Discussion

Figure 2.1
Figure 2.1 is the actual specimen of number 2, it is appeared that the
defect for this surface area is root crack. The crack can be seen just next
to the weld carter. It can be seen after 3 to 5 minutes after dye penetrant
is applied.
A root crack is the crack formed by the short bead at the root (of edge
preparation) beginning of the welding, low current at the beginning and
due to improper filler material used for welding. Major reason for
happening of these types of cracks is hydrogen embrittlement. These
types of defects can be eliminated using high current at the starting and
proper filler material. Root cracks start at the root and extent part way
into the weld. They are the most common type of longitudinal crack
because of the small size of the first weld bead. If this type of crack is not
addressed then it will usually propagate into subsequent weld passes,
which is how full cracks (a crack from the root to the surface) usually form.

Conclusion
Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI) is a Non-Destructive Testing (NDT)
process for detecting surface and slightly subsurface discontinuities
in ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel, cobalt, and some of
their alloys. The process puts a magnetic field into the part. The piece can
be magnetized by direct or indirect magnetization. Direct magnetization
occurs when the electric current is passed through the test object and a
magnetic field is formed in the material. Indirect magnetization occurs
when no electric current is passed through the test object, but a magnetic
field is applied from an outside source. The magnetic lines of force are
perpendicular to the direction of the electric current which may be
either alternating current (AC) or some form of direct current (DC)
(rectified AC). There are pros and cons of this testing.

The advantages are, it can detect both surface and near-surface

indications. Second, the surface preparation is not as critical compared to
other Non-Destructive Testing methods. Most surface contaminants will
not hinder detection of a discontinuity. Next, Magnetic Particle Inspection
is relatively fast method of examination and the indications are visible
directly on the surface. This type of testing also is a very low-cost
compared too many other methods. Post-cleaning is generally not
necessary for this test. It is a relatively safe technique; materials generally
not combustible or hazardous and lastly, the Magnetic Particle Inspection
is a portable Non-Destructive Testing method, especially when used with
battery-powered yoke equipment.
The disadvantages of the Magnetic Particle are, it is restricted to
ferromagnetic materials; usually iron and steel, and cannot be used on
austenitic stainless steel. It is sometimes unclear whether the magnetic
field is sufficiently strong to give good indications. This type of test cannot
be used if a thick paint coating is present because some of the paints and
particle suspension fluids can give a fume or fire problem, particularly in a
confined space. Lastly, Magnetic Particle Testing is spurious, or having
non-relevant indications, which is probable, and thus interpretation is a
skilled task.
In conclusion, although Magnetic Particle Testing is not the best method
for all applications, it is a useful and often be the best Non-Destructive
Testing method for detecting surface and slightly subsurface
discontinuities and also for quick, low-cost inspections.