Professional Documents
Culture Documents
pressure energy and part of kinetic energy. In this case, the water reacts
with the vanes as it moves through the vanes and transfers its pressure
energy to the vanes so t hat the vanes move in turn rotating the runner on
which they are mounted.
The main t ypes of reaction turbines are
1. Radially outward flow reaction turbine:
sides radiall y inwards. The decreasing cross -sectional area helps the
velocit y of the entering water from all sides being kept equal. The
geometric shape helps the entering water avoiding or p reventing the
creation of eddies..
Guide vanes : Already mentioned in the above sections.
Runner with vanes : The runner is mounted on a shaft and the blades
are fixed on the runner at equal distances. The vanes are so shaped
that the water reacting with the m will pass through them thereb y
passing their pressure energy to make it rotate the runner.
Draft tube : This is a divergent tube fixed at the end of the outlet of
the turbine and the other end is submerged under the water level in
the tail race. The water after working on the turbine, transfers the
pressure energy there b y losing all its pressure and falling below
atmospheric pressure. The draft tube accepts this water at the upper
end and increases its pressure as the water flows through the tube
and incr eases more than atmospheric pressure before it reaches the
tailrace.
3. Mixed flow reaction turbine : This is a turbine wherein it is similar
to inward flow reaction turbine ex cept that when it leaves the
moving vane, the direction of water is turned from rad ial at entry to
axial at outlet. The rest of the parts and functioning is same as that
of the inward flow reaction turbines.
4. Axial flow reaction turbine : This is a reaction turbine in which the
water flows parallel to the axis of rotation. The shaft of the turbine
may be either vertical or horizontal. The lower end of the shaft is
made larger to form the boss or the hub. A number of vanes are
fixed to the boss. When the vanes are composite with the boss the
turbine is called propeller turbine . When the vane s are adjustable
the turbine is called a Kaplan turbine .
D1
D2
Shaft
Guide
Vanes
Moving
vanes
Guide ring
Runn
er
Shaft
Guide vanes
Guide vanes
Volu te
Casing
Volute
Casing
Moving
vanes
Draft Tube
Guide vane
assembly
7
R1
R2
Vw 2
u2
Vf2
V2
Vr 2
E
Tangen
t
Wheel
B
Tangen
t
Vr 1
V1
u1
Vf1
Vw 1
Let
R 1 = Radius of wheel at inlet of the v ane
R 2 = Radius of wheel at outlet of the vane
= Angular speed of the wheel
Tangential speed of the vane at inlet = u 1 = R 1
tangential direction)
Similarl y momentum of water striking a series of vanes per second at
outlet is given b y
= a V 1 x (V w 2 )
direction
and
because
the
velocit y
10
In the above case, always the velocit y of whirl at outlet is given b y both
magn itude and direction as V w 2 = (Vr 2 Cos u 2 )
If the discharge is radial at outlet, then V w 2 = 0 and hence the equation
reduces to
WD/s = a u 1 V 1 V w 1
KE/s = a V 1 3
Efficiency of the reaction turbine is given b y
Workdone/s econd
a V1 Vw1u1 Vw 2u2
1 aV 3
Kinetic Energy/second
1
2
2 Vw1u1 Vw 2u2
V12
Summary
u1
(i)
Speed ratio =
(ii)
Flow ratio =
(iii)
2g H
Vf1
2g H
Q = D1 B1 Vf1 = D2 B2 Vf2
Where D 1 and D 2 are the diameters of runner at inlet and exit
B 1 and B 2 are the widths of runner at inlet and exit
V f 1 and V f 2 are the Velocit y of flow at inlet and exit
If the thickness ( t) of the vane is to be considered, then the area
through which flow takes place is given b y ( D 1 nt) where n is the
number of vanes mounted on the runner.
Discharge flowing through the reactio n turbine is given b y
Q = ( D 1 nt) B 1 V f 1 = ( D 2 nt) B 2 V f 2
(iv)
p1 V12
g 2g
11
(vi)
u1
D1 N
60
(vii)
u2
D2 N
60
Q Vw1u1 Vw 2 u 2 1
Vw1u1 Vw 2 u 2
g
Qg
(ix)
Hydraul ic efficiency =
1
Vw1u1
g
1
R.P. Q Vw1u1 Vw 2 u 2
Vw1u1 Vw2 u 2
W .P.
gQH
gH
1
Vw1u1
gH
12
Blade
Configuration
Velocity
Triangles
13
14
the blade as shown in Fig 1(c), Energy transfer from fluid to runner
depends essen tiall y on the extent to which the blade is capable of
extinguishing the whirl component of fluid. In most Kaplan runners as in
Francis runners, water leave s the wheel axiall y with almost zero whirl or
tangential component. The velocit y triangles shown in Fig 1(c) are at the
inlet and outlet tips of the runner vane at mid radius, i.e., midway
between boss periphery and runner periphery.
Comparison between Rea ction and Impulse Turbines
SN
Reaction turbine
Impulse turbine
1 Only a fraction of the available
All the available hydraulic energy is
hydraulic energy is converted into
converted into kinetic energy by a nozzle
kinetic energy before the fluid enters
and it is the jet so produced which strikes
the runner.
the runner blades.
2. Both pressure and velocity change as
It is the velocity of jet which changes, the
the fluid passes through the runner.
pressure throughout remaining
Pressure at inlet is much higher than at atmospheric.
the outlet.
3 The runner must be enclosed within a
Water-tight casing is not necessary.
watertight casing (scroll casing).
Casing has no hydraulic function to
perform. It only serves to prevent
splashing and guide water to the tail race
4. Water is admitted over the entire
Water is admitted only in the form of jets.
circumference of the runner
. There may be one or more jets striking
equal number of buckets simultaneously.
5. Water completely fills at the passages
The turbine does not run full and air has a
between the blades and while flowing
free access to the buckets
between inlet and outlet sections does
work on the blades
6. The turbine is connected to the tail race The turbine is always installed above the
through a draft tube which is a
tail race and there is no draft tube used
gradually expanding passage . It may be
installed above or below the tail race
7. The flow regulation is carried out by
Flow regulation is done by means of a
means of a guide-vane assembly. Other needle valve fitted into the nozzle.
component parts are scroll casing, stay
ring, runner and the draft tube
15
Do N
60
16