Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 2
Solutions
A homogenous mixture of 2 or more nonreacting components whose compositions can be
varied within certain limits.
Solute + Solvents = Solution
tertiary3 , Quartenary-4
Classification on the basis of physical state of solute & solvent: Nature of Solute
Nature of Solvent
Nature of solution
Solid
liquid
Gas
Solid
Liquid
Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Liquids
Liquids
Liquids
Gaseous solution
(solvent is gas)
Solid
liquids
Gas
Solid
Solid
Solid
Liquids solution
(solvent is in liquid state)
Solid solution
(solvent is in solid state)
GenextStudents
Example: -
1. Salt in water
2. Mixture of miscible liquids, milk or ethanol in water or petroleum,
3. Soda, aerated drinks ( 2 + water)
Example: -
Qualitative
Concentration
(Solvent is in excess)
Quantitative
Dilute
(Solute is in trace amt)
Units for expressing the Concentration of Solution: 1. Mass% It is defined as the number of parts by mass of 1 component per 100 parts
the mass of solution.
Mass of Component A =
GenextStudents
100
2
Volume % of A =
100
Volume % of B =
100
3. Parts per million (ppm): The number of parts by mass or by volume of one
component per million parts by mass or volume of the solution.
Ppm = 106
Ppm =
106
4. Molarity M: It is the number of moles of solute dissolved per liter of the solution.
M =
()
B Solute
A solvent
M = =
( )
= ( )
1000
Of solute
1000
= (/)
Units mol / kg
Q.
100 =
1000
Out of molarity & molality which one is the better unit for expressing the concentration
of the solution & why?
GenextStudents
Ans.
6. Normality (N): Number of grams equivalent of a solute dissolved per litre of solution.
N=
=
=
=
= 1000
1000 ( )
1000
neq B =
EB = ( )
=
=
+ = 1 + + + = 1
GenextStudents
Ans.
Number of moles = =
M=8
1
8
Q.
Ans.
1000
40
450
= 18
450 (1000)
1000
450
= .278 mol / L
Number of moles =
= 20 / 62 = .322g
2 6 2 = 12 2 + 1 6 + 2 16
= 24 + 6 + 32
= 30 + 32 = 62 g.
.322
= + .322
= 4.44+.322 = .94
GenextStudents
SOLUBITY
The amount of solute present in grams in 100g of solvent in a saturated solution.
Solution can be aqueous or nonaqueous Solubility of solids in liquids.
Factor affecting solubility: 1. Nature of the solute & the solvent :
A polar solute dissolves in polar solvent while a non polar solute dissolves in non polar
solvent.
Exception: sugar, glucose etc (nonpolar) are soluble in water in water, due to the
formation of hydrogen bonds with water.
2. Temperature: for endothermic reactions, the solubility increases with the rise in
temperature. Example: -KCl, 3 , but for exothermic reactions the solubility
increases with the rise in temperature. Ex: NaOH,2 3 2.
2 () + 2 2 () + ()
Lechatliers principle
GenextStudents
According to Henry
Henrys Constant
Partial
pressure
More fractions
1. Higher the value of of a gas lesser would be its solubility in a given solvent.
2 .
+ 2 2
4. At high attitudes the partial pressure of 2 is less due to which its concentration in air is
less, & to overcome the mountaineer carry oxygen cylinders in order to compensate the
2 dificiency.
Volatile .
Temperature , . . . .
Vapour
pressure
of
components A
Partial pressure
of component A
in its pure form.
Mole frication
= 0
= 0
= +
= 0 + 0
+ = 1
, = 1
So, = 1
0 + 0 (1 )
= 0 + 0 0
0 + 0 0
0 + (0 0 )
= 0 (1 ) + 0
= 0 0 + 0
= 0 + ( + 0 )
GenextStudents
= 0 + ( 0 0 )
Discuss why the vapour pressure of the solvent containing a non volatile solute is
always less than of pure solvent.
Like water > sucrose solution.
Bell jar
Vapours
Surface of liquid
(water)
Water (Pure
solvent)
Vapours
Bell jar
Sucrose solution
Here some surface is occupied by solute &vapous formed are only of solvent.
GenextStudents
10
Ans.
This is because in case of a solution containing a non- volatile solute, some of the
surface is occupied by non-volatile solute particles , due to which the surface area for
evaporation of the solvent particles decrease . thereby decreasing the concentration of
the vapors formed & thus the vapour pressure .
i.e, PA <0
A =solvent water
B = Solute.
So, here (i) no solute
So, =
= 0 .
3. = 0 (neighter
exothermic & endo
thermic)
GenextStudents
AA / BB AB,
AA / BB > A - B
AA / BB < A B
> 0 (endothermic)
< 0 (exothermic)
11
4. = 0( = )
> 0 ( > )
< ( < )
> 0
A > 2 5 , B
> + , A A / B B > A B,
For
3 3
+ 3, AA/ BB < AB
Vapour
pressure
= +
= 0
= 0
= 1
= 0
GenextStudents
Mole fraction
A-A/B-B> A-B
= 0
= 1
12
For + deviation: -
Vapour
pressure
= +
Vapour
pressure
For deviation: - . ..
= +
Vapour
pressure
= +
Pure component
GenextStudents
Mole fraction
A-A / B-B < A-B
V.P. decreases
13
Structure line ()
(Pure liquid A) when = 1
= 0 . = 0 , = 0 . = 0
Structure line ()
(Pure liquid B,
= 1
, = 0)
Liquid B absent, = 0 = 0
Structure line ()
= +
= 0 + 0 .
When = 1 ,
= 0 , =
= 0 , = 0
, ,
= 0 .
GenextStudents
14
+ = 1 , = 1
= 0 (1 )
=
1
0
, =
= 0
=
2. Elevation in B.P.:
V. P.
Pure Solvent
Solution
Temperature
GenextStudents
15
= 0
As 0 > , > 0
= 0
M = molality
m =
m =
MB =
1000
1000
=
=
1000
1000
Q.
Ans.
MB =
.52 12.51000100
.52 .01
GenextStudents
175.70
16
=.0052 104
= 52.0000
Solid State
Solution
V. P.
Temperature
Freezing Point:
It is the point / temperature at which both the solid & liquid states of a substances co
exist at equation and have same vapour pressure.
The freezing point of a solution containing a nonvolatile solute is lower than that of pure
solvent. This is because a solvent containing a non volatile solute will have lower vapour
pressure than that of pure solvent. Thus at lower temperature the solid & liquid `state of
the solution would have same vapour pressure due to which there is a depression in its
freezing point.
= 0
17
= 1000
1000
=
Q.
1000
1000
Ans.
1.86.671000
.813 21.7
100
= .31 5.1
63.4
Osmotic Pressure :
Two phenomenas
Diffusion
Osmosis
Osmosis
..
18
The spontaneous movement of the solvent molecules either from pure solvent into solution
or form a dilute solution to a concentration solution through a semi permeable membrane
( membrane allowing the passage of only the solvent particles & not the solute particles.
SPM
Egg
Low
Egg
Hypo
tonic
high
solvent concentration
Water
Swells
endosmosis
Hyper tonic
Shrink exosmosis
Rise in level
GenextStudents
S. P. M
19
SPM
Piston
Solution
Solvent
2 Compartments
As per osmosis, the movement should be form solvent solution but due to ext. pressure
osmotic pressure is stopped.
The Ext. pressure that has to be applied on the solution side to prevent the osmosis of the
solute into it, through a S.P.M is termed as osmotic pressure ()
Reverse Osmosis (RO): If external pressure then the osmotic pressure is applied on the solution side, the solvent
will start flowing from the solution into the pure solvent , (the process of osmoses is reverse
osmosis and its important application is desalination of sea water.
Vant Hoff Low:
C concentration in moles / L
Osmotic pressure
GenextStudents
20
Gas constant
temperature in K.
=
As C=
And nB =
=
MB =
.
.
i= .
NaCl + +
O
3
GenextStudents
O
O
21
Value of
Mobs = M normal
Example:
4 [()6 ] 4 + + [()]4
=5
2 +2 + 2
=3
& . =
For Dissociation: Let the number of moles of ions formed be n where n is the number opt ions & is the degree
of dissociation & let the number of moles of electrolyte left under associated be (1)
GenextStudents
22
NaCl + +
1
=0
= (1 )
=
1+
1
1 = (n1)
1 = (n1)
=
t =0
t=t
=
(A) n
0
/n
1+/
GenextStudents
1
1
23