BIG ASSIGNMENT

Food Engineering 1
Semester 2 Academic year 2020-2021
Date 12/08/2021
Student name: Nguyen Thi My Tra Student ID: 1953031

Question 1)
A pump is used to pump water from tank A (at atmospheric pressure) to tank B (at gauge pressure
of 2 at). Given: distance between water levels in the two tanks is 25 m; pump capacity is 10 m3/h;
suction pipe has: diameter of 100 mm, length of 10 m, friction coefficient of 0.025, and local
coefficient of 2; discharge pipe has: diameter of 80 mm, length of 30 m, friction coefficient of
0.028, and local coefficient of 5; pump efficiency is 80%.

a. Calculate the pump required power in Hp.

b. Why is the suction pipe diameter greater than or equal to the discharge pipe diameter when
design pumping system?

Solution

a. We have Bernoulli equation for tank A and B

𝑃𝐵 − 𝑃𝐴 𝑣22 − 𝑣12 𝑙1 𝑣12 𝑙2 𝑣22
𝐻 = ∆𝑍 + + + (𝜆1 + 𝜉1 ) + (𝜆2 + 𝜉2 )
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝑑1 2𝑔 𝑑2 2𝑔

With
Z = 25 m
𝑃
PA = 1at => 𝜌𝑔𝐴 = 10 𝑚
𝑃𝐵
PB = 1at + Pg = 1at + 2at = 3at => = 30 𝑚
𝜌𝑔

4𝑄 4 × 2.7778×10−3
𝑣1 = 𝜋𝑑2 = = 0.3537 (m/s) (Q = 10 m3/h = 2.7778 × 10−3 m3/s)
1 𝜋 × 0.12

4𝑄 4 × 2.7778×10−3
𝑣2 = 𝜋𝑑2 = = 0.5526 (m/s)
2 𝜋 × 0.082

d1 = 100 mm = 0.1 m; l1 = 10 m; 1 = 0.025; 1 = 2

d2 = 80 mm = 0.08 m; l2 = 30 m; 2 = 0.028; 1 = 5
So,

0.55262 − 0.35372 10 0.35372

𝐻 = 25 + (30 − 10) + + (0.025 × + 2)
2 × 10 0.1 2 × 10
30 0.55262
+ (0.028 × + 5) = 45.2738 (𝑚)
0.08 2 × 10

Pump power:
𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐻 1000 × 10 × 2.7778 × 10−3 × 45.2738
𝑁= = = 1.572 (𝑘𝑊) = 2.096 (𝐻𝑝)
1000𝜂 1000 × 0.8

b. The suction pipe diameter is greater than or equal to the discharge pipe diameter when
design pumping system because
𝑣22 − 𝑣12
𝐻(𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑) = 𝑓 ( )
2𝑔
𝑣22 −𝑣12 𝑣22 −𝑣12
If 𝑣2 < 𝑣1 then < 0. Therefore, in order to have > 0, the suction pipe
2𝑔 2𝑔

diameter have to be greater than or equal to the discharge pipe diameter 𝑑1 ≥ 𝑑2, which
makes 𝑣2 > 𝑣1 .

Question 2)
A gravity settling tank has a settling area of 5 (m) x 25 (m) and a capacity of 1000 m3 of suspension
per hour. The densities of dispersed and continuous phases are 2000 and 1000 kg/m3, respectively.
Viscosity of the continuous phase is 1cP.

a. Determine the minimum diameter of the dispersed phase that can be settled.
b. As the viscosity of the continuous phase increases, how does the settling capacity change
and why?

Solution

a. We have the terminal velocity equal:

𝑄
𝑣𝑡 =
𝑆

With
𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄 = 1000 ( ℎ ) = 0.2778 ( ℎ )

𝑆 = 5 × 25 = 125 (𝑚)
 0.2778
 𝑣𝑡 = = 2.2222 × 10−3
125

Assume that there is Newton-Rittinger Zone

 500 < Re < 150000, Cr = 0.44

4 𝑔𝑑(𝜌𝑠 −𝜌) 4 9.8×𝑑×(2000−1000)
And 𝑣𝑡 = √3 × = √3 × = 2.2222 × 10−3
𝐶𝑟 𝜌 0.44×1000

 𝑑 = 1.6678 × 10−7 (𝑚)

𝑣𝑡 𝑑𝜌 2.2222×10−3 ×1.6678×10−7 ×1000
 Re = = = 3.7062 × 10−4 < 500
𝜇 10−3

 Reject the assumption

Assume that there is Laminar Alen Zone

18.5
 0.2 < Re < 500, Cr = 𝑅𝑒 0.6

4 𝑔𝑑(𝜌𝑠 −𝜌) 4 𝑔𝑑(𝜌𝑠 −𝜌) 4 𝑔𝑑(𝜌𝑠 −𝜌)

And 𝑣𝑡 = √3 × = √3 × 18.5 = × 18.5
𝐶𝑟 𝜌
𝑅𝑒0.6
𝜌 √3 𝑣 𝑑𝜌 0.6
𝜌
( 𝑡 )
𝜇

4 9.8×𝑑×(2000−1000)
𝑣𝑡 = × 18.5
√3 2.2222×10−3 ×𝑑×1000
0.6 ×1000
( −3 )
10

 𝑑 = 3.3308 × 10−5 (m)

𝑣𝑡 𝑑𝜌 2.2222×10−3 ×3.3308×10−5 ×1000
 Re = = = 0.074 < 0.2
𝜇 10−3

 Reject the assumption

Assume that there is Stock Zone

24
 Re < 0.2, Cr = 𝑅𝑒

4 𝑔𝑑(𝜌𝑠 −𝜌) 4 𝑔𝑑(𝜌𝑠 −𝜌) 4 𝑔𝑑(𝜌𝑠 −𝜌)

And 𝑣𝑡 = √3 × = √3 × 24 = × 24
𝐶𝑟 𝜌
𝑅𝑒
𝜌 √3 𝑣𝑡𝑑𝜌 𝜌
𝜇

4 9.8×𝑑×(2000−1000)
𝑣𝑡 = × 24
√3 2.2222×10−3 ×𝑑×1000
×1000
10−3

 𝑑 = 6.3848 × 10−5 (m)

𝑣𝑡 𝑑𝜌 2.2222×10−3 ×6.3848×10−5 ×1000
 Re = = = 0.1419 < 0.2
𝜇 10−3
  Cannot reject the assumption
 The minimum diameter of the dispersed phase that can be settled is 𝑑 = 63.848 (𝜇𝑚)
b. As the viscosity of the continuous phase increases, the settling capacity decrease.
Because the settling capacity is proportional with settling velocity, so when the viscosity
of the continuous phase increases, the settling velocity decrease and then the settling
capacity decrease.
1
𝑣𝑡 = 𝑓 ( )
𝜇

Question 3)
A filter is operated under the constant pressure condition to filter a suspension volume of 10 m3
for 2 hours. Given: the suspension has a mass concentration of 10%; densities of dispersed and
continuous phases are 2000 and 1000 kg/m3, respectively; the filter coefficients are C=1.8 ×10-2
m3/m2 and K= 0.6×10-4 m2/s; residual moisture of 30%.

a. Calculate area of the filter.

b. Calculate the filtration rate after 1 hour.

Solution

a. We have the fitration equation is:

𝑞 2 + 2𝐶𝑞 = 𝐾. 𝜏

With
C = 1.8 x 10-2 m3/m2
K = 0.6 x 10-4 m2/s
τ = 2 x 3600 = 7200 (s)

 q = 0.6395 (m3/m2)

Besides, we have
1 1
𝑚= = = 1.4286
1 − 𝑈𝑏 1 − 0.3
and
𝑉𝑎 𝜌𝐶𝑚 1 𝑚−1 1000 × 0.1 1 1.4286 − 1 13
𝑋0 = = ( + )= ( + )= (1)
𝑉 1 − 𝑚𝐶𝑚 𝜌𝑟 𝜌 1 − 1.4286 × 0.1 2000 1000 120
𝑉ℎ = 𝑉𝑎 + 𝑉 = 10 (𝑚3 ) (2)
From (1) and (2), 𝑉 = 9.0225 (𝑚3 )
𝑉 𝑚3 𝑉
𝑞= = 0.6395 ( 2 ) → 𝑆 = = 14.1084 (𝑚2 )
𝑆 𝑚 𝑞

b. We have fitration equation is:

𝑞 2 + 2𝐶𝑞 = 𝐾𝜏

With
C = 1.8 x 10-2 m3/m2
K = 0.6 x 10-4 m2/s
τ = 1h = 3600 (s)

 q = 0.4471 (m3/m2)

In the other hand,

𝑞 2 + 2𝐶𝑞 = 𝐾. 𝜏 (∗)
 Derivative both sides of the equation (∗), we have:
𝑑𝑡 2 2𝐶
=𝑞 +
𝑑𝑞 𝐾 𝐾
𝑑𝑞 𝐾 𝑚3 𝑚3
→ = = 6.4501 × 10−5 ( 2 ) = 0.2322 ( 2 )
𝑑𝑡 2(𝑞 + 𝐶) 𝑚 𝑠 𝑚 ℎ

Question 4)
An agitator is used to stir a suspension with mass concentration of 30%. 4-plate impeller diameter
of 0.5 m is used and rotated at 150 rpm. The densities of dispersed and continuous phases are 2500
and 1000 kg/m3, respectively. Agitator power number is 4.7.

a. Calculate the agitator required power in hp.

b. If the agitator is assembled with baffles, how does the required power change and why?

Solution

a. The density of mixture is calculated by

1 𝑥 1−𝑥 0.3 1 − 0.3 −4

𝑚3
= + = + = 8.2 × 10 ( )
𝜌ℎ 𝜌𝑟 𝜌 2500 1000 𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝑔
 𝜌ℎ = 1219.512 (𝑚3 )
  The agitator required power is

𝑁 = 𝐾𝑁 𝜌ℎ 𝑛3 𝑑5 = 4.7 × 1219.512 × 2.53 × 0.55 = 2798.6852 (𝑊) = 3.7316 (𝐻𝑝)

With n = 150 rpm = 2.5 rps

b. If the agitator is assembled with baffles, the flow’s resistant will rise and break out the
equilibrium of the fluid’s vortex, which leading to the increase of experimental agitation
number of similarity (KN). Therefore, the required power increases and the suspension can
be dispersed effectively.

Question 5)
A fluidized bed dryer is used to dry particles with a density of 1100 kg/m3 (at moisture content of
0%) from 40% to 10% moisture content. The drying agent is hot air at 100 °C. Porosity of the
particles in the stationary state is 0.35. The particle diameter is 2 mm.

a. When calculating critical velocity of the hot air flow in the dryer, what value of particle
density (containing 0%, 10% or 40% moisture content) is used and why? Given: the density
of wet particles is calculated using the formula for a suspension.
b. Calculate the critical velocity of the hot air flow to get fluidization state of the particles.

Solution

a. When calculating critical velocity of the hot air flow in the dryer, I use the value of particle
density containing 10% moisture content.
The fisrt reason is that a fluidized bed dryer is used to dry particles from 40% to 10%
moisture content, hence I do not use 0%-moisture-content particle density to calculate the
velocity.
Second, the density of 40% moisture content is lower than the 10% moisture content,
therefore, the critical velocity of the hot air based on the density of 10% moisture particle
is greater than that of 40% moisture content. At the velocity of 10% moisture particle
density, the particles within the bed intermix and freely traverse the area within the bed,
hence the concentration of solid particles is uniform throughout the bed and constant with
time.
b. The density of 10% moisture content particle is
 1 𝑥 1−𝑥 0.9 1 − 0.9 −4
𝑚3
= + = + = 9.1818 × 10 ( )
𝜌𝑚 𝜌𝑠 𝜌 1100 1000 𝑘𝑔
𝑘𝑔
 𝜌𝑚 = 1089.109 (𝑚3 )

We have
𝑑 3 𝑔(𝜌𝑠 − 𝜌)𝜌
𝐴𝑟 =
𝜇2

With
𝑑 = 2 × 10−3 (m)
g = 9.8 (m.s-1)
𝜌𝑠 = 1089.109 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝜌 = 0.946 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝜇 = 2.181 × 10−5 (𝑃𝑎. 𝑠)
So,

(2 × 10−3 )3 × 9.8 × (1089.109 − 0.946) × 0.946

𝐴𝑟 = = 169628.195
(2.181 × 10−5 )2
1 1
𝐴𝑟 2 169628.195 2
Because 𝐴𝑟 > 84000 → 𝑅𝑒 = (0.33) = ( ) = 716.955
0.33

0.21 0.21
18𝑅𝑒+0.36𝑅𝑒 2 18×716.955+0.36×716.9552
 𝜀=( ) =( ) = 1.033 ≠ 0.4
𝐴𝑟 169628.195
𝐴𝑟 169628.195
 𝑅𝑒𝑘 = 1−𝜀 1.75
= 1−0.35 1.75
= 34.58
150× 30 +√ 3 ×𝐴𝑟 150× +√ ×169628.195
𝜀0 𝜀0 0.353 0.353

𝑅𝑒𝑘 ×𝜇 34.58×2.181×10−5 𝑚
 𝑣𝑘 = = = 0.399 ( 𝑠 )
𝜌×𝑑 0.946×2×10−3