Closed-type feedwater heater

Closed type feedwater heaters

are shell and tube heat exchangers. They
are small condensers that operate at
higher pressure than the main condenser
because bled steam is condensed on the
shell side, whereas the feedwater, acting
like circulating condenser water, heated
on the tube side. In closed feedwater
heater, the heat is transferred from the
extracted steam to the feedwater without
mixing taking place. The feedwater flows
through the tubes in the heater and
extracted steam condenses on the
outside of the tubes in the shell. The heat
released from the condensation is
transferred to the feedwater through the
walls of the tubes.
TWO TYPES OF CLOSEDTYPE
FEEDWATER HEATER

THREE ZONE HORIZONTAL

CLOSEDTYPE FEEDWATER
HEATER

The bled steam first enters the

desuperheating zone enclosure and is
cooled while raising the temperature of
the feedwater leaving the heater to a level
approaching or equal to the steam
saturation temperature. The condensing
zone is the largest heat transfer region
within the heater shell. The major portion
of heat transfer takes place here as the
steam condenses and gives up its latent
heat. The subcooling zone, which is
enclosed in a separate shrouded area
within the shell, further cools the
condensed steam while heating the
incoming feedwater.

THREE ZONE HORIZONTAL

CLOSEDTYPE FEEDWATER
HEATER

Materials Used

For fossil-fueled power plants

with subcritical steam, the
preferred materials for lowpressure heater are now type
304 stainless steel (which is

becoming less costly) and 90

10 copper nickel. For high
pressure heaters, type 304
stainless steel and tempered
Monel 30-70 copper-nickel are
preferred materials, with stressrelieved 70-30 copper-nickel and
carbon steel are specified.

For supercritical steam (oncethrough boiler), type 304

stainless steel and carbon are
specified for low-pressure heater
and carbon steel for highpressure heater. Copper based
alloys are not specified.

For nuclear power plants of the

pressurized- and boiling-water
types, type 304 stainless steel is
specified for all the heaters.

Open feedwater heater

An open feedwater
heater also called as direct-contact
deaerating (DA) heater is one that heats
the feedwater by directly mixing it with
bled steam from the turbine.
The Purposes Of Deaeration Are:
1. To remove oxygen, carbon dioxide and
other noncondensable gases from
feedwater. The deaerator should be
designed to remove the maximum
amount of the incondensable gases
possible from the boiler feedwater cycle
and to achieve an oxygen content of < 7
ppb (=0.005 cc/l) in the feedwater.
2. To heat the incoming makeup water
and return condensate to an optimum
temperature for:
a. Minimizing solubility of the undesirable
gases
b. Providing the highest temperature
water for injection to the boiler
Types of da heater for industrial and
utility use
Spray Type Deaerator

In this type, the feedwater enters

the heater through the nozzles
that spray it into the extractionsteam-filled heater space. The
water is heated and scrubbed to
release the non-condensable
gases.
Tray-Type Deaerators
Here, the feedwater is directed
onto a series of cascading
horizontal trays. It falls in
sheets or tubes from tray to tray
and comes into contact with
rising extraction steam admitted
from the bottom of the tray
system.
Combination Spray-Tray Deaerators
The feedwater is first sprayed
into steam-filled space, then
made to cascade down trays.
This combination type with
horizontal stainless steel trays is
currently preferred by the
utilities.
Boiler makeup and treatment
A water makeup system begins
by pretreating the raw water. The added
water must be well treated to maintain
water and steam purity in order to prevent
deposition of suspended solids and scale
on boiler and also silica deposition and
corrosion damage to turbine blades and
the condensate feedwater system.
Pretreatment

Clarification

Softening

Filtration

Demineralization

Condensate Polishing
Clarification
The water is chlorinated to
prevent bio-fouling of the equipment. The
suspended solids and turbidity are then
made to coagulate by special chemicals
and by being brought together by a slow
agitation in the middle of the clarifier
vessel(chlorination that oxidizes organic
matter also helps them to coagulate). The
coagulated matter are then settled by
gravity in the clarifier and is removed.
Softening

Lime is added to hard water to

precipitate the calcium, magnesium and,
to some extent, the silica in the water.
Soda ash is added to precipitate nonbicarbonate hardness. The process
typically takes place in a clarifier followed
by a hydrogen cycle cation exchange and
a hydroxide cycle anion exchange
demineralization.
Filtration
Filtration can be done under
gravity or pressure. The pressure
difference across a filtering medium is an
indication of solid accumulation. When it
reaches a given limit, the solids are
removed from the bed by backwashing
and are discharge to waste. Further
filtration by activated charcoal may be
necessary to absorb organic and remove
residual chlorine from the chlorination
process.
Demineralization
It is a process of removing
dissolved solids by ion exchange.
Two types of resin used:
Cation resin
Anion resin
Condensate Polishing
Condensate polishing is
accomplished by passing the condensate
through large vessel that contain both
cation and anion resin. The resin remove
dissolved solids as well as act as filters
for impurities or suspended solids.
Evaporator

An evaporator, distiller or
distilling apparatus is a piece of
ship's equipment used to
produce fresh drinking water
from sea water by distillation. As
fresh water is bulky, may spoil in
storage, and is an essential
supply for any long voyage, the
ability to produce more in
Midocean is important for any
ship.
Types of Evaporator

One stage or single effect type

Multi-stage or multi effect type

Prepared by :chang