Niaz

Turnitin Originality Report
Page 1 of 28

RM Proposal by Niaz Bahadur
From Thesis (Research)
Processed on 26-Jun-2015 09:56 PKT
ID: 552774771
Word Count: 7172
Similarity by Source
Similarity Index
72%
Internet Sources:
Publications:
Student Papers:
35%
69%
24%
sources:
1
16% match (publications)

Agarwal, A.K.. "Dynamic behavior of offshore spar platforms under regular sea waves", Ocean
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10
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1% match (Internet from 13-Jun-2011)
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Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 04/04/2011
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Integrity Analysis of TTRs", Volume 6B Pipeline and Riser Technology, 2014.
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Structures & Infrastructures Series, 2014.
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1% match (Internet from 18-Nov-2012)
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< 1% match (publications)
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"Experimental Study on Flow Around Circular Cylinders With Low Aspect Ratio", Volume 7
CFD and VIV, 2013.
23
Sarkar, Abhishek, and Jrg Schlter. "Numerical investigation of the turbulent energy budget
in the wake of freely oscillating elastically mounted cylinder at low reduced velocities", Journal
of Fluids and Structures, 2013.
24
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of Floating Offshore Wind Turbine in Maximum Operation and Survival Conditions", Journal of
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Submitted to University of Malaya on 2014-11-25
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Guillermo Palau-Salvador. "Large Eddy Simulations and Experiments of Flow Around FiniteHeight Cylinders", Flow Turbulence and Combustion, 08/21/2009
Zanganeh, Hossein, and Narakorn Srinil. "Two-Dimensional Coupled Vortex-Induced

Vibration of Circular Cylinder: Prediction and Extraction of Hydrodynamics Properties",
Volume 7 CFD and VIV, 2013.
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31
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Bing Yang. "Behavior of vortex-induced vibration of a circular cylinder near a deformable wall
with two degrees of freedom in steady flow", China Ocean Engineering, 12/2011
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43
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< 1% match (Internet from 18-Jan-2015)
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paper text:
Non linear analysis of spar platform: A 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics Study Niaz Bahadur Khan KHA
140047
40Faculty of Engineering University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
2015 Contents 1. Literature Review ...................................................................................................... 4 1.1.

Introduction ........................................................................................................ 4 2. Spar
platform ............................................................................................................. 6 2.1. Experimental study of
spar platform ................ Error! Bookmark not defined. 2.2. Numerical Study of Spar
platform...................................................................... 8 2.2.1. Reliability analysis of Spar
platform........................................................... 8 2.2.2.
55Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD)
..................................................................................................... 14 2.3. Proposed

Research............................................................................................ 23 2.3.1. Vortex induced motion of
circular cylindrical structure with improvement in strakes design and varying aspect
ratio ............................................................... 23 2.3.2. Empirical Study of Spar
platform ............................................................. 23 List of figures Figure 1 Oil Consumption and Production
difference ...................................................... 5 Figure 2 Platform
options.................................................................................................. 6 Figure 3 Spar
Design ......................................................................................................... 7 Figure 4 Target Reliability
Calibration process .............................................................. 12 1. Literature Review 1.1. Introduction Energy
Page 7 of 28
can be considered as prerequisite for the socio-economic development of a country. Due to increase in the
population, industrialization and upgrading living standard of people, the demand of energy in public and
private sectors has increased drastically.
4Over the past few decades, a drastic increase in the demand for energy,
specifically oil and natural gas, has become evident worldwide. The global
consumption of fuel reached 11,295 million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe) in
2008 which is double the amount of the meagre
6630Mtoein (Ong, Mahlia, & Masjuki, 2011).
4This rising trend forecasts the global energy demand in the year 2030 to
increase by a shocking 53% equivalent to 17,282Mtoe. Among the primary

sources of energy oil and natural gas account for the major share, with
around 34.8% and 24.1% respectively in the year 2008. Although there has
been a significant development and advancement in the discovery and
research of alternative and renewable energy generation sources
(Akorede, Hizam, & Pouresmaeil, 2010; Antonio, 2010; Dincer, 2000; Gney & Kaygusuz, 2010; ORourke,
Boyle, & Reynolds, 2010),
4it is still very negligible in the face of dramatically increasing demand.
Thus, the elaborate re-examination of the sources and methods of

production of oil and gas is of utmost importance in fulfilling the projected
energy consumption growth
(Islam, Jameel, Jumaat, Shirazi, & Salman, 2012). Figure 1 Oil Consumption and Production difference
Malaysia is located on latitude is 2 30' N and longitude 112 30' E. The country is blessed with about 28.35
billion barrels of oil reserves. Good percentage of these products is locked up in deep ocean waters. It is a
celebrated fact that
48Malaysia is the world's second-largest exporter of liquefied natural gas
and the second-largest oil and natural gas producer in Southeast Asia.
Malaysias continental shelf is made up of seven major sedimentary basins and this is grouped into three
main regions of Peninsular Malaysia, Sarawak and Sabah respectively. These regions are located in
different environment (western and eastern), different water depths and site specific met ocean conditions
are peculiar.
40Due to serious depletion of reserves in various onshore locations, the
exploration process is expanded to offshore.
As energy reservoirs are depleting at exponential rate, therefore,
65it is increasingly required to develop such deposits in considerably high 5
deeper water.
42Conventional fixed jacket type platforms and bottom supported compliant
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platforms are found to be inefficient for exploring these resources.
Floating Spar platform is suitable alternative in deep water regions. Hence, there is basic need to identify
and analyze the non-linearity involved with the use of spar platform under wind, wave and current loading.
Figure 2 Platform options 2. Spar platform
47As offshore oil and gas exploration are pushed into deeper and deeper
water, many innovative floating offshore structures are being proposed for
cost savings.
1Spar platforms are one such compliant offshore floating structure used for
deep water applications for the drilling, production, processing, storage and
offloading of ocean deposits. It is being considered as the next generation of
deep water offshore structures by many oil companies. It consists of a
vertical cylinder, which floats vertically in the water. The structure floats so
deep in the water that the wave action at the surface is dampened by the
counter balance effect of the structure weight. Fin like structures called
strakes, attached in a helical fashion around the exterior of the cylinder, act
to 6 break the water flow against the structure, further enhancing the
stability. Station keeping is provided by lateral, multi-component catenary
anchor lines attached to the hull near its center of pitch for low dynamic
loading. Figure 3 Spar Design The concept of a Spar platform
1as an offshore structure is not new. Spar platform buoy type structures
have been built in the ocean before. For example, a floating instrument
platform (FLIP) was built in 1961 to perform oceanographic research,
the
1Brent Spar platform was built by Royal Dutch shell as storage and
offloading platform in the North sea at intermediate water depth.
The
1use of Spar platforms as a production platform is relatively recent.
(Glanville, Paulling, Halkyard, & Lehtinen,
11991) gave the details of the concept, construction and installation of a Spar
platform. He concluded that a Spar platform allows flexibility in the selection

of well systems and drilling strategies, including early production or
predrilling programs.
The
1analysis, design and operation of Spar platform turn out to be a difficult job,
primarily because of the uncertainties associated with the specification of
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the environmental loads.
2.1. Numerical Study of Spar platform Due to high cost, and time requirements, the analysis of spar platform
diverted from experimental study toward the numerical analysis. Number of researchers carried out research
on analyzing the spar platform with different analysis approach e.g reliability analysis, structural analysis,
computational fluid dynamics etc. 2.1.1. Reliability analysis of Spar platform The
3Spar Platform is subjected to the severe environment, consisting of
combined wind, current, tide and waves. Structural design of Spar platform
is traditionally based on deterministic analysis. However, factors such as
fluctuations of loads, variability of material properties and uncertainty in
analysis models, all contribute to a generally small probability that the
structure does not behave as expected. This small probability is termed as
the probability of failure. Reliability, the complement of probability of failure
is a rational and consistent measure of safety.
Reliability methods deal with the uncertainties associated with the load and resistance parameters, and
leads to the assessment of reliability. The reliability is
13based on the analysis models for the structure in conjunction with the
available information about loads, resistances and their associated

uncertainties. The analysis models are usually imperfect, and the information
about loads and resistances is usually incomplete. The reliability as
assessed by reliability methods is generally not a purely physical property of
the structure in its environment of actions. It is rather a nominal measure of
the safety of the structure under a given analysis model with a certain amount
and quality of information
(Jameel, 2008).
3Some of the investigators have carried out reliability analysis of mooring
lines/tendons for semi-submersibles, turret ship and TLPs. However, the

literature pertaining to the reliability based design of Spar-mooring system is
scanty.
(Mathisen, Larsen, Horte, & 8 Lie, 1998) performed reliability analysis taking
3progressive collapse as limit state function for mooring lines of
3semi-submersible platform and a turret-positioned ship.
(A. Vazquez-Hernandez, Ellwanger, & Sagrilo, 1998)
3considered the limit state of fatigue
for the
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3reliability assessment of mooring lines of floating production system
moored in
deep water. (Goodwin, Ahilan, Kavanagh, & Connaire, 1999)
3carried out reliability analysis of integrated platform -mooring
and riser system.
59A reliability analysis methodology, which accounted for the major limit
states of mooring lines and risers, had been developed.
(N. A. Siddiqui & Ahmad, 2000) performed reliability analysis of TLP tethers.
6Von mises failure criterion had been adopted to define the failure of
tethers slacked
6due to loss of tension. limit state functions for maximum and minimum
tension cases had been derived. The computationally efficient algorithm,

First order reliability method, had been adopted for reliability calculations.
The results were presented in terms of reliability indices and probabilities of
failure for each sea state. The probabilities of failure so obtained for different
sea states had been used for the assessment of annual and life time
probability of failures. The reliability of the TLP with one tether missing had
been compared with that of the corresponding intact TLP. Effect of wind had
also been studied on the progressive failure of TLP tethers and the results
were compared with that of an intact TLP.
Limit state functions considered were
3ultimate load limit state and fatigue limit state
respectively. (N. Siddiqui & Ahmad, 2001)
26carried out fatigue and fracture reliability of TLP tethers under random
loading. The
9reliability assessment against fatigue failure considered the uncertainties
associated with the parameters and procedures employed for the fatigue
damage estimation. For the fatigue estimate, a dynamic response analysis
under various environment loadings was required. In that study a nonlinear
dynamic analysis of platform was carried out for response calculations. The
response histories so obtained 9 were employed for the study of fatigue
reliability analysis of TLP tethers under long crested random sea and
Page 11 of 28
associated wind. Fatigue damage estimation of tether joint was made using
Palmgren Miners rule
and
9fracture mechanics approaches. The stress ranges employed were
described by Rayleigh distribution. Nonlinear limit state functions based on

above two approaches were derived in terms of random variables.
(Umar &
33Siddiqui, 2002) carried out reliability analysis of mooring system of
a floating vessel. The analysis was performed against material yielding. A
3limit state function was derived in terms of
material yield strength, mooring geometry and vessel response. the limit state function employed helped
reliability estimation by
29First Order Reliability Method (FORM). Design points, essential for
probabilistic design of mooring, were located on failure surface. Sensitivity

analysis was carried out to study the influence of various random variables
on the system reliability. Some parametric studies
were carried out
21to obtain the results of industrial interest.
62(Ding et al., 2005) presented the methodology of calculating the
probabilities of failure of a classical Spar.
The
3most heavily loaded line under extreme environmental loading condition
was considered.
(A. O. Vazquez-Hernandez, Ellwanger, & Sagrilo, 2006) performed
79reliability based comparative study for mooring line design
of FPSOs. Authors like (Jameel & Ahmad, 2011), and (Gholizad, Golafshani, & Akrami, 2012), have
contributed to the studies on reliability engineering in general and its applications to offshore structures in
particular. (Gong, He, & Jin, 2007) developed the software to evaluate the
26cumulative damage and fatigue life of jacket structures in order to ensure
the safe service of Single Point Mooring (SPM) Platform.
Page 12 of 28
Rayleigh
11distribution model was adopted to discretize wave and mooring forces,
and linear Airy s wave theory was employed to predict the fluid loading
on offshore jacket structures. the nominal stress of structural members were 10 respectively calculated
under the wave and mooring loading using the finite element method, which was multiplied by the
corresponding stress concentration factors to gain the hot stress range of welds at the location connected
with the relative tubular joint. S-
11N curves and Miner rule were used for the fatigue damage assessment and
prediction of fatigue life. The result showed that the fatigue damage induced
by single wave loading was very minor.
Figure 4 Target Reliability Calibration process
3Spar like structure, FPSO was analyzed by
(Soares, Pascoal, Anto, Voogt, & Buchner, 2007)
3for probability distribution of vertical bending moments.
Basic data was obtained for reliability assessment. Assessment of partial factors of safety
34for double hull tankers following the commonly used new structural rules
was presented by (Soares et al., 2007). It was proposed
78to be an effective tool for optimized/probabilistic design of
offshore floating structures. Authors like (Soares & Garbatov, 1998) (Garbatov & Soares, 2002) have
contributed to the studies on reliability engineering in general and its applications to offshore structures in
particular. He focused on QRA (quantified 12 reliability assessments) as a tool for management decisions on
off-shore installations around North Sea. For special issue of RESS on European safety and reliability
conference (Rakowsky, 2005) he selected 287 extended abstracts on analysis, maintenance, design,
hazard, safety culture and human factor for wide range of structures. (Fontaine et al., 2013) carried out
66reliability analysis and response based design of a moored FPSO in West
Africa.
They attempted
72to re- asses the level of reliability of mooring system of ab existing
unit. Data are taken from the field for the environment i.e. waves loading, wind loading and current. The
author compared the different reliabilities approach for the same case study and predicts the extreme
response. (Huang, Garbatov, & Soares, 2013) carried out
7probabilistic approach for fatigue reliability assessment of a complicated
Page 13 of 28
ship welded structure subjected to a correlated growth of multiple site

cracks is developed here. FEA is
used to compute the
7stress intensity factors at the tips of cracks, considering all possible
combinations of all cracks of different lengths.
Nonlinear regression analysis is used to calculate the
7geometry correction functions of the cracks. The ParisErdogan law is used
to predict the fatigue crack propagation life. Fatigue reliability of the webframe welded structure is evaluated while accounting for the correlation
between any two-fatigue failure modes caused by multiple site fatigue cracks
propagating in the welded structure.
(Mousavi & Gardoni, 2014) presented the simplified methods for the
17reliability- and the integrity-based optimal design of engineering systems
and its application to offshore mooring systems.
The basic theme of the research work is to present simplified method for engineering systems that directly
involve the system annual failure probability as a measure of system safety, concerning system strength limit
state. In this method the optimality factors for an integrity-based optimal design are used to calculate
designated 13 failure modes. The method is implemented for offshore mooring systems but this can be
applicable to other system as well. Reliability methods namely,
69Mean Value First Order Second Moment (MVFOSM); First Order Reliability
Method (FORM) and
Simulation based methods are reported in the literature.
3A detailed review of past investigations shows that some important aspects
such as sensitivity analysis of various random variables on overall

probability of failure; location study of most probable or design point on
failure surface for reliability based probabilistic design; effect of sea
simulation etc. on mooring reliability have not been duly considered.
2.1.2.
55Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD)
The
4Spar platform, being installed in deep water, the riser and mooring lines
contribute significant inertia and damping. Design of the mooring system

and risers connected to Spar platform are dominated by the motion of the
Page 14 of 28
Spar platform. An over-prediction of Spar platform motion would require costly

risers and mooring lines, while an under- prediction of motion can lead to
inadequate design and possibly the catastrophic failure. Accurate prediction
of motions of Spar platform is very important for the integrity and associated
costs of the risers and mooring lines.
In past two decade, an extensive and detailed research has been carried out for coupled and uncoupled
analysis of Spar platform. (Mekha, Johnson, & Roesset,
11995) modelled the Spar platform with 3 degrees-of- freedom, i.e. surge,
heave and pitch. The inertia forces were calculated using a constant inertia
coefficient, Cm, as in the standard Morison's equation or using a frequency
dependent Cm coefficient based on the diffraction theory. The drag forces
were computed using the nonlinear term of Morison's equation in both
cases. The analysis 14 was performed in time domain. The result showed that
using frequency dependent or constant inertia coefficient, Cm, produces
similar results since most of the wave energy is concentrated over the range
of frequencies where the value of Cm is equal to 2 for the Spar platform size
used in the literature.
(Ran & Kim, 1997)
1studied the nonlinear response characteristics of a tethered/moored Spar
platform in regular and irregular waves. A time-domain coupled nonlinear

motion analysis computer program was developed to solve both the static
and dynamic behaviors of a moored compliant platform as an integrated
system. In particular, an efficient global-coordinate based dynamic finite
element program was developed to simulate the nonlinear tether/mooring
responses. Using this program, the coupled dynamic analysis results were
obtained and they were compared with uncoupled analysis results to see the
effects of tethers and mooring lines on hull motions and vice versa. Jha et al.
(Jha, De Jong, & Winterstein,
11997) compared the analytical predicted motions of a floating Spar buoy
platform with the results of wave tank experiments considering, surge and
pitch motions only. Base-case predictions combine nonlinear diffraction
loads and a linear, multi-degree-of-freedom model of the Spar platform
stiffness and damping characteristics, refined models and the effect of wavedrift damping and of viscous forces as well. Consistent choices of damping
and wave input were considered in some detail. Fischer and Gopalkrishnan
(Fischer &
1Gopalkrishnan, 1998) presented the importance of heave characteristics of
Spar platforms that have been gleaned from wave basin model tests,
numerical simulations and a combination of the two. The heave performance
of a small
Page 15 of 28
1Spar platform, e.g. mini Spar platform, has been examined and found to be
potentially problematic. Chitrapu et al.
(Chitrapu, Saha, & Salpekar,
11998) studied the nonlinear response of a Spar platform under different
environmental conditions such as regular, bi-chromatic, random waves and

current 15 using a time domain simulation model. The model can consider
several nonlinear effects. Hydrodynamic forces and moments were
computed using the Morison's equation. It was concluded that Morison's
equation combined with accurate prediction of wave particle kinematics and
force calculations in the displaced position of the platform gave a reliable
prediction of platform response both in wave frequency and low-frequency
range. Nonlinear coupled response of a moored Spar platform in random
waves with and without co-linear current were investigated in both time and
frequency domain (Ran et al.,)
(Ran, Kim, & Zheng,
11999). The first and second order wave forces, added mass, radiation
damping and wave drift damping were calculated from a hydrodynamic

software package called WINTCOL. The total wave force time series (or
spectra) were then generated in the time (or frequency) domain based on a
two-term volterra series method. The mooring dynamics were solved using
the software package WINPOST, which is based on a generalized coordinate
based FEM. The mooring lines were attached to the platform through linear
and rotational springs and dampers. Various boundary conditions can be
modelled using proper spring and damping values. In the time domain
analysis, the nonlinear drag forces on the hull and mooring lines were
applied at the instantaneous position. In the frequency domain analysis,
nonlinear drag forces were stochastically linearized and solutions were
obtained by an iterative procedure. Ye et al.
(Ye, Anam, & Zhang,
11998) studied the Spar platform response in directional wave environment
using the unidirectional hybrid wave model and directional hybrid wave
model (UHWM and DHWM). Comparison between numerical results from two
different wave models indicated that the slow drifting surge and pitch
motions based on DHWM are slightly smaller than those based on UHWM.
The slow-drifting heave motions from the two wave models were almost the
same because the heave motion was 16 mainly excited by the pressure
applied on the structure bottom and the predicted bottom pressure from the
two methods had almost no differences. Datta et al.
1(Datta et al., 1999) described recent comparisons of numerical predictions
Page 16 of 28
of motions and loads of typical truss Spar platform model test results. The
purpose of this comparison was to calibrate hydrodynamic coefficients,
which were to be used for the design of a new truss Spar platform for
Amoco. Chitrapu et al.
(Chitrapu, Saha, & Salpekar,
11999) discussed the motion response of a large diameter Spar platform in
long crested and random directional waves and current using a time domain
simulation model. Several nonlinearities such as the free surface force
calculation, displaced position force computation, nonlinearities in the
equations of motion and the effect of wave-current interaction were
considered in determining the motion response. The effect of wave
directionality on the predicted surge and pitch response of the Spar platform
had been studied. It was seen that both wave-current interaction and
directional spread of wave energy had a significant effect on the predicted
response.
(Kim, Ran, Zheng, Bhat, & Beynet, 1999)
5numerically carried out the nonlinear hull/mooring coupled dynamic
analysis of a truss Spar in waves with collinear steady winds and currents in
time domain and the results were compared with 1:61 scale experiments as
well as uncoupled analysis. The numerical results showed that dynamic
effects were very important for the present mooring design. The motion and
tension spectra of uncoupled analysis with a linear massless spring or
nonlinear massless spring were also compared with those obtained from
fully coupled analysis to assess the importance of hull/mooring coupling and
mooring-line damping.
Effect of Vortex induced vibration on Spar platform
8Vortex Induced motion (VIM) of a floater are the result of the exciting forces
by vortex shedding on the hull of a bluff body, causing response near the
resonant period of any of the six degrees of freedom motions. VIM is
identical to VIV (Vortex Induced 17 Vibrations), but due to the much longer
periods of the motions, the vortex induced vibrations of floating structures
are more commonly referred to as VIM. VIM can occur on any bluff body
exposed to current, such as Spars, semi-submersibles, TLPs and buoys,
provided the vortex shedding frequency is close or equal to the natural
period
(known as lock-in) of the floating body. This can result in significant fatigue of mooring lines and risers and
large amplitude motions of the unit due to VIM. The effect of vortex induced motion (VIM) in spar has been
extensively studied in past few years. A lot of research has been done to understand the insight mechanism
of the vortex induced vibration with varying aspect ratio, strake design modification, added mass etc. In case
of VIV, research is performed by simplifying the spar platform structure by considering it as a cylinder hull.
After performing the scale modeling of the spar hull, the results are implemented on full model. Extensive
research has been done to study the effect of aspect ratio on formation of vortex induced vibration.
Page 17 of 28
2Starting from the survey concerning the aspect ratio, it is known that two
major controversial issues are related to its influence on the VIV

phenomenon, namely the flow around the finite cylinders and what kind of
vertical structure is found close to the free end. As originally discussed in
(OKAMOTO &YAGITA, 1973), it is widely accepted that the vortex shedding
decreases as the aspect ratio is decreased. It is also known that the flow
configuration downstream of a rigid and fixed cylinder depends on the
aspect ratio, and that it is possible to define a critical value of L=Dffi 2:0 , in
which changes occur in the flow pattern configuration, as proposed by
(Sakamoto &Arie, 1983). In fact, taking into account this critical value of
aspect ratio,
in (KAWAMURA, HIWADA, HIBINO, MABUCHI, & KUMADA,
21984) two flow pattern configurations around the finite cylinder are
presented. For aspect ratios above the critical value, the existence of
a von Karman vortex
2shedding just below the region affected by the down wash effect promoted
by the trailing vortices near the free end is proposed. On the other hand, for
aspect ratios below the critical value, another configuration where
the von Karman vortex
2shedding ceases to exist is proposed. At this point, the first divergence
arises, particularly concerning the existence, or not, of the trailing vortices

at the free end of the fixed cylinder. In (OKAMOTO &YAGITA, 1973), for
example, instead of the trailing vortices, a gradual delay on
the von Karman vortex
2shedding near the free end is suggested, causing a continuous line of
vortices properly inclined and attached to the free end. Additionally,

(Sakamoto & Arie, 1983) have suggested that
10an arch-type shedding takes place instead of the von Karman s vortex
2shedding for a cylinder with aspect ratio below the critical value. On the
other hand, more recent studies, such
as (Adaramola, Akinlade, Sumner, Bergstrom, & Schenstead, 2006), (Park & Lee, 2000), (Rdiger, Knauss,
Gaisbauer, & Kraemer, 2008), (Roh & Park, 2003), (Rostamy, Sumner, Bergstrom, & Bugg, 2012)and
(Sumner, Heseltine, & Dansereau, 2004) provided
10strong evidence for the trailing vortices, yet without a topological
Page 18 of 28
explanation for their interaction with the von Karman vortex
2shedding at a near distance from the tip. Moreover, in (Roh &Park, 2003), a
vertical structure comprising two pairs of counter-rotating vortices at the free
end of the rigid and fixed cylinder is proposed, accounting for the down wash
effect on the wake. Details about the topological interaction between the
trailing vortices and
the von Karman wake can be found in
2(Palau-Salvador, Stoesser, Frhlich, Kappler, & Rodi,
22010) recently obtained by using a combination of experiments and Large
Eddy Simulation (LES) for cylinders with L /D2.0 and5.0. Regardless of the
vertical structure, it is quite clear that those flow pattern configurations
around finite cylinders are responsible for the changes in the Strouhal 19
number along the cylinder. However, a doubt about how it happens still
persists. According to researches, based on measurements of the velocity
field near the fixed cylinder, such as those found in (OKAMOTO &YAGITA,
1973), it was proposed to be a gradual decrease of the Strouhal number
towards the tip, with lower values found between 2 and 4 diameters from
there and with null values for distances smaller than 2 diameters. Actually, in
(Ayoub &Karamcheti, 1982) an unstable and intermittent vortex shedding
process inside this latter region was suggested, making it difficult to define a
Strouhal number for this case. Among recent studies, force measurements in
(Baban &So,
1991)and (Iungo, Pii, & Buresti, 2012), for cylinders with L/Dr3
2.00, confirmed a fluctuating lift induced by alternating vortex shedding, and
St lower than the high aspect ratio cylinders. Conversely, investigations

based on the pressure measurements on the fixed cylinder surface and also
by means of the fluctuations in the lift force, as those found in (Farivar, 1981),
(Fox & West,
1993)
10and (Fox & Apelt, 1993) reported a Strouhal number varying in steps toward
the tip as a consequence of a cellular structure in the vortex shedding.
2To our knowledge, only three experimental works considering both issues,
free-end effects and 2-dof, simultaneously have been found, even
so recently. In (Okajima, Kosugi, & Nakamura,
22001), only vibrations in the flow direction were investigated as a function
Page 19 of 28
of the aspect ratio of a rigid cylinder elastically supported (5.
0oL/Do21
10.0). According to the experimental results in a water tunnel, the aspect ratio
changes the transition between the resonant regions in the flow direction
(from the SS Stream wise Symmetric to the AS Stream wise Antisymmetric
vortex shedding, originally described in (King, 1974)), but it does not change
the maximum amplitude of oscillation. Furthermore, in
(Morse, Govardhan, & Williamson,
22008), the free-end effect was investigated by considering a rigid cylinder
elastically supported with L /D8.0 and free to oscillate only in the transverse
direction to the flow. Against 20 expectation, the transverse amplitudes of
oscillation for the cylinder equipped with an end plate were no higher than
those presented by the same cylinder without it. Aside from those works,
in (Someya, Kuwabara, Li, & Okamoto,
22010), the first results of the VIV phenomenon are found acting on a
cylinder with low aspect ratio and 2- d of but, unfortunately, only for reduced
velocities upto4 .Despite that, some evidence is given that cylinders
presenting 2- d of can keep the vortex shedding even for a lower aspect ratio,
responsible for a behavior very similar to that usually found for long
cylinders. Bearing in mind that 2-dof have shown to be important for better
understanding the VIV phenomenon, by performing a second survey
concerning the coexistence between in-line and transverse oscillations, one
realizes that other aspects also have to be considered. Cylinders free to
oscillate with 2-dof present the possibility of coupled movements
in 8-shape like those reported. According to (Williamson & Jauvtis, 2004)., the 8-shape movements
2can result from a periodic vortex wake mode comprising a triplet of vortices
being formed in each half cycle, the so-called2Tmode and being present in
systems with mass ratio lower than 6.0. It is worth mentioning that the 8 shape movements are not unique to the2Twake mode, since 8 -shape
movements have been observed
by (Dahl, Hover, Triantafyllou, Dong, & Karniadakis,
22007) even when a2T mode is not present. Additionally, in (Jauvtis

&Williamson, 2004) a critical value was defined for the mass ratio,
mn critical
20:52, below which the lower branch is not present with in the synchronization
Page 20 of 28
region. After that ,in (Stappenbelt &Lalji, 2008), the critical mass-damping
2was presented as a more suitable parameter to state the possibility of
coupled oscillations between transverse and in-line directions, a suggestion

confirmed
in (Sanchis, Saelevik, & Grue, 2008). Furthermore, in (Blevins & Coughran,
22009), the coupled movement was studied as a function of the relation
between the natural frequencies of the system in still water at the in-line and
transverse direction, f0x/f0y, confirming the existence of changes due 21 to
the relative phase between movements in those degrees of freedom. Such
changes have already been reported in (Dahl et al., 2007).
(Yang & Weiping, 2013) studies the various similarity model to study the VIV on spar hull. In this study,
cylinder is analyzed with the help of Ansys-CFX. Four experimental models, (1)the prototype model, (2)the
Froude number similarity model, the (3)
63both Froude number and Reynolds number similarity
model and (4)the Reynolds number similarity model, have been simulated to investigate the lift coefficient,
the drag coefficient and the period in order to figure out the feasibility of similarity theory in VIV. Similarity
theory will be applied in the scale models so that the models can reflect the property of the prototype
correctly. Author compare the vortex shedding with each other when it is stable. According to the similarity
theory, if the model meets with the selected similarity theory, its vortex shedding will be according with the
prototypes. (Yang & Weiping, 2013) concluded that the
63both Froude number and Reynolds number similarity
76model, the Reynolds number similarity model and the prototype are in
accordance. The
similarity of the periods among the three models is satisfied by their own similarity theory. (Goncalves,
Rosetti, Franzini, Meneghini, & Fujarra, 2013) carried out
46investigation of vortex-induced vibration on very short cylinders with two
degrees of freedom has drawn the attention of a large number of

researchers.
. 2.2. Proposed Research Keeping in view all the aforementioned literature on Spar platform analysis, the
main aim of this research will mainly focus on the Computational Fluid dynamic analysis of Spar plat form
hull with improved strakes design and different aspect ratio. Furthermore, empirical model will be choose
among available model to compare and validate the numerical model results. 2.2.1. Vortex induced motion
of circular cylindrical structure with improvement in strakes design and varying aspect ratio The
64purpose of the study is to investigate the insight of Vortex-Induced Vibration

(VIV) response of cylindrical offshore structures.
It deals with the forces on the structure and amplitude of the structural vibration. For a bluff body exposed to
Page 21 of 28
the fluid flow, a VIV response can arise which
74lead to undesirable forces acting along the body causing fatigue
and serious harm to the structure. In order to minimize or reduces the effect of VIV forces, the strakes with
improved design on spar hull will be investigated using computational fluid dynamic approach. the response
amplitude, hydrodynamic forces, lock-in region, Strouhal number and frequency response will be
investigated while varying the aspect ratio. 2.2.2. Empirical Study of Spar platform Aside from the CFD
approach, an empirical model will be used to validate the result obtained from the CFD analysis. In order to
capture the analytical solution of the VIV phenomenon, a wake oscillator model will be studied and
compared with numerical simulation results.
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Turnitin Originality Report

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40Faculty of Engineering University of Malaya 50603 Kuala Lumpur Malaysia

2015 Contents 1. Literature Review ...................................................................................................... 4 1.1.

55Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis (FEA) and Computational Fluid

..................................................................................................... 14 2.3. Proposed

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6630Mtoein (Ong, Mahlia, & Masjuki, 2011).

increase by a shocking 53% equivalent to 17,282Mtoe. Among the primary

4it is still very negligible in the face of dramatically increasing demand.

Thus, the elaborate re-examination of the sources and methods of

48Malaysia is the world's second-largest exporter of liquefied natural gas

40Due to serious depletion of reserves in various onshore locations, the

exploration process is expanded to offshore.

As energy reservoirs are depleting at exponential rate, therefore,

65it is increasingly required to develop such deposits in considerably high 5

42Conventional fixed jacket type platforms and bottom supported compliant

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platforms are found to be inefficient for exploring these resources.

offloading platform in the North sea at intermediate water depth.

1use of Spar platforms as a production platform is relatively recent.

(Glanville, Paulling, Halkyard, & Lehtinen,

platform. He concluded that a Spar platform allows flexibility in the selection

primarily because of the uncertainties associated with the specification of

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the environmental loads.

3Spar Platform is subjected to the severe environment, consisting of

available information about loads, resistances and their associated

3Some of the investigators have carried out reliability analysis of mooring

lines/tendons for semi-submersibles, turret ship and TLPs. However, the

3progressive collapse as limit state function for mooring lines of

3semi-submersible platform and a turret-positioned ship.

(A. Vazquez-Hernandez, Ellwanger, & Sagrilo, 1998)

3considered the limit state of fatigue

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3reliability assessment of mooring lines of floating production system

deep water. (Goodwin, Ahilan, Kavanagh, & Connaire, 1999)