ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

Introduction To

Arc-Flash Hazard Requirements

Of NFPA 70E
And

Arc-Flash Calculation
Per

IEEE 1584a

Philip Cox, PE - Memphis Light, Gas And Water Memphis, Tennessee

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

BriefHistoryOfNFPA70E
1976 Acommittee,ElectricalSafety
RequirementsforEmployee
Workplaces, wasformedwiththe
specificpurposetoassistOSHAin
preparingelectricalsafetystandardsthat
wouldserveOSHAsneeds.
1983Thethirdeditionwaspublished
andincludedparts1and2andanew
part3SafetyRelatedMaintenance
Requirements.

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

BriefHistoryOfNFPA70E
1995Thefiftheditionwaspublished.
Majorrevisionsincludedtheconceptsof
LimitsofApproach andFlash
ProtectionBoundary.
2000Thesixtheditionwaspublished.
EmphasiswasplacedonPersonal
ProtectionEquipment andanewpart4
SafetyRequirementsforSpecial
Equipment wasadded.

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

2004(SeventhEdition)

NamechangetoNFPA70E,
StandardforElectricalSafetyinthe
Workplace Majorchanges
emphasizesafeworkpractices.

SinceOSHAisaboutsafetyinthe
workplace,OSHAhasstartedto
emphasize70E.Also,workingon
livepartswasnowconsideredtobe
Thelastalternativeworkpractice.
Workingonenergizedequipment
nowrequiresaWorkPermit.

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

2004(SeventhEdition)

NFPA70E2004,PartII21.3.3Flash
HazardAnalysis.Flashhazard
analysisshallbedonebeforea
personapproachesanyexposed
electricalconductororcircuitpart
thathasnotbeenplacedinan
electricallysafeworkcondition.

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

CodeOfFederalRegulations(OSHA)
29CFR1910.333 Liveelectrical
partsthatanemployeemaybe
exposedshallbedeenergizedunless
additionalorgreaterhazardsare
introduced.
29CFR1910.335 Employees
workinginareaswherepotential
electricalhazardsexistshallbe
providedwithandshalluse
personalprotectiveequipment.
OSHAis citingNFPA70Eininjury
investigationandfineassessment.

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

AreTheRequirementsOfNPFA70Eand
OSHAValidConcernsFromA
TechnicalStandpointRegardingWorker
Safety?
Or,AreTheseConcernsOverStated
AndJustMakeGettingWorkDone
MoreDifficultFortheEmployerAnd
TheWorker?

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

AnExample:

277/480VMLGW
NetworkTransformer
VaultWith~200kAOf
AvailableFaultCurrent
AtBusConnection
IEEEC57.12.44,Standard
ForSecondaryNetwork
Protectors,RequiresA
FaultWithstandFor1
SecondInDuration.

HowMuchEnergyIsThat?

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

ThisMuchEnergyWillLiftWhichOfThe
FollowingObjectsApproximately27Feet?

A.ThisCoastGuardHelicopter(Wt)

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

ThisMuchEnergyWillLiftWhichOfThe
FollowingObjectsApproximately27Feet?

B.Five(5)NorthAmericanT6Texans (Wt)

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

ThisMuchEnergyWillLiftWhichOfThe
FollowingObjectsApproximately27Feet?
C. TheStatueOfLiberty
(NotIncludingTheFoundation,But
IncludingtheHelicopter)

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

ThisMuchEnergyWillLiftWhichOfThe
FollowingObjectsApproximately27Feet?
D.TheSpaceShuttle
AtMaximumTakeOffWeight
IncludingTwoSolidRocketBoosters
AndAFullExternalFuelTank

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

ThisMuchEnergyWillLiftWhichOfThe
FollowingObjectsApproximately27Feet?
D.TheSpaceShuttle
IfYouSaid

D TheSpaceShuttle,
WeighingApproximately4.5MillionPounds(f),

YouWouldBeCorrect!

Helicopter 13,000;5T6s 4,300;StatueOfLiberty 270

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

ShouldYouBeConcerned?

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

ShouldYouBeConcerned?

Yes!

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

SomeNotSoFun Facts
ElectricArcsCanGenerateTemperaturesExceeding
35kF(19k+C)
CopperBoilsAt4650F(2565C)
VaporizedCopperExpandsByAFactorOf67,000!

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

SomeNotSoFun Facts
A50kAArcFaultCanCreate:
SoundPressureLevelsOf165dB
PressureWavesCanExceedMoreThan3,600Lbs/Ft2
WhichCanPropelAWorkerSeveralFeet!

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

SomeNotSoFun Facts
ShrapnelAndMoltenMetalArePropelledAt
VelocitiesGreaterThan700MPH
ThereAre~30,000NonFatalElectricalShock
AccidentsPerYear
ThereAre~1000FatalitiesPerYearDueTo
Electrocution
~2000PeopleRequireTreatmentAtBurnCenters
DueToArcFlashBurns

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

SoWhatIsRequired ?

Training
ProvidedByTheEmployer
ImplementedByTheEmployee
Classroom&OnTheJob
IncludesDocumentationOfTraining
(Chapter1 GeneralRequirements)

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

EmployerRequiredToEstablishAn
ElectricalSafetyProgram
Theintentionistoinstillsafetyprinciplesand
controls,andpreventinjuryanddeath.
Anytimeanemployeeisnearanyexposedlive
partsthatoperateatgreaterthan50volts,a
hazard/riskevaluationproceduremustbedone.
Iflivepartsarenotdeenergized,workcanonlybe
performedbywrittenpermission.
And,theobvious,lockouttagout proceduresshall
befollowedwhenworkingondangerous
equipment.

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

GeneralPhilosophyOfMitigationOf
InjuriesDueToArcFlashHazards
DeEnergizeEquipmentWheneverPossible
WhenItIsNotPossibleToDeEnergizeEquipment,
LimitArcEnergyToTheWorkerBy:
ReducingAvailableFaultCurrent
ReducingArcTime
IncreasingDistanceFromArcFault
UseAppropriateLevelsOfPPE
UseArcBlankets/Barriers
UseEquipmentDesignedToMitigateArcFlash

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

MitigationByPPE
TheIntentOfTheAppropriatePPELevelIsTo
LimitBurnsTo(Curable)SecondDegreeBurns
WithA95%SurvivalRate.
ItDoesNotAttemptToPreventInjuriesCompletely
SecondDegreeBurnsCanResultAtASkin
TemperatureOf80C(176F)ExposureFor0.1s,
Approximately1.2Calories/Cm2
ThirdDegreeBurnsCanResultAtaSkin
TemperatureOf95C(203F)ExposureFor0.1s

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

Hazard/RiskLevels&PPE
TypicallyArcFlashEnergyIsDescribedBy
Calories/Cm2,orJoules/Cm2
Hazard/Risk
Category

ArcFlash(Energy)RatingOfPPE
[Calories/Cm2]

TypicalFRClothing
Requirements

<2

UntreatedCotton

<4

FRShirt&FRPants

<8

CottonUnderwear,FRShirt
&FRPants

<25

CottonUnderwear,FRShirt,
FRPants&FRCoveralls

<40

CottonUnderwear,FRShirt,
FRPants,DoubleLayer
SwitchingCoat&Double
LayerSwitchingPants

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

TypicalRisk/HazardCategory2
FaceShield EyeProtection
Balaclava Face,Neck,Ears,Etc.
8Cal/Cm2 Coveralls
W/FRShirt&Pants
HeavyDutyInsulatedLeather
WorkBoots

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

TypicalRisk/HazardCategory3
FaceShield/ArcFlashHood
Eyes,Face,Neck,Ears,Etc.
25+Cal/Cm2 Coveralls
W/FRShirt&Pants
HeavyDutyInsulated
LeatherWorkBoots

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

TypicalRisk/HazardCategory4
FaceShield/ArcFlashHood
Eyes,Face,Neck,Ears,Etc.
40+Cal/Cm2 Coveralls
W/FRShirt&Pants
HeavyDutyInsulated
LeatherWorkBoots

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

ApproachBoundaries

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

ApproachBoundaries
1.FlashProtectionBoundary
Anapproachlimitata
distancefromexposed
livepartswithinwhich
apersoncouldreceivea
seconddegreeburn.

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

ApproachBoundaries
2.LimitedApproachBoundary
Anapproachlimitata
distancefromexposed
livepartwithinwhicha
shockhazardexists.

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

ApproachBoundaries
4.RestrictedApproachBoundary
Anapproachlimitata
distancefromexposed
livepartwithinwhicha
increasedriskofshock,
duetoelectricalarcover
combinedwith
inadvertentmovement,
forpersonnelworking
incloseproximitytoa
livepart.

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

ApproachBoundaries
4.ProhibitedApproachBoundary
Anapproachlimitata
distancefromexposed
livepartwithinwhich
workisconsideredthe
sameasmakingcontact
withthelivepart.

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

DeterminationOfHazard/RiskCategory
HRCForTypicalWorkerAreas&TasksCanBe
FoundInNFPA70E Table130.7(C)(9)(a)

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

DeterminationOfHazard/RiskCategory
OrCanBeCalculatedByVariousMethodsInIEEE
1584,SuchAs:

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

DeterminationOfHazard/RiskCategory
FlashProtectionBoundaryCanAlsoBeCalculated
ByMethodsInIEEE1584,SuchAs:

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

NFPA70(NationalElectricalCode)
110.16 FlashProtection.Switchboards,
panelboards,industrialcontrolpanels,
metersocketenclosures,andmotor
controlcentersthatareinotherthan
dwellingoccupanciesandarelikelyto
requireexamination,adjustment,
servicing,ormaintenancewhile
energizedshallbefieldmarkedto
warnqualifiedpersonsofpotential
electricflasharchazards. Themarking
shallbelocatedsoastobeclearly
visiblebeforeexamination,adjustment,
servicing,ormaintenanceofequipment.

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

RequiredMarking

ANSIZ535

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

WorkPermit
MustincludeAtLeastThese11Items
1. Adescriptionofthecircuitandequipmenttobeworked
onandtheirlocation.
2. Justificationofwhytheworkmustbeperformedinan
energizedcondition.
3. Adescriptionofthesafeworkpracticestobeemployed.
4. Resultsoftheshockhazardanalysis.
5. Determinationoftheshockprotectionboundaries.
6. Resultsoftheflashhazardanalysis.

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

WorkPermit
MustincludeAtLeastThese11Items
7. TheFlashProtectionBoundary.
8. Thenecessarypersonalprotectionequipment(PPE)to
safelyperformtheassignedtask.
9. Meansemployedtorestricttheaccessofunqualified
personsfromtheworkarea.
10. Evidenceofcompletionofajobbriefing,includinga
discussionofjobspecifichazards.
11. Energizedworkapprovalbysafetyofficer,
management,owner.

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

JobBriefing&Checklist

Identify:Thehazards,thevoltagelevels,skillsrequired,other
voltagesources,unusualworkconditions,numberofpeople
needed,shockandflashprotectionboundaries,available
incidentenergy,andanyotherinformationthatmightbe
relevant.

Ask:Cantheequipmentbedeenergized?Arebackfeeds
possible?Isastandbypersonrequired?Anyotherpertinent
questions.

Check:JobPlans,singlelinediagramsandotherprints,safety
procedures,vendorinformation,specialconditionsthatmight
existatyourfacility.

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

JobBriefing&Checklist

Know:Whatthejobis,whoisincharge,andwhoelsemight
needtoknowwhatisgoingon.

Think:Aboutunexpectedevents,Lockout Tagout Test,and

TESTagain,Installgrounds,installbarriers,andthinkabout
whatisgoingon.Bepresent,becauseelectricitycanbe
dangerous.

Andfinally,prepareforanemergency:IsaCPRperson
available?Isemergencyequipmentavailable?Wherearethe
fireextinguishers?Wherearetheshutoffdeviceslocated?Is
thereatwowayradioavailable?Canyoudial911?

ICC Spring Meeting 2008 Tradewinds Resort 11 March 2008

End