Assignment 5

Solutions

Q.1. Considering the subscript 𝑟, is the ratio of prototype to model conditions, which is true
for 𝑔𝑟 in case of hydraulic models usually (where 𝑔 is gravitational acceleration).
a. 𝑔𝑟 = 1 (Answer)
b. 𝑔𝑟 = 9.8
c. 𝑔𝑟 = 0
d. Depends on dimensions of prototype and models.

Q.2. The model scales in distorted Froude models must satisfy____________.

a. Froude similitude criteria
b. Manning-Strickler similitude criteria
c. Both Froude and Manning-Strickler similitude criteria. (Answer)
d. Does not depend on Froude similitude and Manning-Strickler similitude.

Q.3. Protecting embankments and piers against scour requires consideration of:
a. General scour and contraction scour
b. General scour and abutment scour
c. General scour, contraction scour, abutment scour and pier scour (Answer)
d. General scour, contraction scour and abutment scour

Q.4. Bed Load is a term used to describe:

a. the combination of contact load and wash load
b. the combination of contact load and saltation load (Answer)
c. the combination of contact load and suspended load near the bed
d. the bed material load.

Q.5. If there is progressive build-up of stream bed in a reach due to sediment deposition it is
called as:
a. Aggradation and Degradation
b. Aggradation (Answer)
c. Degradation
d. Sedimentation

1|Page
Q.6. A large sand-bed river model is designed at a flow depth of 7.5 m and a velocity of 1.5
m/s. The slope is 8 x 10-5, and the discharge is 20,000 m3/s. What should be the prototype
shield’s parameter.
a. 18
b. 0.018
c. 0.18
d. 1.8 (Answer)

Answer:
ℎ𝑝 𝑆𝑝 7.5 × 8 × 10−5
𝜏∗𝑝 = = = 1.8
(𝐺 − 1)𝑝 𝑑𝑠𝑝 (2.65 − 1) × 0.0002

Q.7. A 1,500-m gravel-bed river reach has a flow depth of 1.5 m, a width of 35 m, and a mean
velocity of 0.25 m/s. The prototype Froude number is:
a) 1
b) 0.6
c) 0.006
d) 0.06 (Answer)
Answer:
𝑉𝑝 0.25
𝐹𝑟𝑝 = = = 0.06
√𝑔ℎ𝑝 √10 × 1.5

Q.8. A200-m-long bridge is to be constructed over a sand-bed channel with 300-m-long spill
through abutments 1V:2H. Six rectangular bridge piers measuring 1.5 m thick and 12 m long
are aligned with the flow. At a design 100-yr flow discharge of 850 m3/s, the upstream flow
velocity is 3.75 m/s and the flow depth is 2.8 m upstream of the piers. Estimate the abutment
scour depth in m.
a. 0.01
b. 0.1
c. 1
d. 10 (Answer)
Answer:
𝑉1 3.75
Approach Froude number, 𝐹𝑟1 = = = 0.71
√𝑔ℎ1 √9.81×2.8

𝐿𝑎 300
= = 107 > 25
ℎ1 2.8
So, the abutment scour depth can be calculated by using the equation,

∆𝑧 = 4ℎ1 𝐹𝑟1 0.33 = 4 × 2.8 × 0.710.33 = 10 𝑚

2|Page
Q.9. An unlined irrigation canal in an alluvium of median size 0.25 mm is of trapezoidal
section with bed width of 2.5 m, side slope of 1.5H:1V and longitudinal slope of 0.00045. If
the canal carries a discharge of 1 m3/s at a depth of 0.6 m, estimate the shear stress due to grain
roughness (𝛾 = 9790).
a. 0.458
b. 0.066
c. 0.645 (Answer)
d. 0.358
Answer:
Area, 𝐴 = (𝐵𝑦 + 𝑧𝑦 2 ) = (2.5 × 0.6 + 1.5 × 0.62 ) = 2.04 𝑚2

Wetted perimeter, 𝑃 = (𝐵 + 2𝑦√1 + 1.52 ) = (2.5 + 2 × 0.6√1 + 1.52 ) = 4.66 𝑚

𝐴 2.04
Hydraulic radius, 𝑅 = 𝑃 = 4.66 = 0.44 𝑚

Manning’s co-efficient due to grains, (using Strickler’s formula),

𝑑50 1⁄6 0.000251⁄6
𝑛𝑠 = = = 0.012
21.1 21.1

Using Manning’s equation,

1 1 1
𝑄 = 𝑛 𝐴𝑅 2⁄3 𝑆 1⁄2 ⇒ 𝑛 = 𝑄 𝐴𝑅 2⁄3 𝑆 1⁄2 = 1 × 2.04 × 0.442⁄3 × 0.000451⁄2 = 0.025

Shear stress due to grain roughness,

′
𝑛𝑠 3/2 0.012 3⁄2
𝜏 = ( ) 𝛾𝑅𝑆 = ( ) × 9790 × 0.44 × 0.00045 = 0.645 𝑃𝑎
𝑛 0.025

3|Page
Q.10. A bridge on an alluvial stream has the features at the design state: Upstream depth of
flow = 3.5 m, Discharge intensity = 10.5 m3/s/m, Bed condition = plane bed, Bed material:
median size = 1.0 mm, Piers: Round nosed, 12.0 m long and 1.5 m wide. Estimate the
maximum depth of scour at the bridge piers when the angle of attack of flow with respect to
the pier front end is zero (in m).
a. 333
b. 3.33 (Answer)
c. 0.333
d. 33.3
Answer:

𝑦𝑠 = 2.0𝐾1 𝐾2 𝐾3 𝐾4 𝑎0.65 𝑦1 0.35 𝐹𝑟1 0.43

𝐾1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑒𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑒 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒) = 1.0
𝐿 0.65
𝐾2 = (cos 𝜃 + 𝑎 sin 𝜃)

For, 𝜃 = 0, 𝐾2 = 1
𝐾3 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑑 (𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑇𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒) = 1.1
𝐾4 = 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑏𝑒𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑50 < 2.0 𝑚𝑚 = 1
𝑉1 10.5/3.5
𝐹𝑟1 = = = 0.512 𝑚
√𝑔ℎ1 √9.81×3.5

Now, 𝑦𝑠 = 2.0𝐾1 𝐾2 𝐾3 𝐾4 𝑎0.65 𝑦1 0.35 𝐹𝑟1 0.43 = 3.33 𝑚

4|Page