UMTS Coverage Planning

CONFIDENTIAL
UMTS Coverage
Planning
ISSUE 4.0
www.huawei.com
RNP Staff Training Dept.
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
Huawei Confidential
References
UMTS Principle
Huawei Confidential
Page 3
Objectives
After this course, we will
Understand the purpose of link budget
Understand the uplink budget and its
elements.
Understand the downlink budget and its
elements.
Familiarize some technologies for
coverage enhancement
Huawei Confidential
Page 4
Contents
1 Process of UMTS Network Planning
2 Uplink Budget
3 Downlink Budget
4 Coverage Enhancement Technologies
Huawei Confidential
Page 5
Contents
1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning
1.2 Process of Radio Network Planning
Huawei Confidential
Page 6
Definition of Radio Network Planning

Definition:
Network planning means that network elements (NEs) are selected
according to the network target, network evolution requirement, cost,
and the quality request. To design the configuration, and connection
mode between the NEs are determined to facilitate engineering
implementation.
Radio Network Planning focus on the elements of radio access
network (RAN).
This course focus on:

Radio network Planning.
Huawei Confidential
Page 7
Importance of Radio Network Planning in 3G

Importance:
The total cost of mobile network mainly lies in the equipment

investment
Among the three parts of the 3G network (radio access network,
transmission network, and core network), the radio access
network occupies more than 70% investment
The investment in the radio access network depends on the
number and configuration of the base stations
Huawei Confidential
Page 8
Compare UMTS Network Planning with that of GSM

UMTS uses the spread spectrum technology,
11 frequency multiplexing without frequency

planning.
The capacity of each carrier in UMTS is "soft"
because it is related to factors such as

environment and adjacent-cell interference.
The coverage of the UMTS system is related to
the system load. If the system load increases,

the coverage/quality will decrease.
The UMTS system supports services with
different rate and QoS, including voice service,

and their coverage capability is different. In the
network planning, the system performance
shall be optimized through reasonable planning
and radio resource management.
f1
f1
f1
f1
are planned in order to control the co-frequency

and adjacent-frequency interference.
If the interference requirement is met, the
number of supported subscribers can be

calculated based on the number of carriers and
the number of timeslots.
The coverage of the GSM system depends on
the transmit power of the transmitter and the

demodulation performance of the receiver.
GSM system mainly offers voice service, and
the GoS and design objective are

correspondingly simple.
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
In GSM system, the frequencies for each cell
f1
f2
f1
f1
f1
f1
f1
f2
f1
f1
f1
f3
f2
f1
f3
f2
f1
Huawei Confidential
f1
f1
f3
f2
f1
Page 9
f3
CapacityCoverageQuality
Relationship between capacity, coverage, and quality of the
UMTS system
The UMTS system is a self-interference system, and its
capacity, coverage, and quality closely related to each other.
Capacitycoverage (e.g. cell breath)
If the load increases, the capacity and interference will also
increase, and the coverage will shrink
Capacityquality (e.g. outer loop power control)

The system capacity may increase by lowering the quality of some
connections
Coveragequality (e.g. AMRC)

The coverage may increase by lowering the quality of some
connections
Huawei Confidential
Page 10
Contents
1.1 Overview of Radio Network Planning
1.2 Process of Radio Network Planning
Huawei Confidential
Page 11
Process of Radio Network Planning

Radio Network Dimensioning (RND)
At the early stage of the project planning, the future network is

preliminarily planned, and the configuration and the number of
RAN NEs are output for preliminary project negotiation and for
cost estimation in contract signing
Pre-planning of radio network
At the mid stage of project planning, based on the dimensioning

output, the future network is planned in detail, and the accurate
network scale and theoretical site location are determined. A preplanning report will be output for mid-stage project and cost
estimation in contract signing
Huawei Confidential
Page 12
Process of Radio Network Planning

Cell planning of radio network
At the later stage of project planning, based on the pre-planning

output, each selected site is surveyed, and the related cell
parameters are determined.
Normally, the cell parameters and planning effect should be
checked through simulation, and the output report would be the
final radio network planning scheme that can guide the project
implementation.
Huawei Confidential
Page 13
Contents
2 Uplink Budget
3 Downlink Budget
Huawei Confidential
Page 14
Procedure of Coverage Budget

Planned area and the environment
Analyze the customers request
Create link budget
Maximum path loss
features
Coverage probability
Indoor coverage
Cell load
System parameters
Equipment performance
Propagation model
Max cell radius
Site area
Total area
Site quantity
Site quantity = Total area / site area

Huawei Confidential
Page 15
Fundamental Principle
NodeB
TX
Ga_BS
Pout_BS
Lc_BS
Combiner
Duplexer
Lf_BS
Feeder
RX
UE
Ga_UE
Fading
Margin
Pout_UE
TX
Combiner
Duplexer
Body
Loss
Penetration
Loss
RX
Huawei Confidential
Page 16
Radio Link Budget - Uplink

SHO Gain against
Slow fading
SHO Gain against
fast fading
NodeB Antenna Gain
AntennaGain
Slow fading margin

Fast fading margin
Interference margin
Body Loss
Cable Loss
UE Antenna Gain
UE Transmit Power
Penetration Loss
t
Pa
h
ss
Lo
Legend
Antenna Gain
CableLoss
NodeB
Sensitivity
SHO Gain
Maximum
allowable
path loss
Margin
Penetration
Loss
Loss
NodeB reception sensitivity
Huawei Confidential
Page 17
Algorithm Introduction
PL_UL=Pout_UE + Ga_BS + Ga_UE + Ga_SHO Mpc Mf
MI M_BN Lp Lb S_BS
PL_UL: Maximum propagation loss of the Uplink
Pout_UE: Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the UE
Ga_BS: Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the MS
Ga_SHO: Gain of soft handover
Mpc: Margin for fast power control
Mf: Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)
MI: Interference margin (related to the designed system capacity)
M_BN: Margin for Background Noise (related to the electromagnetic
environment)
Lp: Penetration loss of a building (used if indoor coverage is required)
Lb: Body loss
S_BS: Sensitivity of BS receiver at the connector at the antenna side
(related to factors such as service and multi-path environment, etc)
Huawei Confidential
Page 18
Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget

1. Max Power of TCH
2. Body Loss
3. Gain of UE Tx Antenna
4. EIRP
5. Gain of BS Rx Antenna
6. Cable Loss
7. Noise Figure (BS)
8. Required Eb/No (BS)
9. Sensitivity of BS Receiver
10. UL Cell Load
11. Interference Margin
12. Background Noise Level

13. Margin for Background Noise
14. Fast Fading Margin
15. SHO Gain over Fast Fading
16. Minimum Signal Strength
Required
17. Penetration Loss
18. Std. dev. of Slow Fading
19. Edge coverage Probability
20. Slow Fading Margin
21. SHO Gain over Slow Fading
Huawei Confidential
Page 19

1. Max Power of TCH (dBm)
Hardware Para.
For a UE, the maximum power of traffic channel is usually the

nominal total transmit power. There are many types of UE in a
commercial network, so this parameters should be reasonably set
in the link budget according to the specifications of a mainstream
commercial mobile and the requirement of the operator.
Grade of UE power TS 25.101 v3.7.0 2001-066.2.1
Nominal maximum
Power Class
Tolerance
output power
1
+33dBm
+1/-3dB
+27dBm
+1/-3dB
+24dBm
+1/-3dB
+21dBm
+2/-2dB
Huawei Confidential
Page 20

2. Body Loss (dB)
System Para.
For voice service, the body loss is 3 dB.

Because the data service mainly involves reading and video, the UE is
relatively not so close to the body, so the body loss is 0 dB
3. Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)
Hardware Para.
Generally, assume that the receiver and transmitter gain of the UE

antenna are both 0 dBi
4. EIRP (dBm)
UE EIRP (dBm)
= UE Tx Power (dBm) - Body Loss (dB) + Gain of UE Tx Antenna (dBi)
Huawei Confidential
Page 21

5. Gain of BS Rx Antenna (dBi)
Hardware Para.
Kathrein 741790
Kathrein 741794
Frequency range
1710~2170MHz (dual band

for DCS and UMTS)
Polarization
+45O, -45O
Gain
18.5dBi
1920~2170MHz
Polarization
Vertical
Gain
11dBi
HPBW
Vertical: 7O
Electrical tilt
Fixed, 0O
63O
HPBW (1920~2170MHz)
Horizontal:
Vertical:6.5O
Electrical tilt
Fixed, 2O
Frequency range
Huawei Confidential
Page 22

6. Cable Loss (dB)
Hardware Para.
Bracket
Including the loss of the feeders and all of the connectors.

Lower jumper
Connector (between jumper, feeder, cabinet, and lightning
arrester)
Feeder
Upper jumper
Upper
jumper
Other connecter loss is assumed 0.8 dB.

Feeder
Frequency (Hz)
Feeder
2G
900M 450M
7/8
6.1
4.03
2.7
5/4
4.5
2.98
1.9
Huawei Confidential
Lower
jumper
Page 23

7. Noise Figure of the receiver (dB)
Hardware Para.
It is used to measure the noise performance of an amplifier. It refers to

the ratio of the input SNR to the output SNR of the receiver system
NF = SNRi / SNRo
= (Si / Ni) / (So / No)
G1
NF1
G2
NF2
Gn
NFn
NFTotal NF1
NFn 1
NF2 1
...
G1
G1 G2 ... Gn1
Thermal noise of receiver:

PN = K*T*BW*NF
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + 10lg(3.84MHz / 1Hz) + NF(dB)
= -108 (dBm/3.84MHz) + NF(dB)
Huawei Confidential
Page 24

7. Noise Figure of the receiver (dB) (Cont.)
To calculate the Noise Figure of a receiver, normally only the first

two or three components need to be considered.
In case if no TMA:
Antenna
Feeder
NodeB
G_f
NF_f
G_NodeB
NF_NodeB
Gn
NFn
NFTotal_ Without_ TMA ( LinerValue ) NF f
NFNodeB 1
Gf
NF f NF f ( NFNodeB 1)
NF f NFNodeB
NFTotal_ Without_ TMA (dB) NFFeeder (dB) NFNodeB(dB)
LossofFeeder (dB) NFNodeB(dB)

Huawei Confidential
Page 25

7. Noise Figure of the receiver (dB) (Cont.)
In case if TMA is used:

TMA
Antenna
G_tma
NF_tma
Feeder
G_f
NF_f
NodeB
G_NodeB
NF_NodeB
NFTotal_ With _ TMA ( LinerValue ) NFtma
NF f 1
Gtma
NFnodeB 1
Gtma G f
Normally, the NF of the TMA is very small (TYP 1.5dB), and the gain
is high (TYP 12dB or 24dB). So we can get a lower total NF of the
receiver system with TMA than if without TMA. Thus we could get a
better receiver performance.
Huawei Confidential
Page 26

8. Eb/No Required (dB)
System Para.
Obtained through link simulation. It is variational according to the

service and the signal environment:
Mode of the receiver diversity
Multi-path environment
Bearer type (service)
9. Sensitivity of BS Receiver (dBm)
Sensitivity of Receiver (dBm)

= PN(dB) + Eb/No Required (dB) Processing Gain
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + 10lg(3.84MHz / 1Hz) + NF(dB) + Eb/No (dB)
- 10lg[3.84Mcps/Rb(bps)]
= -174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg[1000 * Rb (kbps)] + Eb/No (dB)
Huawei Confidential
Page 27

10. Uplink Cell Load
Network Target
UL 1 i L j 1 i
1
1
W 1
1

EbvsNo j R j v j
Uplink cell load is used to measure the uplink load of a cell

The higher the uplink load, the higher the uplink interference
If the uplink load is approach 100% (NEVER reach in the live network),
the uplink interference will approach infinite, then the corresponding
capacity will be the maximum capacity
Huawei Confidential
Page 28

11. Uplink Interference Margin (dB)
NoiseRise
I TOT
PN
1
N
1 Lj
1
50% Load 3dB

60% Load 4dB
75% Load 6dB
Huawei Confidential
Page 29
1
1 UL

12. Background Noise Level (dBm)
External electromagnetic interference sources:
Wireless transmitters (GSM, microwave, radar, television
station, and so)
Automobile ignition
Lightning
For a specific area, it is recommended to estimate the local

interference through frequency spectrum test
Huawei Confidential
Page 30

13. Margin for Background Noise Level (dB)
Environment Para.
Suppose the thermal noise of the receiver is P dBm, the

background interference level is N dBm, then received signal
should be larger than before to overcome the noise, so the
margin for the background noise should be:
Margin for Background Noise =
10log (10P/10 + 10N/10) dBm - P dBm
In link budget tool, if we dont consider the
environment interference, we can set the
background noise to a sufficient lower value
lower than the PN, e.g. -100dBm. Thus the
Background Noise Margin is 0dB.
Huawei Confidential
Page 31

14. Fast Fading Margin (dB)
System Para.
Also is called Power Control Margin
In the link budget, the demodulation performance of the
receiver is the simulation result based on the assumed ideal
power control.
In an actual system, the transmitter power is limited, this will
take non-ideal factors in the closed loop power control
So some power should be reserve for fast power control. It is
the fast fading margin.
Huawei Confidential
Page 32

15. SHO Gain over Fast Fading (dB)
The soft handover gain includes two parts:
System Para.
Multiple unrelated soft handover branches lower the required

margin for fading, which results in multi-cell gain
Gain for the link demodulation of the soft handover macro diversity
combining gain
The SHO Gain over Fast Fading refer to the Macro Diversity
Combination gain and it reduces the request for fast fading
margin
This value is obtained through simulation. Typically it is 1.5 dB.
Huawei Confidential
Page 33

16. Minimum Signal Strength Required (dBm)
The required minimum signal level is:
Receiver Sensitivity + the losses and margins the gains
Minimum Signal Strength Required
= Receiver Sensitivity (dBm) + Body Loss (dB)
+ Interference Margin (dB) + Background Noise Margin (dB)
+ Fast Fading Margin (dB)
- Gain of Antenna (dBi) - SHO Gain over fast fading (dB)
Huawei Confidential
Page 34

17. Penetration Loss (dB)
Environment Para.
Indoor penetration loss refers to the signal level difference between

the average strength near the wall outside the building and that of
inside the building.
The penetration loss is related to building type, arrive angle of the
radio wave, and so on. In link budget, assume that the penetration
loss is subject to the lognormal distribution.
It is uneconomical to provide good indoor coverage by an outdoor
base station. Inside the building it should be covered by special
indoor coverage system.
In the actual construction of a commercial network, the penetration
loss margin is usually specified by the operator in order to compare
the planning results of different tenders.
Huawei Confidential
Page 35

18. Std. dev. of Slow Fading (dB) Std. dev. of indoor path loss
Suppose the standard deviation of the path loss outdoor is X

dB, that of the Penetration Loss is Y dB, the standard
deviation of path loss indoor can be get by sqrt( X2 + Y2 )
Environment Para.
Huawei Confidential
Page 36

19. (Cell) Edge coverage Probability
Coverage request
If the transmit power of a UE hits the maximum threshold, but still cannot
overcome the path loss to guaranty the lowest receive level, the radio link will
drop or the UE will fail to access the network.
If the designed signal level at the edge of a cell equals to the Minimum Signal
Strength Required, the actual measurement result will obey the normal
distribution.
This means there is a probability of 50% that the UE cannot access the network.
If we design a smaller cell radius, the user will be nearer to the station, so the signal
will be better and the probability to access the network will be higher.
Huawei Confidential
Page 37

20. Slow Fading Margin (dB) Envn. Para. due to Edge coverage Probability
Slow Fading Margin (dB) =
NORMSINV (required edge coverage Probability) Std. dev. of Slow Fading (dB)
Edge Reliability:50%
Edge Reliability:75%
Key point: Property of normal distribution
Huawei Confidential
Page 38

21. SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)
The soft handover gain includes two parts:
Multiple irrelevant soft handover branches lower the required
margin for fading, which results in multi-cell gain
Gain for the link demodulation of the soft handover macro
diversity combination gain
The SHO Gain over Slow Fading refers to the multi-cell gain
Obtained through simulation
Huawei Confidential
Page 39

Summary: path loss at the edge of a cell
Based on the maximum path loss allowed by the link, the path
loss at the edge can be calculated if the fading margin and soft
handover gain for providing the required edge/area coverage
probability and the penetration loss of indoor coverage are
considered.
Path Loss (dB) =
EiRP (dBm)
+ SHO Gain over Slow Fading (dB)
- Minimum Signal Strength Required (dBm)
- Penetration Loss (dB)
- Slow Fading Margin (dB)
Huawei Confidential
Page 40
Summary of Uplink budget

Maximum Path Loss
EIRP
+ SHO Gain over Slow Fading
UE Power Body Loss

Ga_UE_Antenna
- Slow Fading Margin
f(edge coverage Probability)

* Std. dev. of Slow Fading
- Penetration Loss
- Minimum Signal Required
Sensitivity of Receiver - SHO Gain over fast fading

- Gain of Antenna + Fast Fading Margin + Body Loss +
Interference Margin
+ Margin for Background Noise
Margin for Background Noise
= 10log (10P /1010N/10) dBmP dBm
standard deviation of path loss outdoor : X dB,

standard deviation of Penetration Loss: Y dB,
Std. dev. of Slow Fading = Sqrt(X2 + Y2)
Sensitivity of Receiver = PN + required Eb/No Processing Gain

PN = 10lg ( K*T*B*NF ) = -108 (dBm/3.84MHz) + NF (dB) ;
NF is the equivalent noise figure of the receiver at the antenna connecter
Processing Gain = 10lg[3.84Mcps/Rb(Kbps)]
So the Sensitivity of Receiver =
-174 (dBm/Hz) + NF (dB) + 10lg[Rb (bps)] + Eb/No (dB)
Huawei Confidential
Page 41
Contents
2 Uplink Budget
3 Downlink Budget
Huawei Confidential
Page 42
Radio Link Budget - Downlink

SHO Gain against
Slow fading
SHO Gain against
fast fading
NodeB Antenna Gain
AntennaGain
Slow fading margin

Fast fading margin
Interference margin
Body Loss
Cable Loss
UE Antenna Gain
NodeB Transmit Power
Pa
th
Penetration Loss
Lo
ss
Legend
Antenna Gain
CableLoss
NodeB
Sensitivity
SHO Gain
Maximum
allowable
path loss
Margin
Penetration
Loss
Loss
UE reception sensitivity
Huawei Confidential
Page 43
Algorithm
PL_DL=Pout_BS Lf_BS + Ga_BS + Ga_UE + Ga_SHO
Mpc Mf MI Lp Lb S_UE
PL_DL: Maximum propagation loss of the downlink
Pout_UE: Maximum transmit power of the traffic channel of the BS
Lf_BS: Cable loss
Ga_BS: Antenna gain of the BS; Ga_UE: Antenna gain of the UE
Ga_SHO: Gain of soft handover
Mpc: Margin for fast power control
Mf: Slow fading margin (related to the propagation environment)
MI: Interference margin (related to the designed system load)
Lp: Penetration loss of a building (for indoor coverage only)
Lb: Body loss
S_UE: Sensitivity of UE receiver (related to factors such as service
and multi-path condition)
Huawei Confidential
Page 44
Elements of WCDMA Downlink Budget

Max Power of TCH
Background Noise Level
Cable Loss
SHO Gain over Fast Fading
Gain of BS Tx Antenna
Fast Fading Margin
EIRP
Minimum Signal Strength Required
Gain of UE Rx Antenna
Penetration Loss
Body Loss
Std. dev. of Slow Fading
Noise Figure (UE)
Edge coverage Probability
Required Eb/No (UE)
Slow Fading Margin
Sensitivity of UE Receiver
SHO Gain over Slow Fading
DL Cell Load
Interference Margin
Huawei Confidential
Page 45

Max Power of TCH (dBm)
All the users in the same cell share the power of the transmitter
simultaneously. So for each user, the UE can only get all of the total
power. We can only set a maximum power for each channel.
General rule: Set different maximum power for different channels,
to ensure the coverage of the main service is the same as that of
the pilot channel.
Channel
DL Max Power per Ch

(typical)
Pilot Channel
33dBm
12.2K Voice
30dBm
64K VP
36dBm
Huawei Confidential
Page 46

Downlink Cell Load
Downlink cell load factor is defined in two ways:

1. Downlink cell load factor at the receiver:
Rj
DL 1 j i j Eb / No j v j
W
1
N
This definition is similar to that of the uplink cell load:

The higher the downlink cell load, the higher the cell transmit power,
and the higher the downlink interference.
When the downlink cell load approach 100% , the corresponding
capacity is the limit capacity of the downlink.
2. Downlink cell load at the receiver: The ratio of the current cell transmit
power to the maximum BS transmit power. Characteristics:
The higher the downlink cell load, the higher the cell transmit power.
The downlink cell load is related to service type, UE receiver
performance, cell size, and BS capability.
Huawei Confidential
Page 47

Downlink Interference Margin (dB)
Noise rise on downlink:
NoiseRise ( j )
I TOT ( j )
No
No[ ( j ) f ( j )] PTX ( 0 ) / CL( 0 , j )

No
[ ( j ) f ( j )]
1 DL
N
PCCH
( 0,n )
CL( 0, j ) No [CIR _ Tx(n) CL
CL( 0 , j ) ]
n 1
If define the load factor according to the downlink transmitter, the

formula will be:
Pmax
NoiseRise ( j ) 1 [ ( j ) f ( j )] DL
N o CL(0, j )
In link budget tool
(j) is orthogonality factor on edge of the cell. It is related to environment, cell radius
and can be obtained by simulation.
f(j) is interference factor on edge of the cell. 1.78 (=2.5dB) is a worst value.
Huawei Confidential
Page 48
Contents
2 Uplink Budget
3 Downlink Budget
Huawei Confidential
Page 49
Tower Mounted Amplifier (TMA)

TMA
Located just under the antenna

Low noise amplifier
Helps to improve the uplink receive
sensitivity and enhances the uplink
coverage
About 0.7dB loss in the downlink
Huawei Confidential
Page 50
Academic calculation about TMA

Academic calculation about TMA improve the uplink receive sensitivity
Huawei Confidential
Page 51
Example of academic calculation about TMA

The example of academic calculation about TMA improve
the uplink receive sensitivity

Equipment
Noise Figure
Gain
TMA
1.45
12
7/8"Cable30m + 0.6dB Connector Loss
2.433
-2.433
NodeB
2.2
Receiver Chain Noise Figure

Without TMA: 2.433+2.2 dB = 4.633 dB
With TMA: 1.57 dB
4.633-1.57 = 3.063 dB
So get a 3.063dB gain for uplink when using TMA
Huawei Confidential
Page 52
4-Antennas Reception Diversity

Two ways to realize 4-Antennas reception
diversity
Two Cross-polarization antennas
Four antennas
4-Antennas reception diversity helps to
improve the performance of the uplink

receiver
Improve the uplink coverage/capacity
To realize 4-Antennas reception diversity,
there is a requirement for the NodeB
Huawei Confidential
Page 53

4RxDiv principle diversity gain
Resist fast fading

Correlation combination
Gain relates to multi-path,
service, speed, antenna
performance
2RxDiv> 4RxDiv
Reduce the requirement of

Eb/No
Huawei Confidential
Page 54

Compared with a double-antenna reception diversity, 4-antenna
reception diversity requires lower Eb/No

Gain of 4-antenna reception diversity (compared with double-antenna
reception diversity)
Area
Channel
Eb/No
improvement
Capacity-based
gain
Coverage-based
gain
High-density
urban area
TU3
2.4
1.73
1.37
Common urban
area
TU3
2.4
1.73
1.37
Suburb
RA120
2.5
1.77
1.39
Rural area
RA120
2.5
1.77
1.39
Huawei Confidential
Page 55
Thank you
www.huawei.com

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CONFIDENTIAL

RNP Staff Training Dept.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

4 Coverage Enhancement Technologies

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Definition of Radio Network Planning

This course focus on:

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Importance of Radio Network Planning in 3G

The total cost of mobile network mainly lies in the equipment

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Compare UMTS Network Planning with that of GSM

11 frequency multiplexing without frequency

because it is related to factors such as

the system load. If the system load increases,

different rate and QoS, including voice service,

are planned in order to control the co-frequency

number of supported subscribers can be

the transmit power of the transmitter and the

the GoS and design objective are

In GSM system, the frequencies for each cell

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Capacityquality (e.g. outer loop power control)

Coveragequality (e.g. AMRC)

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Process of Radio Network Planning

At the early stage of the project planning, the future network is

At the mid stage of project planning, based on the dimensioning

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Process of Radio Network Planning

At the later stage of project planning, based on the pre-planning

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

4 Coverage Enhancement Technologies

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Procedure of Coverage Budget

Analyze the customers request

Create link budget

Maximum path loss

Max cell radius

Site quantity = Total area / site area

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Radio Link Budget - Uplink

Slow fading margin

NodeB reception sensitivity

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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget

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12. Background Noise Level

Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget

For a UE, the maximum power of traffic channel is usually the

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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget

For voice service, the body loss is 3 dB.

Generally, assume that the receiver and transmitter gain of the UE

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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget

1710~2170MHz (dual band

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Elements of WCDMA Uplink Budget