GLUE

LECTURES
with
Amy LaViers

Purpose:
To connect what is done in the lectures to the quizzes
To give helpful hints about the quizzes
To clarify and repeat key concepts
There will be one Glue Lecture every week.
I will also moderate the Q&A Forum for further guidance.

GLUE LECTURE 1 Dynamical Models

(This will be helpful for Quiz 1!)

How we rst see derivaMves:

x(t) = t2
x(t)

= 2t
x
(t) = 2

How we rst see derivaMves:

x(t) = t2
x(t)

= 2t
x
(t) = 2

How we rst see derivaMves:

x(t) = t2
x(t)

= 2t
x
(t) = 2

Now, to go beyond lines on a graph, lets think of dierenMal

equaMons as descripMons of a real system changing.

x(t) = t2
x(t)

= 2t
x
(t) = 2

Now, lets think of them as descripMons of a real system changing.

How does the ball know how to move?

x(t) = t2
x(t)

= 2t
x
(t) = 2

x
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Imagine the ball in a discrete world.

Imagine the ball in a discrete world.

Remember from lecture:

xk+1 = xk + tf

x = f (x, u)
Lets set:

t = .5 sec

So for our previous system (where x

=
2t
),
we get:
xk+1 = xk + (.5) 2k

xk+1 = xk + k
x

So here, our discrete-Mme system is given by:

xk+1 = xk + k

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Now, to see how it moves: increment k

xk+1 = xk + k
k=1
xk+1 = 0 + 1

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Now, to see how it moves: increment k

xk+1 = xk + k
k=2
xk+1 = 1 + 2

12

Now, to see how it moves: increment k

xk+1 = xk + k
k=3
xk+1 = 3 + 3

13

Back to conMnuous Mme

Now, lets think of them as descripMons of a real system changing.

The ball uses this equaMon as its instrucMons.

x(t) = t2
x(t)

= 2t
x
(t) = 2

x
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With an iniMal condiMon, this is a descripMon of how a system

moves. The animaMon shows x(t). This is a dynamical model!!

x = 2t
x(0) = 0

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Example 1:
So what should we think when we see this?

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Example 1:
So what should we think when we see this?

In fact, here:

x = 2t
x(0) = 5

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Example 2:
So what should we think when we see this?

x(t)

=t
x(0) = 4

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Example 2:
So what should we think when we see this?

x = t
x(0) = 4

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Example 2:
So what should we think when we see this?

x = t
x(0) = 4

x(t) =??
x(1) =??

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Example 2:
Finding x(t) is a macer of integraMon OR guessing and checking!

x = t
x(0) = 4

t2
x(t) = ??
2

Check:

d t2
+c=t
dt 2
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Example 2:
Finding what happens to the system in the long term (or
asympto,cally) is a macer of algebra.

x = t
x(0) = 4

x(1) =??

What happens when x stops moving?

x = 0 ) t = 0
This is called an equilibrium point. (For this system there is only
an equilibrium point at t=0. So x goes to innity with t.)
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Check the forums for more help and good luck with Quiz 1!

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