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pk

Drive Test
Myson Engineering Systems
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Sr. No Activity Type

Description

Benchmarking

Drive for checking the difference between operators

Cluster Drives

Drive test between difference operators for checking the RX Level, RX Quality, SQI, C/I, CSSR
& DCR etc.

Rehoming Activity

Drive to newly Rhome sites to confirm the status either sites working properly.

Single Site DT

Drive newly Commissioned sites, swap sites to check the implemented parameters & Rx level,
Rx Quality, SQI & C/I etc.

Optimization DT

Joint visit for hardware changes and confirm the status on the site, changes in azimuth,
Electrical tilt, mechanical tilt, etc.

Reports & Analyze log

files

Making reports for sites , cluster drives & Benchmarking

Work Process
Collect
OMC Parameter

Database
RF Network Design

Cell File (TEMS)

And
Dot Tab Site (MapInfo)

Drive Test
Measurements

Site Check

Coverage
Dropped Calls

Verification of
RF Network Design

Call Setup Success

Handover Perf.
Analysis Programs

Speech Quality
SQICheck
General

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Drive Test Tools

TEMS
Phone

USB GPS
for Rout

Laptop
For Data
collection
TEMS
Software &
installation
CD

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Drive Test Tools

Data
cables

Laptop
charger

Inverter
for Laptop
charging

Car for DT

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Following is the procedure and parameters that need to

checked while performing Drive Test for a New Site.
1. Physical Verification, Alarm Verification, Frequency Plan Verification
2. CPC (Cell Parameter Check)
3. MOC (Mobile Originated Calls)
4. MTC (Mobile Terminated Calls Prepaid to Postpaid)
5. SMS (Short Messaging Service)
6. GPRS
7. EDGE
8. Intra Site Handover
9. Inter Site Handover
10. TRX Test
11. Idle Drive (Normal Drive & Frequency Lock Drive)
12. Dedicated Drive

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Physical Verification
Physical Verification is carried out by verifying physical parameter of
the New Site with the TSSR (Technical Site Survey Report) such as
Address, Lat, Long, Building Height, Antenna Height, Antenna Type,
Orientation, and Tilt.
Alarm Verification
Alarms are generated mainly due to number of reasons, and these
needs to check before Drive is being carried out for the Site. Alarms
are checked from the NOC (Network Operating Centre) and if found
needs to be verified before drive being carried out.
Frequency Plan Verification
Frequency Plan can be verified from the NOC (Network Operating
Centre) for BCCH and TCH frequencies being implemented as per the
Site Integration Sheet sent to NOC (Network Operating Centre).
Hardware Configuration Verification
Hardware verification is performed to know the Site type, BTS Type,
TRX Configuration, VSWR checking, Power measurement for each
TRX.

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Given are the parameters that

need to be checked while
performing CPC.
CGI (Cell Global Identity) consists
if MCC+NCC+LAC+CI
Cell GPRS Support
GSM Band
BCCH Frequency
BSIC
Mode
Time Slot
Channel Type
Channel Mode
Speech Codec
Hopping Channel
Hopping frequency
MAIO
HSN

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1.Time: It is system time of computer.

2.Cell name: It displays the name of the sector which is serving according to the cell file that is loaded in TEMS.
3.CGI : It stands for the Cell Global Identity which is unique for every sector of the site. It consists of MCC,MNC,LAC,CI.
MCC: Mobile Country Code 0 999 MNC: Mobile Network Code 0 99 LAC : Location Area Code 0 -65535 CI: Cell
Identity 0 65535
Cell GPRS Support: Tells sector is having GPRS or not. Values are Yes or No .
Band : It tells in which Freq. Band mobile is operating e.g. GSM 900/ 1800.
BCCH ARFCN: It tells by which BCCH is the mobile station getting served.
TCH ARFCN: On which Traffic Freq. call is going on.
BSIC (Base Station Identity Code) : It is combination of Network Color Code (NCC) (0 7) & Base Station Color Code
(BCC) (0 7). e.g. 62. It is decoded by mobile on every Sync. Channel Message.
Mode: It is shows in which state is mobile operating, Idle, Dedicated & Packet.
Time slot: On which time slot of current TCH call is going on. Viz. time slot no. of TRX.
Channel Type: Type of channel mobile is getting now. Like BCCH / SDCCH/8 + SACCH/C8 or CBCH / TCH/F
+FACCH/F +SACCH/F.
Channel Mode : Shows mode of coding like Speech Full Rate of Half Rate.
Speech Codec: It shows FR for Full Rate, HR for Half Rate & EFR for Enhanced Full Rate.
Ciphering Algorithm : It shows ciphering algorithm used by the system to protect data for privacy. E.g. Cipher by
A5/2.
Sub Channel Number: It is displayed at a time when mobile is on dedicated mode at time of call setup when it is
getting SDCCH at that time it shows which SDCCH it is getting out of 8 available. E.g. 2.
Hopping Channel : It shows that current sector is having hopping feature or not. Values are Yes or No.
Hopping Frequencies : It displays no. of freq. on which mobile is allowed to hop. viz. MA List for hopping of that
sector.
Mobile Allocation Index Offset (MAIO): It is the number which tells from which freq. from given MA list for sector
hopping has to be started. E.g. 0 means sector will start from first freq. to hop.
Hopping Sequence Number (HSN) : Indicates sequence in which frequencies are allowed to hop from the MA List.
0- 63. 0 for Cyclic Hopping, 1 63 random hopping sequences.

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Given are parameter need to be checked

while performing MOC and MTC
RX Level (-47 dbm to -110dbm)
RX Quality (0 to 7)
SQI (20 to 30)
DTX
HSN (Hopping Sequence Number) (0 to
63)
MAIO
Hopping Frequency
C/ I Ratio (>15 dbm)
C/ A Ratio (>12 dbm)

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RxLev : Receiving level in terms of dBm that mobile is receiving from the site. Range of -30 dBm to -110dBm.
RxQual : Quality of voice which is measured on basis of BER. Range of RxQual 0 -7.
FER : Frame Erasure Rate it represents the percentage of frames being dropped due to high number of non-corrected bit
errors in the frame. It is indication of voice quality in network.
BER Actual : Ratio of the number of bit errors to the total number of bits transmitted in a given time interval. BER is a
measure for the voice quality in network.. Depending on BER RxQual is measured. E,g, BER 0 to 0.2 % corresponds to
RxQual 0. Max. BER countable and useful is up to 12.8 % which corresponds to RxQual of max. 7.
SQI : SQI is a more sophisticated measure which is dedicated to reflecting the quality of the speech (as opposed to radio
environment conditions). This means that when optimizing the speech quality in your network, SQI is the best criterion to
use. SQI is updated at 0.5 s intervals. It is computed on basis of BER and FER. For EFR 30, FR 21 & HR 17 are
respectively ideal values.
C/I : The carrier-over-interference ratio is the ratio between the signal strength of the current serving cell and the signal
strength of undesired (interfering) signal components. It should be at least > 9 .
MS Power Control Level: Displays range of power control from 0 to 8 depending upon network design. E.g. 0 means
no power control and 1 means level that is defined by operator viz. 2 dBm less acc.
DTX : Discontinuous transmission (DTX) is a mechanism allowing the radio transmitter to be switched off during speech
pauses. This feature reduces the power consumption of the transmitter, which is important for MSs, and decreases the
overall interference level on the radio channels affecting the capacity of the network..
TA : Value that the base station calculates from access bursts and sends to the mobile station (MS) enabling the MS to
advance the timing of its transmissions to the BS so as to compensate for propagation delay. Value of 0 means MS in
radius of 550mt. From BS.
RL Timeout Counter (Cur) : This parameter define the maximum value of the radio link counter expressed in SACCH
blocks. Range of 4 64 in step size of 4. it shows current value of RLT. Decrease by 1 but increase by 2. When it reaches
zero it results in normal DROP Call.
RL Timeout Counter (MAX) : This parameter define the maximum value of the radio link counter expressed in
SACCH blocks. Range of 4 64 in step size of 4. it shows current value of RLT. Normally 16, 20, 24.
MS Behavior Modified : This window shows current settings for the mobile station, for instance whether handover is
disabled or multiband reporting enabled.

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This is performed to check whether GPRS is working on the Site. This is done by browsing a web page in browser of the
phone. For GPRS to be checked it is
Necessary to see that the handset is WAP, GPRS enabled.

Mode
GPRS

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This is performed to check whether Edge is working on the Site. This is done by browsing a web page in browser
of the phone. For Edge to be checked it is Necessary to see that the handset is WAP, EDGE enabled.

Mode
EDGE

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Intra Handover is performed to check whether handover is taking place both ways on the Site.
Handover is performed among all the Sectors of the Site.

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Inter site Handover is performed to check whether handover is taking place both ways on the Site with its
adjacent neighbor. Handover needs to check mandatory for primary neighbor.
Handover is performed with the entire defined neighbor's in the integration sheet.

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Idle Drive is performed in two fashion

Normal Drive
Frequency Lock Drive

Normal Drive
This is done to frame the potential area of the new site planned. It also helps us to
get to know the important neighboring sites for which the handover has to take place.
Frequency Lock Drive
This is done by locking the BCCH frequency of the serving cell and performing the
drive for the same cell unless the mobile enters into No Service Mode. This is usefull for making decision related to GSM antenna height, tilt, and orientation.
Dedicated Drive

Dedicated drive is an important part of Drive Test. Here call is made to a test number and
drive is done for the potential areas of the Site. During drive being carried out one has
constantly monitor parameters such as RX Level, RX Quality, SQI, DTX, C/I Ratio,
Hopping Channel, Neighbor list, TA (Timing Advance).

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Testing Live

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GSM Call Flow (GSM Originating Call)

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GSM Call Flow (GSM Originating Call)

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GSM Call Flow (GSM Originating Call)

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GSM Call Flow (GSM Originating Call)

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DT report Sample

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Site Checklist
Site Code

LLR536

Site Id

1959

City

LAHORE

Latitude

31.473487

Longitude

74.415446

Site Type (1 to 6)

RF Design

Antenna
Sector 1
Sector 2
Sector 3

Band

Height (m)

900
1800
900
1800
900
1800

20
20
22
22
20
20

Azimuth
(Degree)
0
0
120
120
230
230

Sector

BCCH

Sect A
Sect B
Sect C
Sect D
Sect A
Sect B
Sect C
Sect D

76
65
67

Mech Tilt (Degree)

Elect Tilt (Degree)

Antenna type

0
0
0
0
0
0

6
4
6
4
6
4

K742266
K742266
K742266
K742266
K742266
K742266

LAC

NCC

BCC

HSN

409
409
409

3
4
3

7
6
6

13
13
13

Sector 4

Band

GSM 900

GSM 1800

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Site Drive Test

Analysis
BCCH / TRX1
Band

GSM 900

GSM 1800

TRX 2

TRX 3

TRX 4

Sector
Freq/Maio

Rx Lev

Maio

Rx Lev

Maio

Rx Lev

Maio

Rx Lev

Sect A

76

-34

-34

Sect B

65

-34

-34

Sect C

67

-34

-34

Sect A

-34

-34

Sect B

-34

10

-34

Sect C

16

-34

18

-34

Site HO
Calls
Established

Successful
Calls

Blocked Calls

Sect A

16

16

Sect B

16

16

Sect C

16

16

Sector

No. of Attempts

No. of Success

56

56

Dropped Calls

SEC A

SEC B

SEC C

HR Status

Not Set

Not Set

Not Set

PC Status

Not Set

Not Set

Not Set

255

255

255

TA Restriction

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. Quality Plot
Rx

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RX Level Plot

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DT Reports for Data

Radio Network Planning
Site EDGE Verification Report

Site ID:

LLR536
GSM:2/2/2,
DCS:2/2/2
10-Sep-08

Site Type:
Date:
Site Configuration

(GERNAL)
LAYER STRATEGY

Cell / Segment Option1

Layer1

BTSs

BAND

BTS1

900

TSL0

TRX1

CBCCH

TRX2

SDCCH

TCH/F TCH/F TCH/F TCH/F TCH/F TCH/F TCH/F

TRX3

TCH/F

TCH/F TCH/F TCH/F TCH/F TCH/F TCH/F TCH/F

TRX4

TCH/F

TCH/F TCH/F TCH/F

CSW, GPRS, EGPRS

BTS2

1800

Static Downloading
TEST

Cell Reselection (E-G-E) TEST

No

Sectors

( 320 KB)

Downloading time
(Sec)

Sectors

Yes

Sec-1

Sec-1

38.73

Sec-2

Sec-2

41.3

Sec-3

Sec-3

38.98

PDP Context Activation

Avg Data rate

(Kbps)

TA

C/I

66.10

35

61.99

35

65.67

35

Routing Area Update

Activation

Failure

Success rate

Area Update

Failure

Rate

20

100%

100%

RLC EDGE Throughputs

Sectors

PSW
TSL1 TSL2 TSL3 TSL4 TSL5 TSL6 TSL7
terr.
SDCC TCH/ TCH/ Defaul Defaul Defaul Dedicate
EGPRS
H
D
D
t
t
t
d

TRXs

Minimum
Throughtput
UL (Kbps)

Peak Throughput

Peak
Throughput

Minimum Throughtput
DL (Kbps)

Sec-1

15.34

0.63

172.52

12.68

Sec-2

5.75

0.63

136.23

10.14

Sec-3

5.06

0.63

120.01

10.03

Defaul Defaul Defaul Dedicate

GPRS
t
t
t
d

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Drive
Test throughput Distribution
.

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Drive
Test C/I Distribution
.

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EDGE Connection Stability

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EDGE
RLC throughput coverage
.

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EDGE
Coding Scheme coverage
.

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EDGE
Coding Scheme Usage
.

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Cluster Drive report

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RX LEVEL

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RX Quality

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SQI

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Event Plots

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Benchmarking Plots

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RX Level plot

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Rx Qual

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RX level

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Rx quality

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Events
CC Messages
CC Setup

CC Call Confirmed

Count
11
0

CC Connect

10

CC Alerting

10

RR Messages

Count

RR Handover Command

43

RR Handover Complete

34

RR Handover Failure

MM Messages

Count

MM Location Updating Request

MM Location Updating Accept

MM Location Updating Reject

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Events
Formulae

CSSR 1:

(Calls Completed + Calls Dropped) / Call Attempts

CSSR 2:

Outgoing and Incoming Call Setup / Call Attempts

CCR 1:

Calls Completed / Call Attempts

CCR 2:

Calls Completed / Calls Setup OK

HSR:

Handovers Successful / Handover Attempts

LUSR:

Location Update Successful / Location Update Attempts

Summary
Call Setup Success Rate (CSSR)

75.00%

83.33%

Call Completion Rate (CCR)

66.67%

80.00%

Handover Success Rate (HSR)

79.07%

Location Update Success Rate (LUSR)

100.00%

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Events
The Events

Count

Outgoing Call Starts

12

Outgoing Call Setup OK

10

Outgoing Call Setup Failure

Incoming Call Starts

Incoming Call Setup OK

Incoming Call Setup Failure

Call Completed

Call Dropped

Handover OK

34

Handover Failure

Location Update OK

Location Update Failure

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Rx level Distribution
RxLevSub Distribution
12000

100%
90%

10000
80%
70%
8000

60%
6000

50%

40%
4000
30%
20%

2000
10%
0
-110

0%
-106

-102

-98

-94

-90

-86

-82

-78

dBm

-74

-70

-66

-62

-58

-54

-50

-46

-42

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Rx Qual Distribution
RxQualSub Distribution
120000

100%
90%

100000
80%
70%
80000

60%
60000

50%

40%
40000
30%
20%
20000
10%
0

0%
0

RxQual

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TA Distribution

TA Distribution
20000

100%

18000

90%

16000

80%

14000

70%

12000

60%

10000

50%

8000

40%

6000

30%

4000

20%

2000

10%

0%
0

12

15

18

21

24

27

30

TA

33

36

39

42

45

48

51

54

57

60

63

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TEMS Log files & Analyze

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TEMS LOG-FILE ANALYSIS

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Requirements

To analyze a log-file, the analyzer must have a complete know

how of the data collection.

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Things to Analyze
Although there are many things to note during the log-file analysis but they
can be summarized under different topics:
Coverage Analysis
Quality Analysis
Handover Analysis
Drop Call Analysis

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Coverage
Analysis

Coverage Analysis

57

Doing coverage analysis from log-files usually we come across following

problems:
Low Rx_Level
Lack of Dominant Server
Sudden Decrease in Rx_Level
Almost same Rx_Level
Drop call due to Bad Coverage
Access Failures

Low Rx_Level

58

In areas where there are few sites and too many different types of terrain
structures like hills or obstacles those stopping the line of sight to the
broadcasting signal, there might be a lot of coverage holes or places with
insufficient signal level.

Lack of Dominant Server

59

Signals of more than one cell can be reaching a spot with low level causing
ping pong handovers. This might happen because the MS is located on the
cell borders and there is no any best server to keep the call.

Sudden Decrease in Rx_Level

60

Tunnel Effect:
Engineer may notice sudden decrease on signal level when analyzing the log
files. This will result in excessive number of
handovers. Before suspecting anything else, check if the test was performed
on a highway and that particular area was a tunnel or not. Signal level on
the chart will make a curve rather than unstable changes. Tunnel effect will
most likely result in ping pong handovers.

Almost Same Rx_Level

61

The network needs big optimization work when there are too many cells having overlapping
coverage. This will cause quality problems because of frequency reuse and immediate action to
optimize cell coverage should be taken. Other cells else than the one that suppose to serve at
that particular area should be coverage reduced by power reductions, down tilts or other
configuration changes.

Drop Call due to Bad Coverage

62

Call is dropped because of poor coverage. The signal level goes down below
the minimum signal level that system could carry on. Remember this
minimum level is much lower than RX Access Minimum Level.

Access Failures

63

Access failures can happen because of low level below ACCMIN, bad quality or blocking in the
target cell, or hardware failures. If you get a blocked call message during call setup, it is
because the signal leveling the cell you are trying to make call setup is below ACCMIN which
prevents MS to access the cell. ACCMIN is generally set to 104dBm depending on sensitivity
level of equipments and is referred during call setup. A low value of ACCMIN means that the
coverage in idle mode is improved at the expense of the risk of having an increased number of
call setup failures.

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Quality
Analysis

Quality Analysis

65

While doing the quality analysis in a log-file, one comes across different
cases:
BER & FER
Bad Quality due to Signal Strength (FER is BAD)
Bad Quality due to Signal Strength (FER is OK)
SQI
Collusion of MA list causing low C/I
Interference

BER & FER

66

BER Stands for Bit Error Rate

FER stands for Frame Erasure Ratio
The BER and FER caused by the radio network is the most important speech
quality degradation factors. The BER and frame erasure ratio (FER) are
dependent on a number of factors such as fading and interference. The
degradation can be minimized by using the radio network features DTX,
Power control and Frequency hopping.

Bad Quality due to signal strength

(FER is BAD)

67

As the signal strength drops down, the quality of the call becomes worse being effected by
interference or fading or both. Consequently the system becomes weaker to handle the
interference. Notice that not only Rx Quality is bad, but also FER is high. SQI is still within
acceptable limits. Thats why we check all RX Quality, FER and SQI when analyzing interference
problems. System will face bad RX Quality, drop calls and ping pong handovers in such
environments.

Bad Quality due to signal strength

(FER is OK)

68

The difference of this case from the previous is only the difference in FER. Signal strength is
also bad in this, but FER is still fine which means there is no obvious interference in the area.
The area in this case should most probably be a flat area without any obstacles to create
reflection and the site density should not be dense or reuse of frequencies is good to prevent
any cochannel interference.

SQI

69

SQI, Speech Quality Index is another expression when Quality is concerned.

However, the RxQual measure is based on a simple transformation of the estimated average bit
error rate, and two calls having the same RxQual ratings can be perceived as having quite
different speech quality. One of the reasons for this is that there are other parameters than
the bit error rate that affects the perceived speech quality.
A short, very deep fading dip has a different effect on the speech than a constant low bit error
level, even if the average rate is the same.
The TEMS Speech Quality Index, which is an estimate of the perceived speech quality as
experienced by the mobile user, is based on handover events and on the bit error and frame
erasure distributions. Extensive listening tests on real GSM networks have been made to
identify what type of error situations cause poor speech quality. By using the results from the
listening tests and the full
information about the errors and their distributions, it is possible to produce the TEMS Speech
Quality Index. The Speech Quality Index is available every 0.5 second in TEMS and predicts the
instant speech quality in a phone call/radiolink in realtime.

Collusion of MA list causing low C/I

70

The collusion of frequencies with neighboring cells MAIO list frequencies become
more significant with dropping signal level. To prevent this kind of interference,
MAIO lists of neighboring cells should be properly planned or MAIO step could be
used.

Interference

71

There are two types interferences usually faced during the drive test:
Co-Channel Interference
Interference created by same frequencies is Co-Channel Interference. It is rarely
faced in any network.
Adjacent Channel Interference
Interference created by adjacent frequencies is called Adjacent
Channel
Interference. There are few cases in any network regarding this kind of interference.
Interference can cause harm to network by creating drop calls, bad quality patches,
voice distortion etc.

Interference

72

73

Hand Over
Analysis

Hand Over Analysis

74

Hand Over contributes to one of the main KPIs in any network. Four main kinds of handovers take place in the
networks:
Intra- Cell Handovers
Intra-BSC Handovers
Inter-BSC Handovers
Inter-MSC Handovers
All the above handovers do follow the HO algorithm. HO algorithm in different vendors systems or even in operators
using the same equipment could be different. In TEMS following Layer-3 messages contribute to Handover.

Sys Info Type 5

Sys Info Type 6
Measurement Reports
Handover Command
Handover Access
Handover Complete

Hand Over Analysis

TYPES OF HANDOVER

Power Budget Handover (value depends upon PGBT HO Margin)

Level Handover (value set -95dBm for DL & -105dBm for UL)
Quality Handover (value set to 3.2% to 6.4% for both DL & UL)
Interference Handover (value set to -80dBm for both DL & UL)
Umbrella Handover (value set to -80 to -90dBm & PGBT Margin to max.)
MS distance Handover (value set to max. by default)
Intra-Cell Handover
Rapid Field Handover (value set to -110dBm by default)
Directed Retry Handover

75

Hand Over Analysis

76

Reasons for handover failure could be unavailable time slots because of high traffic,
congestion, low signal strength or bad quality on target cell. Handover can be failed because of
hardware problems in target cells more likely TRX or time slot problems. Doing the HO
analysis, one faces the following problems:

Late Handovers
Ping-Pong Handovers
Missing Neighbor Relation
T3124 Expiry
Neighbor Cell in another BSC/MSC

Late Handovers

77

There will be such cases that you will notice handover process taking place a little late.
There could be couple of reasons to that. First thing to check will be handover margins
between the neighbors. If margins for level, quality or power budget handovers are not
set correctly, handover will not take place at the right time. If margins are too much,
handover will happen late, vice versa. If umbrella handover is enabled between two
neighbors, you will notice that the small site will still keep the traffic although the level of
umbrella cell id too much higher. This is due to HO Level Umbrella RX Level which is set
to some definite level.

Ping-Pong Handovers
Ping-Pong Handovers take place due to following reasons:
MS moving in Zig Zag direction between the cells.
Incorrect HO Margins
lack of dominancy
Too many overlapping regions

78

Missing Neighbor Relation

79

If a handover is not performed to a neighbor cell that seems to be best

server, there is a possibility of a missing neighbor relation. This will happen
with sudden appearance of strong cell in the neighbor list just after a
handover.

T3124 Expiry

80

T3124 is the timer which is started when the Ho reference is sent in the HO
access burst. HO failure is faced when this timer is expired which means
that either the burst is not sent properly or not recognized at the other end.

Shown in the Additional Information Message in Mode Reports

Neighbor Cell in another BSC/MSC

81

You will always observe handover problems in BSC borders, because neighbor relations in these
cases need extra attention. When the neighbor is in another BSC, the neighbor needs to be defined
as an external cell in neighboring BSC with correct CGI, BCCH, BSIC and power related
parameters. This must also be like this on the other way to have a mutual neighbor relation. If the
neighboring cell belongs to a different MSC, the cell needs to be defined as an outer cell in
neighboring MSC with correct CGI and MSC name/address. This must also be like this on the
other way to have a mutual neighbor relation.

82

Drop Call
Analysis

Drop Call Analysis

83

If the radio link fails after the mobile sends the Service Connect Complete
Message then it is considered a dropped call. General reasons for drop calls
are as follows:

o Drop Call due to Low Signal Strength

o Drop Call due to Bad RX Quality
o Drop Call due to Nothappening Handover
o Drop Call due to Interference

Drop Call due to Low Signal Level

84

Low signal strength in any area can be a cause for the drop call. The signal
level goes down below the minimum signal level that system could carry on.
Remember this minimum level is much lower than RX Access Minimum Level
to prevent ongoing call from dropping.

Drop Call due to Bad Rx quality

85

Sometimes the level is good or in the satisfactory range but the call is
dropped because of the degraded trend of Rx quality. The degradation in
this case is caused by the ping pong handovers between different cells.

86

Drop Call due to Not Happening Hand

Over

Sometimes the call is dropped due to not happening hand over. This case is
faced when there is problem in the neighbor definitions of any cell, BSC or
any MSC. The MS moves on & the cells other than the serving cell are not
properly defined as neighbors then the call will be dragged until it crosses
the max TA value & the call is dropped.

Drop Call due to Interference

87

One of the reasons for the drop calls is interference also. It might be cochannel & might be adjacent channel.

88

Thanks