PETR 5308
Pressure Transient Analysis
GL_5
Recall: The infinite reservoir solution
Solution in Dimensionless form
rD 2
PD 0.5Ei
4t D
Solution in field units
P(r , t ) Pi 70.6
qB 948ct r
Ei
kh
kt
rD
r
rw
tD
0.0002637 kt
crw 2
PD
0.00708khPi P
qB
If the reservoir is ideal (S=0) and the log approximation is valid:
2
70.6qB 1688ct rw
Pi Pwf
ln
kh
kt
2
70.6qB ln(10) 1688ct rw
Pi Pwf
log
kh
kt
That means:
For
948ct r 2
0.02
kt
Because:
Or also
ln X ln 10* log X
1688ct rw 2
162.6qB
Pi Pwf
log
kh
kt
Formation damage
Infinite reservoir solution
Infinite reservoir solution
Representation of formation
damage in a vertical well
Formation damage
Infinite reservoir solution
Representation of formation damage in a vertical well
Formation damage and skin
Damaged zone representation
Formation damage and skin
Damaged zone representation
Skin factor
Hawkins Model
qB
Ps 70.6
2S
kh
Ps 141.2
Or
k
rs
S 1 ln
k s rw
qB
S
kh
For ks<k
S >0 Damage
For ks>k
S <0
Stimulation
Example
k = 10 md
rw= 0.33 ft
In this case:
and:
or:
and:
ks= 4 md
rs= 10 ft
q = 200 stb/d
B = 1.26
10 10
S 1 ln
4
0.33
Ps 2 * 70.6
200 *1.26 *1.5
* 5.12
10 *100
Ps 136.5
psi
h = 100 ft
= 1.5 cp
or: S 5.12
Infinite reservoir solution
Representation of formation damage in a vertical well
2
70.6qB 948ct rw
Ps
Pi Pwf
Ei
kh
kt
2
rs
70.6qB 948ct rw 70.6qB k
Pi Pwf
Ei
2 1 ln
kh
kt
kh
k s rw s
2
rs
70.6qB 948ct rw k
Pi Pwf
2 1 ln
Ei
kh
kt
k s rw
Or:
Or:
Drawdown equation with Skin
For
948ct rw
kt
<0.02
70.6qB 1688ct rw
2S
Pi Pwf
ln
kh
kt
Recall: the skin S is:
k
rs
S 1 ln
k s rw
And the pressure drop related to this skin S, is:
qB
Ps 70.6
2S
kh
damage and skin
Ps 70.6
qB
2S
kh
k
rs
S 1 ln
k s rw
Bounded Reservoirs
Bounded Cylindrical Reservoir solution with Bessel term:
Or:
qB 2t D
3
2 ln reD
P(rw , t ) Pi 141.2
kh reD
4
with
When t is large
Is negligible and we will have:
qB 2t D
3
2 ln reD
P(rw , t ) Pi 141.2
kh reD
4
Different flow regimes
Drawdown equation for an ideal reservoir S=0
Assuming t very large
re 3
qB 0.000527kt
Pwf Pi 141.2
ln
2
kh ct re
rw 4
rD
r
rw
tD
0.0002637 kt
crw 2
PD
0.00708khPi P
qB
0.0744qB
qB re 3
Pwf Pi
ln E1
Or:
t 141.2
2
kh rw 4
ct re h
0
.
0744
qB
qB re 3
Pwf Pi
t 141.2
ln
kh rw 4
V p
ct
After deriving with respect to t
P(rw , t )
0.0744qB
t
ctV p
Or:
P(rw , t )
0.234qB
t
ctV p
P(rw , t )
0.234qB
t
ctVP
Where VP is the Pore volume.
This expression of the slope shows that the rate of pressure
decline is proportional to q and inversely proportional to the
pore volume Vp
After extending a drawdown test, the slope can be estimated
from the plot Pwf vs t and therefore, Vp can be estimated.
Notice:
This can be used as a reservoir limit test
Drawdown period
Different flow regimes
Also, since we have:
VP
c
~
VP ( Pi P )
~
Where P the is average pressure
~ VP 5.615qB(t / 24)
Pi P
2
ctVP
ctre h
or
~ 0.0744qBt
Pi P
2
ct re h
Recalling the draw down equation derived previously E1
0.0744qB
qB re 3
Pwf Pi
ln
t 141.2
2
kh rw 4
ct re h
E1
0.0744qBt
Replacing :
2
ct re h
We obtain :
In E1 by
qB re 3
~
Pwf Pi Pi P 141.2
ln
kh rw 4
~
Pi P
Or:
qB re 3
~
P Pwf 141.2
ln
kh rw 4
In the case of skin damage, this equation can be written:
qB re 3
~
S
P Pwf 141.2
ln
kh rw 4
~
P
Is the average pressure and
is the skin damage
The equation with the skin damage:
qB re 3
~
P Pwf 141.2
ln S
kh rw 4
Can be also written as:
qB re 3
~
P Pwf 141.2
ln
k j h rw 4
kj is an average permeability of the damaged reservoir
After combining, we obtain:
re 3
ln
r 4
kj
w
k re 3
ln S
r 4
Or:
re 3
ln
r 4
w
kj k
re 3
ln S
r 4
Recall
The Productivity Index PI for a bounded circular reservoir
q
PI ~
P Pwf
stb / d
PI
psi
From previous relation, we have:
PI
k jh
re 3
141.2 B ln
rw 4
or
~
P
Is the average pressure and
Pwf
Is the flowing pressure
PI
kh
re 3
141.2 B ln S
rw 4
Bounded Reservoirs with a given shape
In a bounded Reservoir with other non-circular shape , we have:
141.2 Bq 1 10.06 A 3
~
S
P Pwf
ln
2
4
2
kh
C
r
Aw
The productivity index J can be written as:
q
J ~
P Pwf
or:
A Drainage Area sq ft
CA Shape Factor
q
J ~
P Pwf
0.00708kh
1 10.06 A 3
S
B ln
2
4
2
C
r
A
w
Bounded Reservoirs
Example of Shape Factors:
For a circle with the well centered in the middle:
CA = 31.62
Notice
= (31.62/10.06)
A= re2
Bounded Reservoirs
Example of Shape Factors:
For a square with the well centered in the middle:
CA = 30.8828
For a Triangle:
CA = 27.6
Bounded Reservoirs
Example of Shape Factors:
For a square with a well off center - located in just one quarter of
the square:
CA = 4.5132
For a rectangle 2/1 and similar situation:
CA = 2.0769
Bounded reservoirs
Bounded reservoirs
Maximum time a reservoir is infinite acting
ct At DA
0.000264kt
Or
t
Since: t DA
0.000264k
ct A
Upper limit of time
We can use the infinite system solution with less than 1%
error as long as t is smaller than an upper limit of time.
t<
ct At DA
0.000264k
tDA is given in the tables
Time required for the PSS solution to be accurate within 1%
t>
ct At DA
0.000264k
Meaning of this lower limit of time
The Pseudo Steady State solution (PSS) is accurate within
1% as long as t verifies the inequality above
tDA is given in the tables
Example
Bounded reservoir
h
Pav
Pwf
re
rw
q
ct
B
10 ft
2000 psia
1500 psia
1000 ft
0.25 ft
100 stb/d
0.5 cp
0.000072 1/psia
1.5 Rb/stb
Productivity Index
q
100
PI
Pav Pwf 2000 1500
stb / d
PI 0.2
psi
Bounded reservoirs
qB re 3
k j 141.2
ln
hP rw 4
100 *1.5 * 0.5 1000 3
ln
k j 141.2
10(2000 1500) 0.25 4
k j 16md
If the estimation of k is k=25 md. How do you estimate S:
we have seen that:
re 3
ln
rw 4
k j k
r
3
ln e S
r 4
or
re 3
re 3
k j ln S k ln
rw 4
rw 4
kj
re 3 k j
ln
r
4
w
k
re 3
S ln
r
4
or
Or also
kj
re 3 k j
S ln
r
4
re 3
ln
rw 4
or
kj
re 3 k j
S ln 1
r
4
k
Or also
re 3 k
S ln 1
k
r
4
w
j
1000 3 25
S ln
1
0.25 4 16
Or also
S 4.24
This shows that this well is damaged.
Questions:
What is the difference between kj and ks
What is rs
Can we find rs for instance
Flow equations for generalized reservoir geometry
qB 1 10.06 A 3
~
P Pwf 141.2
ln
kh 2 C A rw 2 4
where:
A
Drainage area sq ft
CA
Shape factor
PI
0.00708kh
1 10.06 A 3
S
B ln
2
4
2
C
r
Aw
Application: Flow equations for generalized geometry
In the previous example:
The PI equation is:
PI
0.00708kh
1 10.06 A 3
S
B ln
2
4
2
C
r
Aw
For instance, for a bounded circular reservoir:
A
CA
*(re)2 Drainage area in sq ft
31.62
Example Bounded reservoir with a square shape
h
Pav
Pwf
re
rw
q
ct
B
10 ft
2000 psia
1500 psia
1000 ft
0.25 ft
100 stb/d
0.5 cp
0.000072 1/psia
1.5 Rb/stb
A *(1000)2
CA 30.8828
In this case, We will have:
A
CA
rw
3,141,500 sq ft
30.88
0.25ft
PI equation case of bounded reservoir with a given shape:
PI
0.00708kh
1 10.06 A 3
S
B ln
2
4
2
C
r
Aw
We will have:
Applying the PI equation with skin:
PI
0.00708 * 25 *10
1 10.06 * 3.14 *106 3
4.24
1.5 * .5 ln
2
2 30.8828 * (.25) 4
We get:
stb / d
PI 0.2
psi
This shows that a reservoir with a square shape behaves almost like a
circular reservoir
Another example:
Bounded reservoir with a square shape and a well in the first quarter of
the square
h
Pav
Pwf
re
rw
q
ct
B
10 ft
2000 psia
1500 psia
1000 ft
0.25 ft
100 stb/d
0.5 cp
0.000072 1/psia
1.5 Rb/stb
A *(1000)2
CA 4.5132
Applying the PI equation with skin:
PI
0.00708 * 25 *10
1 10.06 * 3.14 *106 3
4.24
1.5 * .5 ln
2
2 4.5132 * (.25) 4
We get:
stb / d
PI 0.185
psi
This shows that a reservoir with a square shape and a well in the first
quarter behaves slightly differently from a centered circular reservoir
