Professional Documents
Culture Documents
http://www.lifesciencesite.com
1. Introduction
A large proportion of hydrocarbons in the
Middle East are contained in supergiant carbonate
reservoirs, that cover about fifteen percent of the
world's oil reserve. When reservoirs in the other
regions are depleted this ratio will rise and the giant
carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East will become
the main source to provide oil and gas for the whole
world (Roy Naomi and Eric Standen, 1997).
Carbonate reservoirs in the Middle East are very
heterogeneous in terms of rock types. Therefore the
reservoir should be split into layers on the basis of the
dominant rock type in order to define average values
and trends of petrophyaical parameters in the reservoir
rock. The cementation factor(m) is one of these
parameters. Layering can be defined on the basis of
cores and /or logs, which should be integrated with
detailed geologic field model that allows layers and
rock types to be identified by log data correlations
calibrated with cores data analysis (Focke J.W. and
Munn M.,1987).
Determination of Archie's parameters a, m and n,
among the most uncertain parameters of conventional
interpretation is sometimes wrong because of the
erroneous porosity conversions and inaccurate water
saturation exponent. Such uncertainty always induces
a considerable effect on the values of hydrocarbon
saturation. (Hartmann Dan J. and Beaumont Edward
A,1999).
Sw n
2451
a.Rw
.....(1)
m Rt
http://www.lifesciencesite.com
RO FRW ........(2)
Archie then stated that the formation factor(F) is
a function of formation type and porosity. This basic
relationship works as a method to classify sand
formations:
1
........(3)
m
2452
http://www.lifesciencesite.com
F
Table (1) Ranges for the cementation factor(m)
Author
Archie(1942)
Pirson (1947)
Williams (1950)
Wyllie.(1950)
Winsauer.(1952)
Keller G.V (1953)
Clavier.(1977)
Waxman et al.
(1974)
Ramson. (1984)
Aldoleimi et
al.(1989)
Maute, R.E. et
al.(1992)
Hartmann et
al.(1999)
Hamada G.M
(2001)
Restrictions
Consolidated sandstone.
Clean unconsolidated sands
packed in lab.
theoretically and corresponds to
grains that have a spherical shape
Woodbine sand in the Hawkins
field.
Moderate clean sand cores.
Mathematically
In practice
Measurements in many
sandstones
Oil-wet core sands
Clay-corrected
Non-clay
m is independent of shaliness
Fractures, 100 % fracture
porosity.
Spheres
Irregular grain shapes, crystals
and discontinuities
Carbonate reservoir using logs,
assume a=1
Sandstone African cores: clean,
high porosity. Conventional
method
Core Archie-parameter
Estimation(CAPE) method
Shaly sandstones
Clean Sandstone
a
.....(.4)
m
mRange
1.8-2.0
> 1.3
1.3
RO
2.7
Le
L
RW
....(.5)
AC
AC
then;
1.0 -
1.3
3.0
2.15
Le
R w RO
L .....(.6)
1.5 11.7
1.4
1.4
1.8 2.1
1.89
2.13
1.0
Le
RO
a 0.5
F
L
.....(.7)
RW
1.3
L
a e
L
Where,
=Tortuosity.
Equation (2) and equation(7):
>1.3
Combining
Ln 0.5
a
m
.....(.8)
Ln
< 1.3
1.81
2.00
1.79
1.81
2.0
F .R
Rt n w
Sw
and
a
m
2453
LogaR
LogRt
Log
W
.......(.
http://www.lifesciencesite.com
......( 10 )
11 )
m 1.87
0.019
.....(18)
mEPT ):
log a
......(12)
log x
following equations:
a 0.9m1.33 ........(20)
2454
1
.....(22)
0.36 0.08 ln
http://www.lifesciencesite.com
a
Kt S
Pd
........(25)
Kt s 0.5 Pd
Ln
m
Ln
......(26)
1
......(27)
K C
1
2 2 m
Sw
Pc F
Where: m=cementation factor,Pc=capillary pressure
C 21.2
2.48 0.048
.....(23)
0.01
m 1.28
2.52 0.045
.....(24)
0.001
2
.....(28)
2 log( K )
2455
http://www.lifesciencesite.com
m
K
a
t p
1
.....(29)
2
1 Swi
matrix.
The compressional velocity and shear wave
velocity are calculated by the following
equation(Wafa Al-Kattan and N. Jasim AlAmeri,2012):
Vp
10 6
VS
.....(35)
t S
k c m Rp 2 .....( 30 )
From median effective pore-throat radius data, it
has been found that the constant(c), is equal to 32.65,
therefore equation(30) becomes:
k 32.65 m Rp 2 .....( 31 )
The value of m is assumed to be constant.This
may reduce the accuracy of results. Table (3) shows
the major correlations,that related permeability with
cementation exponen
Table (3): Major correlations between m and K
Author
Formula
m-value
0 .5
Rose
variable
Kt s Pd
Ln
Bruce
(1949)
m
Ln
Wyllie.
constant
K C
(1950)
2 2 1
Pc F
Clemenca
u, J.(1977)
m 1.28
Sw
2
2 log( K )
variable
Gomez
(1977)
m 1
K
a 1 Swi 2
constant
Hagiwara
(1984)
k c m Rp 2
constant
106
.....(34)
t p
V p 3.2602Fm
Vs 1.7812 Fm
0.0823
0.0852
......(38)
......(39)
Where:
Fm
t p (t f t m ) t m .....( 32)
t S ( t f t m ) t m .....( 33)
m m
2456
VS
m = matrix porosity,.
http://www.lifesciencesite.com
Acknowledgements:
The authors would like to thank the Ministry of
Higher Education (MOHE) in Iraq for providing
a.research grant and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
(UTM) for supporting a research Assistantship
Corresponding Author:
Mr. Fadhil Sarhan Kadhim
Department of Petroleum Engineering,
Faculty of Petroleum and renewable Energy,
University Teknoloy Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor,
Malaysia.
E-mail: fadhilkadhim47@yahoo.com
skfadhil2@live.utm.my
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
2457
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
http://www.lifesciencesite.com
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
11/12/2013
2458