LECTURE 11 - OUTLINE

The Finite Element Method

2D and 3D Problems
(a) Triangular elements with quadratic
and cubic interpolation functions
(b) Triangular three noded isoparametric
element

ROCK MECHANICS 2
Giovanni Barla
Politecnico di Torino
STRUCTURAL AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Over
Overeach
eachelement
elementthe
thedisplacement
displacementcomponents
componentsare
areassumed
assumedto
tohave
haveaasimple
simplepolynomial
polynomial
form,
form,where
wherethe
theorder
orderof
ofthe
thepolynomial
polynomialdepends
dependson
onthe
thenumber
number of
ofnodes
nodesin
inthe
theelement
element

yy

Free Point

Rectangular
Rectangular 44 noded
noded element
element

p
l

P(x,y)

xx
y

u]
u]kk== a+bx+cy
a+bx+cy

2
2
u]
u]kk== a+bx+cy+dx
a+bx+cy+dx2+exy+fy
+exy+fy2

Cubic
Cubic Function:
Function:

2
3
u]
u]kk== a+bx+cy+dx
a+bx+cy+dx2+..+iy
+..+iy3

TRIANGULAR
TRIANGULAR ELEMENTS
ELEMENTS WITH
WITH HIGH
HIGH ORDER
ORDER INTERPOLATION
INTERPOLATION

v(x,y)

v(x,y)=5+6x + 7y + 8xy

a
u(x,y)

u(x,y)=1+2x + 3y + 4xy

Linear
LinearFunction
Function::

Quadratic
QuadraticFFuunction:
nction:

Free Point

P(x,y)

NOTE: element with sides in the same

direction as the coordinate axes

xy

xy

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

(11.1)

RECTANGULAR
RECTANGULAR ELEMENT
ELEMENT -- LST
LST

Isoparametric
Isoparametric Elements
Elements -- Area
Area Coordinates
Coordinates
Derivation of shape and interpolation function (for the three noded element)

(a) SHAPE FUNCTION H[x,y] =[][A]-1

H[x,y] = 1
ab

(a-x)(b-y) x(b-y) xy y(a-x)

0

(a-x)(b-y) x(b-y) xy y(a-x)

(11.2)

e2
3

j
(b) STRAIN MATRIX [B]

B[x,y] = 1
ab

(b-y)

(x-a)

-x

-y
0

(x-a)

-x

(a-x)

(a-x) (y-b)

(b-y)

Introduce:

l32

e1

l31

r = x3i + y3j + l31L1e1 + l32L2e2

l31e1= (x1-x3)i+(y1-y3)j

-y

l32e2= (x2-x3)i+(y2-y3)j

ISOPARAMETRIC
ISOPARAMETRICELEMENTS
ELEMENTS( ([H]
[H]can
canbe
bedefined
defineddirectly)
directly)
new
newformulation
formulationwith
withrespect
respecttotothe
thegeneralized
generalized
coordinates
coordinatesmethod
method
the
relationship
between
the
nodal
the relationship between the nodaldisplacements
displacements
and
the
element
displacements
can
be
written
and the element displacements can be written
directly
directly
the
therelationship
relationshipwhich
whichdescribes
describesthe
thelocal
localcoordinates
coordinates
isisused
usedtotodefine
definethe
theshape
shapefunction
function

RECTANGULAR
RECTANGULAR ELEMENT
ELEMENT -- LST
LST

(11.4)

where:

x,y global coordinates

, local coordinates

(11.3)

L2 = /l32

L1 = /l31

P(x,y)

(y-b)

Let: r = xi + yj = x3i + y3j + e1 + e2

We can write for r:

r =[L1x1+L2x2+(1-L1-L2)x3]i+
[L1y1+L2y2+(1-L1-L2)y3]j

(11.5)
continue

ISOPARAMETRIC
ISOPARAMETRIC TRIANGULAR
TRIANGULAR ELEMENT
ELEMENT

The link between coordinates x,y and Li (i=1,2,3) is therefore given by:
or:
x=L1x1+L2x2+L3x3
y=L1y1+L2y2+L3y3

NOTE:
0<Li<1 (i=1,2,3)

(11.6)

A
Li = 1 (ai+bix+ciy)= i
2A
A

, i=1,2,3

(11.9)

where A represents the area of the triangle 1,2,3.

where: L3=1-L1-L2

L1=0

A1

x
y
1

x1
y1

x2
y2

x3
y3

Inverting equation (11.7) gives the

in terms of global coordinates:
L1
L2 = 1
2A
L3

L1
L2
L3

(11.7)

expressions for coordinates Li (i=1,2,3),

a1
a2

b 1 c1
b 2 c2

a3

b 3 c3

1
x

a3=x1y2-x2y1

b1=y2-y3

b2=y3-y1

b3=y1-y2

c1=x1-x2

c2=x1-x3

c3=x2-x1

(11.10)

1=

a1=x2y3-x3y2 a2=x3y1-x1y3

2(0,1,0)
L

3=

Equation (11.6) can be written in the form:

Parameters ai, bi, ci are:

3(0,0,1)
L 2=0

A2

A3
L1=1.0
1(1,0,0)

x
L1,L2,L3 area coordinates

(11.8)

ISOPARAMETRIC
ISOPARAMETRIC TRIANGULAR
TRIANGULAR ELEMENT
ELEMENT

continue

continue

ISOPARAMETRIC
ISOPARAMETRIC TRIANGULAR
TRIANGULAR ELEMENT
ELEMENT

The area coordinates L1,L2,L3 can be taken as shape functions H1,H2,H3

so that we can write:

u
v

L1 L 2

L3

L1 L2 L3

Therefore we have for []:

u1
u2
u3
v1
v2
v3

1
2A

y =

[] =

u
y

xy

(11.11)

b3

c1

c2

c3

c1

c2

c3

b1

b2

b3

(11.12)

(b1u1 + b2 u2+ b3u3) and finally:

[] = [C]e [] = [C]e [B]e [u]e

continue

(11.15)

kik

kji

kjj

kjk

kki

kkj

kkk

continue

[k]e=

(11.14)

= [B]eT[C]e [B]e A t
kij

(11.13)

ISOPARAMETRIC
ISOPARAMETRIC TRIANGULAR
TRIANGULAR ELEMENT
ELEMENT

Finally, we have for the element stiffness matrix:

kii

u1
u2
u3
v1
v2
v3

[] = [B]e [u]e

plane strain
plane stress

[k]e= Ve [B]eT [C]e [B]e dV

with constant parameters

v
x

b2

ISOPARAMETRIC
ISOPARAMETRIC TRIANGULAR
TRIANGULAR ELEMENT
ELEMENT

u
x
v
y

b1

[] = 2A

x= u L1 + u L2 + u L3
L1 x
L2 x
L3 x
=

2
4

(11.16)
66

kii

kij

kji

kjj

22

x= hi(r,s) xi
i=1
6

y= hi(r,s) yi
i=1

ISOPARAMETRIC
ISOPARAMETRIC TRIANGULAR
TRIANGULAR ELEMENT
ELEMENT

side nodes:

u= hi(r,s) ui

h4=4r(1-r-s)

v= hi(r,s) vi

h5=4rs
h6=4s(1-r-s)

i=1
i=1

corner nodes:
h1=1-r-s
h2= r
h3= s

SIX
SIX NODED
NODED ISOPARAMETRIC
ISOPARAMETRIC TRIANGULAR
TRIANGULAR ELEMENT
ELEMENT

s
4

3
(1,1)

yG

6
1

i=1

xG

y=i=1
hi(r,s) yi

u= hi(r,s) ui
i=1
8

v=i=1
hi(r,s) vi

(-1,-1)

x= hi(r,s) xi

side nodes:

corner nodes:

h5=1/2 (1-r2)(1-s)
h6=1/2 (1+r)(1-s2)

h1=1/4 (1-r)(1-s)-1/2h5-1/2h8
h2=1/4 (1+r)(1-s)-1/2h5-1/2h6

h7=1/2 (1-r2)(1+s)

h3=1/4 (1+r)(1+s)-1/2h6-1/2h7

h8=1/2 (1-r)(1-s2)

h4=1/4 (1-r)(1+s)-1/2h7-1/2h8

EIGHT
EIGHT NODED
NODED ISOPARAMETRIC
ISOPARAMETRIC QUADRILATERAL
QUADRILATERAL ELEMENT
ELEMENT