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3.
4.
5.
6.
( a7)3 = a21
2.
( x3 y2)4 = x12 y8
3.
(2 x2 y3)3 = (2)3 x6 y9 = 8 x6 y9
Dividing monomials
To divide monomials, subtract the exponent of the
divisor from the exponent of the dividend of the same
base.
Remember that the rules for signed numbers apply to
monomials as well.
Multiplying monomials
Reminder: The rules and definitions for powers and
exponents also apply in algebra.
Similarly, a a a b b = a3 b2.
To multiply monomials, add the exponents of the same
bases.
Example 2
Multiply the following.
1.
( x3)( x4) = x3 + 4 = x7
2.
Example 4
Divide.
POLYNOMIALS
A polynomial consists of two or more terms. For
example, x + y,y2 x2, and x2 + 3 x + 5 y2 are all
polynomials. A binomial is a polynomial that consists
of exactly two terms. For example, x + yis a binomial.
A trinomial is a polynomial that consists of exactly
three terms. For example, y2 + 9 y + 8 is a trinomial.
Polynomials usually are arranged in one of two
ways.Ascending order is basically when the power of
a term increases for each succeeding term. For
example, x + x2 + x3or
5x+
2 x2
3 x3 +x5 are
arranged in ascending order. Descending order is
basically when the power of a term decreases for each
succeeding term. For example, x3 + x2+ x or 2 x4 +
3 x2 + 7 x are arranged in descending order.
Descending order is more commonly used.
Adding and subtracting polynomials
To add or subtract polynomials, just arrange like
terms in columns and then add or subtract. (Or simply
add or subtract like terms when rearrangement is not
necessary.)
Example 1
Do the indicated arithmetic.
Multiplying polynomials
To multiply polynomials, multiply each term in one
polynomial by each term in the other polynomial. Then
simplify if necessary.
Example 2
Multiply.
Now simplify.
6 x2 6 ax + 2 ax 2 a2 = 6 x2 4 ax 2 a2
Example 4
Multiply.
Divide 4 a2 + 18 a + 8 by a + 4.
3.
Note: When terms are missing, be sure to leave
proper room between terms.
4.
Example 7
Divide.
1.
5.
BINOMIAL
Binomial is a little term for a unique mathematical
expression. Learn what makes binomials so special,
how to easily identify them and the mathematical
operations that can be performed on them.
What is a Binomial?
Examples of binomials.
Binomial
The algebraic expression which has only two terms,
then the expression is said to be a binomial. Binomial
can be expressed by the operation such as addition,
subtraction.
BINOMIAL DEFINITION
A polynomial is a finite sum of the terms. A polynomial
with two terms is called a binomial.
For example, x + 1, y2 - 3, a2 - b2 are binomials.
(a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
2.
(a - b)2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab
3.
a2 - b2 = (a - b)(a + b)
Cubing a Binomial
1.
2.
3.
a3 - b3 = (a - b)(a2 + ab + b2)
4.
a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 - ab + b2)
FACTORING BINOMIALS
MULTIPLYING BINOMIALS
To multiply two binomials, we use the distributive
property more than once. When we multiply two
binomial, we will end up with 4 terms. Method of
multiplying two binomial is also called FOIL method.
The most important part of multiplying two binomials is
to make sure that you multiply each term in the first
factor by each term in the second.
Let us multiply (x + 3)(x - 1)
SUBTRACTING BINOMIALS
Given (x + 3)(x - 1)
(x + 3)(x - 1) = x(x - 1) + 3(x - 1)
= x2 - x + 3x - 3
= x2 + 2x - 3.
Dividing Binomials
Back to Top
To divide binomial by binomial or by monomial, use the
reverse form of the rule for adding the fractions with a
common denominator. We can divide a binomial with a
monomial by dividing each term of the binomial by the
monomial.
= 21 3
Given x3+8x2+42x
SOLVING BINOMIALS
x3+8x2+42x = (x+2)(x2+42x)x2+42x
Using the identity a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 + b2 - ab), we
get
=> x3+8x2+42x = x + 2.
Adding Binomials
Back to Top
Solved Examples
Question 1: Which of the following referred
as binomial?
3x + y
3*y
3xy
3x y
Solution:
Option a: 3x + y, addition operation makes
the polynomials in two terms.
Option b: 3 * y, multiplication operation
makes the polynomials in one term as 3y.
Option c: 3xy, there is one term in this
polynomial.
Option d: 3x y, division operation makes
the polynomials in one term.
Hence, the "option a" has the polynomials
which have only two term which said to be as
binomial.
Given (x + 2)3
= x3 + 8 + 6x * x + 6x * 2
Binomial Example
Given below are some of the solved
examples on binomials.
Solved Examples
=> (x + 2)3 = x3 + 23 + 3 * x * 2 * (x + 2)
= x3 + 8 + 6x2 + 12x.
Order of operations
GROUPING SYMBOLS
If
multiplication,
division,
powers,
addition,
parentheses, and so forth are all contained in one
problem, the order of operations is as follows:
1.
Parentheses
2.
3.
4.
Excuse
My
Dear Aunt
Sally
Divid Add
e
or
Subtrac
t
TERMINOLOGY ON ALGEBRA
(1)
Constants
Example 4
Simplify the following problems.
Variables
A variable is a symbol that we assign to an unknown
value. It is usually represented by letters such as x,y,
or t. For example, we might say that l stands for the
length of a rectangle and w stands for the width of the
rectangle.
Coefficients
Example 5
Express the answers with positive exponents.
For example:
x2 + 2x + 3 = 0
Coefficient
2x2 + 5x 7 = 0
Terms
2x2 + 5x = 8
is a quadratic equation because it can
be changed to 2x2 + 5x 8 = 0
x2 + x = 0
is a quadratic with c = 0
2x2 7 = 0
is a quadratic with b = 0
2x + 3 = 0
are like
terms.
Expressions
An expression is made up of one or more terms.
For example:
(2)
A variable is also called an unknown and can be
represented by letters from the alphabet. Operations in
algebra are the same as in arithmetic: addition,
subtraction, multiplication and division. An expression
is a group of numbers and variables, along with
operations. An equation is the equality of two
expressions.
VARIABLES AND CONSTANTS
Algebra started off as the addition and subtraction of
similar objects. For example, you could add three
apples plus two apples to equal five apples. If you
substituted the letter "a" for apples, you would have 3
a + 2 a = 5 a in place
of 3 apples plus 2 apples equals 5 apples.
Equations
Variables
The basis of algebra is that the various mathematical
operations can be applied for no matter what you have
for "a", "b", or "x".
For example:
3w + 4xy + 5
4+6=52
l=3w
3w + 4xy + 5 = 2w + 3
Constants
In some situations a quantity may be known, but it is
convenient to designate it as a letter. In such a case,
the letter represents a constant.
Quadratic Equations
Common convention
Although any alphabetical letter can be a variable, a
common convention used is to designate letters toward
the end of the alphabet to be variables and letters to
the front as constants.
Thus, variables are usually represented by the
letters x, y or z and constants are a, b or c.
In Einstein's equation, c is a constant, but m is a
variable because it represents the unknownmass of an
object (thus the reason to use m instead of some other
letter).
OPERATIONS
Mathematical operations are addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. Their common symbols are:
Addition +
Subtraction
Multiplication
Numbers first
Division
Addition
The following are designated by x + y:
Add x and y
Increase x by y
Subtraction
The following are all designated by x y:
Subtract x from y
Division sign
The slash (/) is also used to denote division. Thus, a
b and a/b both mean "a divided by b."
x minus y
x less y
The following are designated by y x:
x less than y
x from y
3+5
2a + 3x 6/7
5abc
Some expressions may be long and complex, even
including parentheses:
3x + (2z y)/x + 125y (x + y)/(z +2)
Terms
An expression consists of one or more terms that are
separated by an addition or subtraction operation. The
expression 2a + 3x 6/7 consists of the terms
(separated by commas):
2a, 3x, 6/7
Equations
An equation consists of expressions separated by an
equal sign. The assumption is that the expressions on
the left side of the equal sign are equal to those on the
right side.
3+5=8
5x 3y = 4z
27 + x = 17/3x
Since some of these equations contain unknowns or
variables, they require a solution to verify the equation
is valid.
3x 7 = 2 is valid with when x = 3.
Some equations are equalities when the values are
known or the solution is trivial. 3 + 5 = 8and x = 3 are
considered equalities.
Summary
Major terms used in algebra include: variables,
constants, operations, expressions and equations. A
variable can be represented by letters from the
alphabet.
While the addition and subtraction operations are the
same in algebra as in arithmetic, there are some
different designations of multiplication and division
used in web pages.
An expression is a group of numbers and variables,
along with operations. An equation is the equality of
two expressions.