Alloy

Components

Alnico

Iron

Typical uses

(50%+),

aluminum

12%), nickel (1525%),

Amalgam

cobalt

(8

Magnets

(5

in loudspeakers and

40%), plus other metals such as

pickups

copper and titanium.

guitars.

Mercury

(4555%),

plus silver, tin,

in electric

Dental fillings.

copper, and zinc.

Babbitt

Tin

(90%),

antimony

metal

copper (410%).

(715%),

("white

Friction-reducing
coating

in

machine

bearings.

metal")

Brass

Copper (6590%), zinc (1035%).

Door locks and

brass

bolts,
musical

instruments, central
heating pipes.

Bronze

Copper (7895%), tin (522%), plus

Decorative

statues,

manganese, phosphorus, aluminum,

musical instruments.

or silicon.

Cast iron

Iron (9698%), carbon (24%), plus

Metal

structures

silicon.

as bridgesand

such

heavy-

duty cookware.

Cupro-

Copper (75%), nickel (25%), plus

nickel

small amounts of manganese.

Coins.

(copper
nickel)

Duralumi

Aluminum (94%), copper (4.55%),

Automobile and aircraft

magnesium (0.51.5%), manganese

body

(0.51.5%).

equipment.

Copper (8090%), tin (310%), zinc

Guns, decorative items.

Gunmetal

parts,

military

(23%), and phosphorus.

Magnox

Magnesium, aluminum.

Nuclear reactors.

Nichrome

Nickel (80%), chromium (20%).

Firework ignition
devices, heating
elements in

electrical

appliances.

Nitinol

Nickel (5055%), titanium (4550%).

Shape-memory alloy
used in medical items,
spectacle frames that
spring back to shape,
and

temperature

switches.

Pewter

Tin (8099%) with copper, lead, and

Ornaments,

used

to

antimony.

make

tableware

before glass became

more common.

Solder

Varies. Old-fashioned solders contain

Connecting

a mixture of tin (50-70%), lead (30-

components

50%), copper, antimony, and other

circuits.

metals. Newer solders dispense with

lead for health reasons. A typical
modern solder has 99.25 percent tin
and 0.75 percent copper.

electrical
into

Steel

Iron (8098%), carbon (0.22%), plus

Metal

(general)

other metals such as chromium,

and airplane parts, and

manganese, and vanadium.

many other uses.

Steel

Iron (50%+), chromium (1030%),

Jewelry, medical tools,

(stainless)

plus smaller amounts of carbon,

tableware.

nickel,

manganese,

structures,

car

molybdenum,

and other metals.

Stellite

Cobalt

(67%),

chromium

(28%),

tungsten (4%), nickel (1%).

Coating

for

cutting tools such

as

saw

teeth,

lathes,

and chainsaws.

Sterling

Silver (92.5%), copper (7.5%).

silver

Cutlery,

jewelry,

medical tools, musical

instruments.

White
gold

Gold (75%), palladium (17%), silver

(18

Jewelry.

(4%), copper (4%)

carat)

Wood's

Bismuth (50%), lead (26.7%), tin

Solder, melting element

metal

(13.3%), cadmium (10%).

in fire
sprinkler systems.

2. Colloids

Dispersion
Medium

Dispersed
Phase

Type of Colloid

Example

Solid

Solid

Solid sol

Ruby glass

Solid

Liquid

Solid emulsion/gel

Pearl, cheese

Solid

Gas

Solid foam

Lava, pumice

Liquid

Solid

Sol

Paints, cell fluids

Liquid

Liquid

Emulsion

Milk, oil in water

Liquid

Gas

Foam

Soap suds, whipped cream

Gas

Solid

Aerosol

Smoke

Gas

Liquid

Aerosol

Fog, mist

1.

Sol is a colloidal suspension with solid particles in a liquid.

2.

Emulsion is between two liquids.

3.

Foam is formed when many gas particles are trapped in a liquid or solid.

4.

Aerosol contains small particles of liquid or solid dispersed in a gas.

4. Laws of Matter
First Law
Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. This means that you cant make
energy out of nothing the total amount of energy in the universe is a constant.
(Please note that this applies to a closed system the Earth is not a closed system,
the Earth receives energy all the time from the Sun).
Second Law
The second law refers to the state of energy and is reflected in a measurement of
the degree of disorder, (a measurement called entropy). When you burn a lump of
coal, (a material in a very ordered state) a change occurs which results in a more
disordered state and you can never combine the resultant products, (heat, gases,
etc.) back to form that original lump of coal, (First Law). The Universe, according to
scientific evidence, is winding down, the sun will eventually go out, (in billion of
years so we dont have to worry right now). In summary when we use an energy
source it is not destroyed but enters a more disordered state. This makes the
energy less available to us and in converting the energy to power means some loss.
Third Law
As we mentioned the universe is winding down. The third law is that everything
does come to a stop only when the temperature is at 273.15C on
the Celsius scale. This equates to 459.67F. This is called absolute zero and is
where the entropy measurement is 0, (Zero).

5. Properties of Matter

Intensive - Properties that do not depend on the amount of the matter

present.
o

Color

Odor

Luster - How shiny a substance is.

Malleability - The ability of a substance to be beaten into thin sheets.

Ductility - The ability of a substance to be drawn into thin wires.

o
Conductivity - The ability of a substance to allow the flow of energy or
electricity.
o

Hardness - How easily a substance can be scratched.

o
Melting/Freezing Point - The temperature at which the solid and liquid phases
of a substance are in equilibrium at atmospheric pressure.
o
Boiling Point - The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is
equal to the pressure on the liquid (generally atmospheric pressure).
o

Density - The mass of a substance divided by its volume

Extensive - Properties that do depend on the amount of matter present.

Mass - A measurement of the amount of matter in a object (grams).

o
Weight - A measurement of the gravitational force of attraction of the earth
acting on an object.
o

Volume - A measurement of the amount of space a substance occupies.

Length

Physical Properties
Physical properties are properties that can be measured or observed without
changing the chemical nature of the substance. Some examples of physical
properties are:

color (intensive)

density (intensive)

volume (extensive)

mass (extensive)

boiling point (intensive): the temperature at which a substance boils

melting point (intensive): the temperature at which a substance melts

Chemical Properties
Remember, the definition of a chemical property is that measuring that property
must lead to a change in the substance's chemical structure. Here are several
examples of chemical properties:

Heat of combustion is the energy released when a compound undergoes

complete combustion (burning) with oxygen. The symbol for the heat of combustion
is Hc.

Chemical stability refers to whether a compound will react with water or air
(chemically stable substances will not react). Hydrolysis and oxidation are two such
reactions and are both chemical changes.

Flammability refers to whether a compound will burn when exposed to flame.

Again, burning is a chemical reactioncommonly a high-temperature reaction in the
presence of oxygen.

The preferred oxidation state is the lowest-energy oxidation state that a

metal will undergo reactions in order to achieve (if another element is present to
accept or donate electrons).

6. Changes in Matter
Chemical changes occur when a substance combines with another to form a new
substance, called synthesis or, alternatively, decomposes into two or more different
substances. These processes are called chemical reactions and, in general, are not
reversible except by further chemical reactions. Some reactions produce heat and
are calledexothermic reactions and others may require heat to enable the reaction
to occur, which are called endothermic reactions.
Physical changes are changes affecting the form of a chemical substance, but not
its chemical composition. Physical changes are used to separate mixtures into their
component compounds, but can not usually be used to separate compounds
into chemical elements or simpler compounds.[1]
Physical changes occur when objects or substances undergo a change that does not
change their chemical composition. This contrasts with the concept of chemical
change in which the composition of a substance changes or one or more substances
combine or break up to form new substances. In general a physical change is

reversible using physical means. For example salt dissolved in water can be
recovered by allowing the water to evaporate.
A physical change involves a change in physical properties. Examples of physical
properties include melting, transition to a gas, change of strength, change
of durability,

changes

to crystal

form,

textural

change, shape,

size, color, volume and density.

An example of a physical change is the process of tempering steel to form a knife
blade. A steel blank is repeatedly heated and hammered which changes the
hardness of the steel, its flexibility and its ability to maintain a sharp edge.

References:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_change
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_change
https://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/majors/tutorialnotefiles/intext.htm
http://powerplug-in.com/the-three-laws-of-energy/
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Soluti
ons_and_Mixtures/Colloid
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_alloys