Institute of Engineering and Technology

Subject: Wireless Communication (EC-305)

Submission of Lab-Assignment - X
Roll no: 131021
July 29, 2015

Problem definition
1. Calculating the mean path loss using Okumaras model for d=50 km,
hte= 100 m, hre= 10 m and carrier frequency =900 MHz in a suburban environment.
Writing a MATLAB code for the model and also deriving and interpreting the result. Varying distance and height of the transmitter
antenna and graphically showing the relationships for
(a) path loss and distance
(b) path loss and height of the transmitter antenna
2. Finding the median path loss under the Hata model assuming fc = 900
MHz, transmitter antenna height = 40 m, receiver antenna height = 5
m and d = 20 km for a large urban city, a small urban city, a suburb,
and a rural area. Explaining qualitatively the path loss differences
for these 4 environments. Also writing MATLAB code for the model
and deriving the useful result interpretation. Comparing the path
loss obtained by this model with Okumara model in suburban area
having same system specifications. Varing distance and graphically
show relations between
(a) Path loss and distance for all the four environments of Hata model
(b) Path loss and distance for Okumura model
(c) Path loss and distance for COST-231
(d) Comparing the graphs obtained in different model

Theory

Wireless Communications using wireless has becaming significant tools in

sustaning communications especially at home and workplaces due to communication models. Propagation models are of two types: fully empirical
models and Deterministic models.
Semi-empirical models are models which has the chareteristics of both types.
Empirical models are based on practically measured data. Since few parameters are used, these models are simple but not very accurate. The models
which are categorized as empirical models for macro cellular environment.
These include Hata model, Okumura model, COST-231 Hata model.
On the other hand, deterministic models are very accurate. Some of the
examples include Ray Tracing and Ikegami model. As mentioned earlier,
semiempirical models are based on both empirical data and deterministic
aspects. Cost-231 Walfisch-Ikegami model is categorized as a semi empirical
model. All these models estimate the mean path loss based on parameters
such as antenna heights of the transmitter and Receiver, distance between
them, etc. These models have been extensively validated for mobile networks. Most of these models are based on a systematic interpretation of
measurement data obtained in the service area[1]
Okumura Model
this is the most popular model that is used widely for urban areas in radio
propagation that was originated in Japan/Tokyo. this model server as the
base of Hata model.this model is optimum to be used in cities with urban
structure but not too many tall buildings. it can be applied to 3 areas
namely: Urban, Suburban and rural
Formula for Okumura Model is expressed below:
Lm(dB) = LF(d)+ Amu(f,d) G(hr) G(ht) GAREA
Where;
Lm = (i.e., median) of path loss
LF(d) = free space propagation path loss.
Amu(f,d) = median attenuation relative to free space
G(ht) = base station antenna height gain factor
G(hr) = mobile antenna height gain factor
G(ht) = 20log(ht/200) 1000m > ht > 30m
G(hr) = 10log(hr/3) hr 3m
G(hr) = 20log(hr/3) 10m > hr > 3m
GAREA = gain due to type of environment

we find GAREA from the graph given below :

and we find AMU from the graph below:

Now, Lets look at an example:

for a given Hte = 100m and Hre=10m,
and transmitting frequency should be 900 MHz in a suburban area,
we see from the graph of Garea, it is approximately 9 and AMU nearly 39.
substituiting hte and hre in the equations:
G(hr) = 20log(10/3) = 10.45
G(ht) = 20log(100/200) = -6
Now, Lambda = (3108 )/(900 106 ) = 1/3
the free space path loss,
Lf = 10log[(4 50)2 )/((1/3)2 )] = 65.56
and finally, the propagation path loss:
L50 = Lf+Amu-Ghte-Ghre-Garea;
=65.56-39-6-10.45-9 = 91.05 {Answer}
Hata Model
Hata established empirical mathematical relationships to describe the graphical information given by Okumura. Hatas formulation is limited to certain
ranges of input parameters and is applicable only over quasi-smooth terrain.
The mathematical expression and their ranges of applicability are as follows.
Carrier Frequency: 150 MHz fc 1500 MHz
Base Station/transmitter Antenna Height: 30 m ht 200 m
Mobile Station/reciever Antenna Height: 1 m hr 10 m
Transmission Distance: 1 km d 20 km
Hence,
L50 (dB) =A + B log10 (d) for urban areas
L50 (dB) =A + B log10 (d) C for suburban area
L50 (dB) =A + B log10 (d) D for open area
Where:
A = 69.55 +26.161log10 (fc)13.82 log10 (ht)a(hr)
B = 44.96.55log10 (ht) C = 5.4 + 2 [log10 (fc/28)]2
D = 40.94 + 4.78 [log10 (fc)]2 18.33log2 (fc)
Where,
a(hr) = [1.1log10 (fc) 0.7] ht [1.56log10 (fc) 0.8]
for medium or small cities
8.29[log10 (1.54ht)]2 1.1 for large city and fc 200 MHz
3.2 [log10 (11.75ht)]2 4.97 for large city and fc 400 MHz
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COST-231 MODEL
Most future PCS systems are expected to operate in the 18002000 MHz
frequency band. It has been shown that path loss can be more dramatic
at these frequencies than those in the 900 MHz range. Some studies have
suggested that the path loss experienced at 1845 MHz is approximately 10
dB larger than those experienced at 955 MHz, all other parameters being
kept constant. The COST231-Hata model extends Hatas model for use in
the 1500-2000 MHz frequency range, where it is known to underestimate
path loss. The model is expressed in terms of the following parameters.
Carrier Frequency (fc) 15002000 MHz
Antenna Height (ht) 30200 m
Antenna Height (hr) 110 m
Transmission Distance(d) 120 km
The path loss according to the COST-231-Hata model is expressed as:
L50(dB) = A + B log10 (d) +C
Where; A = 46.3+ 33.910 (fc)13.28 log10(ht) a(hr)
B = 44.96.55 log10 (ht)
C= 0 for medium city and suburban areas
C=3 for metropolitan areas

Block diagram/program
1. Okumura Model

figure-1: matlab code for finding propagation path loss in

suburban region

figure-2: matlab code for showing the effect of varying the

distance from the base station on propagation path loss in
suburban region

figure-3:matlab code for showing the effect of varying the

height of transmitter antennae at base station on
propagation path loss in suburban region

2. Hata Model

figure-4:matlab code for finding median path loss for all the
environments for a specific value of frequency and antennae
heights

figure-5:matlab code for plotting median path loss vs

distance (0m-20m) for 4 different areas

3. Cost-231 Model

figure-6:matlab code for plotting median path loss vs

distance (0m-20m) for medium and metropolitan areas

Results
1. Okumura Model

figure-7: propagation path loss for 50 Km distance from

base station Hte=100m, Hre=10m and frequency =
900MHz

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figure-8: propagation path loss vs distance from base

station for Hte=100m, Hre=10m, d=50Km and frequency
= 900MHz

figure-9:propagation path loss vs height of transmitting

antennae for Hte=100m, d=50Km and frequency =
900MHz

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2. Hata Model

figure-10:median path loss for all the four environments for

Hte=40m, Hre=5m, d=20Km and frequency = 900MHz

figure-11:median path loss vs distance (0m-20m) for all 4

environments Hte=40m, Hre=5m, d=20Km and frequency
= 900MHz
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3. Cost-231 Model

figure-12:Path loss vs distance from the base station at

frequency 1500 Hz(at border limit) for same system
configuration

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4. Comparisions of models

figure-13:graphs comparing Hata and Okumura model with

same system specifications in suburban area with
frequency=900Mhz

figure-14:Comparing the hata model and Cost-231 model

with same system specifications- frequency = 1500Mhz and
suburban area

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Result Interpretation
1. Okumura Model
(a) from figur 8, we can interpret that propagation path loss increases
when we increase the distance of transmission in suburban area
for a given system configuration. the path loss change in dB reduces slightly when we keep on increasing the distance.
this is obvious that when we increase the distance, the path will
have more obstacles, eventually resulting in more path loss, weakening the signal.
(b) from figure 9, we can easily interpret that the path loss has an
inverse relationship with height of the transmitter antennae in
suburban area with the same system specifications, the change is
coming to a saturation when it gets to large heights.
the reason behind this is that the power transmission is directly
proportional to Height of the transmitting antennae. So that
there is lower path loss in propagation.As line of sight communication quality increases with increasing antennae height, path
loss decreases.
2. Hata Model
(a) figure 10 shows the path losses calculated by MATLAB for four
different environments at same system configurations, frequency
and distance. we interpret that path loss in large urban area
where density of tall buildings and chances of disturbances to
signals are very high, the path loss is highest (164dB). Now, when
we move to small urban areas, relative obstacles decreases slightly
and so the distance, which will slightly decrease the path loss
(4 dB) but is still high. Moderate change in path loss- 10 dB
- is seen in the suburban regions as the tall buildings are less
and is mainly covered by open areas, therefore, less path loss in
suburban regions. And, there is a significant change when we
move to rural areas, as there are no tall buildings here and are
only covered by low rise buildings and slums, no disturbance to
signals is observed and hence, very less path loss in the rural areas
(132 dB) - but which is still to be taken care of.
(b) the same interpretation we can see in the figure 11, which shows
the path loss in 4 areas in range of 20 km of radius from the base
station. it obvious that the path loss of all the areas will increase
as the distance increases as we saw in 1(a). it can also be seen
that, all 4 environments maintains the similar difference in path
loss in dBs for every value in distance from the base station.
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Note: the graphs for suburban regions are for the urban areas
which are small.
3. COST-231 Model
figure 12 gives a similar interpretation of Hata model which signifies
that this model is the extension of Hata Model. there is a very high
path loss at lower distace itself and increases rapidly when we increase
the distance. as this has been plotted for 1500 Hz, the path loss has
to be higher. we can also interpret that this model has the highest
path loss among the three. the two lines maintains the distance of 3
dB on the graph which conveys the C factor of the model according
to the area. apart from this, rapid increase in path loss is seen with
the increase in distance.
4. Comparision of different Models
(a) there is a vast difference between Hata and Okumura model in
path loss, approximately 70 dB of more path loss in Hata model
then in Okumura model with the same systems specifications.
And as usual, with the distance, the loss increases
(b) the same thing is observed in comparison in Hata and COST 231 models, except for the difference being small but at higher
frequency of 1500 MHz instead of 900 MHz in above Comparison
graph. Also with distance, the increase of path loss is seen to be
larger than in above comparison.

Conclusion

The path loss of Okumura, Hata and Cost 231 models shows decreasing
trend with respect to transmitter antenna height and increasing trend with
respect to transmission distance.
In Hata and Cost-231 models, with increasing urbanization, the path Loss
is also seen to increase.
Among the communication models Okumura model shows the least path
loss and Cost-231 model shows the largest path loss.Among the three models Hata model shows intermediate results for path loss.

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Lab Report
1. Programs

figure-15: MATLAB code for Okumura model - varying the

frequency with same system specifications

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figure-16: MATLAB code for Okumura model- varying the

distance with same system specifications

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figure-17: MATLAB code for varying the Hte with same

system specifications
Note: changin the variable has been done with the same code, so
screenshot has not been shown.

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2. Results

figure-18: Okumura Model: Path Loss vs frequency

figure-19: Okumura Model: Path Loss vs distance

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figure-20: Okumura Model: Path Loss vs Transmitter

antennae height

figure-21: Hata Model: Path Loss vs distance

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figure-22: Hata Model: Path Loss vs Frequency

figure-23: Hata Model: Path Loss vs Transmiter antennae

Height

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figure-24: summary of outputs of all the varying terms for

Okumura Model

figure-25: summary of outputs of all the varying terms for

Hata Model
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figure-26: summarizes all environments with different

frequencies for Hata Model
3. Result interpretation
Note: Both the graphs are for suburban region
(a) Okumura Model
From Results, we can interpret that with frequency, path loss
Increases as more power transmitted and hence, more power dissipated.
As we already saw, with distance, path loss shows increasing
trend.
And with transmitter antennae height, there is an inverse relationship. the reasons for this has been described earlier. As line of
sight communication quality increases with increasing antennae
height, path loss decreases
(b) Hata Model
from results of figure 21, 22, 23, we can see that with distance
of transmission, the propagation path loss shows increasing trend
as explained earlier.
the same happens with frequency too, as it happens with distance
due to power strength loss.
it shows a decreasing trend with transmitter antennae height as
line of sight communication quality increases.
the quantitative interpretations has been summarized in figure
24 and 25 which implies the same trends as explained above.
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Figure 26 summarizes almost every effect of variables of Hata

Model. you can see that the triplets of urban region varies with
different frequencies. the highest frequency (900MHz) experiences the highest path loss and it decreases with the frequency.
the same happens with every region with respect to frequency.
we can also interpret from the graph that with urbanization, path
loss increases. no matter what the frequency is (it is significant
but not when comared to the area), path loss increases significantly with the urbanization, and the frequency affects it moderately.
and distance affects every graph with increasing trend of path
loss.
4. Conclusion
With frequency and distance, in both the models, the path loss increases.
the transmitter height has the inverse relationship with path loss in
both the models.
with urbanization, again the path loss shows an increasing trend.
and hata Model always has a higher path loss than Okumura Model.

References
1. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.303.4057rep=rep1type=pdf

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