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 Learning Objectives

Having worked through this the students will be

able to:
1: Examples of Solution of Diffusivity Equation
Case (a): The Infinite Acting System(Infinite Acting Reservoir)
Case (b): The Closed Boundary System(Bounded Reservoir)
Case (c): Constant Pressure at the Outer Boundary
2 Skin Factor

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 Applications the Solutions of the Diffusivity Equation in Vertical Wells:

Case (a): The Infinite Acting System(Infinite Acting Reservoir)

𝑞×𝜇×𝐵 𝜑 × 𝜇 × 𝑐𝑡 × 𝑟 2
𝑃 𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑃𝑖 + 70.6 𝐸𝑖 −
𝑘×ℎ 0.00105 × 𝑘 × 𝑡

𝜑×𝜇×𝑐𝑡 ×𝑟 2
x=
0.00105×𝑘×𝑡

for x< 0.01

𝑞×𝜇×𝐵 𝑘×𝑡
𝑃(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑃𝑖 − 162.6 log − 3.23
𝑘ℎ 𝜑 × 𝜇 × 𝑐𝑡 × 𝑟 2
 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2
X = 0.00105𝑘𝑡
for x greater than 0.01
𝑞𝜇𝐵 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2
𝑃 𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑃𝑖 + 70.6 𝐸 −
𝑘ℎ 𝑖 0.00105𝑘𝑡

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 Case (b): The Closed Boundary System(Bounded Reservoir):

1. Transient Period,

𝑘×𝑡
≤ 948
𝜑×𝜇×𝑐𝑡× 𝑟𝑒2

𝑞×𝜇×𝐵 𝑘×𝑡
𝑃(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑃𝑖 − 162.6 log − 3.23
𝑘ℎ 𝜑 × 𝜇 × 𝑐𝑡 × 𝑟 2

2.Pseudo (Semi) steady state period,

𝑘×𝑡
2 > 948
𝜑 × 𝜇 × 𝑐𝑡× 𝑟𝑒

𝑞𝜇𝐵 2 0.000264 𝑘𝑡 𝑟𝑒 3
𝑃 𝑟.𝑡 = 𝑃𝑖 − 141.2 2 + 𝑙𝑛 −
𝑘ℎ 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒 𝑟 4

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 Case (c): Constant Pressure at the Outer Boundary:
𝑘×𝑡
1:Transient Period, ≤ 948
𝜑×𝜇×𝑐𝑡× 𝑟𝑒2
𝑞×𝜇×𝐵 𝑘×𝑡
𝑃(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑃𝑖 − 162.6 log − 3.23
𝑘ℎ 𝜑 × 𝜇 × 𝑐𝑡 × 𝑟 2

𝑘×𝑡
2: Transitional (Late Transient) Period: 948 ≤ ≤ 3800
𝜑×𝜇×𝑐𝑡× 𝑟𝑒2

Type curves analysis, or trial and error procedures, are required to analyze the pressure
behavior during this period.

𝑘×𝑡
3 : Steady State Period, ≥ 3800
𝜑×𝜇×𝑐𝑡× 𝑟𝑒2
𝑞𝜇𝐵 𝑟𝑒
𝑃 𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑃𝑖 − 141.2 × 𝑙𝑛
𝑘ℎ 𝑟
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Example 1.
An oil well has flowed for 30days at flow rate of 780 STB/day.The reservoir has the
following rock and fluid properties:
Flow rate Q 780 B/d
Reservoir pressure pi 2850 psi
Reservoir thickness h 58 ft
Reservoir permeability K 178 md
Oil viscosity µ 1.35 cp
formation porosity Ø 15%
Oil Formation Volume Factor, Bo 1.29 bbl/STB
Oil compressibility ct 22×10−6 psi−1
Drainage Radius, re 1600 ft
Well Radius, rw 3.5 in

(1) assuming infinite acting system, Calculate the bottom hole flowing pressure and
pressure at distance 100ft away from the wellbore .

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 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2
X= 0.00105𝑘𝑡

3.5 2
0.15 ×1.35×22×10−6 × 12
X=
0.00105×178×30×24

X =2.82×10−9

x< 0.01

𝑞×𝜇×𝐵 𝑘×𝑡
𝑃(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑃𝑖 − 162.6 log − 3.23
𝑘ℎ 𝜑 × 𝜇 × 𝑐𝑡 × 𝑟 2

780 × 1.35 × 1.29 178 × 30 × 24

𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 2850 − 162.6 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 − 3.23
178 × 58 3.5
0.15 × 1.35 × 22 × 10−6 ×
12

𝑃𝑤𝑓 =2672.5 psi

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 Solution

𝑃 𝑟 = 1000𝑓𝑡, 𝑡 = 30 × 24 =?

𝜑×𝜇×𝑐𝑡 ×𝑟 2
X= 0.00105𝑘×𝑡

0.15 ×1.35×22×10−6 × 1000 2

X= = 0.033
0.00105×178×30×24

Use the exponential logarithmic

chart and use the exponential
equation.
𝐸𝑖 (−0.33)

From chart reading @ −𝐸𝑖 −0.033 =2.88

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 𝑞×𝜇×𝐵 𝜑 × 𝜇 × 𝑐𝑡 × 𝑟 2
𝑃 𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑃𝑖 + 70.6 𝐸𝑖 −
𝑘×ℎ 0.00105 × 𝑘 × 𝑡

780 × 1.35 × 1.29

𝑃 𝑟 = 1000𝑓𝑡, 𝑡 = 30 × 24 = 2850𝑖 − 70.6 2.88
178 × 58

𝑃 𝑟 = 1000𝑓𝑡, 𝑡 = 30 × 24 = 2823.2𝑝𝑠𝑖

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 Solution

2 : Assuming Closed Boundary System ,calculate the Pwf at re=1600ft

𝑘×𝑡
𝜑 × 𝜇 × 𝑐𝑡× 𝑟𝑒2
178×24×30
=11237.4
0.15×1.35×22×10−6 ×16002

11237.4 > 948

It is pseudo (semi-steady state period)

𝑞𝜇𝐵 2 0.000264 𝑘 × 𝑡 𝑟𝑒 3
𝑃 𝑟.𝑡 = 𝑃𝑖 − 141.2 + 𝑙𝑛 −
𝑘ℎ 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟𝑒2 𝑟 4

780 × 1.35 × 1.29 2 0.000264 178 × 30 × 24 1600 3

𝑃 = 2850 − 141.2 + 𝑙𝑛 ( −
𝑟=1600.𝑡=720
178 × 58 0.15 × 1.35 × 22 × 10−6 × 16002 3.5 ൱ 4
12

𝑃 𝑟=1600.𝑡=720 = 2579.7𝑝𝑠𝑖

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3:assuming Constant Pressure at the Outer Boundary ,calculate the Pwf at
re=1600ft
178×24×30
= 11237.4
0.15×1.35×22×10−6 ×16002

11237.4 > 3800

𝑘×𝑡
Steady State Period, ≥ 3800
𝜑×𝜇×𝑐𝑡× 𝑟𝑒2
𝑞𝜇𝐵 𝑟𝑒
𝑃 𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑃𝑖 − 141.2 × 𝑙𝑛
𝑘ℎ 𝑟
𝑞𝜇𝐵 𝑟𝑒
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 𝑃𝑖 − 141.2 × 𝑙𝑛
𝑘ℎ 𝑟𝑤
780 × 1.35 × 1.29 1600
𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 2850 − 141.2 × × 𝑙𝑛
178 × 58 0.292

𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 2690psi

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 Example 2.

Flow rate Q 110 B/d

Reservoir pressure pi 2800 psi
Reservoir thickness h 80 ft
Reservoir permeability K 75 md
Oil viscosity µ 1.3 cp
formation porosity Ø 18%
Oil Formation Volume Factor, Bo 1.25 bbl/STB
Oil compressibility ct 1.62×10−5 psi−1
Drainage Radius, re 3500 ft
Well Radius, rw 0.333 in

(1) assuming infinite acting system, Calculate the bottom hole flowing pressure after
30days of production.

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 𝜑𝜇𝑐𝑡 𝑟 2
X= 0.00105𝑘𝑡

0.18 ×1.3×1.62×10−5 × 0.333 2

X=
0.00105×75×30×24

X =7.38×10−9

x< 0.01

𝑞×𝜇×𝐵 𝑘×𝑡
𝑃(𝑟, 𝑡) = 𝑃𝑖 − 162.6 log − 3.23
𝑘ℎ 𝜑 × 𝜇 × 𝑐𝑡 × 𝑟 2

110 × 1.3 × 1.25 75 × 30 × 24

𝑃𝑤𝑓 = 2850 − 162.6 𝑙𝑜𝑔 − 3.23
75 × 80 0.18 × 1.3 × 1.62 × 10−5 × 0.333 2

𝑃𝑤𝑓 =2746 psi

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 0.18 ×1.3×1.62×10−5 ×50002
X= = 1.6638
0.00105×75×30×24

𝑞×𝜇×𝐵 𝜑 × 𝜇 × 𝑐𝑡 × 𝑟 2
𝑃 𝑟 𝑡 = 𝑃𝑖 + 70.6 𝐸𝑖 −
𝑘×ℎ 0.00105 × 𝑘 × 𝑡

𝑃 𝑟 𝑡 = 2799.8psi

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 Skin Factor
Skin is a term used to reflect the existence of damage and the degree of damage
severity or the improvement of production by stimulation and refers to a region near the
wellbore of improved or reduced permeability compared to the bulk formation
permeability.
▪ Damage (+S):
Signifies extra pressure drop required at the sandface due to:
• Perforating damage.
• • Fines migration after long term production.
• Non-darcy flow (predominantly gas well).

▪ Stimulation (-S):
Signifies less pressure drop required at the sandface due to:
• Acidizing.
• Hydraulic fracturing.
1.7.1 The Pressure Drop Caused by the Skin (∆Ps):

The ∆Ps can be calculated by using the equation:

qµBo
∆Ps = 141.2 S
Kh

The value of skin can be determined by the equation:

K rs
S=( − 1) ln
Ks rw

Where:

KS: the permeability of the skin zone.

rS: the radios of the skin zone.

The type of the skin determines the sign of the ∆Ps:

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 𝑘 𝑟𝑠
𝑠= − 1 . 𝑙𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝑠 𝑟𝑤

𝑘/𝑘𝑠 , ratio of the original formation permeability to skin region permeability

𝑟𝑠 /𝑟𝑤 , ratio of the region radius to the well bore radius

S > 0 → Damaged ∴ks < k.

S < 0 → Stimulated ∴ks > k.
S = 0 → Undamaged ∴ks = k.
Example:
rs=2ft, K=180md, rw= 0.292ft, S=3
calculate Ks 𝑘 𝑟𝑠
𝑠= − 1 . 𝑙𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝑠 𝑟𝑤
180 2
3= − 1 . 𝑙𝑖𝑛
𝑘𝑠 0.292
180
3= − 1 . 1.924
𝑘𝑠
3 180
= −1
1.924 𝑘𝑠
180
1.559 + 1 =
𝑘𝑠
180
2.559 =
𝑘𝑠
180
𝑘𝑠 =
2.559
𝑘𝑠 = 70.33𝑚𝑑
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