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ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

M.P.A.-16
fodsUnzhdj.k rFkk LFkkuh; 'kklu
(Decentralisation and Local Governance)
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

iz'u 1- yksdrkaf=kd foosaQnzhdj.k dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft, vkSj Hkkjr esa blosQ fodkl dh ppkZ dhft,A
mkjyksdrkaf=kd foosQUnzhdj.k dks tkuus osQ fy, ^yksdrkaf=kd* rFkk ^foosQUnzhdj.k* tSls 'kCnksa dks tkuuk vR;ar vko';d
gSA yksdrkaf=kd 'kCn foosQUnzhdj.k dh ladYiuk dh izfr vkSj mlosQ ms'; dks crkrk gS] tks ,d laLFkkRed lajpuk osQ :i esa
bldk nkok Hkh djrk gSA foosQUnzhdj.k 'kCn izeq[kr% yksdra=k esa fufgr y{;ksa osQ vuqHko dh ifr dk laosQr gSA foosQUnzhdj.k dk
vfHkizk; ;kstuk fuekZ.k] fu.kZ; djuk vFkok iz'kklfud vfkdkjksa dks osQUnz ljdkj ls mlosQ {ks=kh; laxBuksa] LFkkuh; iz'kklfud
laLFkkvksa] vZ&Lok;k laxBuksa] LFkkuh; ljdkjksa vFkok xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa dks gLrkarfjr djuk gSA
yksdrkaf=kd foosQUnzhdj.k vkSj izR;k;kstu esa varj gSA izR;k;kstu dk vFkZ mPp Lrj ls fuEu Lrj osQ vf/dkjh dks vfkdkj
iznku djuk gS] ftudk iz;ksx vfkdkj osQ :i esa ugha] cfYd NwV osQ :i esa fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd yksdrkaf=kd foosQUnzhdj.k mPp
vfkdkjh Lrj }kjk fuEu Lrj ij iz;ksx fd, tkus okys vfkdkj esa NwV ugha vfirq vfkdkj osQ :i esa iznku djuk gSA
yksdrkaf=kd foosQUnzhdj.k dh Hkkouk iz'kklfud foosQUnzhdj.k ls vyx gSA yksdrkaf=kd foosQUnzhdj.k iz'kklfud foosQUnzhdj.k
ls vR;ar foLr`r vkSj tulqyHk gSA yksdrkaf=kd foosQUnzhdj.k dk y{; ljdkj osQ lkFk jk"Vh;] {ks=kh; vkSj LFkkuh; leLr Lrjksa ij
vfkdrj yksxksa dks tksM+uk gSA yksdrkaf=kd foosQUnzhdj.k LFkkuh; dY;k.k osQ fy, tu ifj;kstukvksa dks Lok;krkiwoZd izkjaHk djus
vkSj mUgsa ykxw djus rFkk lapkfyr djus osQ fy, yksd vfkdkjksa dks lg;ksx iznku djrk gSA
yksdrkaf=kd foosQUnzhdj.k dks yksdrkaf=kd osQUnzokn ls vyx le>uk pkfg,A yksdrkaf=kd osQUnzhdj.k yksdra=k dks osQUnzh;okn
ls tksM+rk gSA yksdrkaf=kd foosQUnzhdj.k viosQUnzh gksrk gS] ftldk izeq[k ms'; mPp Lrj ls vkhuLFk Lrjksa ij vfkdkjksa dk
gLrkarj.k djuk gSA yksdrkaf=kd foosQUnzhdj.k {ks=kh; Lo&ljdkj dks yksdrkaf=kd cukus dk roZQ izLrqr djrk gS] rkfd ;g {ks=kh;
ekeyksa osQ izcaku esa vfkdkf/d vfkdkjksa dk mi;ksx dj losQ] T;knk ftEesnkj cu losQ] T;knk #fp ys losQ rFkk vR;fkd
Lok;krk dk vuqHko dj losQA foosQUnzhdj.k dks lkekftd] vkFkd vkSj jktuhfrd fodkl dh vko';d 'krZ osQ :i esa tkuk tkrk
gSA ;g lkekftd lkeatL;] lkeqnkf;d Hkkouk vkSj jktuhfrd fLFkjrk dk fuekZ.k djrk gSA
yksdrkaf=kd foosQUnzhdj.k osQ fodkl osQ vUrxZr f}rh; fo'o ;q osQ ckn uofuer jk"V&jkT;ksa us mRFkku osQfUnzr ekWMy dks
viuk;k gSA ;g ckr fl gks pqdh gS fd mRFkku osQfUnzr ekWMy fodkl osQ fy, osQoy vkFkd izxfr vkSj ns'k osQ ldy ?kjsyw
mRikn esa o`f ij ;ku nsrk gSA fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa fodkl lacakh ;kstuk vkSj iz'kklu ij osQUnz ljdkj }kjk fu;a=k.k osQ fo"k; esa
foLr`r ppkZ gqbZ gSA foxr 50 o"kks esa Hkkjr esa lqfu;ksftr fodkl osQ iwoZ vuqHko vkSj dY;k.kdkjh y{;ksa dh izkfIr] xjhch mUewyu
o lkekftd vlekurk dks nwj djus rFkk lkekftd U;k; osQ lkFk vkFkd mRFkku vkfn osQ fo"k; esa 'kadk,a mRi gqbZ gSaA fodkl
dk vFkZ orZeku fLFkfr esa vis{kkr ,slh vR;fkd Js"B fLFkfr dh ifjorZu izf;k gS] ftlesa ukxfjdksa vkSj laLFkkvksa osQ lqfopkfjr

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gLr{ksi gksaA fodkl dk u;k ekWMy bl ckr ij tksj nsrk gS fd vkFkd fodkl osQ lkFk&lkFk ukxfjdksa] ifjokjksa vkSj leqnk;ksa osQ
thou Lrj dh xq.kokk dk fodkl Hkh fukkZfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bl izf;k ls fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k esa yksxksa dh vR;fkd lgHkkfxrk]
jkstxkj osQ voljksa dks mRi djuk vkSj f'k{kk] LokLF; vkSj lapkj tSlh ewyHkwr lsokvksa esa ukxfjdksa dh igqap LFkkfir djus osQ }kjk
laHko cuk;k tk ldrk gSA lekt osQ fiNM+s oxks dh ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa dks ;ku esa j[krs gq, mUgsa fodkl izf;k esa lfEefyr
djus osQ iz;klksa }kjk fodkl dks LFkk;h cuk;k tk ldrk gSA blls vlekurk dks de fd;k tk ldrk gS rFkk vehj vkSj xjhc
oxks osQ e; yxkrkj c<+rs varjky dks jksdk tk ldrk gSA
,sfrgkfld n`f"V ls vR;fkd osQUnzho`Qr jktra=k Hkkjr osQ vkSifuosf'kd iz'kklu osQ yacs nkSj esa izkUrksa osQ Lrj ij khjs&khjs
foosQUnzho`Qr gks x;k FkkA vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu osQ nkSjku foosQUnzhdj.k fookn dks 1882 osQ izfl fjiu izLrko esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA
iz'kklu esa Hkkjrh;ksa dks izf'kf{kr djus] mUgsa vuqHko ls lh[kus osQ ;ksX; cukus vkSj f'kf{kr oxZ dh jktuhfrd fgLlsnkjh osQ fy, ekxZ
[kksyus osQ fy, fjiu us LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa dh LFkkiuk osQ fy, foosQUnzhdj.k osQ eqs dh tksjnkj odkyr dh FkhA Hkkjr ljdkj
vfkfu;e] 1919 osQ rgr ekaVsX;w&psEliQksMZ lqkkjksa esa izkUrksa esa ^f}ra=k* ykxw fd;k x;k] ftlesa oqQN foHkkxksa dks fokkf;dk osQ izfr
mkjnk;h j[kk x;k vkSj 'ks"k foHkkxksa dks ljdkjh vfkdkfj;ksa osQ vkhu j[kk x;k] ijUrq oqQN dkj.kksa ls ;g 'kklu O;oLFkk vliQy
jgh] fiQj Hkh foosQUnzhdj.k dh fn'kk esa ;g iz;kl iz'kaluh; gSA
1935 osQ vfkfu;e osQ rgr Hkh igyh ckj ,d la?kh; iz.kkyh dh ljdkj dh O;oLFkk gqbZ vkSj fofHk izkUrksa dks ^Lok;krk*
nh xbZA vc bl O;oLFkk esa xouZj izkUrh; ljdkj osQ dk;ks esa de&ls&de gLr{ksi djsaxs] ;g vk'kk dh tkus yxhA osQUnzh; ljdkj
ls izkUrh; ljdkjksa dks vfkdkjksa osQ foosQUnzhdj.k dh ;g izfozQ;k Hkkjr esa vaxzsth jkt osQ rgr tkucw>dj pykbZ xbZA vkSifuosf'kd
'kklu osQ nkSjku 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=kksa esa LFkkuh; Lok;k'kklh fudk;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ] ijarq Lora=krk osQ ckn foosQUnzhdj.k
dh leL;k o`gr Lrj ij mHkjdj lkeus vkbZ gSA vkt iapk;rh jkt osQ laoSkkfud laj{k.k dk rjhdk fooknkLin gksrk tk jgk gSA
vkSifuosf'kd jkt osQ nkSjku foosQUnzhdj.k dk iz;kl mYys[kuh; FkkA
iz'u 2- yksdrkaf=kd foosaQnzhdj.k osQ vkfFkZd lanHkZ dh ppkZ dhft,A
mkjfoosQUnzhdj.k esa ;ksX; vkSj l{ke iz'kklu fukkZfjr djus osQ fy, rFkk 'kh?kz vkSj okLrfod fu.kZ; djus osQ fy, xzkeh.k
fodkl esa lfEefyr ukxfjdksa osQ leku cM+s vkSj tfVy laxBuksa osQ fy, iwokZuqeku t:jh gks x;k gSA foosQUnzhdj.k O;fDr dk foLr`r]
nwjLFk vkSj oS;fDrd ukSdj'kkgh osQ fo# cpko dj ldrk gS rFkk ,d LoLFk yksdrkaf=kd lekt dh rS;kjh vkSj vkkkj miyCk
djkrk gSA foosQUnzhdj.k jk"Vh; jktkkuh osQ ,sls nwjLFk {ks=kksas esa ljdkjh uhfr;ksa dk vPNk jktuhfrd vkSj iz'kklfud izHkko Mky
ldrk gS] tgka izk;% osQUnz ljdkj dh ;kstukvksa dh tkudkjh ugha gksrh vFkok xzkeh.k turk }kjk mudh mis{kk dh tkrh gSA
foosQUnzhdj.k fofHk jktuhfrd] kked] tkrh; vkSj tutkrh; oxks osQ fodkl dh fu.kZ;&fuekZ.k izf;k esa T;knk lgHkkfxrk iznku
dj ldrk gS] tks {ks=kksa vkSj izkUrksa esa LFkkuh; ljdkjksa vkSj futh laLFkkvksa esa iz'kklfud 'kfDr dk fodkl djrh gSA foosQUnzhdj.k
T;knk yphys] vfHkuo vkSj jpukRed iz'kklu dk fuekZ.k dj ldrk gSA
vkFkd lanHkZ (xzkeh.k vkSj 'kgjh laLFkkvksa dk vkFkd izcak vkSj ku iznku djuk)vkFkd foosQUnzhdj.k vHkh rd
lgh ek;us esa ugha gqvk gS] D;ksafd vfkdka'k xzkeh.k fodkl dk;Ze osQUnzh; :i ls izk;ksftr ;kstukvksa osQ :i esa f;kfUor fd,
tk jgs gSaA iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dks miyCk djk, x, ku osQ O;; esa mPp Lrjh; funsZ'kksa osQ vuqlkj dk;Z djuk iM+rk gSA
1991&92 osQ vkFkd losZ{k.k osQ vuqlkj vkFkd xfrfofk dk osQUnz fok {ks=k gS] blesa mrkj&p<+ko laiw.kZ vFkZO;oLFkk dks izHkkfor
djrk gSA
v'kksd esgrk lfefr us vxLr 1978 esa viuk izfrosnu izLrqr fd;kA lfefr dk izeq[k er ;g gS fd iz'kklu osQ foosQUnzhdj.k
osQ fy, dk;Zewydrk vko';d gSA iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dh lajpuk vkSj dk;ks dk fukkZj.k rFkk fokh;] iz'kkldh; vkSj ekuoh;
lkkuksa dk mi;ksx gekjh lEefr esa xzkeh.k fodkl osQ izcUk dh Hkfo"; esa mRi gksus okyh dk;Zewyd vko';drk osQ vkkkj ij
fuf'pr fd;k tkuk pkfg,A bl izdkj dk n`f"Vdks.k iapk;rh jkt dks cM+h ladh.kZ n`f"V ls ns[krk gSA
iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa osQ fy, fokh; gLrkarj.k vko';d gSHkkjrh; iapk;rh jkt .kkyh ikp ls Hkh vfkd n'kdksa ls
dk;Z dj jgh gSA tc bl .kkyh dks ykxw fd;k x;k Fkk rks blls lkekftd ifjorZu dh ubZ vk'kk, dh xbZ FkhaA muesa ls oqQN rks
iwjh gqbZ gSa] ijarq vHkh dkiQh oqQN gksuk ckdh gSA k;% iapk;rh jkt dh liQyrk gsrq nks foijhr fopkjkkjk, pfyr gSaleFkZd
vkSj vkykspdA vr% blosQ dk;Z fu"iknu dk ewY;kadu djus gsrq nksuksa dk gh v;;u djuk vko';d gSA

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iapk;rh jkt us vius brus yEcs dk;Zdky esa dbZ mrkj&p<+koksa dk lkeuk fd;k gSA tgk rd ckr leFkZdksa dh gS] rks os dgrs
gSa fd blls jk"V dk R;sd ukxfjd 'kklu ls tqM+ x;k gS rFkk yksxksa esa vius vfkdkjksa ,oa dkZO;ksa osQ fr tkx:drk vkbZ gSA
yksdra=k dh Hkkouk fodflr gqbZ gSA yksxksa o ukSdj'kkgksa osQ chp dh nwjh c<+h] yksxksa esa ldkjkRed fodkl dh Hkkouk iuih] xzkeh.k
{ks=kksa esa uo&usr`Ro mHkjk] LFkkuh; usrkvksa osQ f'k{k.k dh ikB'kkyk rFkk lkekU; yksxksa dh jktuhfrd tkx:drk fodflr gqbZ gSA
fu%lansg fuEu Lrj ij 'kfDr;ksa o dk;ks dk gLrkarj.k gqvk gSA
lkekU;r% LFkkuh; ljdkjksa dh vk; osQ ksr@lkkuxzke iapk;r osQ fokh; ksrksa dks pkj Jsf.k;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k tk
ldrk gSA ;s ewyHkwr ksr fuEufyf[kr gSa
1- iapk;rksa }kjk yxk, x, vfuok;Z o Lofoosdh dj_
2- ljdkjh vuqnku_
3- mRiknudkjh m|eksa ls vk; o .k_
4- lkoZtfud va'knkuA
k;% ;g ns[kk x;k gS fd iapk;rksa dh fufk eq[; :i ls Hkwfe] jktLo osQ fgLls vkSj ljdkj }kjk fn, x, vuqnku o djksa ls
gh vkrh gSA iapk;rsa okgu dj] O;olk; dj] x`g dj] lpkbZ dj] f'k{kk midj vkfn dh mxkgh dj ldrh gS] ijarq iapk;r }kjk
dj yxkus vkSj olwyus osQ ckjs esa vfuPNk gh jgrh gSA tgk rd 'u vuqnku kIr djus dk gS] rks fHk&fHk jkT;ksa esa bldk Lo:i
o ek=kk vyx&vyx gSA oqQN jkT;ksa esa f'k{kk lkj gsrq] lpkbZ esa lqkkj gsrq] rkykc rFkk oqQvksa dk fuekZ.k dk;Z djus gsrq vuqnku
nku fd, tkrs gSaA dgha&dgha xko osQ ukxfjdksa }kjk Hkh lkoZtfud HkykbZ gsrq dksbZ fuekZ.k dk;Z djokus gsrq va'knku fn;k tkrk
gSA
xzke iapk;rksa dks fodkl dk kku vfHkdj.k ekuk tkrk gSA ijarq fodkl osQ fy, tks ewyHkwr vko';drk gS] og gS kuA k;%
ku dh deh mu cqfu;knh dkj.kksa esa ls gS] ftlosQ iQyLo:i os fodkl dks kjEHk gh ugha dj ikrhaA os k;% fokh; vHkko ls
xzLr fn[kkbZ nsrh gSa] mUgsa i;kZIr lkku gh miyCk ugha gksrsA os ku osQ fy, lnSo jkT; ljdkj dh vksj vk'k yxk, [kM+h jgrh
gSaA jkT; ljdkjsa Hkh vuqnku iapk;rksa osQ dk;ks o vko';drk osQ vuqlkj u nsdj vius miyCk lkkuksa osQ vuqlkj gh nsrh gSaA vr%
;g iw.kZr% jkT; ljdkj osQ foosd ij fuHkZj gS fd og vuqnku dh fdruh jkf'k nku djsA blh esa lqkkj gsrq 73osa lafokku la'kksku
}kjk R;sd jkT; esa fok vk;ksx R;sd 5 o"kks esa xfBr fd;k tkrk gSA ;g iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa o jkT; ljdkjksa osQ chp fok
fukkZj.k] mudh vko';drkvksa o miyCk lkkuksa osQ vkkkj ij djus dk lq>ko nsrk gSA
fokh; fu;a=k.kfokh; fu;a=k.k osQ {ks=k esa fuEufyf[kr uhfr fodYi vkSj lq>ko fn, x, gSa
1- xzke iapk;rksa }kjk ctV viukus ls iwoZ mldh lacafkr xzke lHkk dh Lohfr vo'; gksuh pkfg,A
2- xzke lHkk dks xzke iapk;r osQ [kpZ dk ,d lkekftd ys[kk tkap djus vkSj xzke iapk;r ls dksbZ lwpuk nLrkost ekaxus
dk vfkdkj gksuk pkfg,A
3- LFkkuh; ljdkjksa }kjk viuk ok"kd ctV vafre vuqeksnu osQ fy, jkT; ljdkj osQ ikl izLrqr djus dh vfuok;Zrk lekIr
gksuh pkfg,A
4- LFkkuh; Lrj ij ctV fuekZ.k vkSj ys[kk&tks[kk osQ fy, jkT; ljdkj vFkok Hkkjr osQ fu;a=kd ,oa egkys[kk ijh{kd }kjk
fukkZfjr izk:i dk ikyu djuk pkfg,A
fok % iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dk lkjiapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dk ewy ro LFkkuh; Lo&ljdkj dh Lora=krk esa fufgr gSA
LFkkuh; Lo&ljdkjh laLFkkvksa dks viuk fodkl ekxZ pquus dk vfkdkj gSA blosQ fy, os ;kstuk fuekZ.k rFkk Lora=k :i ls ku
,d=k djrh gSa vkSj viuh lsok 'krks osQ varxZr deZpkfj;ksa dks dke ij j[kus vkSj gVkus dk dk;Z djrh gSaA ;fn LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa
dks vkFkd vkSj lkekftd fodkl esa i;kZIr Hkwfedk fuHkkuh gS rks muosQ ikl i;kZIr ku miyCk gksuk pkfg,A foosQUnzhr ;kstuk
iapk;rh jkt osQ fokh; izcak ;kstuk ls lacafkr gSA
iapk;r fok dh lfefr;kaiapk;rksa dks fokh; Lok;krk iznku djus ,oa lq>ko iznku djus gsrq vusd lfefr;ksa vkSj vk;ksxksa
dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA
fokh; tkap lfefrLFkkuh; fokh; tkap lfefr us 1951 esa bl leL;k dk v;;u fd;k rFkk iapk;r {ks=k esa ,d=k
Hkw&jktLo rFkk vpy lEifk osQ gLrkarj.k ij ykxw vfkHkkj osQ 15 izfr'kr dks 'krZ jfgr vkcaVu dh iapk;rksa dks gLrkarfjr djus
dh fliQkfj'k dhA

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djkkku tkap lfefrdjkkku tkap lfefr us 1954 esa oqQN dj] tSlslEifk dj] O;olk; dj] euksjatu dj vkfn iapk;rksa
osQ fy, vkjf{kr djus dh fliQkfj'k dh FkhA
laFkkue lfefrbl lfefr us 1963 esa vkxzgiwoZd fliQkfj'k dh Fkh fd bu laLFkkvksa dh fLFkjrk vkSj fodkl osQ fy, LFkk;h
vkSj O;kid lalkku vko';d gSa] ftudk mi;ksx vkSj fodkl iw.kZr% muosQ fgr esa gksA
v'kksd esgrk lfefrv'kksd esgrk lfefr us 1978 esa fliQkfj'k dh fd ljdkjh lgk;rk osQ vykok iapk;rksa dks Lo;a vius
i;kZIr lzksr lf; djus pkfg,] D;ksafd dksbZ Hkh yksdrkaf=kd laLFkk ckgjh lalkkuksa ij yxkrkj ugha py ldrhA
fla?koh lfefrfla?koh lfefr 1986 dk xBu yksdra=k vkSj fodkl osQ lkFk iapk;rh jkt osQ iquthZou osQ fy, fd;k x;k
FkkA bl lfefr osQ vuqlkj iapk;rh jkt laLFkk, ej.kkl gks pqdh gSa] muesa tku ugha jg xbZ gSA bl lfefr osQ vuqlkj LFkkuh;
Lok;k 'kklu dks lafokku esa ekU;rk feyuh pkfg, vkSj lafokku dks budh j{kk djuh pkfg,A
fok vk;ksxjk"Vifr }kjk fok vk;ksx (Finance Commission) dk izfr ikap o"kZ osQ ckn vFkok ;fn jk"Vifr mfpr le>sa
rks blosQ iwoZ xBu fd;k tkrk gSA 73osa lafokku la'kksku vfkfu;e esa jkT; esa izfr ikap o"kZ esa fok vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dks vfuok;Z
fd;k x;k gS] tks iapk;rh jkT;ksa dh fLFkfr dh leh{kk djsxkA fok vk;ksx esa pkj lnL; rFkk ,d v;{k gksrk gS] tks jk"Vifr }kjk
fu;qDr fd, tkrs gSaA ;g vk;ksx fuEufyf[kr ckrksa ij jk"Vifr dks lq>ko nsrk gS
1- ,sls djksa esa gksus okyh vk; dk osQUnz o jkT;ksa esa foHkktu] ftldh lafokku lacakh O;oLFkk gks ,oa ml kujkf'k esa izR;sd
jkT; osQ va'k dk fukkZj.kA
2- Hkkjr dh lafpr fufk esa ls jkT;ksa dks ns; lgk;rk& vuqnkuksa lacakh flkarksa dk fukkZj.kA
3- ns'k osQ lqn`<+ fokh; fgr esa jk"Vifr }kjk vk;ksx dks izsf"kr vU; ekeysA
jkT; fok vk;ksxksa osQ le{k eqsdk;Z vkcaVu osQ vuq:i lalkkuksa dh fliQkfj'kksa }kjk LFkkuh; Lo&'kklu dh laLFkkvksa dks
l{ke cukus esa jkT; fok vk;ksxksa dh izeq[k Hkwfedk gksrh gSA blosQ le{k fuEufyf[kr fo"k; gSa
1- jkT; vkSj LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa osQ e; vkcaVu jkT; dj] pqaxh vkfn dh igpku oSQls dh tk,\
2- 'kgjh vkSj xzkeh.k LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa osQ e; vk; dks fdl vkkkj ij foHkkftr fd;k tk,\
3- ;fn foHkktu fdlh fu;e ij vkkkfjr gS] rks vPNs fu;eksa dk fuekZ.k oSQls fd;k tk,\
4- ;fn fucy vk; dks forfjr fd;k tkuk gS rks jkT; vkSj LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa osQ fgLlksa dks oSQls fukkZfjr fd;k tk,\
izks- ,e-,- vkseSu us lq>ko fn;k fd fok vk;ksx dks lalkku gLrkarj.k dh fliQkfj'k djrs le; fuEufyf[kr ekun.Mksa ij fopkj
djuk pkfg,
1- Lok;krkfoosQUnzhdj.k dk ewy lkj gS Lo&'kklu vkSj Lok;krkA fokh; iz.kkyh dh vius lalkkuksa dh lf;rk Lok;krk
dh oqaQth gSA
2- lekurklalkku lf;rk vkSj var%ljdkjh lalkku gLrkarj.k ij fopkj djrs le; izR;sd dh t:jr osQ vuqlkj izR;sd
ls izkfIr Hkh lekurk dk izfl rjhdk gSA
3- iwoZ tkudkjh gksukiapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dks gLrkarfjr dh tkus okyh jkf'k vkSj le; dh iwoZ tkudkjh gksuh pkfg, rkfd
os ;kstuk] ctV vkSj viuh xfrfofk;ksa osQ f;kUo;u lacakh izkokku cuk losaQA
4- n{krklalkku gLrkarj.k dk bl izdkj fuekZ.k fd;k tk,] ftlls izcaku esa oqQ'kyrk vk, vkSj voqQ'kyrk ,oa [kphZyh
ijEijk,a fu#Rlkfgr gksaA
5- vo'kks"k.k {kerklalkkuksa dk gLrkarj.k izkIrdrkZ iapk;r dh mi;ksfxrk 'kfDr osQ vuqlkj gksuk pkfg,A
6- ljyrkvar%ljdkjh lalkkuksa dk gLrkarj.k fu;e ljy ,oa ikjn'khZ gksuk pkfg,A
7- izksRlkguksa dks c<+koklalkkuksa dh xfr'khyrk dks c<+kok nsus vkSj O;FkZ ,oa [kphZyh ijEijkvksa dks nafMr djus osQ i;kZIr
varufgr izcak gksus pkfg,A
dj ykxw djus esa bPNk@;ksX;rk dk vHkkodjksa dk Hkqxrku djuk t:jh gS] ftlosQ fy, dj ykxw djus okys vfkdkfj;ksa
dh vksj ls dksbZ Li"V izfriwr LFkkfir ugha dh tk ldrhA blosQ foijhr muosQ Hkqxrku esa yphyh izo`fk gksrh gS vr% dj izorZu
ra=k dh vko';drk mRi gks tkrh gSA
jkT;ksa dh {kh.k vkFkd fLFkfrblls jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk miyCk djk, tkus okys lgk;d vuqnkuksa dk lacak gS] ;g ;ku
j[kuk pkfg, fd Lo;a jkT; ljdkjksa osQ fok gh blls lacafkr jgs gSa vkSj os fujarj vusd o"kks ls foLr`r ctV ?kkVs esa py jgs gSaA

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blosQ fuEufyf[kr dkj.k gSa

1- detksj dj vkkkjlaifk] O;olk;] vk; vkSj okguksa osQ :i esa Lo;a dj dk vkkkj T;knk foLr`r ugha gS] tks xzkeh.kksa
dk thou Lrj fuEu cukrk gSA
2- jkT;ksa dh izfrowQy eukso`fklkekU; :i ls ;g vuqHko jgk gS fd jkT; ljdkjksa us viuk cdk;k ugha pqdk;k gSA iapk;rh
jkT; laLFkk,a cukus vFkok gVkus o dk;ks dks lkFkZd rFkk Bhd izdkj ls dke djus ;ksX; cukus osQ fy, i;kZIr vfkdkj vkSj 'kfDr
iznku u djus osQ vusd mnkgj.k gSaA
3- xzkeh.k m|ksxksa dk vHkkoiapk;rh jkt laLFkk,a LFkkuh; O;olk;ksa }kjk jkf'k tqVkrh gSaA fiQj Hkh budh la[;k vkSj {ks=k
dkiQh lhfer gSaA xzkeh.k vkS|ksxhdj.k osQ vHkko esa mPp djkkku dh T;knk xqatkb'k ugha gSA
xzkeh.k leqnk; dh mnklhurkiapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa osQ liQyrkiwoZd dk;Z djus osQ fy, xzkeh.k leqnk; dh lgHkkfxrk
vR;ar vko';d gSA iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dh fokh; Lok;krk lqfuf'pr ,oa lqjf{kr djus osQ fy, mUgsa la;qDr ku dks"kksa ls
eqDr fd;k tk, vkSj u, lalkkuksa dks izksRlkfgr fd;k tk,A
iz'u 3- la?k vkSj jkT; ljdkj osQ chp Hkkxhnkjh osQ fofHkUu {ks=kksa dk foospu dhft,A
mkjjktLo vkcaVuviuh jktLo t:jrksa osQ fy, ljdkjsa dj&lkkuksa_ tSlsizR;{k] vizR;{k] lkekU;] fof'k"V] O;kolkf;d
vkSj O;fDrxr djksa ij fuHkZj djrh gSaA
dj vkcaVu osQ flkUrvius vfkdkj {ks=k ls djksa dk vkcaVu laiw.kZ ns'k esa iz;qDr vusd djksa osQ feJ.k ij fuHkZj djrk
gSA lkoZtfud fok flkar esa vkn'kZ dj feJ.k dk fo"k; ,dkRed jkT; rd esa Bhd izdkj ls fodflr ugha gqvk gSA ekud ;ksX;rk
vkSj lekurk dh n`f"V ls dksbZ O;fDr ,d lkkkj.k dj osQ ek;e ls dk;Z dj ldrk gS] ysfdu dksbZ Hkh ljdkj bl izdkj dk;Z
ugha djrhA blfy, la?kh; ljdkj O;oLFkk esa dj vkcaVu esa ogh lkekU; n`f"Vdks.k ykxw fd, tkrs gSa] tks ;ksX;rk vkSj lekurk
osQ fopkj iz'kklfud fopkjksa ls la;fer gks tkrs gSa vkSj mfpr vkcaVu vfklwfpr fu.kZ; ij fuHkZj djrk gSA
vkarfjd lkekU; cktkj dh n{krkvkrafjd lkekU; cktkj oqQ'kyrkiwoZd dk;Z dj ldrs gSa ;fn Je] iwth] oLrqvksa vkSj
lsokvksa }kjk vkjksfir ckkkvksa vFkok fodkjksa osQ fcuk leLr lalkku ijLij {ks=kksa esa tkus osQ fy, Lora=k gksaA foosQfUnzr dj iz.kkfy;k
vkFkd la;kstu esa bl izdkj ls gLr{ksi dj ldrh gSaA leUo; jfgr dj fukkZj.k mu lalkkuksa fo'ks"k :i ls iwth vkSj ;&fo;
okyh oLrqvksa osQ fy, cktkjksa esa leL;k mRi dj ldrk gS] tks jkT;ksa esa vkj&ikj xfr'khy gSaA jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk lalkkuksa osQ
xfr'khy gksus dh ckr le>us ij bl leL;k dks cgqr lhek rd de fd;k tk ldrk gSA
jk"Vh; lekurkdj gLrkarj.k iz.kkyh lekurk izkIr djus osQ fy, izeq[k lkkuksa esa ls ,d gSA lekurk dks ,dla?kh; y{;
cukus dk ljy fopkj ;g gS fd leLr O;fDr;ksa dks lekurk osQ vkkkj ij lekt esa lfEefyr djuk ,d lkekftd dY;k.k dk
dk;Z gSA jkT;ksa osQ vkeus&lkeus Je vkSj iwth dh xfr'khyrk esa Hkh jkT; djksa vkSj mPp vkenuh okys O;fDr;ksa dks vkd"kr dj
vkSj de vk; okyksa dks fu"dkflr dj nksuksa izdkj osQ gLrkarj.k osQ iz;ksx ls iqujkcaVu uhfr;ksa dk laj{k.k dj ldrs gSaA
vkS|ksfxd uhfr lqkkj vkSj fuos'kubZ vkS|ksfxd uhfr] 1991 us ?kjsyw mRiknu vkSj fuos'k ls izfrcak gVkus ls ?kjsyw vkSj
fons'kh nksuksa izdkj osQ fuos'k esa o`f dh gSA fuos'k esa lk>snkjh dh izf;k dks vkSj lgt cukus osQ fy, vusd mik, fd, x, gSaA
buesa oqQN egoiw.kZ fuEufyf[kr gSa
(1) fo'ks"k :i ls vkS|ksfxd vuqKfIr dks lekIr dj fn;k x;k Fkk] ysfdu osQoy fo'kqr% tuLokLF;] lqj{kk vkSj j{kk ls
lacafkr m|ksxksa dks gh vuqKfIr nsuk tkjh FkkA
(2) lkoZtfud {ks=k osQ fy, vkjf{kr m|ksxksa esa vk.kfod mQtkZ vkSj jsy ifjogu dks gh j[kk x;k FkkA
fuos'k izksRlkguosQUnzh; ljdkj osQ fuos'k lacakh izksRlkgu bl izdkj gSa
(1) cqfu;knh lqfokkvksa dk fodkl] ns[kHkky vkSj lapkyu osQ fy, ykHk esa 100 izfr'kr dh NwV nh xbZA
(2) 10 o"kks rd fu;kZr ykHk esa 100 izfr'kr dj ls NwVA
(3) mkj&iwohZ {ks=kksa esa o`f osQ fy, vusd iwthxr ykHk ;kstuk, vkSj vkFkd izksRlkguA
(4) fo'ks"k vkFkd {ks=kksa esa fLFkr m|ksxksa osQ fy, 5 o"kZ rd ykHk esa 100 izfr'kr NwV ,oa 2 o"kZ rd 50 izfr'kr NwV dk
izkokku fd;k x;kA
jkT; ljdkjksa dh izksRlkgu ;kstuk,jkT; ljdkjksa dh izksRlkgu ;kstuk, fuEufyf[kr gSa
(1) vkS|ksfxd laLFkkvksa osQ xBu osQ fy, ,dy&f[kM+dh Lohfr iz.kkyhA

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(2) C;kt nj vkSj ewyku esa vkFkd lgk;rkA

(3) fo|qr 'kqYd] iathdj.k 'kqYd vkSj eqnzkad 'kqYd esa NwV dk izkokkuA
(4) Hkw&ykxr esa NwV] dj fj;k;rsa vkSj pqaxh dh izfriwrA
(5) vfuoklh Hkkjrh;ksa] bZ-vks-;w-,l- vkSj fons'kh fuos'k ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy, vkjf{kr vkS|ksfxd Hkw&[k.M dh O;oLFkkA
jktLo dh vko';drkjktLo ftEesnkjh dks cuk, j[kuk vR;ar vko';d gSA mkjnkf;Ro fukkZfjr djus osQ fy, jktLo osQ
lkku ;FkklaHko mldh vko';drk osQ vuqlkj gksus pkfg,A blfy, os dj lkku tks fo'ks"k uhfr y{;ksa osQ fy, cuk, x, gSa] os
ljdkj osQ mlh Lrj ij vkcafVr fd, tkus pkfg,] tks ,slh lsok osQ fy, ftEesnkj gksaA bl izdkj mUufr'khy iqujkZcafVr dj] LFkk;h
lkku vkSj lalkku fdjk;k dj jk"Vh; ljdkj dks vkcaVu osQ fy, mfpr gksaxs] tcfd varj uxjikfydk lM+dksa ij pqafx;ksa dk 'kqYd
mfpr jkT; ljdkjksa dks vkcafVr fd;k tk ldrk gSA la?kh; Lrj ij oSV okys ns'kksa esa mijk"Vh; fch djksa dks Lohdkj djuk dfBu
gks tkrk gSA osQUnzh; vkSj LFkkuh; nksuksa ljdkjksa osQ fy, O;; osQ mkjnkf;Roksa dks foLr`r cukus vkSj ,d&nwljs dh iqujko`fk dks lekIr
djus osQ fy, dkuwuh :i ls Li"V gksus pkfg,A
vkFkd izksRlkguosQUnz vkSj jkT;izkphu dky esa vkS|ksfxd {ks=k esa cnyko osQ lkFk osQUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa }kjk dbZ rjg
dh vkFkd lgk;rk iznku dh xbZA osQUnz vkSj jkT; ljdkjsa m|ksxksa osQ fy, vkFkd izksRlkguksa }kjk fuos'k dks c<+kok ns jgh FkhaA
fHk&fHk rjg osQ fuos'kksa osQ fy, NwVksa osQ :i esa osQUnz ls dj NwV miyCk gS ,oa fu;kZr :ih laLFkkvksa osQ fy, fof'k"V vkFkd
{ks=kksa esa 100 izfr'kr dj NwV dk izkokku gSA blosQ vykok leqnz ikj osQ fuos'kdksa lfgr lHkh fuos'kdksa dks [kq'k djus osQ fy,
vusd jkT; ljdkjsa fofHk djksa esa NwV] iwth vkSj C;kt esa vkFkd lgk;rk de njksa ij fo|qr 'kqYd vkfn lgk;rk miyCk djk
jgh gSaA
iz'kklfud foosQUnzhdj.kLFkkuh; ljdkjksa dks u, dk;Z djus osQ fy, 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djuk gksxkA ges'kk 'kfDr dh ckkk,a
vkSj jktuhfrd vkhurk osQ izfr LFkkuh; ljdkjksa dh detksjh lkokku cukrh gSA ;g vko';d gks x;k gS fd izeq[k lkekftd
lsokvksa dks foosQfUnzr rjhosQ ls LFkkuh; Lrj ij l'kDr gksus rd yxkrkj iznku fd;k tk,A iz'kklfud foosQUnzhdj.k esa ukxfjd lsok
lqkkj ,d izeq[k ek;e gSA ukSdj'kkgh dh izo`fk jktuhfrd vkSj 'kfDr lanHkks ij bldk fojksk djus dh gksrh gSA lkekftd lsok
forj.k esa lqkkj osQ vUrxZr LFkkuh; ljdkj osQ nkf;Ro esa lkekftd lsok,a] cqfu;knh lsok,a] izkfrd lalkku] lkekftd lqj{kk ra=k
vkSj dHkh&dHkh iqfyl dh O;oLFkk Hkh lfEefyr gSaA foosQUnzhdj.k lsokvksa osQ forj.k esa lqkkj osQ izfr opuc gksrs gSa] D;ksafd
ukxfjdksa dh Hkkxhnkjh vkSj ftEesnkjh dh izo`fk yksd uhfr;ksa] fo'ks"kdj lkekftd {ks=k esa laosnu'khyrk dks foLr`r djus dh gksrh
gSA
iz'u 7- y?kq&Lrjh; vk;kstuk osQ ego vkSj eqksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
mkjy?kq Lrjh; vk;kstuk osQ vuqlkj tyok;q ls lacafkr HkkSxksfyd lajpuk] Hkw&vkfr] tyok;q] tyfoKku] feV~Vh] ouLifr
tSlh izkfrd ifj?kVukvksa osQ forj.k ls lacafkr HkkSxksfyd {ks=k gks ldrs gSaA blh izdkj vkS|ksfxd {ks=k Hkh gks ldrs gSa] ftUgsa ykW'k
us ^,d i.; oLrq dk foi.ku {ks=k vkSj bl izdkj osQ foi.ku {ks=kksa dh O;oLFkk osQ :i esa ,d vkFkd {ks=k* crk;k gSA Hkkjr esa
,sls {ks=kksa osQ fy, vk;kstuk osQ oqQN fo"k; osQ lacak esa CykWd tSls mi ftyk Lrjksa dks mfpr ekuk tkrk gS] fdUrq CykWd Lrjh;
vk;kstuk dk vuqHko vR;ar fujk'kktud jgk gSA
Hkkjr esa f'k{kk osQ fy, lalkku dk vkcaVu oqQN de gS] ftlls O;oLFkk esa vkSj Hkh dfe;ka mRi gksrh gSaA LFkkuh; Lrj ij
fodkl vk;kstuk osQ fy, vko';d leqfpr rduhdh n{krk dk vHkko ,d cM+h ckkk gSA jkT;ksa esa ,d rhu&Lrjh; O;oLFkk]
iapk;r@uxjikfydk Lrjh;] ftyk rFkk egkuxj Lrjh; ,oa jkT; Lrjh; laxBu osQ xBu dh ;kstuk rS;kj dh xbZ gSA 73osa lafokku
la'kksku vfkfu;e osQ ckn vusd Lrjksa ij iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dk xBu vkSj dk;Z bl izdkj gSa
xzke Lrj ijxzke MkVk oLrqrkfydk rS;kj djuk] xzke lHkk dh cSBosaQ vk;ksftr djuk] xkao dh vko';drkvksa dh lwph cukuk]
miyCk lalkkuksa osQ vkkkj ij bu vko';drkvksa dh izkFkfedrk fukkZfjr djuk vkSj iapk;r lfefr dks Hkstus gsrq ,d xzke ;kstuk
rS;kj djukA
iz[k.M Lrj ijCykWd MkVk oLrqrkfydk rS;kj djuk] leLr xzke ;kstukvksa dk lekdyu djuk vkSj ftyk iapk;r dks Hkstus
gsrq CykWd Lrj dh ;kstuk rS;kj djukA
ftyk Lrj ijleLr CykWd Lrjh; ;kstukvksa dk lekdyu djuk] en] o"kZ vkSj ykxr osQ vuqlkj jkT; vkSj la?kh; ljdkjksa
osQ {ks=kh; dk;Zeksa vkSj xzke fodkl dk;Zeksa osQ lkFk mudh lacrk osQ vuqlkj mUgsa vyx&vyx djuk] ifjizs{; ;kstuk rFkk

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ok"kd dk;Z ;kstuk nksuksa osQ fy, Lohfr rFkk vafre :i nsus gsrq ftyk ;kstuk lfefr osQ lkeus izLrqr djus osQ fy, ftyk ;kstuk
dks rS;kj djukA
;kstuk fuekZ.k ls rkRi;Z ,d fukkZfjr le; esa fdlh dk;Z dh ec :i ls :ijs[kk cukuk rFkk dk;ks dks O;ofLFkr :i
iznku djuk gSA ;kstuk fuekZ.k dh vko';drk rc iM+rh gS] tc fodkl dh xfr dks ec :i ls c<+kuk gksrk gSA ;g fdlh ns'k
dh HkkSxksfyd fLFkfr] vkfFkZd fLFkfr ,oa lkekftd fLFkfr osQ vuqowQy cukbZ tkrh gS rFkk bldk y{; fodkl dk;Z djuk gksrk gSA
fdlh Hkh fiNM+s ns'k ,oa vleku HkkSxksfyd izns'k osQ fy, ;kstuk fuekZ.k t:jh gksrk gS] D;ksafd blosQ fcuk dksbZ Hkh dk;Z O;ofLFkr
:i ls ugha gks losQxk rFkk vlekurk c<+sxhA vr% ;kstuk fuekZ.k dj {ks=kh; vlekurk dks nwj dj fodkl dk;Z esa HksnHkko dks jksdk
tk ldrk gSA ;kstuk fuekZ.k osQ }kjk ge fofHkUu y{;ksa osQ chp izkFkfedrk okys y{; fukkZfjr djrs gSa rFkk blosQ ckn miyCk
lalkkuksa dk mi;ksx bu y{;ksa dh izkfIr esa djrs gSaA vr% dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;kstuk fuekZ.k ,d oSKkfud ekxZ gS] ftlls O;ofLFkr
:i ls ns'k dk fodkl fd;k tk ldrk gSA blosQ vykok blesa lHkh jkT;ksa osQ izfrfufk ,oa lacafkr {ks=k osQ fo'ks"kK lfEefyr gksrs
gSa] ftlosQ dkj.k fookn ,oa HksnHkko ls cpk tk ldrk gSA pwfd Lora=krk osQ ckn Hkkjr esa de lalkku Fks rFkk vis{kk, dgha T;knk
FkhaA blfy, ;kstuk fuekZ.k }kjk miyCk lalkkuksa dh lgk;rk ls T;knk izkFkfedrk okys ms'; dks iwjk djus dk iz;kl fd;k x;kA
bl izdkj dgk tk ldrk gS fd ;kstuk fuekZ.k us viuh izklafxdrk dks cuk, j[kk gS] ftlosQ dkj.k Hkkjr fodkl osQ iFk ij rsth
ls c<+rk tk jgk gSA
lekt osQ dY;k.k osQ fy, ljdkj }kjk cukbZ xbZ uhfr dks lkekftd uhfr dgrs gSaA lkekftd uhfr dk eq[; vkkkj lekurk
ij vkkkfjr gksrk gS rFkk ;g vkfFkZd U;k; iznku djus ij tksj nsrk gSA bldk Lo:i forj.kdkjh gksrk gSA ;g iwthifr oxZ ,oa
xjhc oxZ osQ chp fo|eku [kkbZ dks Hkjus osQ fy, iz;kl djrk gSA blosQ y{; izR;sd O;fDr dk fodkl bl rjg djuk gS fd og
vius O;fDrRo dk fodkl dj losQA 'kksf"kr ,oa oafpr oxZ dks vU; lqfokklaiUu oxks osQ leku fodkl dk leku ifjos'k miyCk
djkus dk iz;kl lkekftd uhfr osQ }kjk fd;k tkrk gSA lkekftd uhfr lerkoknh lekt dh LFkkiuk dh fn'kk ,d iz;kl gSA ;g
efgyk] fukZuksa] vukFk cPpksa] ekufld :i ls vLoLFk yksxksa osQ fodkl osQ fy, rFkk lkekftd ifjos'k osQ vuqlkj cukbZ tkrh gSA
lkekftd uhfr osQ }kjk dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh LFkkiuk dk iz;kl rFkk ns'k esa vkfFkZd lalkkuksa osQ vuq:i lkekftd uhfr cukus dk
iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS] rkfd fo"kerk dks de fd;k tk losQA bl izdkj lkekftd uhfr dY;k.kdkjh jkT; dh LFkkiuk esa lgk;d
gksrh gSA
iz'u 9- lrr fodkl dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft, vkSj lrr fodkl rFkk 'kklu osQ chp varlca/ n'kkZb,A
mkjlrr fodkl dh ifjHkk"kk bl izdkj gS] fodkl tks Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa dh ;ksX;rk ij le>kSrk fd, cxSj mudh viuh
vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus] lHkh osQ fy, mr thou Lrj] csgrj jf{kr ,oa fu;af=kr ikfjra=k rFkk ,d vfkd lqjf{kr vfkd lEi
Hkfo"; ikus gsrq orZeku dh vko';drk iwjh djrk gSA fo'o laj{k.k dk;Zuhfr fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj lrr fodkl dk vFkZ] laj{k.k
vkSj fodkl dk ,dhdj.k] ftldk y{; ;g fukkfjr djuk gS fd Hkwe.Myh; lqkkjksa dk vfLrRo vkSj dY;k.k lqjf{kr gksxk ghA
i;kZoj.k osQ bu [krjksa dk izFke vkku 1960 osQ n'kd osQ izkjaHk esa gh gks x;k FkkA bl le; ,d u;k i;kZoj.k vkanksyu mRi
gqvk] ftldh izsj.kk jspy dkjlu dh iqLrd ^lkbysaV fLizax* (Silent Spring) ls feyhA bl iqLrd esa fo'o dk ;ku Mh-Mh-Vh- uked
dhVuk'kd osQ iz;ksx ls oU;thou dks gksus okys uqdlku dh vksj fnyk;k x;kA dkjlu us blesa mtkxj fd;k fd tc ge mu
izkfrd O;oLFkkvksa esa gLr{ksi djrs gSa] ftUgsa ge iw.kZ :i ls le> ugha ikrs] rks gekjs dk;ks osQ vR;ar Hk;adj ifj.kke lkeus vk
ldrs gSaA bl lacak esa 1983 esa la;qDr jk"V egklHkk us ukosZ dh izkkuea=kh Jherh xzks gkysZe czwVyS.M (Mrs. Gro Harlem Brundtland)
dh v;{krk esa i;kZoj.k rFkk fodkl ij fo'o vk;ksx (World Commission on Environment and Development: WCED) dh
LFkkiuk dhA gekjk lk>k Hkfo"; (Our Common Future) fjiksVZ blh vk;ksx dh miyfCk FkhA
cktkj }kjk lapkfyr vFkZO;oLFkkvksa vkSj oS'ohdj.k osQ bl ;qx esa vusd jk"Vksa osQ e; vR;fkd ykHk dekus dh tcjnLr
gksM+ eph gqbZ gSA bl vuqfpr gksM+ dk ifj.kke fodkl osQ uke ij izkfrd lalkkuksa osQ vR;fkd iz;ksx osQ :i esa lkeus vk;k
gSA fodkl'khy ns'k rks fo'ks"k :i ls vius lalkkuksa dk iz;ksx fcuk ferO;f;rk osQ djus dks ck; gSa] tcfd xjhch dk Lrj T;ksa
dk R;ksa jgk] ogha fofHk ns'kksa esa fodkl gqvk gh ughaA ekuo vko';drkvksa osQ nks izeq[k ?kVd gSa1- Hkkstu] oL=k] vkokl vkSj
,d LoPN ifjos'k tSlh ewy vko';drkvksa dh iwr] 2- HkkSfrd lq[k&lqfokkvksa osQ fo"k; esa ,d okafNr thou 'kSyh dk fodYiA
fodflr ns'k 'kh?kz vkS|ksxhdj.k djosQ vius ukxfjdksa dks ;s lq[k&lqfokk,a miyCk djkus esa liQy jgs gSaA fodkl'khy ns'k ml
mr'khy izkS|ksfxdh dks izkIr ugha dj ik, gSa] ftlls muosQ ukxfjdksa osQ fy, vPNh jgu&lgu dh lqfokk miyCk gks losQA vkt

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Hkh mUgsa ml rduhdh Kku dh t:jr gS] ftlls mUgsa vPNk thou gh ugha] cfYd vkFkd :i ls l{ke thou Hkh izkIr gks losQxkA
bu ns'kksa osQ ikl leqfpr izkfrd lalkku gSa] fdUrq muosQ ikl ;g Kku ugha gS fd i;kZoj.k osQ lanHkZ esa mUgsa lrr izkS|ksfxdh vkSj
midj.kksa esa oSQls ifjorr fd;k tk losQA
jk"Vh; ekuo fodkl fjiksVZ osQ vuqlkj ekuo fodkl gsrq 'kklu dk lacak ,slh leLr izf;kvksa osQ izcaku ls gS] tks fdlh
Hkh lekt esa i;kZoj.k dks ifjHkkf"kr djrh gSa] ftlls ,d vksj yksxksa dks vius 'kfDr Lrj esa o`f djus gsrq 'kfDr izkIr gksrh gS
vkSj nwljh vksj mUgsa viuh 'kfDr dk igpkus vkSj miyCk fodYiksa dh lhek foLrkj djus osQ volj feyrs gSaA 'kklu dh jkT;ksa
ls xqtkfj'k gS fd os vusd euksuhr fudk;ksa osQ ek;e ls viuh 'kfDr dk iz;ksx djsa vkSj ,d ,sls lerkewyd] lkekftd n`f"V
ls n{k] HksnHkko jfgr vkSj lgHkkxh; n`f"Vdks.k ls dfFkr ms';ksa dh izkfIr gsrq iz;kl djsa] ftlesa foLr`r Lrj ij ukxfjdksa dks
lfEefyr fd;k tk losQA
lrr 'kklu gsrq 'kklu esa fodkl dh dk;Zuhfr esa vkFkd vkSj i;kZoj.kh; ljksdkjksa dk ,d ,dhr n`f"Vdks.k lfEefyr gksuk
pkfg,] ftlesa osQoy turk dks fn, tkus okys thou Lrj dk gh ugha cfYd ^lkekftd lkE;* dks y{; ekudj ,d leku forj.k
dk Hkh ;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg,A 'kklu dks turk osQ fodkl osQ vfkdkjksa dh Hkh j{kk djuh pkfg, vkSj lkFk gh i;kZoj.k osQ
ljksdkjksa dks izkFkfedrk iznku djuh pkfg,A bl ms'; dh izkfIr gsrq yksdra=k] Lok;krk] fu"i{krk] varuHkZjrk] ftEesnkjh vkSj
tokcnsgh t:jh gSA dksbZ Hkh ljdkj lekt dh HkykbZ osQ fy, viuh uhfr;ka vkSj dk;Ze cuk,] mlls gys mls fuEufyf[kr xq.kksa
dk lekos'k djuk pkfg,
1- yksdrkaf=kd ljdkj osQ ikl vusd ra=k vkSj laLFkk,a gksrh gSa] tks turk dh O;oLFkk esa Hkkxhnkjh gsrq oqQN ekSfyd vfkdkj
iznku djrh gSaA
2- fodkl osQ fodYiksa dk fukkZj.k ukxfjdksa vkSj ljdkj dks feydj FkksM+h&cgqr Lok;krk osQ vkkkj ij djuk pkfg,A
3- LFkkuh; lalkkuksa dks lerkewyd rjhosQ ls cuk, j[kus vkSj ijLij ckaVus dh t:jr gSA
4- oS'ohdj.k osQ c<+rs Lrj osQ lkFk jk"Vksa esa izkS|ksfxdh gLrkarj.k] fodkl ifj;kstukvksa osQ fy, enn djus esa varuHkZjrk gksuh
pkfg,A
5- izR;sd ukxfjd dh ;g ftEesnkjh gS fd og i;kZoj.k dk laj{k.k vkSj cpko djs vkSj lkFk gh turk osQ fgrksa dks Hkh gkfu
u igqapk,A

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