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- Nearly all hydrocarbon reservoirs are surrounded by waterbearing rocks called aquifers
Chapter 9
Water Influx
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engineers?
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of:
3- Flow regimes
production
4- Flow geometries
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Water influx=Oil flow rate + Free gas flow rate + water production rate
or
ew = QoBo + QgBg + QwBw
ew =
where
where
dN p
dN p
dW p
dWe
= Bo
+ (GOR Rs )
Bg +
Bw
dt
dt
dt
dt
Np = Cumulative oil production, STB, GOR= Current gas oil ratio SCF/STB
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Example
of:
dWp/dt = 0,
Bo=1.34 bbl/STB,
GOR=1000 scf/STB
Bg=0.00082 bbl/Scf
Bw=1 bbl/STB
Solution
reservoir pressure.
ew =
dN p
dN p
dW p
dWe
= Bo
+ (GOR Rs )
Bw
Bg +
dt
dt
dt
dt
affected by the water influx into the oil zone, and the pressure at the
ew=(1.34)(25,000)+(1000-750)(25,000)(0.00082)+0=38,625 bbl(day
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3-Flow regimes
There are basically three flow regimes to describe the fluid flow
Mathematically,
This equation states that the rate of change of pressure with respect to
Mathematically,
This equation states that the rate of change of pressure with respect to
Note that:
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C- Unsteady state: This states that the rate of change of pressure with
respect to time at any location in the reservoir is not zero or constant.
Mathematically,
This equation states that the rate of change of pressure with respect to
time is a function of both position (i) and time (t).
Note that:
Unsteady state flow=Transient flow
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4- Flow geometries
4- Flow geometries
-Radial flow
-Radial flow:
-Linear flow
-Edge-water drive
-Bottom- water drive
-Linear-water drive
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4- Flow geometries
- Linear flow:
Linear flow occurs when flow paths are parallel and fluid flows in a
spherical flow. A well that penetrates only a part of the pay zone could
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4- Flow geometries
4- Flow geometries
-Edge-water drive:
-Linear-water drive
In linear water drive, the influx is from one flank of the reservoir. The
flow is linear with a constant
cross-sectional area
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10
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-Water
Influx Models
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or
dN p
dN p
dW p
dWe
ew =
= Bo
+ (GOR Rs )
Bg +
Bw
dt
dt
dt
dt
r 2 re2 h
Wi = a
5.61
B- If the aquifer shape is radial and not from all directions (not circular)
V = c V P
Water influx =aquifer compressibility (Initial volume of water) (pressure
drop)
We = (c w + c f ) Wi ( Pi P )
We = (c w + c f ) Wi f ( Pi P )
f =
encroachment angle
=
360 0
360 0
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- Example 1: Calculate the cumulative water influx that results from a pressure drop of
200 psi at the oil-water contact with an encroachment angle of 80. The reservoir
aquifer system is characterized by the following properties
Reservoir
Aquifer
Radius, ft
2600
10,000
Porosity
0.18
0.12
Cf, Psi-1
4x10-6
3x10-6
Cw, Psi-1
5x10-6
4x10-6
h, ft
20
25
- Schilthuis has proposed an aquifer with steady state flow. The flow
behavior can be described and determined by Darcys law
dWe 0.00708 k h
ew =
=
[Pi p]
dt
r
w ln a
re
ew =
dWe
= C [Pi p ]
dt
We = (c w + c f ) Wi f ( Pi P ) = ( 4 + 3)10 6 (156.5 * 10 6 (
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80
)( 200) = 48,689 bbl
360
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Where:
ew=rate of water influx, bbl/day
K= permeability of the aquifer, md
h=thickness of the aquifer, ft.
ra=radius of the aquifer, ft.
re=radius of reservoir, ft.
t=time, days
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dN p
dN p
dW p
dWe
= Bo
+ (GOR Rs )
Bg +
Bw
dt
dt
dt
dt
ew =
dWe
= C [Pi p ]
dt
dNp
dNp
dWp
dWe
= Bo
+ (GOR Rs )
Bg +
Bw = (1.4)(32,000) + (900 700)(32,000)(0.00082) + (0)
dt
dt
dt
dt
= 50,048bbl/ day
ew =
Although this can only be done when the reservoir pressure stabilizes, once it has been
determined, it can be applied to both stabilized and changing reservoir pressures.
Example 2
dWe
= C [Pi p ]
dt
ew
50,048
C=
=
= 100 bbl / day / psi
[Pi p] (3500 3000)
ew =
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dWe 0.00708kh ( Pi P)
=
dt
w ln(at )
or
ew =
dWe C ( Pi P)
=
dt
ln(at )
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Van Everdingen and Hurst proposed solution to following two reservoiraquifer boundary conditions:
-Constant rate (and calculate the pressure)
-Constant Pressure (and calculate the rate)
It is preferred to calculate the flow rate
They introduced their solutions to the following systems:
-Edge water-drive system
-Bottom water drive
-Linear water drive
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6-Fetkovichs Model:
-What is the difference feature of Fetkovich model ?
- Fetkovich model is used for water influx behavior of a finite aquifer for
radial and linear geometries.
-the method does not require the use of superposition, therefore the
application is much simpler
- This technique is often utilized in numerical simulation methods.
- Fetkovich assumption is that the productivity index concept will
describe water influx from a finite aquifer into a hydrocarbon reservoir
-Water influx rate is directly proportional to the pressure drop between
the average aquifer pressure and the pressure at the reservoir/aquifer
boundary
-This method neglects the effects of any transient period.
6-Fetkovichs Model:
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1-Numerical aquifers
2-Carter-Tracy aquifers
3-Fetkovich aquifers
4-Constant flux aquifers
-Numerical aquifers are represented by a one-dimensional row of cells
within the simulation grid.
-The other three types of aquifer, classed as analytic aquifers, are
represented by computed source terms in the reservoir grid cells with which
they connect.
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3-Fetkovich aquifers
-AQUFET key word (in Solution section) Specification data for
Fetkovich aquifers
-The Fetkovich aquifer model uses a simplified approach based on a
pseudosteady state productivity index and a material balance relationship
between the aquifer pressure and the cumulative influx.
A constant flux aquifer has its water influx rate specified directly by the user,
instead of being calculated by an analytic aquifer model.
But for the purpose of dimensioning etc., it is classed with the other analytic
aquifer models.
-One use of a constant flux aquifer is to model rainfall influx for environmental
applications.
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