LABORATARY LAB REPORT

Name: Maarveen Raj A/L Ravintharan ( 970929146445)

Gajendren A/L Mohan (950618115627)
Lecturer Name: Miss Lim

Introduction:

Rodent ,member of the mammalian order Rodentia ,characterized by front teeth

adapted for gnawing and cheek teeth adapted for chewing .The rodents is by far the
largest mammalian order, nearly half of all mammal species are rodents .They are
worldwide in distribution and found in almost every terrestrial and freshwater
habitat ,from the shores of the arctic ocean of the hottest desserts. They are
variously adapted for running ,jumping ,climbing ,burrowing ,swimming and
gliding .Many of them have dexterous forepaws ,which they use as hands while
sitting on their haunches in a position characteristic of many rodents .The great
majority are under a few inches in length ,the largest ,the capybara ,is about
4ft(120cm) and 20 in(50cm) high at shoulder
All mammalian including human and rat ,share some common characteristic .For
example ,body covered with hair ,but reduced in some ,circulatory system with a
four chambered heart ,warm blooded ,internal fertilization , young nourished by milk
from mammary glands and three distinctive inner ear bones .The specimen for this
practical is a white rat , which also use to be known as the laboratory rat
OBJECTIVES:
*To name mammalian organ systems and state the function of each
*To identify these organs in a dissected rat
*To relate the function of these organs
MATERIALS:
Rat ,dissecting tray ,string, dissection scissors ,forceps ,dissection needle ,scalpel
,probe, metric tape measure ,plastic bag ,making tape and string
METHODS:
1)A rat is obtained and placed in a dissecting tray
2)The rat is placed to a dissecting tray with the ventral side facing upward
3)The dissection started from the cutting of a little of the first layer of skin using
scalpel meanwhile the skin is pulled up firmly using forceps
4)An incision is made through the skin using a forceps and dissection scissor and is
cut as far as the lower jaw
5)The first layer of skin is carefully separated from the rat using scalpel and forceps
6)The first layer of the skin is pinned outward to the dissection board
7) the second layer of the skin is cut using the dissection scissors and forceps
8)The thoracic cavity is opened up using dissection scissor

9)Picture of the dissected rat is taken

10)The organs of the rat are then observed and labeled
11)The sex of the rat is determined
12)The rat is placed in a plastic bag
13)All dissecting equipment and dissecting tray are washed and lined up in the pan
14)The table used for the practical is washed with soap and water
RESULTS:

DISCUSSION:
In respiratoy system ,there are nose , pharynx ,larynx ,trachea ,bronchi and lungs
which is responsible for the exchange of gases. The rat must take in oxygen for
respiration process and must rid itself of carbon dioxide waste .
In digestive system ,there is mouth which use for tearing the food .The smaller
pieces of food swallow and transport to stomach .Contraction of stomach mix the
food together and the hydrochloric acid will breakdown the food .After breaking
down the food ,the food move to small intestines to absorb nutrients.

In excretory system ,there are lungs ,skin ,liver and large intestine .Lungs are used
to absorb oxygen and release carbon dioxide .Skin excretes sweat which is excreting
metabolic waste and it help to cool down body too .Liver is used for detoxifying and
breaking down toxic .After the food is absorbed by small intestines and caecum
,food that cannot absorbed travels to large intestine .It will remove the remaining
water .Then ,it becomes feces and excrete to outer part of our body.
In male reproductive system ,there are testes where sperms are produced and penis
.Having the testes outside the abdomen which is the scrotum facilitates
temperature regulation of the sperm
In female reproductive system ,there are the vagina and uterus which is for semen
the ovaries to produce females ova .The vagina is attached to the uterus through
the cervix ,while the fallopian tubes connect the uterus to the ovaries .In response

to hormonal changes ,one ovum is released and sent down the fallopian tube
during ovulation .If not fertilized ,this egg is eliminated as a result of menstruation

CONCLUSION:
The difference between white rat and human are rat do not have gall bladder but
have enlarged large intestine (caecum) in their digestive system because they
rarely eat oily food ,enlarged large intestine(caecum) help them to break down
cellulose into nutrients