McGrawHill Grade 11 Functions Unit 3

CHAPTER
Exponential
Functions
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^ccdkVi^kZlVnhid^begdkZdjgfjVaînd[a^[Z#
By the end of this chapter, you will
graph an exponential relation, given its equation in
the form y = a x (a > 0, a 1), define this relation
as the function f (x) = a x, and explain why it is a
function
sketch graphs of y = af [k(x d )] + c by applying one

or more transformations to the graph of
f (x) = a x (a > 0, a 1), and state the domain and
range of the transformed functions
determine the value of a power with a rational

exponent
determine that the equation of a given exponential

function can be expressed using different bases
simplify algebraic expressions containing integer

and rational exponents and evaluate numerical
expressions containing integer and rational
exponents and rational bases
represent an exponential function with an equation,

given its graph or its properties
determine and describe key properties relating to

domain and range, intercepts, increasing/decreasing
intervals, and asymptotes for exponential functions
represented in a variety of ways
distinguish exponential functions from linear and
quadratic functions by making comparisons in a
variety of ways
determine and describe the roles of the parameters
a, k, d, and c in functions of the form
y = af [k(x d )] + c in terms of transformations on
the graph of f (x) = a x (a > 0, a 1)
collect data that can be modelled as an exponential

function, from primary sources, using a variety of
tools, or from secondary sources, and graph the data
identify exponential functions, including those that
arise from real-world applications involving growth
and decay, given various representations, and explain
any restrictions that the context places on the
domain and range
solve problems using given graphs or equations
of exponential functions arising from a variety of
real-world applications by interpreting the graphs
or by substituting values for the exponent into the
equations
147
Prerequisite Skills
Refer to the Prerequisite Skills Appendix on
pages 478 to 495 for examples of the topics and
further practice.
Zero and Negative Exponents

5. 8dch^YZgi]Z[jcXi^dcy'x#
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Exponent Rules
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XdggZhedcY^c\bZi]dY[dgh^bea^[n^c\#
Rule
a) EgdYjXigjaZ/xaxb
xa
b) Fjdi^ZcigjaZ/Tb
x
c) EdlZgd[VedlZggjaZ/xab
24 = 16
23 = 8
22 = J
21 = J
20 = J
b) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZeViiZgc^ci]ZXdajbcd[
y"kVajZh#
Method
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y
4
2 = 16
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23 = 8
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22 = J
21 = J
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148 MHR Functions 11 Chapter 3
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a) x'x(
u
v
T

u'v &
c)
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b) y '(
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Graph Functions
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a) y x'.
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a)
Transformations of Functions
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lZgZjhZY#
2
8
2 0
b) y q x)

8x
y
4
b)
y
4
4
2
8
2 0
2 0
2
2
8x
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4
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TT
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b) yq 'x
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d) yq x *
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Chapter Problem
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Prerequisite Skills MHR 149
3.1
The Nature of
Exponential Growth
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Tools
coloured tiles or linking
cubes
grid paper
or
graphing calculator
or
computer with The
Geometers Sketchpad
Investigate
How can you discover the nature of exponential growth?
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Pattern 1
Pattern 2
Pattern 3
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2. L]^X]eViiZgc^h\gdl^c\
a) [VhiZhi4
b) hadlZhi4
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4. a) 8denVcYXdbeaZiZi]ZiVWaZ[dgi]ZeViiZgc&#
Pattern 1
Term number, Number of Squares,
n
t
1
First Differences
2
Second Differences
0
4
5
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iZgbcjbWZg!n#
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Example 1
Model Exponential Growth
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3.1 The Nature of Exponential Growth MHR 151
Solution
a) 8VaXjaViZi]ZedejaVi^dc[dgi]Z[^ghi)YVnh#Dg\VcôZi]Z^c[dgbVi^dc
jh^c\ViVWaZ#
Day
Population
100
The initial population is 100.
100 3 = 300
The population triples each day.
300 3 = 900
900 3 = 2700
2700 3 = 8100
b) IdWZiiZgâajhigViZi]ZgZaVi^dch]êWZilZZci]ZYVnVcYi]ZidiVa
edejaVi^dc!ZmegZhhZVX]edejaVi^dcXVaXjaVi^dc^ciZgbhd[i]Z
cjbWZgd[i^bZhi]Z^cî^VaedejaVi^dc^higêaZY#
Day
Population
100
100 r 31 = 300
2
100 r 3 = 900
100 r 33 = 2700
100 r 34 = 8100
100 r 3n
After 1 day, the initial population triples.

After 2 days, the initial population triples again.
After n days, the initial population has tripled n times.
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p
9000
7200
5400
p(n) = 100 3n
3600
1800
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4n
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Day
Population
100
300
900
2700
8100
First Differences
300 100 = 200
900 300 = 600
2700 900 = 1800
8100 2700 = 5400
Second Differences
600 200 = 400
1800 600 = 1200
5400 1800 = 3600
Te c h n o l o g y
Tip
You can use a graphing

calculator to calculate
finite differences.
Refer to the
Technology Appendix
on pages 496 to 516.
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exponential growth
u pattern of growth in
which each term is
multiplied by a constant
amount (greater than
one) to produce the
next term
u produces a graph that
increases at a constantly
increasing rate
y
Example 2
Apply a Zero Exponent in a Model
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Solution
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Day
Population
100 34 = 8100
100 33 = 2700
100 32 = 900
100 31 = 300
100 30 = 100
For this pattern to be extended, 30 must
equal 1, because 100 1 = 100.
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L]Zcx%!y&#
u has a repeating pattern

of finite differences: the
ratio of successive finite
differences is constant
Te c h n o l o g y
Tip
You can use a graphing

calculator to view and
analyse this function.
To find the y-intercept:
u Press
2nd
[CALC].
u Select 1:value and

enter 0 to identify
the y-intercept.
Key Concepts
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Communicate Your Understanding

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C5 9dZh*%'%'%*%4:meaV^c#
A Practise
4. :kVajViZ#
For help with question 1, refer to Example 1.

1. 6c^chZXiXdadcn!lî]Vc^cî^Va
edejaVi^dcd['%!fjVYgjeaZhZkZgnYVn#
20
80
First
Differences
3
4
5
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For help with questions 2 to 4, refer to

Example 2.
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Reasoning and Proving
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Second
Differences
b) >hi]ZgZaVi^dch]êWZilZZci]Z^chZXi
T(*
c)
B Connect and Apply
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b) (%
5. a) JhZa^c`^c\
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Day Population
a) +%
6. Use TechnologyJhZV\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidg
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2
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graphing calculator
A: Calculate First and Second Differences for the Population Data in

Example 1 on pages 151 to 153
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Use Technology: Use the Lists and Trace Features on a TI-Nspire CAS Graphing Calculator MHR 159
3.2
Exponential Decay: Connecting
to Negative Exponents
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Tools
graphing calculator
half-life
u length of time for an
unstable element to
spontaneously decay
to one half its original
amount
Investigate
How can you explore exponential decay?
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Co nne ct io ns
You will learn more
about nuclear fission
if you study physics
in high school or
university.
Visit the Functions 11
page on the McGrawHill Ryerson Web site
and follow the links to
Chapter 3 to find out
more about CANDU
reactors.
Time Number of Half-Life Periods

(years)
(2 years)
Amount of U-239 Remaining

(mg)
1000
500
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3.2 Exponential Decay: Connecting to Negative Exponents MHR 161
exponential decay
u a pattern of decay in
which each term is
multiplied by a constant
fraction between zero
and one to produce the
next term
u produces a graph
that decreases at a
constantly decreasing
rate
Example 1
Model Exponential Decay
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u has a repeating
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finite differences: the
ratio of successive finite
differences is constant
Solution
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Method 2: Use Systematic Trial

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0.5n
0.03125
Mathematical Reasoning
Try 5 half-lives. This gives a value much lower than 0.1. Try a
shorter period of time.
0.25
Too high. The correct value is between 2 and 5. Try 3 next.
0.125
Close, but high.
3.3
0.1015
This is very close to 0.1. This will give a reasonable approximation.
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find exact solutions to
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T1 n
5 = 50 when you
2
study logarithms in
grade 12.

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Evaluate Expressions Involving Negative Exponents
:kVajViZ#
a) ('b)+'r+(c)'))'d) )'()-
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&
T
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b) +'+(+'(

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Example 3
Simplify Expressions Involving Negative Exponents
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T

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x
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b)
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&
',
T
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&
T
&
T

(
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(
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&
a)

Write with a positive exponent.
&
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&
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-
T
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+)
T

'
b)
,'.
Apply the property of negative exponents.
Con n ec t i on s
The result in Example
4 part a) can be
generalized as follows.
Ta n Tb n for
a
b

a, b 2, a, b p 0, and
n ..
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3.3
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How can you find the meaning of a rational exponent?
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P
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The square-cube law is important
in many areas of science. It can
be used to explain why elephants
have a maximum size and why giant
insects cannot possibly exist, except
in science fiction! Why do you think
this is so?
Go to the Functions 11 page on the
McGraw-Hill Ryerson Web site and follow the links to
Chapter 3 to find out more about the square-cube law
and its impact on humans and other creatures.

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BVcnhîjVi^dchXVcWZbdYZaaZYjh^c\[jcXi^dchd[i]Z[dgbfxabx!l]ZgZap%VcY
b%!bp&#=dlYdi]ZkVajZhd[a VcYbV[[ZXii]ZegdeZgi^Zhd[i]^hineZd[[jcXi^dc4
Tools
computer with The
Geometers Sketchpad
or
grid paper
or
graphing calculator
Investigate
How can you discover the characteristics of the graph of an
exponential function?
A: The Effect of b on the Graph of y = abx
HiVgilî]i]Z[jcXi^dcfx'x#>ci]^hXVhZ!a&#
1. a) <gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dc#
b) 9ZhXg^WZi]Zh]VeZd[i]Z\gVe]#
interval
u an unbroken part of the
real number line
u is either all of 2 or has
one of the following
forms: x < a, x > a,
x a, x a, a < x < b,
a x b, a < x b,
a x < b, where
a, b 2, and a < b
2. JhZVa\ZWgV^XVcY$dg\gVe]^XVagZVhdc^c\id_jhi^[nndjgVchlZghid
i]Z[daadl^c\#
a) L]ViVgZi]ZYdbV^cVcYi]ZgVc\Zd[i]Z[jcXi^dc4
b) L]Vi^hi]Zy"^ciZgXZei4
c) >hi]ZgZVcx"^ciZgXZei4
d) DkZgl]Viinterval^hi]Z[jcXi^dc
i)^cXgZVh^c\4
Co nne ct io ns
It is important to be
careful around discarded
electrical equipment,
such as television sets.
Even if the device is not
connected to a power
source, stored electrical
energy may be present
in the capacitors.
ii)YZXgZVh^c\4
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a) 8dbeVgZZVX]\gVe]idi]Z\gVe]d[y'x#9ZhXg^WZ]dli]Z
\gVe]hVgZVa^`Z#=dlYdi]ZnY^[[Zg4
b) 9ZhXg^WZ]dli]ZkVajZd[b]VhV[[ZXiZYi]ZX]VgVXiZg^hi^Xha^hiZY
^chiZe'#
c) :meaV^cl]nVkVajZd[b\gZViZgi]Vc']Vhi]^hZ[[ZXidci]Z\gVe]#
>[ndjVgZjh^c\The Geometers Sketchpad!ndjXVchZibVhV

eVgVbZiZgl]dhZkVajZndjXVcX]Vc\ZYncVb^XVaan/

u;gdbi]ZGraphbZcj!X]ddhZNew Parameter#HZii]ZcVbZVhb
VcYîh^cî^VakVajZid'#8a^XÒK#

u;gdbi]ZGraphbZcj!X]ddhZPlot New Function#8a^X`dci]Z
eVgVbZiZgb!VcYi]ZcXa^X`dcSxVcYOK#
NdjXVcX]Vc\Zi]ZkVajZd[b^ci]gZZlVnh/

u8a^X`dceVgVbZiZgbVcYegZhh
VcY dci]Z`ZnWdVgYid
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uG^\]i"Xa^X`dceVgVbZiZgbVcYX]ddhZEdit ParameteridZciZgV
heZX^[^XkVajZ#

uG^\]i"Xa^X`dceVgVbZiZgbVcYX]ddhZAnimate Parameter#JhZi]Z
Wjiidchdci]ZMotion ControlleridhZZi]ZZ[[ZXihd[X]Vc\^c\b
Xdci^cjdjhan#
4. 8]Vc\Zi]ZkVajZd[b V\V^c#I]^hi^bZ!jhZkVajZhWZilZZc%VcY&#
a) =dl]Vhi]Z\gVe]X]Vc\ZY4
b) 9ZhXg^WZ]dli]ZkVajZhd[bV[[ZXii]ZX]VgVXiZg^hi^Xha^hiZY^c
Con n ec t i on s
In Section 3.3, you
saw how to deal with
rational exponents.
The definition of
an exponent can be
extended to include
real numbers, and
so the domain of a
function like f (x) = 2x
is all real numbers. Try
to evaluate 2 using a
calculator.
hiZe'#
c) :meaV^cl]nVkVajZd[bWZilZZc%VcY&]Vhi]^hZ[[ZXidci]Z
\gVe]#
5. L]Vi]VeeZchidi]Z\gVe]l]ZcndjhZib&4:meaV^ci]^hgZhjai#
6. ReflectHjbbVgôZ]dli]ZkVajZhd[bV[[ZXii]Zh]VeZVcY
X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xhd[i]Z\gVe]d[fxbx#
B: The Effect of a on the Graph of y = abx
JhZi]Z[jcXi^dcfxar'x#>ci]^heVgid[i]Z>ckZhi^\ViZ!`ZZeb'!
VcYZmeadgZl]Vi]VeeZchVhndjX]Vc\Zi]ZkVajZd[a#
1. HZia&#I]^h\^kZhi]Zdg^\^cVa\gVe]d[fx'x#
:meadgZl]Vi]VeeZchl]Zc
Tip
a) a&
Te c h n o l o g y
b) %a&
With a graphing
calculator, you can
vary the line style to
see multiple graphs
simultaneously. Refer
to the Technology
Appendix on pages
496 to 516.
c) a%
2. ReflectLgîZVhjbbVgnd[i]ZZ[[ZXihd[kVg^djhkVajZhd[a
dci]Z\gVe]d[i]Z[jcXi^dcfxa'x#>cXajYZi]Z[daadl^c\
X]VgVXiZg^hi^Xh/YdbV^c!gVc\Z!x"VcYy"^ciZgXZeih!VcY^ciZgkVahd[
^cXgZVhZVcYYZXgZVhZ#:meaV^cl]nX]Vc\^c\i]ZkVajZd[a]Vhi]ZhZ
Z[[ZXih#H`ZiX]Y^V\gVbhidhjeedgindjgZmeaVcVi^dch#
3.4 Properties of Exponential Functions MHR 179
Co nne ct io ns
You encountered
horizontal and vertical
asymptotes in
Chapter 1 Functions.
DcZd[i]Z^ciZgZhi^c\[ZVijgZhd[VcZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dc^hîh
Vhnbeidi^XWZ]Vk^djg#8dch^YZgi]Z[jcXi^dcfx'x#>[ndj`ZZe
add`^c\aZ[iViYZXgZVh^c\kVajZhd[x!ndjlâahZZi]Vii]ZXdggZhedcY^c\
y"kVajZd[i]Z[jcXi^dc\ZihXadhZgVcYXadhZgid!WjicZkZggZVX]Zh!i]Z
x"Vm^h#>ci]^hXVhZ!i]Zx"Vm^h^hVcVhnbeidiZ#
Example 1
Analyse the Graph of an Exponential Function
<gVe]ZVX]ZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dc#>YZci^[ni]Z
uYdbV^c
ugVc\Z
ux"VcYy"^ciZgXZeih!^[i]ZnZm^hi
u^ciZgkVahd[^cXgZVhZ$YZXgZVhZ
uVhnbeidiZ
& x
a) y) T
'

b) y (x
Solution
T&'
a) y)
Method 1: Use a Table of Values

HZaZXicZ\Vi^kZVcYedhî^kZkVajZhd[xi]VilâabV`ZîZVhnid
XdbejiZXdggZhedcY^c\kVajZhd[y#
x
16
12
T1
T1
T12
T21
= 16
16
2
4
JhZi]ZiVWaZd[kVajZhid\gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dc#
y
20
=4
0
4
y=41
2
()
4x
Method 2: Use a Graphing Calculator

JhZV\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidgidZmeadgZi]Z\gVe]d[i]^h[jcXi^dc#
I]Z[jcXi^dc^hYZ[^cZY[dgVaakVajZhd[x#I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]ZYdbV^c^h
px2r#
I]Z[jcXi^dc]Vhedhî^kZkVajZh[dgy!WjiycZkZggZVX]ZhoZgd#
I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]ZgVc\Z^hpy2!y %r#
I]Z\gVe]cZkZgXgdhhZhi]Zx"Vm^h!l]^X]bZVchi]ZgZ^hcd
x"^ciZgXZei#
I]Z\gVe]XgdhhZhi]Zy"Vm^hVi)#I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]Zy"^ciZgXZei^h)#
I]Z\gVe][Vaahidi]Zg^\]ii]gdj\]djiîhYdbV^c!hdi]Zy"kVajZh
YZXgZVhZVhi]Zx"kVajZh^cXgZVhZ#I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]Z[jcXi^dc^h
YZXgZVh^c\dkZgîhYdbV^c#
6hi]Zx"kVajZh^cXgZVhZ!i]Zy"kVajZh\ZiXadhZgVcYXadhZgid!Wji
cZkZggZVX]!i]Zx"Vm^h#I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]Zx"Vm^h!dgi]Za^cZy%!^hVc
VhnbeidiZ#
b) y (x
Con n ec t i on s
I]ZYdbV^c^hpx2r#
6aa[jcXi^dckVajZhVgZcZ\Vi^kZ#I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]ZgVc\Z^h
py2!y%r#
I]ZgZ^hcdx"^ciZgXZei#
I]Zy"^ciZgXZei^h&#
Could you use

transformations to
quickly sketch the graph
of y = 3x ? You will
explore this option in
Section 3.5.
I]Z\gVe]g^hZhi]gdj\]djiîhYdbV^c#I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]Z[jcXi^dc^h
^cXgZVh^c\[dgVaakVajZhd[x#
I]Zx"Vm^h!l]dhZZfjVi^dc^hy%!^hVcVhnbeidiZ#
Example 2
Write an Exponential Equation Given Its Graph
y
54
LgîZi]ZZfjVi^dc^ci]Z[dgbyabxi]ViYZhXg^WZh
i]Z\gVe]h]dlc#
48
42
Solution
36
GZVYhdbZdgYZgZYeV^gh[gdbi]Z\gVe]#
30
y
54 (3, 54)
24
48
18
42
12
36
6
30
2
24
18
4x
(2, 18)
12
6
2
(1, 6)
(0, 2)
2
0
4x
CdiZi]ViVhxX]Vc\ZhWn&jcî!y^cXgZVhZhWnV[VXidgd[(!Xdc[^gb^c\
i]Vii]^h[jcXi^dc^hVcZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dc#
x
18
54
Change in y
3
3
3
H^cXZZVX]hjXXZhh^kZkVajZ^cXgZVhZhWnV[VXidgd[(!i]^h[jcXi^dcbjhi
]VkZb(#H^cXZVaaed^cihdci]^h\gVe]bjhihVi^h[ni]ZZfjVi^dc
yabx!hjWhiîjiZi]ZXddgY^cViZhd[dcZd[i]Zed^cih!VcYi]ZkVajZd[
b!id[^cYi]ZkVajZd[a#
E^X`Ved^cii]Vi^hZVhnidldg`lî]!hjX]Vh&!+#HjWhiîjiZ
x&!y+!VcYb(/
yabx
+a(&
+a(
a'
I]ZgZ[dgZ!i]ZZfjVi^dci]ViYZhXg^WZhi]^hXjgkZ^hy'r(x#
Example 3
Write an Exponential Function Given Its Properties
6gVY^dVXi^kZhVbeaZ]VhV]Va["a^[Zd[(YVnh#I]Z^cî^VahVbeaZ^h'%%b\#
a) LgîZV[jcXi^dcidgZaViZi]ZVbdjcigZbV^c^c\!^cbâa^\gVbh!idi]Z
i^bZ!^cYVnh#
b) GZhig^Xii]ZYdbV^cd[i]Z[jcXi^dchdi]Vii]ZbVi]ZbVi^XVabdYZa
[îhi]ZhîjVi^dcî^hYZhXg^W^c\#
Solution
a) I]^hZmedcZci^VaYZXVnXVcWZbdYZaaZYjh^c\V[jcXi^dcd[i]Z[dgb

& x !l]ZgZx^hi]Zi^bZ!^c]Va["a^[ZeZg^dYh0 A ^hi]Z

AxA% T
%
'
^cî^VaVbdjci!^cbâa^\gVbh0VcYA^hi]ZVbdjcigZbV^c^c\!^c
bâa^\gVbh!V[iZgi^bZx#
Start with 200 mg. After every half-life, the amount is reduced by half.
& x #I]^h
HjWhiîji^c\A%'%%^cidi]^hZfjVi^dc\^kZhAx'%% T
'
ZmegZhhZhAVhV[jcXi^dcd[x!i]ZcjbWZgd[]Va["a^kZh#IdZmegZhh
t #
A VhV[jcXi^dcd[t!bZVhjgZY^cYVnh!gZeaVXZxlî]T
(

The half-life of this material is 3 days. Therefore, the number of elapsed half-lives at any
given point is the number of days divided by 3.
t
T
(

&
At'%% T
'
I]^hZfjVi^dcgZaViZhi]ZVbdjci!A!^cbâa^\gVbh!d[gVY^dVXi^kZ
bViZg^VagZbV^c^c\idi^bZ!t!^cYVnh#
b) 6\gVe]d[i]^h[jcXi^dc
gZkZVahVa^bîVi^dcd[i]Z
bVi]ZbVi^XVabdYZa#
I]Z^cî^VahVbeaZhôZ!Vi
t%!lVh'%%b\#>i^hcdi
XaZVgi]Vii]Z[jcXi^dc]Vh
VcnbZVc^c\WZ[dgZi]^hi^bZ#
H^cXZî^hdcanXZgiV^ci]Vi
i]ZbVi]ZbVi^XVabdYZa[îh
i]^hhîjVi^dc[dgcdc"cZ\Vi^kZ
kVajZhd[t!îbV`ZhhZchZid
gZhig^XiîhYdbV^c/
t
T
(
&
T
At'%% [dg
'

280
280
240
240
( )
1
200 A(t) = 200 2
t
3
200
160
160
120
120
80
80
40
40
4t
4t
pt2!t%r#
Key Concepts
I]Z\gVe]d[VcZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dcd[i]Z[dgbyabx^h
^cXgZVh^c\^[a% YZXgZVh^c\^[a% YZXgZVh^c\^[a%
VcYb&
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VcYb&
y
0
0
^cXgZVh^c\^[a%
VcY%1b&
y
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YdbV^cpx2r
V]dgôdciVaVhnbeidiZViy%
gVc\Zpy2!y%r
Vy"^ciZgXZeid[a
I]Z\gVe]d[VcZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dcd[i]Z[dgbyabx!l]ZgZa%VcYb%!]Vh
YdbV^cpx2r
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Vy"^ciZgXZeid[a
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^c[dgbVi^dcVWdjiîh\gVe]dgegdeZgi^Zh#
HdbZi^bZhîbV`ZhhZchZidgZhig^Xii]ZYdbV^cd[VcZmedcZci^VabdYZaWVhZYdci]Z
hîjVi^dcîgZegZhZcih#

C1 a)>hVcZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dcZî]ZgValVnh^cXgZVh^c\dgValVnhYZXgZVh^c\4:meaV^c#
b)>hîedhh^WaZ[dgVcZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dcd[i]Z[dgbyabxid]VkZVcx"^ciZgXZei4>[nZh!
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T&'
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a) L]^X][jcXi^dc]VhV\gVe]lî]gVc\Z
i)py2!y%r4

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b)L]^X][jcXi^dc^h
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ii)YZXgZVh^c\4
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bdgZh`ZiX]Zh#
A Practise
For help with questions 1 to 3, refer to Example 1.
1. BViX]ZVX]\gVe]lî]îhXdggZhedcY^c\
T&
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D y'x
2. a) H`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[VcZmedcZci^Va
[jcXi^dci]VihVi^h[^ZhVaad[i]ZhZ
XdcYî^dch/
4
2 0
4
8
b)
uYdbV^cpx2r
ugVc\Zpy2!y%r
uy"^ciZgXZei*
u[jcXi^dc^cXgZVh^c\
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[jcXi^dci]VihVi^h[^ZhVaad[i]ZhZ
XdcYî^dch/
2
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Cy 'x

y
T&'
By'
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a)
Ay''x
2 0
2
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uYdbV^cpx2r
ugVc\Zpy2!y%r
uy"^ciZgXZei'
u[jcXi^dcYZXgZVh^c\
b) >hi]^hi]Zdcanedhh^WaZ\gVe]4:meaV^c#
c)

Example 2.
y
8
4. LgîZVcZmedcZci^VaZfjVi^dcidbViX]i]Z
\gVe]h]dlc#
4
2 0
16
12
8
d)
(2, 16)
(1, 8)
4 (0, 4)
8
4
2 0
4
4
2 0
4
8
5. LgîZVcZmedcZci^Va
8. a) <gVe]ZVX]
ZfjVi^dcidbViX]i]Z
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56
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x
i) fx'
48
Problem Solving
'
ii)rxT
Connecting
32
24 (0, 24)
c) 8dbeVgZi]ZVhnbeidiZhd[i]ZhZ
16
(1, 12)
(2, 6)
[jcXi^dch#L]ViYdndjdWhZgkZ4
9. a) <gVe]ZVX][jcXi^dc#
T&'
T'
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x
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b) 9ZhXg^WZ]dl
i]Z\gVe]hVgZ
Va^`Z#=dlYdi]ZnY^[[Zg4
40
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4x
i)gx ii)rxx
b) 9ZhXg^WZ]dli]Z\gVe]hVgZVa^`Z#
=dlYdi]ZnY^[[Zg4
6. 6gVY^dVXi^kZhVbeaZlî]Vc^cî^VabVhh
d['*b\]VhV]Va["a^[Zd['YVnh#
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hjWhiVcXZi]VigZbV^ch4
t
T
'
10. a) EgZY^Xi]dli]Z\gVe]hd[i]Z[daadl^c\
[jcXi^dchVgZgZaViZY#
i)fx( x
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b) <gVe]Wdi][jcXi^dchVcYX]ZX`ndjg
BA'*
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't
t
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t
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b) L]Vi^hi]ZVbdjcid[gVY^dVXi^kZ
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B Connect and Apply

7. <gVe]ZVX][jcXi^dcVcY^YZci^[ni]Z
c) JhZVa\ZWgV^XgZVhdc^c\idZmeaV^ci]^h
gZaVi^dch]ê#
11. I]Z\gVe]h]dlh
i]ZkdaiV\ZYgde
VXgdhhVXVeVXîdg
dkZgi^bZl]âZ
Y^hX]Vg\^c\VcG8
X^gXjî#6it%h!
i]ZX^gXjîWZ\^chid
Y^hX]Vg\Z#
V
Voltage Drop (V)
AA'*'
[jcXi^dch#L]ViYdndjdWhZgkZ4
egZY^Xi^dc[gdbeVgiV#
c) 8dbeVgZi]ZVhnbeidiZhd[i]ZhZ
3
2
1
0
1
2
3 t
Time (milliseconds)
a) L]Vi^hi]Z
YdbV^cd[i]^h[jcXi^dc4
i)YdbV^c
ii)gVc\Z
b) L]Vi^hi]ZgVc\Z4
c) L]Vi^hi]Z^cî^VakdaiV\ZYgdeVXgdhh
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&
a) f xT
'
x
b) y'&#*x
T(&
c) y
i]ZXVeVXîdg4
d) L]VikVajZYdZhi]ZkdaiV\ZYgdeVXgdhh
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e) 6eegdm^bViZan]dladc\lâaîiV`Zi]Z
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kVajZ4
12. 6[anl]ZZa^h
gdiVi^c\jcYZg
Representing
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[g^Xi^dc#I]Z
Problem Solving
cjbWZg!R!d[
Connecting
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gZkdaji^dcheZg
Communicating
b^cjiZV[iZg
tb^cjiZhXVcWZYZiZgb^cZYjh^c\i]Z
[jcXi^dcRt)%%%%#,*'t#
a) :meaV^ci]ZgdaZhd[i]ZcjbWZgh%#,*
VcY'^ci]ZZfjVi^dc#
b) <gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dc#
c) L]^X]kVajZ^ci]ZZfjVi^dc^cY^XViZh
i]Vii]Z[anl]ZZa^hhadl^c\4
d) 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZcjbWZgd[gZkdaji^dch
eZgb^cjiZV[iZg
i)&b^c
ii) (b^c
Extend
13. Use TechnologyGZ[ZgidfjZhi^dc&&#I]Z
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i]ZhVbZcjbWZg^hVYYZYidîhXjWZ!i]Z
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D &(-))
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\gVe]d[fjZhi^dc&&#
3.5
Transformations of
Exponential Functions
DcXZndjjcYZghiVcYi]ZWVh^Xh]VeZd[Vc
ZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dc!ndjXVcVeeanndjg
jcYZghiVcY^c\d[igVch[dgbVi^dchidZVhân\gVe]
VkVg^Zind[gZaViZYXjgkZh#
Ndjh]djaYWZ[Vbâ^Vglî]i]Z[daadl^c\ineZhd[igVch[dgbVi^dch/
ufxlfxc
ufxlfxd
ufxlafx
ufxlfkx
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ZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dch4
Tools
computer with The
Geometers Sketchpad
or
graphing calculator
Investigate
How can you transform an exponential function?
1. a) BV`ZVXdc_ZXijgZVWdjil]Vi]VeeZchl]ZcndjigVch[dgbi]Z
[jcXi^dcy'xidi]Z[jcXi^dcy'x(#
b) JhZV\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidgdg\gVe]^c\hd[ilVgZidiZhindjg
egZY^Xi^dc#9ZhXg^WZl]Vindjcdi^XZ#
c) GZeZVieVgihVVcYW[dgi]Z[daadl^c\/
i)y'x ly'x)
ii)ilddi]ZgigVch[dgbVi^dchd[i]^hineZ
d) HjbbVgôZndjgdWhZgkVi^dch#
2. a) 8dch^YZgi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dcy'xly'x(#=dlYdndji]^c`
i]^hlâaXdbeVgZidi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dc^chiZe&V4
b) IZhindjgegZY^Xi^dc#GZeZVi[dgilddi]ZgigVch[dgbVi^dchd[i]^h
ineZ#
c) 9ZhXg^WZi]ZZ[[ZXihd[i]^hineZd[igVch[dgbVi^dc#
3. a) EgZY^Xil]Vilâa]VeeZcidi]Z\gVe]d[y'xl]Zcndj
igVch[dgbîidy''x#
b) IZhindjgegZY^Xi^dc#GZeZVi[dgilddi]ZgigVch[dgbVi^dchd[
i]^hineZ#>cXajYZViaZVhidcZcZ\Vi^kZkVajZ#9ZhXg^WZl]Vindj
cdi^XZ#
4. a) 9dndji]^cì]ZigVch[dgbVi^dcy'xly''xlâaegdYjXZi]Z
hVbZZ[[ZXiVhi]Vi^chiZe(V4:meaV^cndjggZVhdc^c\#
b) IZhindjgegZY^Xi^dc#
c) 8Vggndjiilddi]ZgigVch[dgbVi^dchd[i]^hineZ#JhZViaZVhidcZ
cZ\Vi^kZkVajZ#HjbbVgôZndjgdWhZgkVi^dch#
5. 8]ddhZVY^[[ZgZciWVhZVcYgZeZVii]ZVcVanh^h^chiZeh&id)#9d
ndj\Zih^bâVggZhjaihjh^c\Y^[[ZgZciWVhZh4
6. ReflectLgîZVWg^Z[hjbbVgnd[
]dgôdciVaVcYkZgi^XVaigVchaVi^dchd[ZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dch
]dgôdciVaVcYkZgi^XVahigZiX]Zhd[ZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dch
]dgôdciVaVcYkZgi^XVagZ[aZXi^dchd[ZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dch
JhZY^V\gVbhidhjeedgindjgZmeaVcVi^dch#
7. a) Reflect8VcndjZmegZhhi]Z[jcXi^dcy''x^cVcdi]Zg[dgb4
JhZVa\ZWgV^XgZVhdc^c\idZmeaV^c#
b) JhZ\gVe]^c\iZX]cdad\nidkZg^[ni]Vii]Zild[jcXi^dchVgZ
Zfj^kVaZci#
Example 1
Horizontal and Vertical Translations
H`ZiX]\gVe]hd[i]Z[daadl^c\[jcXi^dchjh^c\i]Z\gVe]d[y(xVhi]Z
WVhZ#9ZhXg^WZi]ZZ[[ZXih!^[Vcn!dci]Z
VhnbeidiZ
YdbV^c
gVc\Z
a) y( )
b) y(x'
c) y(x&(
Solution
a) y(x)
y
x
I]^higVchaVi^dclâah]^[iy( Ydlc
)jcîh#HiVgilî]i]Z\gVe]d[y(xVcY
i]ZcVeeani]ZigVchaVi^dc#
CdiZi]Vii]ZVhnbeidiZ]Vhh]^[iZYYdlc
)jcîh#
I]Z\gVe]ZmiZcYh^cYZ[^cîZanidi]Z
g^\]iVcYaZ[i!hdi]ZYdbV^cgZbV^ch
px2r#
4
2
y = 3x
4
2 0
2
y = 3x 4
4
I]Z\gVe]h]dlhi]Vii]Z[jcXi^dc]Vh
kVajZhVWdkZi]Za^cZy)!hdi]ZgVc\Z^hpy2!y)r#
3.5 Transformations of Exponential Functions MHR 189
b) y(x'
I]^higVchaVi^dclâah]^[iy(xidi]Z
g^\]i'jcîh#HiVgilî]i]Z\gVe]d[
y(xVcYi]ZcVeeani]ZigVchaVi^dc#
I]ZVhnbeidiZ]VhcdiX]Vc\ZY/î
gZbV^chi]Za^cZy%#
y
4
2
y=3
4
y = 3x 2
2 0
I]Z]dgôdciVah]^[i]VhcdiX]Vc\ZYi]Z
YdbV^cd[px2r#
I]ZgVc\ZVahdgZbV^chjcX]Vc\ZY/
py2!y%r#
c) y(x&(
I]^hXdbedjcYigVchaVi^dc^cXajYZhWdi]
V]dgôdciVaVcYVkZgi^XVah]^[i#IgVchaViZ
i]ZXjgkZd[y(xaZ[i&jcîVcY
je(jcîh#
y = 3x + 1 + 3
(1, 4) 4
I]Z]dgôdciVaVhnbeidiZ]Vhh]^[iZY(
jcîhjelVgYidi]Za^cZy(#
I]ZYdbV^cgZbV^chpx2r#
y = 3x
2
(0, 1)
4
2 0
I]ZgVc\Z^hpy2!y(r#
NdjXVcX]ZX`ndjggZhjaihjh^c\V\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidg#
Example 2
Stretches, Compressions, and Reflections
<gVe]ZVX][jcXi^dcjh^c\igVch[dgbVi^dchd[i]ZWVhZ[jcXi^dcy)x#
a) y)'x
b) y')x
&x
T
c) y) '
Solution
a) y)'x
HiVgilî]y)x#I]Zc!XdbegZhhi]Z\gVe]]dgôdciVaanWnV[VXidg
&#
d[T
'
b) y')x
I]^hXdbedjcYigVch[dgbVi^dc^ckdakZhVhigZiX]VcYVgZ[aZXi^dc/
y')x
HigZiX]kZgi^XVaanWnV[VXidgd['#
GZ[aZXi^ci]Zx"Vm^h#
CdlgZ[aZXiy')x^ci]Z
x"Vm^h#
HiVgilî]i]Z\gVe]d[y)x#
I]Zc!Veeani]ZkZgi^XVahigZiX]#
y
16
12
16
y = 4x
2 0
2 0
4
y = 2(4x)
4
y = 2(4x)
16
y = 2(4x)
&x
T
'
c) y)
I]^hXdbedjcYigVch[dgbVi^dcVahd^ckdakZhVhigZiX]VcYVgZ[aZXi^dc/
T&
y)
'x

GZ[aZXi^ci]Zy"Vm^h#
HiVgilî]i]Z\gVe]d[y)x
VcYVeeani]Z]dgôdciVahigZiX]#
y
HigZiX]]dgôdciVaanWnV[VXidgd['#
CdlgZ[aZXii]^hXjgkZ^ci]Z
y"Vm^h#
y
y = 4x
16
16
12
12
y = 42
y=4
1
2
2 0
y = 42
4
4
2 0
Example 3
Graph y = ab k(x d ) + c
<gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dcy''x(*#
Solution
HiVgilî]y'x#>YZci^[ni]ZigVch[dgbVi^dchi]VilâaegdYjXZi]Z
\gVe]d[i]ZZfjVi^dc\^kZcVWdkZ/
Co nne ct io ns
You explored compound
transformations of
functions in Chapter 2.
y''x(*
GZ[aZXi^ci]Zx"Vm^h#
8dbegZhh]dgôdciVaan
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WnV[VXidgd[T
'
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y'x#Idh]dl
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y''x!XdbegZhh
h]dly''x#
]dgôdciVaan#
16
16
y = 22x
8 y = 22(x 3) + 5
y = 2x
2 0
16
2 0
4
2 0
16
y = 22x
12
;^cVaan!eZg[dgbi]Z
]dgôdciVaVcYkZgi^XVa
igVchaVi^dch#
y
H]^[ig^\]i(jcîh
VcYje*jcîh#
y = 22x
16
y = 22x
Example 4
Circuit Analysis
>cVeVgi^XjaVgX^gXjî!i]ZXjggZci!I!^cVbeZgZh6!V[iZgthZXdcYhXVc
WZ[djcYjh^c\i]Z[dgbjaVIt%#.&&%%#%))t#
a) <gVe]i]^h[jcXi^dcjh^c\\gVe]^c\iZX]cdad\n#L]Vi^hi]Z
Veegdeg^ViZYdbV^c[dgi]Z[jcXi^dcbdYZaa^c\i]ZXjggZci4
b) L]Vi^hi]ZXjggZci^ci]ZX^gXjîV[iZg
i)'h4
ii)*h4
c) 9ZhXg^WZl]Vi^h]VeeZc^c\idi]ZXjggZcidkZgi]ZX]dhZcYdbV^c#
Solution
a) JhZhnhiZbVi^Xig^VaidhZiVcVeegdeg^ViZk^Zl^c\l^cYdl#CdiZ
i]Vii]ZVeegdeg^ViZYdbV^cbjhicdiVaadlcZ\Vi^kZkVajZh[dgi]Z
XjggZci#I]ZYdbV^c^hpt2!t%r#
b) i)IdYZiZgb^cZi]ZXjggZciVi'h/
EgZhh
2nd
P86A8RVcYi]ZchZaZXi1:value#
:ciZg'l]ZcegdbeiZYVcYegZhh ENTER #
6it'h!i]ZXjggZci^hVeegdm^bViZan%#&,6#
ii)JhZi]ZhVbZegdXZhhidYZiZgb^cZi]Z
XjggZciV[iZg*h#
6it*h!i]ZXjggZci^hVeegdm^bViZan
%#(+6#
c) I]Z[jcXi^dc^h^cXgZVh^c\dkZgpt2!t%r!VcYi]ZgViZd[^cXgZVhZ
^hYZXgZVh^c\#
Method 2: Use The Geometers Sketchpad
a) HiVgiVcZlh`ZiX]#;gdbi]ZGraph
bZcj!X]ddhZPlotNewFunction#:ciZg
i]Z[jcXi^dcVhh]dlc!VcYXa^XÒK#
;gdbi]ZGraphbZcj!Xa^X`dci]Z
Grid FormbZcjVcYX]ddhZ
Rectangular Grid#8a^X`VcYYgV\i]Z
dg^\^cVcYhXVaZhiddWiV^cVXaZVgk^Zl
d[i]Z\gVe]#CdiZi]Vii]ZVeegdeg^ViZ
YdbV^cbjhicdiVaadlcZ\Vi^kZkVajZh
[dgi]ZXjggZci#I]ZYdbV^c^h
pt2!t%r#
b) i)IdYZiZgb^cZi]ZXjggZciVi'h!YZiZgb^cZi]ZkVajZd[Il]Zc
t'/
HZaZXii]Z\gVe]#;gdbi]ZConstructbZcj!X]ddhZPoint On
Function Plot#
;gdbi]ZMeasurebZcj!X]ddhZCoordinates#
8a^X`VcYYgV\i]Zed^ciVhXadhZVhndjXVcidt'#I]Zc!gZVY
i]ZXdggZhedcY^c\I"kVajZ#
6it'h!i]ZXjggZci^hVeegdm^bViZan%#&,6#
ii)JhZi]ZhVbZegdXZhhidYZiZgb^cZi]ZXjggZciV[iZg*h#
6it*h!i]ZXjggZci
^hVeegdm^bViZan
%#(+6#
c) I]Z[jcXi^dc^h
^cXgZVh^c\dkZg
pt2!t%r!VcYi]Z
gViZd[^cXgZVhZ
^hYZXgZVh^c\#
Key Concepts
:medcZci^Va[jcXi^dchXVcWZigVch[dgbZY^ci]ZhVbZlVnVhdi]Zg[jcXi^dch#
I]Z\gVe]d[yabkxdcXVcWZ[djcYWneZg[dgb^c\i]Z
[daadl^c\igVch[dgbVi^dchdci]Z\gVe]d[i]ZWVhZybx/
Horizontal and Vertical Translations
>[d%!igVchaViZg^\]idjcîh0
^[d%!igVchaViZaZ[i#
>[c%!igVchaViZjecjcîh0
^[c%!igVchaViZYdlc#
d<0
c>0
c<0
x
0
x
y = b + c, c = 0
d>0
0
x
y = bx d, d = 0
Vertical Stretches, Compressions, and Reflections
y = abx, a = 1
>[a&!higZiX]kZgi^XVaanWnV[VXidgd[a#
>[%a&!XdbegZhhkZgi^XVaanWnV[VXidgd[a#
y
a >1
0<a <1
x
1 < a < 0
>[a%!gZ[aZXi^ci]Zx"Vm^hVcYhigZiX]dgXdbegZhh#
a < 1
a = 1
Key Concepts
Horizontal Stretches, Compressions, and Reflections
&#
>[k&!XdbegZhh]dgôdciVaanWnV[VXidgd[T
k
&#
>[%k&!higZiX]]dgôdciVaanWnV[VXidgd[T
k
>[k%!gZ[aZXi^ci]Zy"Vm^hVcYhigZiX]dgXdbegZhh#
y = b kx, k = 1
k = 1
y
0<k<1
1 < k < 0
k>1
k < 1
0
HdbZZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dchXVcZVhânWZlgîiZcjh^c\Y^[[ZgZciWVhZh#;dgZmVbeaZ!
y')x^hZfj^kVaZciidy&+x#

C1 BViX]ZVX]igVch[dgbVi^dclî]i]ZXdggZhedcY^c\ZfjVi^dc!jh^c\i]Z[jcXi^dcy&%xVhi]Z
WVhZ#<^kZgZVhdch[dgndjgVchlZgh#CdiVaaigVch[dgbVi^dchlâabViX]VcZfjVi^dc#
Transformation

a)]dgôdciVahigZiX]WnV[VXidgd[(
Ay = &%x (

b)h]^[i(jcîhje
By = &%x + (
c)h]^[i(jcîhaZ[i
Cy = &%x
&
T
d)kZgi^XVaXdbegZhh^dcWnV[VXidgd[
Dy = &%x (
(
e)kZgi^XVahigZiX]WnV[VXidgd[(
Ey = &%(x
f)h]^[i(jcîhg^\]i
Fy = &%x
g)gZ[aZXi^ci]Zx"Vm^h
&
Gy = T &%x
(
C2 <^kZVXdggZhedcY^c\ZfjVi^dc[dgZVX]jcbViX]ZYigVch[dgbVi^dc^cfjZhi^dc8&#

C3 a)9ZhXg^WZ]dlndjXdjaYh`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[y*'xjh^c\VigVch[dgbVi^dc#
b)9ZhXg^WZ]dlndjXdjaYh`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[y*'xWnVeean^c\VcZmedcZcigjaZ#
C4 9ZhXg^WZi]ZZ[[ZXid[ZVX]XdchiVci!a!k!c!VcYd!l]Zci]Z\gVe]d[i]Z[jcXi^dcybx^h
igVch[dgbZYidyabkxdc#
C5 GZ[Zgid:mVbeaZ)#
a)=dlXdjaYndjYZiZgb^cZl]Zi]Zgdgcdii]ZXjggZci^cXgZVhZh^cYZ[^cîZan4
b)8Vggndjii]ZbZi]dYYZhXg^WZY^ceVgiVidYZiZgb^cZ^[i]ZXjggZciYdZh^cXgZVhZ
^cYZ[^cîZan#
A Practise
1. 9ZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dci]VibVehi]Z
[jcXi^dcy)xdcidZVX][jcXi^dc\^kZc#
a) y)x'
b) y)x(
c) y)x)
d) y)x&*
2. H`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[ZVX][jcXi^dc^c
fjZhi^dc&#JhZi]Z\gVe]d[y)xVhi]Z
WVhZ#
3. LgîZi]ZZfjVi^dc[dgi]Z[jcXi^dci]Vi
8. H`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[y(%#*x&*Wn
jh^c\y(xVhi]ZWVhZVcYVeean^c\
igVch[dgbVi^dch#
B Connect and Apply

9. I]ZiZbeZgVijgZ!T!^cYZ\gZZh8Zah^jh!d[
VXdda^c\bZiVaWVgV[iZgtb^cjiZh^h\^kZc
WnTt'%&%%%#(%#'t#
a) H`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[i]^hgZaVi^dc#
gZhjaih[gdbZVX]igVch[dgbVi^dcVeea^ZYid
i]ZWVhZ[jcXi^dcy*x#
b) L]Vi^hi]ZVhnbeidiZd[i]^h[jcXi^dc4
a) igVchaViZYdlc(jcîh
c) =dladc\lâaîiV`Z[dgi]Z
b) h]^[ig^\]i'jcîh
&
c) igVchaViZaZ[iT jcî
'
d) h]^[ije&jcîVcYaZ[i'#*jcîh
4. 9ZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dchi]VibVei]Z
x
[jcXi^dcy- dcidZVX][jcXi^dc#
&
a) y T -x
b) y-)x
'
c) y-x
d) y-'x

L]ViYdZhîgZegZhZci4
iZbeZgVijgZidWZlî]^c%#&8d[i]Z
kVajZd[i]ZVhnbeidiZ4
T'
& T&x (&#

10. a) <gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dcf x '
b) >YZci^[ni]Z[daadl^c\egdeZgi^Zh#
i)YdbV^c
ii)gVc\Z
iii)ZfjVi^dcd[i]ZVhnbeidiZ
11. a) H`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]
d[y.x#
5. H`ZiX]i]Z\gVe]d[ZVX][jcXi^dc^c
fjZhi^dc)#JhZi]Z\gVe]d[y-xVhi]Z
WVhZ#7ZhjgZidX]ddhZVeegdeg^ViZhXVaZh
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d) gZ[aZXi^ci]Zy"Vm^hVcYXdbegZhh
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Example 3.
&
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3.6
Making Connections:
Tools and Strategies
for Applying
Exponential Models
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Example 1
Construct a Model of Exponential Growth
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b) EgZY^Xii]ZVkZgV\Z8VcVY^VchlZZàn
Year
Earnings ($)
2002
679
2003
688
2004
702
2005
725
2006
747
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Solution
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3.6 Making Connections: Tools and Strategies for Applying Exponential Models MHR 199
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Te c h n o l o g y
Tip
You can find

parameters
a and b under the
Global Values heading
and Year under the
Attributes heading.
u Double-click on these
headings to show
or hide the list of
values.
u Double-click on the
value to enter it into
the equation.
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uVXXjgVXngZfj^gZY
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idgZVaôZi]VihjX]bdYZahVgZd[iZca^bîZY^ci]Z^gVXXjgVXn#
Example 2
Choose a Model of Depreciation
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^hejgX]VhZY^h\^kZc^ci]ZiVWaZ#
Number of Years, n
Value ($)
1200
960
768
614
492
393
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\gVe]^c\XVaXjaVidg#9ZiZgb^cZi]Z
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igZcYVcYl]ViîbZVch#
b) BV`ZVhXViiZgeadiVcYXdchigjXi
ZVX]d[i]Z[daadl^c\ineZhd[
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a^cZVg
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6hhZhhi]ZjhZ[jacZhhd[ZVX]bdYZa#
c) 9ZiZgb^cZi]Zbdhia^`ZanejgX]VhZeg^XZd[i]ZXdbejiZg#
Solution
a) :ciZgi]ZYViV^cL1VcYL2jh^c\i]ZTable Editor#IdXVaXjaViZi]Z
[^ghiY^[[ZgZcXZh/
BdkZi]ZXjghdgidi]Zided[i]ZL3Xdajbc#
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HZaZXi7:$List(VcYegZhh 2nd PA'R#
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I]Z[^ghiY^[[ZgZcXZhVgZYZXgZVh^c\ViVYZXgZVh^c\gViZ!hj\\Zhi^c\
i]Vii]ZXdbejiZgYZegZX^ViZhbdhifj^Xàn^ci]ZZVgannZVgh
[daadl^c\ejgX]VhZVcYaZhhfj^XànVhîV\Zh#
Te c h n o l o g y
Tip
u To perform a
regression, press
STAT , cursor over
to CALC, select the
desired type of
regression, and enter
the appropriate data
lists.
u To store the function,
press VARS , select
Y-VARS, and select
the desired function
location.
u Remember to use
commas to separate
data lists and
function variables.
Co nne ct io ns
You may see values
of r and/or r2 after
performing a regression.
These values are
related to how well
a regression line or
curve fits the data. The
closer r is to 1 or 1,
and the closer r2 is to
1, the better the fit.
To enable the viewing
of these parameters,
STAT 0
press 2nd
for [CATALOG] and then
scroll down and select
Diagnostics On. You
will learn more about
these parameters if
you take Mathematics
of Data Management in
grade 12.
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Con n ec t i on s
Data from investment earnings can look linear, but

often involve an exponential relationship. You will learn
more about investment and loan calculations in Chapter
7 Financial Applications.
4x

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Chapter 3 Review
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3.1 The Nature of Exponential Growth,

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3.2 Exponential Decay: Connecting to

Negative Exponents, pages 160 to 169
4. 6gVY^dVXi^kZhjWhiVcXZlî]Vc^cî^Va
bVhhd['*%b\]VhV]Va["a^[Zd[&nZVg#
a) LgîZVcZfjVi^dcidgZaViZi]ZbVhhd[
gVY^dVXi^kZbViZg^VagZbV^c^c\idi^bZ#
b) L]VibVhhlâagZbV^cV[iZg&%nZVgh4
c) =dladc\lâaîiV`Z[dgi]ZhVbeaZid
YZXVnid'%d[îh^cî^VabVhh4:meaV^c
]dlndjVgg^kZYVindjgVchlZg#
5. GZ[ZgidfjZhi^dc)#
a) H]dl]dlndjXVclgîZi]ZZfjVi^dc
[gdbeVgiV^cVcdi]ZglVn#
b) :meaV^cl]ni]ZildZfjVi^dchVgZ
Zfj^kVaZci#
i]^hZfjVi^dc^cVY^[[ZgZci[dgb#
b) LgîZi]ZZfjVi^dc^cgVY^XVa[dgb!
jh^c\Vh^c\aZgVY^XVa#
c) 6heg^c\lî]heg^c\XdchiVci&%]Vh
('%?d[hidgZYZcZg\n#7n]dlbjX]^h
i]^hheg^c\higZiX]ZY4
3.4 Properties of Exponential Functions,
pages 178 to 187
& x
10. a) <gVe]i]Z[jcXi^dcy', T #
(
b) >YZci^[ni]Z

i)YdbV^c
ii) gVc\Z
iv)^ciZgkVahd[^cXgZVhZ$YZXgZVhZ
v)ZfjVi^dcd[i]ZVhnbeidiZ
11. 9ZiZgb^cZi]ZZfjVi^dc[dgi]ZZmedcZci^Va
\gVe]h]dlc#
y
160
(2, 160)
3.6 Making Connections: Tools and Strategies

for Applying Exponential Models,
pages 199 to 209
14. I]Z]Z^\]i!h!^cXZci^bZigZh!d[V
WdjcX^c\WVaaV[iZgnWdjcXZh^h\^kZc#
120
80
40
4
Number of Bounces, n
Height, h (cm)
100
76
57
43
32
24
(1, 40)
(0, 10)
2
0
4x
3.5 Transformations of Exponential

Functions, pages 188 to 198
a) 8VaXjaViZi]Z[^ghiVcYhZXdcY
12. a) H`ZiX]i]Z[jcXi^dcy'x()#
b) BV`ZVhXViiZgeadid[]Z^\]ikZghjh
Y^[[ZgZcXZhVcYYZhXg^WZi]ZigZcY#
b) >YZci^[ni]Z
cjbWZgd[WdjcXZh#9ZhXg^WZi]Zh]VeZ
d[i]ZXjgkZ#
i)YdbV^c
c) EZg[dgbVcVeegdeg^ViZgZ\gZhh^dc
ii)gVc\Z
13. 9ZhXg^WZi]ZigVch[dgbVi^dcdg
igVch[dgbVi^dchi]VibVei]ZWVhZ[jcXi^dc
y*xdcidZVX]\^kZc[jcXi^dc#
a) y'*x
b) y*'x
c) y*x
d) y**x&%
VcVanh^hdci]ZYViV#LgîZi]ZZfjVi^dc
d[i]ZXjgkZd[WZhi[î#?jhi^[nndjg
X]d^XZd[i]ZineZd[gZ\gZhh^dcXjgkZ#
d) Lâai]ZWVaaZkZghideWdjcX^c\4
9^hXjhhi]^hlî]gZheZXiid
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ii)i]ZgZVahîjVi^dc
e) L]nb^\]indjgVchlZgh^ceVgiY
Y^[[Zg4
Chapter Problem
WRAP-UP
>ci]^hX]VeiZg!ndjZmeadgZYhdbZd[i]Z[dgXZhi]ViV[[ZXiXZaZhi^VaWdY^Zh#=dl^hîedhh^WaZ
iddWhZgkZi]ZhZ[dgXZh^cVXi^dc4DcZiddai]VihX^Zci^hih]VkZVkVâVWaZ^hi]ZiZaZhXdeZ#I]Z
edlZgd[bdYZgciZaZhXdeZh^hfjîZ^begZhh^kZXdbeVgZYidi]dhZi]VilZgZ[^ghi^ckZciZY#
a) GZhZVgX]i]Z]^hidgnd[i]ZiZaZhXdeZ#6chlZgi]Z[daadl^c\fjZhi^dch#
L]ZclVhî[^ghi^ckZciZY!VcYWnl]db4
=dl^hbV\c^[n^c\edlZgbZVhjgZY4
L]VilZgZi]ZbV\c^[n^c\edlZghd[i]Z[^ghiiZaZhXdeZh4
L]ViVgZi]ZbV\c^[n^c\edlZghd[hdbZbdYZgciZaZhXdeZh4
b) =dl]Vhi]ZbV\c^[n^c\edlZgd[i]ZbdhiedlZg[jaiZaZhXdeZhX]Vc\ZYdkZgi^bZ48Vci]Z
^cXgZVhZ^cbV\c^[n^c\edlZgWZbdYZaaZYWnVcZmedcZci^Va[jcXi^dc4?jhi^[nndjgVchlZg!
jh^c\ldgYh!\gVe]h!VcYZfjVi^dch#
Chapter 3 Review MHR 211
Chapter 3 Practice Test

For questions 1 to 4, select the best answer.
7. Build or sketch a model that shows
1. One day, 5 friends started a rumour.
They agreed that they would each tell the

rumour to two different friends the next
day. On each day that followed, every
person who just heard the rumour would
tell another two people who had not heard
the rumour. Which equation describes the
relation between the number of days that
have elapsed, d, and the number of people,
P, who hear the rumour on that day?
A P525
b) Make a table of values that relates the
number of objects to the term number.

c) Graph the relation.
d) Find the first and second differences.
e) Write an equation for this model.
f) Give at least three reasons that confirm
that the pattern is exponential in nature.
( _12 )
D P 5 2
1
_
2
2. What is the value of 4

A 2
a) Sketch the first three terms of the model.
B P 5 5 2
C P55
an exponential growing pattern that is

doubling from one term to the next.
_1
_1
( _15 )
8. Match each graph with its corresponding
equation.
a)
1
_
16
3. Which is the correct equation when y 5 5
is translated 3 units down and 4 units left?

A y 5 5x 4 3
B y 5 5x 4 3
C y 5 5x 3 4
D y 5 5x 3 4
4. Which is correct about exponential
functions?
A The ratio of successive first differences
is constant.
b)
2 0
C The first differences are zero.
D The second differences are constant.
d) 16 4
g)
27
_
c) (4)0
_5
( 64 )
1
_
3
e) (8) 3
h)
8
_
125
4
_
f)
( _34 )
2 0
c)
6. Simplify. Express your answers using only
positive exponents.
or fractions in lowest terms.

_1
5. Evaluate. Express your answers as integers

b) 53
B The first differences are constant.
_1
a) 49 2
p
_
a) (x2)(x3)(x4)
b)
c) (2k4)1
_2
e) (y 3 )6
_1
_2
d) (a 2 )(a 3 )
_1
f) (u 2 v3)2
p2
2
4
2 0
d)
( _12 )2
12. a) Sketch the function y 5
i) domain
ii) range
iii) equation of the asymptote
2 0
C y 5 2x
( _12 )
9. a) Sketch the graph of the function
y52
x5
3.
b) Identify the
i) domain
ii) range
iii) equation of the asymptote
10. Describe the transformation(s) that map the
base function y 5 8x onto each function.

1
a) y 5 _ (8x)
b) y 5 84x
3
c) y 5 8x
d) y 5 83x 6
11. A radioactive substance with an initial
mass of 80 mg has a half-life of 2.5 days.

a) Write an equation to relate the mass
remaining to time.
b) Graph the function. Describe the shape
of the curve.
c) Limit the domain so that the model
accurately describes the situation.

d) Find the amount remaining after
i) 10 days
ii) 15 days
by applying transformations to the

graph of the base function y 5 2x.
b) For the transformed function, find the
A y 5 x2
D y5
B y 5 2x
x3
13. The height, h, of a square-based pyramid
is related to its volume, V, and base side

length, b, by the equation h 5 3Vb2. A
square-based pyramid has a volume of
6250 m3 and a base side length of 25 m.
Find its height.
14. The population of Pebble Valley over a
period of 5 years is shown.

Year
Population
2000
2150
2300
2500
2700
2950
a) Make a scatter plot for this relationship.
Do the data appear to be exponential in

nature? Explain your reasoning.
b) Find the equation of the curve of best
fit.
c) Limit the domain of the function so that
it accurately models this situation.

d) Predict the population of Pebble Valley
7 years after the first table entry. State

any assumptions you must make.
e) How long will it take for the town to
double in size? State any assumptions

you must make.
e) How long will it take for the sample to
decay to 5% of its initial mass?
Chapter 3 Practice Test MHR 213
Task
Radioactive Isotopes
Radioactive isotopes are used in nuclear medicine to allow physicians

to explore bodily structures in patients. Very small quantities of these
isotopes, such as iodine-131 (I-131; half-life 8.065 days), are injected into
patients. The isotopes are traced through the body so a medical diagnosis
can be made. These elements have a very short half-life, so the label on the
bottle will state the radioactivity of the element (the amount of the element
that remains) at a particular moment in time.
a) A bottle of I-131 is delivered to a hospital on September 5. It states on
the label that the radioactivity at 12:00 p.m. on September 10 will be

380 megabecquerels (MBq).
i) Write a defining equation for the relationship between the amount of
radioactivity and the time since the bottle was delivered.

ii) What is the radioactive activity at
12:00 p.m. on the delivery day?

6:00 a.m. on September 25?
iii) Sketch the graph of this relationship.
b) Effective half-life is the time required for a radioactive isotope contained
in a body to reduce its radioactivity by half, due to a combination of

radioactive decay and the natural elimination of the isotope from the
body. In patients with Graves disease, the effective half-life of
I-131 is 62.5% of the normal half-life. In patients with a disease called
toxic nodular goitre, the effective half-life is 75% of the normal
half-life. Compare these results to the standard rate of decay for I-131
numerically, graphically, and algebraically.
c) Research one of the topics below and write a short report on your
findings.
other radioactive isotopes that are used in medical diagnoses or
treatments
diseases that can be treated with radioactive isotopes
the production and transport of radioactive isotopes
the training required for medical personnel to use radioactive isotopes

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McGrawHill Grade 11 Functions Unit 3

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CHAPTER

sketch graphs of y = af [k(x d )] + c by applying one

determine the value of a power with a rational

determine that the equation of a given exponential

simplify algebraic expressions containing integer

represent an exponential function with an equation,

determine and describe key properties relating to

collect data that can be modelled as an exponential

Zero and Negative Exponents

148 MHR Functions 11 Chapter 3

Prerequisite Skills MHR 149

150 MHR Functions 11 Chapter 3

3.1 The Nature of Exponential Growth MHR 151

The initial population is 100.

The population triples each day.

After 1 day, the initial population triples.

After n days, the initial population has tripled n times.

152 MHR Functions 11 Chapter 3

You can use a graphing

u has a repeating pattern

You can use a graphing

u Select 1:value and

3.1 The Nature of Exponential Growth MHR 153

Communicate Your Understanding

154 MHR Functions 11 Chapter 3

For help with question 1, refer to Example 1.

For help with questions 2 to 4, refer to

3. a) GZlg^iZi]ZZmegZhh^dc ( WnZmeVcY^c\

Reasoning and Proving

B Connect and Apply

3.1 The Nature of Exponential Growth MHR 155

Reasoning and Proving

17. Math Contest=dlbVcniZgbh^ci]Z

18. Math Contest<^kZci]Vi z 

19. Math ContestEVjaVcY7g^VcVgZeaVn^c\

3.1 The Nature of Exponential Growth MHR 157

A: Calculate First and Second Differences for the Population Data in

158 MHR Functions 11 Chapter 3

B: Calculate the Population Data in Example 2 on page 153

C: Trace the Population Function in Example 2

Time Number of Half-Life Periods

Amount of U-239 Remaining

160 MHR Functions 11 Chapter 3

,  2nd PA'R , #I]ZcegZhh

Press 2nd MODE

3.2 Exponential Decay: Connecting to Negative Exponents MHR 161

162 MHR Functions 11 Chapter 3

Method 2: Use Systematic Trial

Too high. The correct value is between 2 and 5. Try 3 next.

Close, but high.

This is very close to 0.1. This will give a reasonable approximation.

You will learn how to

3.2 Exponential Decay: Connecting to Negative Exponents MHR 163

Apply the product rule. Add the exponents.

164 MHR Functions 11 Chapter 3

Apply the power of a power rule first.

Apply the product rule.

Apply the quotient rule.

Apply the power of a power rule.

a)       b)    

Write with a positive exponent.

Multiply by the reciprocal.

b)          

Apply the property of negative exponents.

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The cube of 8 3 is equal to 8, so 8 3 is equal to the cube root of 8.

& Rewrite the power with a positive exponent.

Write 8 3 as a cube root.

x x

i]Z[dgbjaVSV) (V #6WZVX]

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b) %a&

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