Engineering Briefs

AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH
MANUAL OPERATION
ENGINEERING BRIEF
EB002 Rev 1 91/02/12
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9087A 198 Street, Langley, BC Canada V1M 3B1 y Telephone (604) 888-0110
Telefax (604) 888-3381 y E-Mail: info@thomsontechnology.com y www.thomsontechnology.com
MANUAL OPERATION
The ability to manually operate an automatic transfer switch has obvious merits.
Since many transfer switch failures can be attributed to control failures, a manual
operating means may allow an operator to maintain electrical supply to the load
with a minimum of disruption, even during utility power failures.
Further,
maintenance procedures are greatly simplified.
It is important, however, to ensure that the design of a manually operated
transfer switch does not unnecessarily degrade system performance, integrity, or
safety. The following points should be considered:
(1)
The transfer switch should not suffer a reduction of rating when operated
manually, as opposed to electrically. For instance, it should be capable of
interrupting the full rated load, as well as closing on to a faulted system
where a fault current level up to the withstand rating of the transfer switch
may occur. Failure to meet these performance levels could lead to
destruction of the transfer switch should it be operated under these
conditions.
It must be recognized that, even if a transfer switch is not intended for
manual switching while carrying load, there is no assurance that it will not
happen.
The simple truth is that transfer switches are regularly operated manually
while carrying current. This happens during commissioning, servicing,
and due to operator error. Transfer switches with slow operating contacts
(eg. solenoid-operated "contactor" type) are distinctly inferior when
operated under these conditions. Consider what could happen if a
transfer switch was slowly closed onto a bolted fault.
UL Standard 1008 places additional requirements on some automatic
transfer switches, which have "slow operating" manual operation, in
recognition of the contact arcing problem. These requirements exceed
CSA's Standard 178.
EB002 Rev 1 91/02/12
Thomson Technology Inc.
MANUAL OPERATION
To ensure that damage does not take place during switching, quick-make,
quick-break contacts are required. These require a "stored-energy"
mechanism, and although more costly to produce, guarantee fast
operation under all conditions. All Thomson Technology transfer switches
have stored-energy contacts. Solenoid operated contactor type transfer
switches don't have stored-energy contacts simply because the solenoid
isn't strong enough to charge the springs.
(2)
The transfer switch must be safe for operating personnel. If manual

transferring is attempted without the control circuits being disabled, there
should be no possibility of injury. This may be accomplished by a means
which automatically disables the operating mechanism when access for
manual operation is gained,
or by a manual mechanism with an overriding device which will allow the
manual handle to remain stationary while the mechanism is electrically
operated.
(3)
The manual operating means must be obvious, simple, and secure. A

manual handle which is small, not labelled, or not permanently attached in
the operating position (ie. one which may be lost) is not acceptable.
Further, it should not be necessary for inexperienced personnel to refer to
the instruction manual to be able to quickly effect a manual transfer, since
transfer switches are emergency devices, and a need for manual
operation would likely occur under adverse conditions.
To address these critical performance requirements, Thomson Technology

transfer switches provide:
*
stored-energy contacts which always operate quickly, whether manually or

electrically initiated,
EB002 Rev 1 91/02/12
MANUAL OPERATION
a safety switch or other means to automatically prevent the mechanism

from harming an operator while performing manual switching without
having disconnected power, and
a clearly labelled and permanently attached manual handle, which is very

easy to operate.
Conclusion
The bottom line is that you have a transfer switch because there is a critical need
to maintain power to a load. To achieve that result under all conditions, a
manual handle which is safe and easy to find, and which cannot cause contact
damage, is the best.
NOTICE: This information is the property of Thomson Technology Inc. Permission is hereby
given to reproduce this document in this exact form only, without modification of any kind.
THOMSON TECHNOLOGY INC
EB002 Rev 1 91/02/12

NEUTRAL POSITION DELAY &
IN-PHASE MONITOR
ENGINEERING BRIEF
EB003 Rev 1 95/05/15
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NEUTRAL POSITION DELAY & IN-PHASE MONITOR
When transferring large motors and/or transformers between two sources of power which
may not be in synchronism (i.e. the normal power source and the emergency power
source), consideration must be given to the elimination of the "bump" that is felt when the
electrical load is suddenly disconnected from the first power source and immediately
connected to the second power source.
When a motor that has been running on line is suddenly disconnected from its power
source, the residual voltage produced by the motor (which acts as a generator under these
circumstances) will decrease in amplitude and frequency as the motor slows down.
Although the motor may take a long time to actually stop, the voltage will decay very
quickly to safe levels. Similarly, when a transformer is disconnected from the line, time is
required for the magnetic field to collapse.
The "bumps" are caused by the momentary flow of extremely high line current because of
an out-of-phase condition during motor transfer, and because of induced voltage transients
during transformer transfer. The high current flow can exceed the instantaneous trip
settings of protective devices in the system and can be severe enough to trip circuit
breakers, cause damage to shafts, couplings, etc. This condition is especially pronounced
in the case of a fast-operating transfer switch, such as a solenoid operated type with all
contacts on a common shaft.
Two methods are commonly utilized to prevent the "bump" from occurring. One is the
Neutral Position Delay (T.T.I. option code NDT). The other is the In-Phase Monitor method.
The following is an explanation of each of these methods, along with the relative
advantages and disadvantages.
I.
IN-PHASE MONITOR
The in-phase monitor inhibits load transfer until the two power sources are in synchronism.
The monitor is adjusted to signal the transfer switch to operate when the incoming power
source is within approximately ten electrical degrees of the connected power source.
Depending upon the difference in frequency, the phase angle between the two power
sources, and in the contact-to-contact transition time, the transfer is made at or near
synchronism.
A.
ADVANTAGES
1.
Transfer of motor loads is accomplished without an appreciable power dip when the
system is adjusted properly, when heavy transformer loads are not included.
EB003 Rev 1 95/05/15
B.
DISADVANTAGES
1.
Successful transfer is totally dependent upon the selection and adjustment of the
governor in the emergency power source. A governor which is faulty, maladjusted,
or has too much "droop" may prevent transfer. If the frequency is more than two
cycles out of synchronism, or the connected power source is unstable, the transfer
switch will remain in the emergency position indefinitely, or until the frequency is
corrected.
2.
The in-phase monitor detracts from the reliability of the system because a complex
electronic component is added to an otherwise simple, straightforward control
system.
3.
The in-phase monitor does not have control over the amount of slippage that is
experienced from the time a motor is de-energized until the transfer switch closes to
the incoming power source. A heavily loaded motor can go out of synchronism
between the time it is de-energized until the time it is re-energized, particularly in
larger sizes of transfer switches which have longer contact-to-contact transition
times.
4.
The in-phase monitor does nothing to prevent the "bump" that is felt when switching
transformers at high speed because the sinusoidal line voltage wave form is not
maintained after the transformer is disconnected. The amount of the "bump" is
determined essentially by the amount of time required for the transformer voltage to
decay. This, in turn, is dependent upon the type of network supplied by the
transformer. Therefore, a high speed transfer switch with an in-phase monitor does
nothing to eliminate the "bump" that is felt when switching transformers.
5.
The in-phase monitor is totally ineffective during manual transfer under load. In fact
a snap action transfer switch with all contacts on a single operating shaft could
present problems during manual transfer if the need for in-phase monitor had been
identified, since a manual transfer would probably be out of phase.
6.
The in-phase monitor is totally ineffective if transfer to the generator source is

necessary due to a failing utility source (single phase or brown-out condition). If the
transfer switch logic senses a partial failure of a source, the in-phase monitor must
be bypassed to allow transfer. In this case, an instantaneous out-of-phase transfer
cannot be avoided and may very well trip the circuit breaker that feeds the only good
power source. Then all power is lost to the critical load.
7.
If the generator fails while it is powering the load while utility source is available
(during test or the time delay before returning to normal), there is no protection
against an out-of-phase transfer. This could also cause loss of the only remaining
good source of power needlessly (in this instance, the faster the switch transfer, the
more likely there is to be a problem since there is less time for the motor field to
decay).
EB003 Rev 1 95/05/15
II
NEUTRAL POSITION DELAY "NDT"
The NDT design eliminates the high current surge by deliberately introducing off-time during
load transfer, thereby allowing the disconnected electrical loads to de-energize before
reconnecting them to the alternate source of power. This is accomplished by introducing a
time delay between the opening of the closed contacts and the closing of the open
contacts. In fact, the inherent time it takes to complete a normal transfer with a T.T.I. motor
operated switch (approximately 1 second) is sufficient to eliminate the "bump" or current
surge without even adding the extra time delay of NDT.
A.
Advantages
1.
Foolproof operation under all conditions of transfer.
2.
Successful operation totally independent of the frequency of the two power sources.
3.
Flexibility. For instance, when utilized in conjunction with a multiple-engine,

generator control switchboard, the NDT design lends itself to load "dumping" by
switching the main contacts to an "off" position, thereby eliminating the need for
separate load dumping devices.
4.
Cost is considerably lower than in-phase monitor.
5.
NDT is more reliable and much easier to service than an in-phase monitor.
B.
Disadvantages
1.
A momentary dip in power when transferring loads between two live sources (less
than 60 cycles unless extended by time delay relay).
CONCLUSION
In summary, the Neutral Position Delayed transfer switch is by far the most reliable method
of switching large motors and transformers because it is flexible, simple, and foolproof.
Upon transfer, the user experiences only in-rush current rather than excessive line currents
which may approach short circuit values.
POINTS OF INTEREST
1.
In a lengthy technical working paper presented by I.E.E.E. entitled "Source Transfer

and Reclosing Transients in Motors" it was stated:
"The following are the two basic approaches to preventing damaging currents and
torques caused by interruption-reconnection incidents:
(1)
Delayed reclosing or transfer, which allows time for the residual voltage of the
motor(s) to decay to a level which is safe regardless of reclosing angle.
(2)
In-phase transfer or reclosing, in which the transfer or reclosure is timed to
EB003 Rev 1 95/05/15
occur when the residual and oncoming system voltages are close enough in
phase relation to avoid damaging transients, regardless of residual voltage
magnitude.
While both methods work quite well and are widely used, they both have advantages
and disadvantages. In many applications, delayed reclosing has the virtues of
simplicity, reliability, and economy; on the other hand the relatively long open interval
which is sometimes required to permit the motor voltage to decay may be
unacceptable. In-phase transfer provides the minimum service interruption, but
depends for safe operation on accurately sensing the phase relation between the
two voltages. This requires sensitive solid state or electromagnetic relaying and
control logic which adds cost and complexity."
The paper further states that:
"For typical systems composed of *relatively small integral-horsepower induction
motors and lagging-power-factor static loads, an open circuit interval of 1 second is
virtually always sufficient."
*Up to 300 HP.
The committee which developed this paper comprised several prominent industry
members, including two from Westinghouse and two from Asco.
2.
As a rule of thumb, neutral position delay may be applied as

follows:
a.
b.
c.
For motors up to 100HP - no delay required.

For motors 100HP-300HP - specify NDT set at one second.
For motors over 300HP - specify NDT set at two seconds.
If power factor correction capacitors are applied at the motor terminals (as opposed to
centrally on a system), further consideration may be required for delay times - consult T.T.I.
Wound-rotor motors are not suitable for either in-phase or neutral delayed transfer. They
should be isolated and restarted.
NOTICE
This information is the property of Thomson Technology Inc. Permission is hereby
given to reproduce this document in this exact form only, without modification of any kind.
THOMSON TECHNOLOGY INC.
EB003 Rev 1 95/05/15

OUT OF PHASE TRANSFER
OF MOTOR LOADS
TECHNICAL EXCERPT
AS RELATED TO:
(1) Neutral Position Delay
(2) In-Phase Transfer
Note:
Portions of this excerpt which are of particular interest have been marked.
EB004 Rev 1 91/02/12
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OVERLAPPING NEUTRAL CONTACTS
ENGINEERING BRIEF
EB005 Rev 0 91/02/05
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Numerous articles have been written concerning the presence of dangerous voltage
transients that supposedly occur whenever the neutral conductor of an automatic transfer
switch is switched from one source of power to the other without the benefit of an
overlapping neutral contact arrangement. These claims are totally unfounded.
To attribute the possibility of load damage to simultaneous switching of all power
conductors, including the neutral conductor, indicates lack of understanding of the transient
phenomena attendant to the use of high speed interrupting devices. A static voltage
unbalance would occur only as the result of long term neutral open conditions. Such is not
the case for a properly designed automatic transfer switch, regardless of the manufacturer.
Switching Time
It is essential to put the circuit analysis into proper perspective with regard to contact
switching time - the most important element so often overlooked.
The duration of the switching action is so short with respect to the period of the 60 HZ
waveform, that the duration of any voltage unbalance is inconsequential. A transfer switch
that is designed to switch all poles simultaneously provides a foolproof and completely safe
transfer of all load conductors.
Neutral Contact Erosion
It has been stated that neutral contact arcing and erosion can result in eventual
discontinuity at the neutral pole. This of course, is no more true for the neutral pole than
for any of the phase poles!
It is safe to assume that if the switching device in question operated slowly enough to allow
even a close approximation of the open neutral static unbalanced conditions described, the
contacts of the switch could fail. It is a well-known fact that successful operation of any
disconnect device, especially under reactive load conditions, is extremely dependent upon
rapid "make" and "break" contact action with properly supported arc extinction. Therefore,
any transfer switch maker must ensure that all switching contacts are adequately rated.
Generation of Transient Voltages
In order to generate transient voltages, there is a prerequisite that the load have the
capability of storing electrical energy. Resistive load has no such characteristic, and
therefore we will consider only the case of the inductive load. The energy stored in the
transformer primary, secondary, and leakage reactances is certainly a small contributor to
the transient situation. The largest contributor to possible transient voltage generation
would be energy stored in large motor windings, or similar loads. However, inductive tests
substantiate that no appreciable voltage transients occur upon switching of inductive load.
It is quite apparent that the transient voltages normally found in distribution circuits in
industrial or commercial installations are far more severe than those that might be
generated in switching the neutral.
EB005 Rev 0 91/02/05
AC Power System Transients

It is a widely accepted fact throughout the electrical and electronic industry that power line
transients occur randomly at all levels of distribution and may involve high lines as well as
115 volt branch circuits. They have been observed, recorded, and documented, particularly
by manufacturers of sensitive electronic equipment which is dependent upon commercial
power for normal operation. Crest voltages as high as 2500 volts have been recorded on
120 volt distribution lines. Induced voltages as high as 6KV from nearby lightning strokes
have also been observed.
Fortunately, the majority of power system loads have inherent immunity against damage to
power line transients, and the remaining critical loads can usually be economically
protected by the manufacturer or user. Due to the immensity of modern industrial and
residential AC power system grids and the complexity of randomly distributed transient prone loads, it is impossible for utilities do not assume responsibility for transient
phenomena for the most part.
Needless to say, the presence of voltage transients on power line conductors is not unusual
under normal conditions, nor could it be construed as being abnormal during any routine
switching action.
Need for True 4-Pole Switching
There may be a need to switch all conductors including the neutral to preserve the integrity
of GFP (Ground Fault Protection) Systems when the ground fault detection must be applied
on each source independently (as opposed to the load side of the transfer switch). It is
important for the power system designer to select an automatic transfer switch designed to
provide symmetrical switching of the load, regardless of initial normal load voltage and
current balance or power factor.
Summary
1.
The statement presented that neutral switching is dangerous unless accomplished with
"overlapping contacts" is without foundation.
2.
The assumption that erosion of a load switching contact will result in discontinuity and
eventual disconnection of the neutral conductor is totally unrealistic , since the very same
criticism must be applied to the other poles in the same switch.
3.
Laboratory tests using resistive load circuitry as well as highly inductive loads switched
by deliberately misaligned contacts are fully documented. Photographic proof clearly reveals
the absence of any significant transient overvoltages or overcurrents at the loads in question.
EB005 Rev 0 91/02/05
4.
The magnitude of AC voltage transients found on most all industrial, commercial, and
residential power systems far exceeds anything which could be accountable to 4-pole transfer
switches.
5.
The neutral contact rating should have the same current and withstand capacity as the
power poles to ensure system integrity. It should be noted that, if a manufacturer employs an
overlapping neutral contact, it may be based upon cost-saving efforts, since the neutral contact
is inferior to the phase contacts (it has no switching capability).
NOTICE: This information is the property of Thomson Technology Inc. Permission is hereby given
to reproduce this document in this exact form only, without modification of any kind.
THOMSON TECHNOLOGY INC.
EB005 Rev 0 91/02/05

SENSITIVE GROUND FAULT SENSING FOR
SOLIDLY GROUNDED 3 PHASE/4 WIRE
TRANSFER SYSTEMS
ENGINEERING BRIEF
EB006 Rev 0 90/01/02
9087A 198th Street, Langley, BC Canada V1M 3B1 y Telephone (604) 888-0110
SENSITIVE GROUND FAULT SENSING
On a three phase electrical system with a distributed neutral (ie. 3 phase, 4 wire)
the neutral conductor will be grounded at the source, as required to provide a
fault current return path in the event of a ground fault. This fault current is not
limited, and is therefore usually relatively large, and of sufficient magnitude to trip
the feeder circuit breaker of the connected source due to phase overcurrent.
This simple protection is typically afforded by a thermal-magnetic molded case
circuit breaker.
If a superior level of ground fault protection is desired, whereby the feeder
breaker is required to trip on a low level ground fault, then a more sensitive
ground fault sensing device must be employed. This may typically be a molded
case circuit breaker with an integral solid-state ground fault sensor, operating on
the "zero sequence" principal. Alternately, an external sensor may be used, in
conjunction with a zero sequence C.T.
Note: -
A zero sequence sensor will only detect a ground fault if the neutral
is grounded on the source side of the C.T., while the fault occurs on
the load side of the C.T. (ie the fault current return path, through the
grounded circuit passes outside the C.T.).
A Zero sequence C.T. may be 4 separate C.T.'s connected in Zerosequence configuration, as in a molded case circuit breaker with
internal solid-state trip.
EB006 Rev 0 90/01/02
CASE #1
On a transfer system with sensitive ground fault sensing on only one source
(usually the normal source), the neutral should be grounded as shown in fig. 1.
Note that the neutral system cannot be grounded in more than one place, as it
would then be a parallel conductor to the ground conductor, and part of the
neutral current would flow in the ground conductor.
EB006 Rev 0 90/01/02
CASE #2
On a transfer system with sensitive ground fault sensing on both source feeder
breakers, it is possible to employ a four-pole transfer switch as shown in fig. 2, to
prevent simultaneously grounding the neutral in more than one place.
This method is relatively expensive, and has questionable merit, since a ground
fault will trip the normal source breaker thus starting the generator (which sees
the tripping as a power failure). When the faulted load is transferred to the
generator, the generator breaker will then likely trip also. There is no benefit to a
4 pole transfer switch other than neutral isolation for ground fault sensing
purposes.
EB006 Rev 0 90/01/02
CASE #3
The method of providing ground fault protection on both sources as shown in fig.
3 is very effective and requires only a 3 pole transfer switch. The disadvantage
of this system is that the ground fault relays of both sources must be coordinated
and installed in reasonable proximity due to the C.T. circuits.
EB006 Rev 0 90/01/02
CASE #4
An alternate method of providing for sensitive ground fault sensing on both
sources, while avoiding the disadvantages of the four-pole transfer switch
method, is shown in fig. 4. this is the method used by Thomson Technology to
provide option "GFP" ground fault protection on T.T.I. transfer switches.
EB006 Rev 0 90/01/02
Features of Option "GFP" ground fault protection:

1)
On detection of a ground fault:

-
the closed transfer breaker is tripped, immediately de-energizing

the load
the generator start contact circuit is interrupted & locked out,
preventing the generator from starting automatically
the transfer motor circuit is locked out
a visual lockout indicator (manually resetting this lockout returns the
controls the normal, and the transfer breaker is reset by transferring
to the opposite source either manually or electrically).
2)
The ground fault detector provides adjustable trip current and adjustable
tripping delay (to allow coordination with downstream breakers).
3)
All "GFP" wiring is internal - no installer connections are required.
Benefits of Option "GFP" ground fault protection:

1)
Eliminates need for 4-pole transfer switch.
2)
Prevents (unless ordered otherwise) the transfer of a faulted load to the

alternate source.
3)
Employs only one ground fault sensor instead of two.
4)
Reduced cost in most cases.
5)
Offers good operator interface and reduces operator confusion in the

event of ground fault tripping during emergency situations.
6)
Consolidates ground fault equipment into a single location.
Using a 3-pole transfer switch with option "GFP" can substantially reduce system
cost and complexity, while maintaining system performance. It should be
considered for application where this type of protection is desirable.
EB006 Rev 0 90/01/02
CIRCUIT BREAKER
SIZING
ENGINEERING BRIEF
EB007 Rev 0 87/04/09
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CIRCUIT BREAKER SIZING
A)
Generator Breaker Sizing

For minimal generator protection, one must consider two classes of overcurrent
conditions when sizing generator circuit breakers:
1)
Overload Protection (a slight overcurrent of long duration):

Typically protection is afforded by the long time tripping device (thermal element
of thermal-mag or long time in a solid-state trip breaker). Since the thermal
elements temperature rise (or solid state equivalent) in a breaker generally
approximates the temperature rise in the generator windings (including preheating and ambient temperature considerations), it will provide fairly good
protection, if sized closely to generator output. If the thermal trip is over-sized,
protection is minimal (See B).
2)
Short Circuit Protection (a large overcurrent, hopefully of short duration):

Breakers with magnetic trips (or solid-state equivalent) are usually applied to give
short circuit protection, but since the available fault current of the generator
(sustained) is usually lower than the magnetic trip setpoint, they are often
useless. If a solid state breaker is used it may be possible to size one to trip on
a short circuit, but only if it trips at less than 300% of the generators output, and
if the generator has sustained short circuit output capacity (i.e. PMG, SBO, or
equivalent).
A short time trip (i.e. an instantaneous trip that has a very short time-delay) is
okay, since the generator should provide 300% current for at least 10 seconds
without damage (much longer than the trips time delay).
As an alternative, a generator may be equipped with an undervoltage shutdown.
Single phase sensing should be adequate, as all phases will collapse on a solid
short circuit. This is a low cost but effective method of protection, and does not
require a generator with fault current sustaining capability.
Caution must be exercised when attempting to sense short circuits with a current
sensing relay because:
- the generator may not have sustained short circuit output.
- if the generators output voltage is used to power the current sensing relay,
that voltage will not be available during a short circuit condition, and the relay
might not operate.
B)
Breaker Sizing Example (for long-time trip)

Suppose the generator is rated at 313 amps output. The breaker should be a 300A (as
opposed to a 350A) because:
EB007 REV 0 87/04/09
1) If the generator is loaded to 350A (which will likely occur in one leg only, thus not
causing an engine overload), heat generated in the generator winding would be:
350
313
350
313
X 100% = 125% of rated thermal

capacity, i.e. likely burnout.
or even worse, if loaded to 1.2 X 350A.

(i.e. the current at which the breaker would trip in 1-2 hours), then:
420
313
420
313
X 100% = 180% of rated thermal

capacity, i.e. definite burnout.
2) If a 300A trip is chosen, you can still load the generator at 100% at:
313
300
0.8 = .835 PF
Therefore is PF = .835 or higher, you are not limiting the gensets (as opposed to
the alternators) output.
C)
The 80% Rule & Standby Generator Breakers

1)
Thermal Mag - technically (according to code) the maximum continuous current is

80%, but you must consider:
(a)
The generator is a standby, therefore it is not continuous.
(b)
The generator is not likely to run at 100% load @ PF = 0.8.
Note - using an oversize frame will not help, since the trip is the limiting factor, e.g. a
600AF/400AT is continuous rated 320A.
2)
Solid State Trip (i.e. no heat-producing thermal element) - which is also rated 100%
(some are not), then there is no problem.
CONCLUSION: - The 80% rule is not useable on a standby unless you use a
100% rated solid-state trip breaker.
D)
Breakers for A Generator Which Must Provide Overload

1)
Continuous Rated:
A generator with an overload rating of 10% for one or two hours (i.e. continuous
rated) can generally be used with a standard thermal-mag or solid state breaker.
EB007 REV 0 87/04/09
The breaker should be rated for approximately full load current. Since the breaker
will typically trip in 1 - 2 hours at 110% load, it allows the reserve capacity of the
generator to be used, but will trip if it is run continuously at overload.
2)
Standby Rated:
A generator with no overload rating (i.e. rated as standby or continuous standby,
with no overload, for duration of outage) is generally not able to be protected by a
standard thermal-mag or solid state breaker of any description. Since the breaker
must be sized to handle the full load current continuously, and since the breaker will
only trip on some overload (which the generator cannot supply) it is apparent that
protection is not possible. In this case either:
(a)
the breaker must be sized for the normal continuous rating, which will prevent
the generator from running continuously at the standby rating, or;
(b)
other means must be used to protect the generator (e.g. high winding
temperature shutdown), or;
(c)
it must be deemed acceptable to have no real protection (in the case of a

standby unit, this may be a consideration).
NOTE - This information is generalized, and is provided for general consideration only.
Specific applications should be considered in depth to determine required protection.
EB007 REV 0 87/04/09
MARINE GENERATOR
SWITCHBOARDS
TYPICAL ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
ENGINEERING BRIEF
EB012 REV 1 86/02/08
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MARINE GENERATOR SWITCHBOARDS - TYPICAL ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
Due to the generally more critical application of a generator set in a marine environment
as opposed to an industrial location, certain extra provisions must be allowed for in the
design of associated switchgear. These additional provisions for a typical installation,
as required by the different governing authorities (Canadian Coast Guard, Lloyds
Register, ABS, etc.) are briefly stated as follows:
1.
SWITCHBOARD ENCLOSURES must be equipped with:

a)
a handrail to aid a person operating the equipment in a rough sea.
b)
a door detent to hold the door in an open position for servicing in a moving
vessel.
c)
an insulating floor mat, as required for larger installation, so that a person

working inside the switchboard may not receive a shock should he contact
a live part.
d)
a drip shield to prevent water from above running in the panel.
e)
a panel light to illuminate the switchboard.
2.
CIRCUIT BREAKERS must be plug-in so that a defective breaker may be

changed quickly and without the serviceman contacting live parts in the event
power had to be maintained during changeout. Breakers must also have
undervoltage release to disconnect loads which may be damaged by low voltage.
Breakers (as well as load cables, bus bars, contactors, etc.) must be oversized
by 25%.
3.
All generator and shore breakers must have breaker position lights (i.e. On &
OFF).
4.
KILOWATT METERS must be provided so that the operator will not overload the
generator set.
5.
Voltmeters, ammeters, and frequency meters must have red lines to indicate
danger zones.
6.
OVERLOAD RELAYS are required so that the electrical current flowing from he
generator will not be excessive, causing generator damage. Overload relays
cause the circuit breaker to trip if the generator is in danger.
EB012 Rev 1 96/02/08
MARINE GENERATOR SWITCHBOARDS - TYPICAL ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
7.
PHASE SEQUENCE INDICATORS are required for three phase shore lines,
which are connected to different sources from time to time, so that an incorrect
phase sequence can be detected and will not cause all motors to run backwards.
A PHASE SEQUENCE CHANGEOVER SWITCH must be provided to select
proper sequences. On single phase systems, a polarity light is required to
indicate reversal of neutral and ground conductors.
8.
A SHORE POWER ON light is needed to verify connection to a live source. A

shore power voltmeter is required to ensure shore supply is the correct voltage.
9.
GROUND FAULT LIGHTS c/w test switch, located on each load bus, to
annunciate a ground fault in the ships electrical system.
10.
Special grades of wire (switchboard type TBS or SIS) to prevent chafing due to
vibration and insulation failure during overcurrent fault conditions.
11.
COPPER must be used exclusively - aluminum connectors and bus bars are not
permitted.
12.
Approval by governing authority CCCG, Lloyds Register, etc to ensure

standards have been adhered to, as evidenced by the stamp in the switchboard.
Preliminary approval must be obtained on the proposed design before
commencement of manufacture.
NOTE:
The above is a general overview only. Some installations may require

special considerations. For instance, paralleling usually required storedenergy type generator circuit breakers.
For a full explanation of
requirements, refer to governing authority standards and/or regulations.
EB012 Rev 1 96/02/08
PG-UPT
PG-UPT -
PARALLEL GENERATION
UNINTERRUPTED POWER TRANSFER
ENGINEERING BRIEF
EB013 REV 0 91/05/21
th
9087A 198 Street, Langley, BC Canada V1M 3B1 ! Telephone (604) 888-0110
Telefax (604) 888-3381 ! E-Mail: info@thomsontechnology.com ! www.thomsontechnology.com
PG-UPT PARALLEL GENERATION UNINTERRUPTED POWER TRANSFER
Many facilities have automatic backup generator sets and load transfer switches which will
provide standby electrical power in the event of loss of normal utility power.
When utility power first fails, the load becomes de-energized until the generator has started
and the transfer switch has transferred the load from the utility supply to the generator.
Since transfer switches are generally "break before make", the load will also become briefly
de-energized while the load is being returned to the utility supply. The load is also briefly
de-energized if the load is transferred to and from the generator during testing procedures.
Load de-energization, in many installations, is deemed undesirable, even if short. It causes

disruption of equipment and may impact upon persons present. Although it is not generally
possible to avoid load de-energization upon initial utility failure, it is feasible to prevent deenergization in the other instances described.
The "PG-UPT" system is designed to perform an uninterrupted transfer switching function

by using the "make before break" method in conjunction with sophisticated electronic
controls which ensure that the two sources are synchronized at the instant of transfer.
Additional circuitry provides for extensive automatically and manually initiated modes of
operation, as well as ensuring adequate protection of the utility's system during periods of
interconnection.
PG-UPT provides additional benefits by allowing "peak shaving" which can drastically
reduce utility electricity charges, as well as the ability to test the generator set at any load
level by utilizing the site load. As with uninterrupted load transfer, peak shaving and load
testing are accommodated without any impact to the facility's electrical system.
A typical PG-UPT system would comprise two electrically-operated power switching devices
such as stored-energy air circuit breakers, and associated control devices.
EB013 REV 0 91/05/21
P G-U P T
F E A T U R E S
* 3 MODES OF OPERATION:
INTERRUPTED TRANSFER
UNINTERRUPTED TRANSFER
PARALLEL GENERATION
- Break-Before-Make Transfer
- "Bumpless" Transfer
- For Peak Shaving or Testing
* "SOFT" POWER TRANSFERRING

Prevents electrical & mechanical transients during transfers.
* UTILITY INTERCONNECT
All protective devices and features required to satisfy utility interconnect
regulations are provided.
* TEST AT FULL LOAD
During parallel generation mode, the generator may peak shave or be tested
at any load level up to 100% (assuming adequate site loading availability).
Export of power to the utility grid is automatically prevented.
* VAR CONTROL
Correct VAR sharing and Power Factor control between the generator and
utility sources is provided.
* KW CONTROL
Precise KW load controls maintain generator at:
- required capacity in standby generation
- preset maximum during parallel generation, with override to
- automatically prevent export of power
- necessary level to ensure zero-transient load transfer
* METERING
Allows operator to observe loading on both generator and utility.
* MANUAL CONTROLS
Allows operator to manually select system operation for service or emergency
procedures.
* RETROFITTING
Most installations that have electrically-operated separate power transfer
devices are readily convertible to PG-UPT operation.
EB013 REV 0 91/05/21
TYPICAL PG-UPT SYSTEM

ONE-LINE DIAGRAM
(PG-UPT is a registered trademark of Thomson Technology Inc.)
EB013 REV 0 91/05/21
UPT TRANSFER SYSTEMS

OUTLINE OF FEATURES
UPT
PG-UPT -
PARALLEL GENERATION
ENGINEERING BRIEF
EB014 REV 1 91/06/03
th
UPT TRANSFER SYSTEM - OUTLINE OF FEATURES
Thomson Technology uninterrupted power transfer systems allow load to be transferred

between two live sources without any loss of power to the electrical load. Further
enhancements of this technology allow peak shaving and generator testing at full load.
Uninterrupted power transfer systems are available in three standard configurations.
LEVEL 1
-
Two Power Transfer air circuit breakers

Transfer Controls c/w overlapping ability
Relative phase angle sensor
Mode selector switch (interrupted transfer/uninterrupted transfer)
LEVEL 2
-
- MANUAL PG-UPT TRANSFER SYSTEM
As per Level 1 - Basic UPT

KW sharing, droop type
KVAR sharing, droop type
Utility wattmeter
Controls for manual synchronizing
Mode selector switch (interrupted transfer/uninterrupted transfer/parallel generation)
Generator reverse power protection
LEVEL 3
-
- BASIC UPT TRANSFER SWITCH
- AUTOMATIC PG-UPT TRANSFER SYSTEM
As per Level 1 - Basic UPT

KW sharing, automatic using KW load controller
KVAR sharing, automatic using VAR controller
Utility interconnection protection relays
Utility input power wattmeter
Controls for manual and automatic synchronizing
Automatic synchronizer
Mode selector switch (interrupted transfer/uninterrupted transfer/parallel generation)
Generator reverse power protection
EB014 REV 1 91/06/03
Advantages of TTI Basic UPT Transfer Systems over

Contactor Type "Closed-Transition" Transfer Switches:
MORE SERVICEABLE
TTI UPT uses drawout stored-energy power air

circuit breakers for switching, which are readily
removed for servicing. One may be removed while
the other is still in service. As well, they may be
interchanged.
HIGHER RATING
TTI UPT has a true interrupting rating and an

excellent short time rating, allowing excellent
system coordination. Closing/ withstand ratings
are available to very high levels.
FASTER
TTI UPT transfers faster, thus reducing

period of source paralleling and load disturbance,
typically by a factor of five.
OVERCURRENT
PROTECTION
TTI UPT allows incorporation of overcurrent

protection, and may allow deletion of a
separate generator circuit breaker.
SAFE MANUAL OPERATION-
TTI UPT can be manually transferred without

opening the enclosure, and without damaging
itself if manually transferred while carrying load.
BETTER INTEGRITY
TTI UPT provides two totally separate and

redundant power circuit breakers, each in its
own barriered compartment. This means that if
one should fail or suffer severe damage, the other
one can still operate, providing power to the load.
EB014 REV 1 91/06/03
Advantages of Manual PG-UPT over Basic UPT:
PARALLEL GENERATION
Means that the generator may be operated

continuously in parallel with the utility to provide
peak shaving and load testing up to full load.
REDUCED SYSTEM
TRANSIENTS
The PG-UPT parallels the two sources when they

phase angle), thus reducing system transients.
This is a great improvement over "closed
transition" transfer switches, which may parallel the
two sources when they are only approximately in
phase.
NO POWER INTERRUPTION-
Parallel generation assures that if the generator

fails during load testing, the load will not be
interrupted even momentarily. With basic UPT or
closed-transition transfer switches, power to the
essential load is lost until a transfer to utility power
occurs.
Advantages of Automatic PG-UPT over Manual PG-UPT:
SIMPLER OPERATION
Automatic synchronizing and precise KW and

KVAR control allows the operator to automatically
effect a load test, and to precisely calibrate desired
loading parameters without the possibility of drift.
PG-UPT is a registered trademark of Thomson Technology Inc.
EB014 REV 1 91/06/03
PEAK PLUS
GENERATOR-UTILITY INTERCONNECT
CONTROL SYSTEM
ENGINEERING BRIEF
EB015 Rev 0 95/07/01
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PEAK PLUS CONTROL SYSTEM
DESCRIPTION OF SYSTEM
The Peak Plus system is designed to allow the generator set to be paralleled with the utility
supply for Peak Shaving and/or testing operations. Sophisticated electronic controls ensure
that the two sources, phases and voltage are matched prior to synchronizing. Additional
circuitry provides for extensive automatically and manually initiated modes of operation, as
well as ensuring adequate protection of the utilitys system during periods of interconnection.
The Peak Plus system is comprised of the following components:
Electrically operated drawout, 100% rated air circuit breakers
Protective relays
Utility/Generator instrumentation
Automatic synchronizer
Engine governor controller loadsharing module
VAR/Powerfactor control
Peak Plus 500 transfer controller
Existing local generator set controls utilized in conjunction with Peak Plus system are:
- Auto start/stop controller
- Engine electronic governor controller
- Generator automatic voltage regulator
SEQUENCE OF OPERATION
The synchronizing system will have two basic modes of operation, one completely automatic
and the second manually operated. The two position selector switch (25CS) will initiate
operation as follows:
Auto
The generator automatically synchronizes to the utility supply and closes the
generator/utility tie circuit breaker.
Manual
The synchroscope, sync lights and manual sync check relay are enabled (automatic
synchronizing is inhibited).
System Paralleling transfer operation will be controlled by separate selector switches.
EB015 Rev 0 95/07/01
43CS PEAK SHAVE OPERATION SWITCH

AUTO
The generator set will automatically start and synchronize to the utility supply when a
remote signal is issued by the building management system. The generators load level
may be manually or automatically set as selected by the loading control switch. When
the remote signal is opened, the generator will ramp its load down, trip off line,
cooldown, then stop.
OFF
Peak shave operation is disabled. Note: The generator set will still automatically start
upon a utility power failure provided the load control panel is set for automatic
operation.
MAN
The generator set will start/stop as controlled by pushbuttons located on the front of the
panel. Synchronizing and loading may be automatic or manual subject to other switch
positions.
43LC LOAD CONTROL SWITCH
AUTO
The generator set will automatically assume a load level as determined by the
automatic loading controller. The generator load level set point is adjustably set from a
panel mounted rheostat.
MAN
The generators load level is set manually via panel mounted potentiometer Generator
manual load adjust.
GLA - GENERATOR LOAD ADJUST POTENTIOMETER
The generators load may be manually set via potentiometer provided the load control switch
(43LC) is in the manual position.
EB015 Rev 0 95/07/01
COMPONENT DESCRIPTION
SWITCHBOARD
Single vertical section to be free standing, dead front, cubicle size as indicated,
completely metal enclosed, self supporting structure, 90 high. Breaker will be located
in the lower compartment.
Barriered metering and control sections will have a metal backboard. The control
section shall incorporate metering, switching, protective relaying and control devices.
Ventilation openings will be provided where required.
The switchboard will be provided with lifting hooks and built-in angles or channels to
facilitate bolting to the floor. Exterior and interior steel surfaces will be properly cleaned
and finished with enamel paint - color ASA 61 grey. Backboards will be painted white.
The bussing, where necessary, will be tin-plated copper of sufficient size to limit
temperature rise to 65C and rated to withstand available fault current during short
circuit condition. Switchboard will bear CSA label C31.
UTILITY INTERCONNECT BREAKER
Breaker will be drawout air circuit style minimum 42KA rms symmetrical at 600 Volt with
100% continuous rating. Three drawout positions - Test, Disconnect and Withdrawn
will be provided. Breaker will have 120VAC electrical operation with 24VDC shunt trip
and 120VAC close coils.
Breaker will have microprocessor based integral current sensor with long time, short
time, and instantaneous trip functions. Breaker control switch (52CS) will be supplied to
provide manual trip control at any time, and closing control provided the permissive
sync logic is satisfied.
AC INSTRUMENTATION
Analog indicating type, 4-1/2, 1% accuracy, flush panel mounting
Generator
Voltmeter, Ammeter, Frequency Meter, Powerfactor, Kilowatt
Voltmeter and Ammeter four position control selector switches
EB015 Rev 0 95/07/01
Utility
Voltmeter, Frequency Meter, Kilowatt , Powerfactor
Voltmeter four position control selector switch
PROTECTIVE RELAYING
A Utility grade protection system will be provided. The relays will be flush mounted on
the utility cabinet door. The protective relays are permitted to function only when the
generator set is closed to the bus. Relays provided will be Basler BE-1 series as
follows:
BE1-32U
- Utility reverse power
BE1-27/47/59
- Negative Sequence/Under/Overvoltage
BE1-81O/U - Under/Over Frequency
BE1-25
- Sync Check
A Generator reverse power relay will be separately provided to protect the generator
from reverse power should the engine lose power while in the parallel generation mode.
This industrial grade relay will be internally mounted and annunciated with the PP-500
controller.
SYNCHRONIZING/INTERCONNECT CONTROL
Auto Synchronizer (25)
This unit automatically monitors and controls the generator speed (frequency) to match
the phase relationship between the generator set and utility service during uninterrupted
system paralleling. The synchronizer provided will be a Woodward type SPMA.
VAR/Powerfactor Module
This unit controls the Kilovar load (i.e. Powerfactor) of the generator when in the parallel
generation mode in conjunction with the generator voltage regulator.
The VAR/PF controller provided will be a Basler model SCP-250.
Sync Check Relay (25A)
This relay provides backup protection to the automatic synchronizer. When
synchronizing, both ASU and 25A relays must initiate a breaker close signal prior to a
breaker closure.
EB015 Rev 0 95/07/01
Generator Load Sensor

The generator load sensor control provides the load sharing capability for the engine
governor controller Woodward model 2301A. The load sensor provided will be a
Woodward type 2500.
Synchroscope
Allows monitoring of phase relationship between the normal and generator supply
during uninterruptable transfer operation.
Programmable Logic Controller
The programmable logic controller (PLC) monitors and controls the utility
interconnect synchronizing operation. System operating mode is based on inputs
from the control switches 25CS, 43CS and 43LC.
The PLC monitors the status condition of the breakers, associated protective relays
and transfer switch(es) in the system and provides interconnect breaker operation
commands based on the inputs monitored.
The PLC will control the generator Kilowatt soft loading and unloading when
connected bus in parallel with the utility. The bumpless power transfer will be
controlled to near zero power level during periods before and after closing and
opening of the interconnect breaker.
PP 500 Controller
The PP 500 controller is used in conjunction with the PLC to provide an operator
interface for the Utility Interconnect Control Scheme. A mimic bus showing the
operator and transfer switch status is provided. Separate indicator lamps provide
visual indication for the following functions:
Operating Mode
Synchronizing
- Green
Parallel with Utility
- Green
System Alarm
Generator Reverse Power
- Red
Utility Fail in Parallel Mode
- Red
Fail to Synchronize
- Red
Control Power Available
- Green
Lamp test and fault reset push buttons are provided.
EB015 Rev 0 95/07/01
POWER TRANSFER SCHEMES

PG-UPT
(Parallel Generation - Uninterrupted Power Transfer) &
CTTS (Closed Transition Transfer System)
ENGINEERING BRIEF
EB017 Rev 1 98/02/17
th
INTRODUCTION
There are many applications where power continuity is important for life safety or
economic reasons. These applications require two independent sources of power. In
the event of a failure or abnormality of the utility supply, the vital load is transferred to
the alternate source.
Ideally, this transfer would cause no interruption to the load and would involve no major
transients. It is possible to accomplish such a transfer where the application requires
absolute continuous, no-break power at all times. To do so, requires that both sources
of power be continuously available.
Most standby or emergency power sources consist of on-site engine-generators that
are started upon failure of the normal source. There will always be a break in power to
the load until the alternate source becomes available. Typically, there will be a short
break in power anytime the load is switched, even if both power sources are available.
These breaks normally occur during testing of the system and upon re-transfer of the
load to its utility supply when power is restored. Since load interruptions are sometimes
inconvenient, there is interest in eliminating these interruptions during transfer when
both power sources are available. Such systems can be provided to do so safely.
Recently, systems consisting of modified transfer switches (closed transition transfer) or
transfer switches with paralleled contactors have been proposed as an economical way
to accomplish no-break switching during test and retransfer. As attractive as these
schemes may appear, they require an understanding of the serious safety and reliability
issues. These systems may cause increased power system voltage transients during
the transfer of power. Transfer switching schemes which have been modified to
provide closed transition transfer may also jeopardize the complete installation and
should be reviewed carefully to ensure compliance with applicable CSA/UL standards
and local utility authorities.
FAST POWER RESTORATION
Most loads can tolerate a short break in power. Hospital emergency power systems, for
instance, are designed to handle short power breaks as long as power is restored to
vital circuits within ten seconds. Loads requiring fast restoration are supplied by enginegenerator sets which start upon failure of the normal supply and a transfer switch which
EB017
REV 1 98/02/17
transfers the vital load from its utility supply to the alternate source when it becomes
available. The key factor in these systems is maximum reliability. A momentary
interruption is acceptable. A sustained or prolonged interruption is not!
Maximum Reliability Requires:
That the load must be quickly and reliably transferred if a power source is available.
That the switching of the load must be done in such a manner as not to jeopardize
the source to which it is being transferred.
That any system disturbance encountered must be predictable and reproducible so
that all equipment and personnel can be preprogrammed to restore normal
operation quickly and reliably after a transfer.
TRANSFER SYSTEM
Open Transition
The conventional transfer of a critical load between power sources is
accomplished with a double-throw transfer switch arrangement. Historically,
transfer switches have been designed with a positive mechanical interlock that
absolutely prevents both sources being closed to the load at the same time.
Since the sources are un-synchronized, paralleling them could cause serious
equipment damage and failure of the system.
There will always be a break in power until the alternate source is available. All
loads connected to the system must be provided with automatic controls, to
restart or reclose the load to the power source when restored.
Consideration should be given to the manner in which the load is returned to the
normal source. In most instances, it is desirable to have a short time delay
before retransferring the load automatically in order to assure that the utility
supply is going to remain available. There will be a break in the power to the load
during retransfer, but this will be minimal since both sources are available.
However, the break will always occur with the use of a conventional transfer
switch.
Parallel Generation - Uninterrupted Power Transfer (PG-UPT)
Closed Transition Transfer Switch (CTTS)
EB017
REV 1 98/02/17
When testing a system (no actual power loss) and when returning the load to its
normal source, both power sources are available, and it is possible to
accomplish a no-break transfer.
All no-break transfer schemes involve paralleling of the two sources for some
period of time. Since conventional transfer switches have mechanical interlocks
to positively prevent paralleling of the two sources, they cannot be used. It is
necessary, therefore, to either:
Replace the transfer switch with paralleling circuit breakers and controls (PGUPT).
Provide a modified transfer switch that has overlapping contacts some of the
time (closed transition transfer).
Parallel the transfer switch contacts with contactors.
PG-UPT (Parallel Generation - Uninterrupted Power Transfer)
This requires replacing the transfer switch with two electrically interlocked circuit
breakers, synchronizing controls, some type of power transfer control, and a full
complement of protective relaying for both sources.
If only one power source is available, the circuit breakers operate in a breakbefore-make configuration, the same as a conventional transfer switch (but
without the positive mechanical interlock). If both power sources are available
(test and retransfer), the synchronizing controls bring the alternate source
engine-generator into synchronism with the normal utility source, parallel them,
and gradually shift the load from one source to the other.
Full protective relaying is necessary in order to protect both the utility source
and the generator source and to provide immediate disconnection of a failing
source.
Utilities require permission to parallel with their lines and are generally quite strict
in demanding protective relays. Protective relaying is just as important to the
engine-generator, since the tremendous fault current available from the utility
can destroy the engine-generator in the event of an abnormality.
This type of system can provide a no-break transfer during test and return
transfer to normal.
EB017
REV 1 98/02/17
CTTS (Closed Transition Transfer Switch)

The idea of using a closed transition transfer switch to accomplish no-break
transfer is now being actively promoted. In the event of a power failure, this
transfer switch operates in a conventional break-before-make mode. However,
during test and retransfer, the sources are paralleled (make-before-break) during
the transfer operation. To accomplish this, the mechanical interlock has been
removed. Relays are provided to check the relative phase relationships and the
relative voltage and frequencies of the two sources. When the voltage and
frequency are within approximately 5% and the phase relationship within
approximately 15%, a signal is given which causes both sets of contacts of the
transfer switch to be closed to the load at the same time, paralleling the two
power sources. After a brief period, one side of the switch is opened, leaving the
load connected to the other source. The transfer thus occurs with no apparent
break in power. No active synchronizing controls or protective devices for either
source are provided.
Generally, the cost of such a system should be lower in comparison to true
paralleling controls. However, utility approval, system integrity and potential
liability must be considered.
These systems do not employ any active synchronization, and there is no way to
automatically adjust the voltage or frequency of either source. There is no power
transfer control to gradually transfer the load between the two sources. The
sudden application or removal of large block loads from the engine-generators,
as they are paralleled with a utility, can cause transients between the two
sources and system disturbances. The magnitude of these disturbances
depends upon the size of the load and the dynamic characteristics of the system,
but they can be detrimental to a sensitive load.
Since the positive mechanical interlock has been removed from the transfer
switch, the electrical controls must prevent paralleling the sources under some
conditions (when one source has failed or is failing) but also permit it under
others.
Anytime on-site power generation is paralleled with a utility, approval of the utility
must be obtained. Proponents of Hybrid schemes suggest protective relaying is
EB017
REV 1 98/02/17
not necessary (since the sources are only in parallel for a short duration, i.e.: 100
milliseconds).
Many utility engineers, believe paralleling with the utility, regardless of the period
of time of the interconnection, requires full utility protective relaying to prevent
damage to their system. As a minimum, local utility approval will be for each
application, CTTS or PG-UPT. We feel if a utility were to agree to unprotected
paralleling for as little as 100 milliseconds, they would hold the owner of the
equipment liable for all damage to their system if paralleling should occur for a
longer time.
In the event of a utility failure, an on-site power source, paralleled with the utility
grid, even momentarily, could energize utility lines and cause bodily harm or
death to utility personnel.
Incorrect paralleling of an on-site generator with the utility can result in
destruction of the engine-generator itself.
Liability problems arise from the fact that no protective devices are provided to
protect and isolate the paralleled power sources in the event of an abnormality.
SUMMARY
Conventional open transition transfer switches offer a proven reliable method of
transferring between two power sources. The power interruption that occurs
with conventional transfer switches may not be acceptable in some applications.
Two options are available on systems that cannot tolerate any power interruption,
PG-UPT & CTTS. PG-UPT is an active synchronizing method with protective
relaying, is CSA certified and meets typical utility company approval
requirements. CTTS is a lower cost, passive synchronizing system that requires
CSA certification and local utility approval.
EB017
REV 1 98/02/17
BENEFITS OF TRANSFER SWITCH WITH PG-UPT SYSTEM:

Soft Loading and Unloading
Upon return of utility power, the PG-UPT System provides not only a Bumpless
transfer, but also provides a Soft (slow ramp down) unloading of the generator. This
same Soft loading feature is utilized in a test or Peak Shaving mode, thus eliminating
undo stresses on the engine-generator.
Active Synchronization
PG-UPT parallels the two incoming sources when they are accurately synchronized
(both frequency and phase angle), not just when the sources are approximately in
phase.
Peak Shaving
PG-UPT can be used for continuous peak shaving, if desired.
Load Testing
PG-UPT allows testing the generator set at any level up to the building load, without
any interruption or switching transients.
More Serviceable
PG-UPT may use draw-out type stored energy air circuit breakers for switching, which
may be simply removed for servicing.
Higher Rating
PG-UPT has a time interrupting rating and excellent short-time rating, allowing proper
system coordination. Very high closing/with-stand ratings are available.
Protection
Both the generator and utility are protected by the relays incorporated into the system
as required by the utilities.
EB017
REV 1 98/02/17
AUTOMATIC SYNCHRONIZING
(PARALLEL OPERATION)
ENGINEERING BRIEF
EB018 Rev 0 96/05/17
th
AUTOMATIC SYNCHRONIZING (PARALLEL OPERATION)
Basic Principles:
1
Automatic synchronizing of a generator consists of electrically coupling the

generator output to another source of electrical energy and operating the
generator such that its output adds to the other source.
Automatic synchronizing can encompass a wide variety of conditions such

as:
a)
Two or more equal or similar-sized generators which, when

paralleled to each other, will operate as though they were one larger
generator. This is the most common application and reason for
parallel operation.
b)
Two or more unequal-sized generators which are operated in parallel

as though they were one larger generator. This is also a common
condition.
c)
Generator systems (which may consist of two or more individuallyparalleled generators) which are operated in parallel with another
electrical system which, by comparison, is infinitely large. This is the
case of operation in parallel with the normal electrical utility source.
This is commonly done for on-site peak shaving, bottom shaving or
cogeneration systems. It may be done momentarily in some special
cases.
Benefits of automatically-synchronized (paralleled) systems:

1
Economy
An existing distribution system may not lend itself to being split into several
sections and handled by separate non-paralleled units. When the loads are
expected to expand substantially, the initial investment is minimized by
installing one smaller generator set, and then adding more sets in parallel
as the loads increase.
Reliability
When a part of the emergency load is deemed very critical, it may be
desirable to have more than one generator capable of being connected to
that load. When there is a normal source outage, all generators in the
system are started.
The probability of having a generator start and achieve nominal voltage and
frequency is increased according to the number of sets available. The first
set ready to handle the essential load does so. As the other generators are
EB018 Rev 0 96/05/17
running and connected to the bus, the remaining loads are connected in
declining order of priority.
Types of Systems:
There are two types of paralleling systems:
a)
Sequential paralleling
In sequential paralleling, the engine/generator sets are connected to
the bus in a predetermined order. The lead engine is connected to
the bus first. When the engine/generator selected as number 2 is
ready to be connected, a synchronizer is connected between the
output terminals of generator 2 and the bus. Then the generator is in
synchronism, its paralleling circuit breaker is closed, connecting it to
the bus. Usually, a restriction is imposed to limit the time the
controls will consume in attempting to synchronize and parallel a set
to the bus before reconnecting the controls to the next set in
sequence.
b)
Random paralleling
Random access permits simultaneous synchronizing of each set to
the bus. The random access method is faster than sequential
paralleling but more expensive. Codes mandating emergency loads
to be reconnected within ten seconds may require the method of
operation. With diesel or natural-gas-driven engine/generator sets, it
is reasonable to expect that the emergency bus will be established
within the ten-second limit in a random access system, because any
one of the generators can be first on line.
c)
Dead field paralleling
d)
Utility paralleling
Synchronizing Basics:
1)
To successfully synchronize a generator to a bus requires some degree of

instrumentation to tell the operator what the phase relationships are
between the two sources. The simplest is two voltmeters connected to read
voltage between the same phases of the incoming generator and the bus.
When the two sources are in phase and at equal voltage, both Va and Vb
will read 0 volts. (The third phase will also be the same since, if any two
are correct, the third must be correct.) When the phases are 180 out of
sync, the voltmeters will read 2 x normal system voltage. As the phases go
in and out of sync the voltmeters will drift from 0 to 2 x to 0 at a rate which
depends on the slip frequency (frequency difference). The breaker closure
EB018 REV 0 96/05/17
must occur when the voltage difference is at, or very near, 0. Otherwise
each source will be subjected to extreme currents and forces which will
damage the equipment. Out of sync voltage differences (and resultant
forces) increase rapidly with increasing phase to phase mismatch angles.
In general the forces are acceptably small if the phase angles are within
about 15 of true synchronism.
2)
Two synchronizing lights can be used in place of voltmeters. When the

lights are out, the phases are synchronized. When the phases drift out of
sync, the lights will come on due to the voltage difference. It is usual to use
three lights to cater to the possibility of one burned bulb. Bulbs must be
rated for 2 x voltage.
3)
A synchroscope is a pointer-type meter which incorporates the two

voltmeter movements with a single pointer. The pointer moves to a circular
position dependent on the voltage difference. At zero volts it will be located
at top dead centre. The synchroscope position is representative of voltage
difference, not phase displacement angle. Any area within about 30 to 45
of top dead centre represents a fairly small voltage difference
corresponding to a fairly small phase-to-phase displacement.
A
synchroscope will rotate at the slip frequency rate.
4)
All of the foregoing are instrumentation devices which will allow an operator
to observe when synchronism occurs and to initiate breaker closure
accordingly. The operator must adjust the incoming generator speed (and
voltage if necessary) to obtain synchronized conditions).
5)
For automatic systems, an automatic device must be used to obtain

synchronized conditions and initiate breaker closure at the proper time.
There are a wide variety of automatic synchronizers available to interface
with various types of governors. The synchronizer can also be utilized to
match voltages as well as speed.
Protection devices:
1)
When a synchronous generator is connected to an external electrical

source, it is capable of acting as though it were an electric motor. In the
case of generator sets operating in parallel, if the engine output power fails
for any reason, such as shutdown, the generator will motor the engine at
bus frequency. The required power, usually about 10 to 20% of rated
power, will be provided by other machines. To prevent this occurrence, all
paralleled generators must be fitted with a reverse-power relay. The relay
is set to open the generator breaker at about 5 to 10% reverse power.
EB018 REV 0 96/05/17
2)
The generator breaker must be rated to withstand and interrupt the

available fault currents from the load bus. This may require special breaker
considerations when paralleling to an infinite bus.
3)
There are many additional protective devices which can be applied to single
or parallel-operated generators. Particular application considerations will
determine the requirements.
Technical considerations for automatically-synchronized systems:

1)
The generator output must be the same as the bus; that is:
Same number of phases
Same phase to phase voltage
Same phase rotation (e.g. ABC or ACB)
2)
The generator and bus AC waveforms must be in identical phase

relationship at the time of breaker closure to connect them. This is called
the in phase or synchronized condition. Note that if the phase rotations
are the same, then the B to B and C to C relationship will be identical to
the A to A relationship. If the phase rotations are opposite then
synchronism of all 3 phases can never be achieved. If the breaker is
closed to connect the two sources based on only one phase being in
synchronism, major damage can immediately occur.
3)
Only when the two sources are inphase or synchronized (each phase
voltage matched, phase rotation matched and phase angles matched) can
the two sources be connected together.
4)
Once the two sources have been connected together they will remain in
synchronism no matter what (unless the breaker(s) open and disconnect
one of the sources). The two sources are effectively geared together by
electrical forces.
5)
If the two sources are two equal generator sets, say for example 2 x 500
kW e as soon as they are in parallel, the system should now behave as
though it were a single 1000 kW generator.
6)
The key to parallel operation is to make the system behave as it should.

The challenge comes from the fact that the single generator has two
regulator exciters and two governor systems. The characteristics of the two
machines must be matched for the whole system to function correctly.
7)
The voltage and frequency controls of a paralleled generator not only

control voltage and frequency.
(a)
EB018 REV 0 96/05/17
Voltage control (excitation control) now controls the reactive power

output of the generator. If the generator is over excited, instead of
the voltage rising the excess excitation will result in generation and
delivery of excess kVARs to the bus. If it is under excited it will

absorb kVARs from the bus. When the excitation level is exactly
correct for the actual bus voltage the generator will share the kVARs
required by the load.
(b)
Frequency control (governor speed control) now controls the real

power output of the generator set (kW e output). If the governor
frequency (speed) setting is higher than the actual bus frequency,
the governor will sense an underspeed condition and attempt to
correct the condition by increasing the fuel. This can only result in
increased power output. Likewise if the governor frequency setting is
below the actual bus frequency, then the governor will sense
overspeed and react by reducing the fuel.
8)
In the case of two or more engine generator sets operating in parallel, it is

readily apparent that the regulators and governors must function together
to achieve system control.
9)
In the case of an engine generator paralleled to an infinite bus, it is not

possible to control the infinite bus. Its regulators and governors are not
accessible, and even if they were, other considerations (such as other
connected customer needs) would prevent adjusting the bus controls to
satisfy an insignificantly small paralleled generator.
For paralleling considerations a bus can start to be considered as infinite
when the bus capacity is about 5 times the paralleled generator capacity.
Thus if a 100 kW generator is paralleled to a bus powered by a 1000 kW e
generator, it is essentially being connected to an infinite bus. (There are
exceptions to this condition but these are beyond the scope of this sales
and marketing seminar)
10)
This is a classic case of two halves do not necessarily make a whole.

However, the control of paralleled generator(s) is in fact simple, reliable
and extremely versatile.
Load Control:
1)
Whenever engine/generators are paralleled, the loads should be divided

and controlled so that the system will not be overloaded. Overloading an
emergency system will cause voltage and frequency deviations and
possibly cause the failure of the complete system. The loads can be
grouped into blocks consistent with the prime mover size. See Figure 710. This means that load prioritization is necessary. The system can then
control the connection of load to the bus in a prioritized sequence as
generators are placed on line. Similarly, the system must disconnect, or
shed loads in reverse order of priority, to ensure maximum continuity of
EB018 REV 0 96/05/17
power to the highest priority loads if bus capacity reduces due to loss of
generating units.
2)
Having established the basis for load connection and shedding, it is

necessary to consider the means to achieve this switching. There are
several ways to switch the loads. In an emergency power system, one
convenient means is to utilize the automatic transfer switches for load
connect and load dump operation. See Figure 7-11. Another method
involves the use of remote-control switches, or contactor to open and
close, adding and shedding the loads. Downstream circuit breakers can
also be tripped to shed load. However, if shunt-tripped molded-case circuit
breakers is the method used, consideration should be given to the fact that
these breakers must be manually reset to reconnect the load. In short,
there are many approaches to load switching. The preferred approach for
any application is determined by the requirements of the application.
Load Share Basics:

1)
Governor speed adjustment controls generator set load (kW) after the
generator is paralleled to a bus.
If a diesel generator with droop governing is paralleled to the utility bus, the
generator frequency will be exactly the same as the utility bus at the
moment that paralleling occurs. If no change in set speed occurs, the
generator will run in parallel with the utility, but will not produce any load.
2)
A more normal parallel generator set condition is the parallel operation of 2

or more engine generators onto a common bus. The considerations are
identical to the infinite bus except that speed (or voltage) set point
adjustments on one generator will in fact result in a speed or voltage
change on the bus along with the expected change in real or reactive load.
Increasing the load on one generator will correspondingly decrease the load
on the other bus connected generators. To maintain the bus frequency and
load share requires adjustments of both governors. Likewise, to maintain
bus voltage and kVAR share requires adjustment of both regulators.
3)
For paralleling with load-droop governors or reactive load droop regulators,

the set speed (voltage) of both sets must be adjusted (one up, one down) if
a constant bus frequency (voltage) is required. Usually the small voltage
variations are of no concern, and voltage adjustments are not necessary
provided both regulators have equal kVAR droop and both are set for equal
voltage at equal kVAR load. It is often desirable to maintain a relatively
constant bus frequency at various loads. If droop governing is being used,
the set speeds must be trimmed with each load change.
EB018 REV 0 96/05/17
4)
Electronic load sensing governors can be used for parallel operation with
isochronous speed (frequency) control and electronically controlled load
levels.
The electronic load signals from all the paralleled generators can be
interconnected and used to bias each governor so that it carries its share of
the total load. The sets do not have to be equal size. Each will carry its
proper portion of the total load.
5)
The generator voltage regulators can be equipped with a reactive load

share system which will avoid regulator droop with varying kVAR loads. This
is called cross current compensation.
EB018 REV 0 96/05/17
ENCLOSED CONTACT
VERSUS
OPEN CONTACT TYPE
TRANSFER SWITCHES
ENGINEERING BRIEF
EB019 Rev 0 00/12/07
9087A 198th Street, Langley, BC Canada V1M 3B1 Telephone (604) 888-0110
Telefax (604) 888-3381 E-Mail: info@thomsontechnology.com www.thomsontechnology.com
ENCLOSED CONTACT VERSUS OPEN CONTACT TYPE TRANSFER SWITCHES
There are two distinct dominant, certified (UL #1008 and CSA #178) automatic
transfer switch designs available in North America today. These two designs are
commonly referred to as breaker type and contactor type. The references to
breaker type and contactor type are misleading terms when referring to certified
automatic transfer switches. A more correct description of the two types of
automatic transfer switch designs would be enclosed contact (breaker) and open
contact (contactor).
True (NEMA) contactors are electrical devices designed to make or break current.
They are most often designed for motor starting and lighting control, are electrically
or mechanically held and have mechanical endurance ratings that can number in the
millions of operations. Contactor type transfer switches do not use contactors that
are designed for lighting or motor control and do not provide the same certified
endurance ratings.
Contactor type transfer switches often use an Open Contact circuit breaker
design that incorporates breaker contacts, arcing horns and arc chutes. Some of
these types of switches were developed with circuit breaker manufactures at the
time of their original design. This Open Contact design is then tested and certified
in accordance with the applicable automatic transfer switch standards, UL #1008,
CSA #178 in North America.
Automatic transfer switch certification requires that all automatic transfer switches
pass the endurance ratings as per UL standard UL #1008 table 30.2. and CSA
standard CSA #178 table 10 as a minimum. The endurance tests listed in the UL
#1008 and CSA #178 standards are the only endurance tests that are certified by
Underwriters Laboratories and the Canadian Standards Association for automatic
transfer switches. No other claims related to endurance should be given
consideration unless recognized by the appropriate certifying bodies.
Enclosed Contact transfer switch designs take advantage of the technology in
switching, contact, arc chute and arcing horn designs that continue to be developed
in molded case circuit breakers. Just as the original designers of Open Contact
transfer switches saw the advantages in circuit breaker switching and contact
technology available at the time, Enclosed Contact manufactures take advantage
of the technical advances of today.
Enclosed Contact designs utilize devices that are specifically tested and certified
(UL #1008 and CSA #178) for automatic transfer switch applications. In addition to
being certified to the applicable automatic transfer switch standards, devices used
in enclosed contact designs have often been certified to other more demanding
certification tests such as, UL 489, UL 1087, CSA 5.1, CSA 5.2. These certified
tests results are recognized by the appropriate certifying bodies and should be
considered when comparing automatic transfer switch designs.
EB019 Rev 0 00/12/07
In addition to taking advantage of state of the art switching and contact technology,
Enclosed Contact designs also take advantage of the inherent stored energy
feature of the spring over center mechanism in molded case circuit breakers. The
spring over center mechanism guarantees consistent, reliable opening and closing
of the transfer switch contacts when switching in the manual mode. Enclosed
contact transfer switches are rated to switch manually while under load because of
the inherent stored energy design of molded case circuit breakers.
Open Contact transfer switches clearly state that all sources of load must be
disconnected before operating manually. Manually switching a transfer switch that
is connected to an electrical source without a stored energy mechanism may cause
premature contact wear and could potentially be a safety risk to operators.
Enclosed Contact designs utilize two separate, enclosed switching components in a
common mechanism. By separating the switching components and enclosing the
contacts, enclosed contact automatic transfer switch manufactures are able to
provide a higher degree of reliability and redundancy. Logically, separate switching
components and enclosed contacts also provide superior operator safety.
Enclosed Contact transfer switch designs can also be provided with circuit breakers
with an inherent self-protecting overcurrent trip unit, providing an additional level of
protection. With a correctly coordinated electrical system protection scheme, the
integral overcurrent trip unit in the automatic transfer switch will not adversely affect
system operation or performance.
Utilizing an Enclosed Contact type transfer switch provides the economic benefits of
allowing integral overcurrent protection for applications such as service entrance
equipment without the need for external circuit breakers, as is typically the case with
open contact design transfer switches.
Endurance Test Cycles
UL table # 30.2
Switch Rating
0 300
301 400
401 800
801 1600
1601 and above
Rate of
Operation a, b
1 per minute
1 per minute
1 per minute
1 per 2 minutes
1 per 4 minutes
Number of Cycles of Operation

With
Without
Total
Current c
Current
6000
4000
2000
1500
1000
1000
1500
2000
6000
4000
3000
3000
3000
May be conducted at a faster rate if agreeable to those concerned however, not faster
than one operation per minute for tungsten ratings unless synthetic load is employed.
EB019 Rev 0 00/12/07
The indicated number of cycles of operation applies only to that part of the test with
current. When no current is used, the switch may be operated at any convenient speed
representative of intended operation.
c
For transfer switches rated for total system transfer, motor loads, or electric-discharge
lamp loads, the test shall be conducted for one half of the specified number of operations
at 200 percent of rated current and for one half of the specified number of operations at
100 percent of rated current.
CSA table # 10
Switch
Rating
0 300
301 400
401 800
801 1600
1601 4000
Rate of
Operation *
1 per minute
1 per minute
1 per minute
1 per 2 minutes
1 per 4 minutes
Number of Cycles of Operation

With
Without
Total
Current
Current
6000
4000
2000
1500
1000
1000
1500
2000
6000
4000
3000
3000
3000
* May be conducted at a faster rate if agreeable to those concerned; however, not faster
than one operation per minute for tungsten ratings unless synthetic load is employed.
The indicated number of cycles of operation per minute applies only to that part of the
test made with current. When no current is used, the switch may be operated at any
convenient speed representative of normal operation.
EB019 Rev 0 00/12/07

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AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH

EB002 Rev 1 91/02/12

EB002 Rev 1 91/02/12

Thomson Technology Inc.

The transfer switch must be safe for operating personnel. If manual

The manual operating means must be obvious, simple, and secure. A

To address these critical performance requirements, Thomson Technology

stored-energy contacts which always operate quickly, whether manually or

EB002 Rev 1 91/02/12

Thomson Technology Inc.

a safety switch or other means to automatically prevent the mechanism

a clearly labelled and permanently attached manual handle, which is very

THOMSON TECHNOLOGY INC

EB002 Rev 1 91/02/12

Thomson Technology Inc.

AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH

EB003 Rev 1 95/05/15

NEUTRAL POSITION DELAY & IN-PHASE MONITOR

EB003 Rev 1 95/05/15

Thomson Technology Inc.

NEUTRAL POSITION DELAY & IN-PHASE MONITOR

The in-phase monitor is totally ineffective if transfer to the generator source is

EB003 Rev 1 95/05/15

Thomson Technology Inc.

NEUTRAL POSITION DELAY & IN-PHASE MONITOR

NEUTRAL POSITION DELAY "NDT"

Foolproof operation under all conditions of transfer.

Flexibility. For instance, when utilized in conjunction with a multiple-engine,

Cost is considerably lower than in-phase monitor.

In a lengthy technical working paper presented by I.E.E.E. entitled "Source Transfer

In-phase transfer or reclosing, in which the transfer or reclosure is timed to

EB003 Rev 1 95/05/15

Thomson Technology Inc.

NEUTRAL POSITION DELAY & IN-PHASE MONITOR

As a rule of thumb, neutral position delay may be applied as

For motors up to 100HP - no delay required.

EB003 Rev 1 95/05/15

Thomson Technology Inc.

AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH

EB004 Rev 1 91/02/12

AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH

EB005 Rev 0 91/02/05

OVERLAPPING NEUTRAL CONTACTS

EB005 Rev 0 91/02/05

Thomson Technology Inc.

OVERLAPPING NEUTRAL CONTACTS

AC Power System Transients

EB005 Rev 0 91/02/05

Thomson Technology Inc.

OVERLAPPING NEUTRAL CONTACTS

EB005 Rev 0 91/02/05

Thomson Technology Inc.

AUTOMATIC TRANSFER SWITCH

EB006 Rev 0 90/01/02

SENSITIVE GROUND FAULT SENSING

EB006 Rev 0 90/01/02

Thomson Technology Inc.

SENSITIVE GROUND FAULT SENSING

EB006 Rev 0 90/01/02

Thomson Technology Inc.

SENSITIVE GROUND FAULT SENSING

EB006 Rev 0 90/01/02

Thomson Technology Inc.

SENSITIVE GROUND FAULT SENSING