau cng c li63.
Ni cch khc, trong American Union Transport Inc. v. USA 64, mt v d Hoa
K, Ta n tuyn b iu khon hai tu m va nhau cng c li trong
60 Xem trng hp ng Justice Black Hoa K United States v. Alantic Mutual
Insurance [1952] A.M.C 659 661. Ta n trong trng hp ny tuyn b rng
iu khon hai tu m va nhau cng c li l v hiu.
61 Id, 663-664.
62 The Frances Hammer [1975] 1 Lloyds Rep. 305.
63 Id, 307.
64 [1976] A.M.C. 1480. Cng xem The G.R. Gowe (1923) 296 Fed, Rep. 506.
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M VA NHAU CNG C LI TRONG VN N
NG BIN V HP NG THU TU CHUYN

mt hp ng thu tu chuyn l c hiu lc, trong hp ng m ch tu

cng chu phn trong quy nh phn chia tn tht. Ta n phn bit hp
ng thu tu chuyn v vn n ng bin, v cho rng trong hp ng
thu tu chuyn th min theo hp ng chuyn ch, bao gm min trch
do s sut tr phi cc quy nh ca hnh ng cng rn c xy dng mt
cch chnh xc trong tha thun ca ch hng hay vn n ng bin c
a ra ci khng chng minh l con tu l mt phng tin chuyn ch c
nhn65. Cc nghi ng chc hn pht sinh t tnh hiu lc ca iu khon Hai
tu m va nhau cng c li trong vn n ng bin, ci c ch ra
theo mt hp ng tu chuyn khi n c thng lng gia cc bn lin
quan hn l nhng ch tu. V th, php loi tr ng h cho cc bn trong
thu tu chuyn c th c bin h da trn linh vc m cc bn theo
cng hp ng vi cc iu v ngang bng quyn hn v khng yu cu
s bo v, bi v chuyn ch theo mt vn n ng bin l ging vi mt
hp ng giao kt, ci m ku gi s bo v ca ch hng t v tr ch yu
ca ngi chuyn ch.
H tr cho nhng l l trn y, cch thng thy nhm tit kim thi gian
v ti sn, ch hng thng nhn cc vn n ng bin theo mu t ngi
chuyn ch, ci m s c gi cho ngi nhn hng. Ngi chuyn ch
thng cung cp cc iu khon, iu kin trn vn n nh l iu khon
hai tu m va nhau cng c li, hay iu khon phm vi quyn hn ni rng
lut ca mt quc gia nht nh hay mt cng c quy nh hp ng, hay
ni rng tt c nhng hnh ng s c a ra ch trc Ta n ca mt
quc gia nht nh. Kt qu l, ngi chuyn ch thng thm cc iu
khon ny m khng trao i hay m phn chng vi ch hng. Do ,
nhiu ta n nhiu quc gia cng nhn vn n l hp ng nh sn 66. V
65 Id, 1482.
66 Cn lu rng mt s hc gi coi vn n nh mt hp ng mu. Xem William
Tetley, MARINE CARGO CLAIMS CH.9,5 ( ti bn ln th 4 nm 2008). Ngoi ra c
mt s hc gi li cho rng vn n l mt hp ng nh sn. Xem Noli C. Diaz,
TRANSPORTATION LAWS: NOTES AND CASES 412 (ti bn ln th 2 nm)
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HIU LC PHP L CA IU KHON HAI TU

M VA NHAU CNG C LI TRONG VN N
NG BIN V HP NG THU TU CHUYN

d, Ta n Qun Hoa K ti Western District ca Washington, trong

Matsushita Electric Corporation of America v SS Aegis Spirit, 67 c ni: "Vn ti
mc d, l chng t khng thch hp cho cc biu thc nh vy v nh ln
nhau, bi v iu khon hp ng ca h thng l sn phm ca thit k
my mc n phng ca ngi vn chuyn kt hp cc quy nh ch yu l
t phc v. Trong mt trng hp gn y hn All Pacific Trading, Inc. v M / V
Hanjin Yosu68 ta n phn quyt: "Vn n l hp ng nh sn, thng
c ngi chuyn ch son tho, v do ngi chuyn ch s hiu r
nht. Bt k s khng r rng no trong vn n phi c gii thch ph hp
vi li ch ca ngi gi hng v ngi chuyn ch. Thm ch mt s ta n
Canada cng coi vn n l hp ng nh sn. Trong Thyssen Canada
Limited v. Mariana Maritime69 ta n tuyn b : Phi tha nhn rng, mt
vn n c th c xem nh mt hp ng nh sn (cn gi l "hp ng
mu") d n khng ph hp vi mt tho thun mua bn tiu chun.70

67 [1977] 1 Lloyd Rep.93 ti 100. Xem thm Mitsui & Co. Ltd. v. American Export
Lines, 636 F.2d 807 (sa i ln 2 1981) ti 822-823, trong cc ta n tuyn b
rng "S khng r rng trong vn vn n . (. SD Fla 1996) l hp ng nh sn
th s c ngi chuyn ch gii quyt... "Ngoi ra, trong Crowley American
Transport, Inc. v Richard Sewing Machine Corp 1997 AMC 1798 ti nm 1802, ta n
tuyn b: "cc iu khon v iu kin ca mt vn n c quy nh sn, v
l mt phn khng th thiu trong hp ng gia cc bn v khng th sa i.
68 7 F.3d 1427 ti 1431, 1994 ACM 365 ti 370 (9 Cir.1993), cert, b t chi, 510
U.S. 1194 (1994)
69 SA [2000] 3 FC398 ti 412. 2001 ACM 769 ti 776 (Fed. CA, mi Robeston, JA),
n bc b khng co m khng c l do, ngy 09 thng 11 nm 2000, [2000] SCCA
s 257
70 Tuy nhin, Ta n Ti cao ca Canada ra quyt nh ca mnh trong ZI Pompey
Industries v. ECU-Line N.V. [2003] S.C.J. S 23 khng ch trng n vic xem xt
vn n l hp ng dnh sn, trong ni: "Chng ta cn ch hn trong vic la
chn cc iu khon bi vn n l mt quy tc chung, l mt hp ng nh sn, l
chng t khng co. iu ny khng c xy ra bt chp vic vn n thng
c ban hnh trn mu in sn.
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HIU LC PHP L CA IU KHON HAI TU

M VA NHAU CNG C LI TRONG VN N
NG BIN V HP NG THU TU CHUYN

iu ny dn chng ta n trng hp nu ta n khng coi vn n l hp

ng nh sn, m trong nhiu trng hp vn ngi thu tu (ngi gi
hng) v ngi nhn hng s khng c quen thuc vi s la chn ca
php lut hoc din n m c la chn bi cc tu sn bay trong vn
ti n. Trong Wm. H. Muller & Co. v. Swedish American Line 71, lyv d,
mt ngi nhn hng New York khi kin ti Southern District ca New
York phi bi thng thit hi i vi hng ho chuyn ch mt con tu ca
Thy in. Hng tu ca Thy in ghi vo vn n mt iu khon nh
sau "bt k khiu ni no ca ngi vn chuyn pht sinh theo vn n ny
s c phn quyt ... bi cc ta n Thy in. 72 Nu l to n ti M th
trong trng hp ny vn nn p dng lut ca Thu in , tuy nhin s dp
tt hy vng p dng lut Hoa K ca ngi nhn hng, hn na ngi nhn
hng cng khng hiu r lut Thy in. V th chng ta cho rng trong
nhng trng hp p dng lut php ph hp vi hp ng s ch mang li
li ch cho ngi vn chuyn73. Nh vy, trong nhiu trng hp, ch ngi
chuyn ch mi c kh nng d on trc c kt qu ca nhng v kin
tng, v vy ngi chuyn ch s lun thm mt iu khon m bo vic
p dng iu khon hai tu m va cng c li,
Tnh hnh trn cng dn chng ta lp lun rng trong vn n v hp ng
thu tu, to n lun lun xem xt tm quan trng ca mc ch ca cc
bn, khi mc ch c ghi trong hp ng thu tu, trong khi n khng
p dng v ghi trong vn n nh ni trn. Lin quan n vn ny,
n nhn c s khng nh trong tuyn b di y ca Gross J, trong
mt trng hp ti Anh, trong Siboti K / S v.BP France SA74
71 224 F.2d 806 (2d Cir. 1995)
72 Id, ti 807
73 The Law of Liability for Maritime Accident in Indian, ca R. Bhanu Krishma Kiran.
38 J. MAR. L. & COM. 39, 61-65 (2007)
74 [2003] 2 Lloyds Rep. 364 ti 372.
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HIU LC PHP L CA IU KHON HAI TU

M VA NHAU CNG C LI TRONG VN N
NG BIN V HP NG THU TU CHUYN

Mc d tm quan trng ca nhng cn nhc nh chc chn dn n kt

lun t c trong cc trng hp tng qut, cc nguyn tc trong lnh
vc ny l thc do hoc vin tr xy dng, h khng c i x nh cc
o lut. Trong mi trng hp, Ta n ang tm kim xc nh nh ca
cc bn v, khi construing ngn ng, n l cn thit c lin quan n bi
cnh c nhn v nn thng mi.

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HIU LC PHP L CA IU KHON HAI TU

M VA NHAU CNG C LI TRONG VN N
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PHN IV
KT LUN
Mc d cc ta n Hoa K khng chp nhn iu khon hai tu m va cng
c li, nhng iu khon ny vn c a vo p dng rng ri trong hu
ht cc vn n v hp ng thu tu, v c rt nhiu lut php nc
ngoi chp nhn. Do iu khon c p dng rng ri, nn nhiu hi P&I
(v cc cng ty bo him) yu cu bt buc phi thm iu khon ny
vo vn n v hp ng thu tu ca ch tu. Ngoi ra, vn n v hp
ng thu tu thng c k kt khkhng c lut s v th s cm thy an
ton nu thm iu khon ny vo - cch tip cn cng bit n khng lm
tn thng bao gm n.
iu khon hai tu m va cng c li khng c hiu lc theo lut hng hi
ca Hoa K c ngha l trong nhiu trng hp ngi chuyn ch phi ng
ph bo him cao hn, iu ny c th c phn nh trong mc ph vn
chuyn, cc cng ty bo him s phi tnh ton mc ph ring gp i cho
nhng ri ro tng t. Ri ro s c phn chia u bng vic hn ch bi
thng bng vic ngi thu tu mt phn phi cng bng v hp l ca s
mt mt c th c thc hin bng cch t php hn ch bi thng do ch
hng ha t phng tin khng c tu sn bay vi t l li ca cc tu khng
mang theo v cm khng mang t thm s tin ny bi thng thit hi
ca ring mnh. Tuy nhin, khi Quc hi tht bi trong vic lm cho lut php
Hoa K ph hp vi hu ht cc quc gia khc bng cch cng nhn Cng
c Collision Brussels nm 1910, cc ta n Hoa K nn ch i hnh ng
tip theo ca Quc hi ch khng phi bc b tin l trc .45
Lm th no Quy tc Rotterdam mi c thng qua trong bi cnh ny, khi
h n thng tin lc lng, vn cn c nhn thy.

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M VA NHAU CNG C LI TRONG VN N
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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Gii thc Lut thng mi Hng hi Nghin cu so snh ca Abdulqader
Oteir (1999)
2. Lut Hng Hi ca Adel Meqdahi (1999)
3. Vn n ng bin trong Lut Hng Hi M ca Amold W. Knauth ( ti
bn ln th 3 nm 1947)
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.

Khiu ni vn chuyn hng ha bng ng bin ca William

Tetley, (ti bn ln th 4 nm 2008)

23.
Khiu ni vn chuyn hng ha bng ng bin ca William
Tetley, (ti bn ln th 4 nm 2008)

c dch v hiu nh thng 11, nm 2014.

29